Showing 1–50 of 408 results for author: Lee, A

Constraints on the polarization angle oscillations of the Crab Nebula with the Simons Array and its applications to the search for axion-like particles

Authors: Tylor Adkins, Shahed Shayan Arani, Kam Arnold, Carlo Baccigalupi, Darcy R. Barron, Bryce Bixler, Yuji Chinone, Matthew R. Chu, Kevin T. Crowley, Nicole Farias, Takuro Fujino, Masaya Hasegawa, Masashi Hazumi, Haruaki Hirose, Jennifer Ito, Oliver Jeong, Daisuke Kaneko, Brian Keating, Akito Kusaka, Adrian T. Lee, Masaaki Murata, Lucio Piccirillo, Christian L. Reichardt, Kana Sakaguri, Praween Siritanasak , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a search for polarization oscillation of the Crab Nebula, also known as Tau A, at millimeter wavelengths using observations with the Simons Array, the successor experiment to POLARBEAR. We follow up on previous work by POLARBEAR using 90 GHz band data of the 2023 observing season of the Simons Array to evaluate the variability of Tau A's polarization angle. Tau A is widely used as a pol… ▽ More We present a search for polarization oscillation of the Crab Nebula, also known as Tau A, at millimeter wavelengths using observations with the Simons Array, the successor experiment to POLARBEAR. We follow up on previous work by POLARBEAR using 90 GHz band data of the 2023 observing season of the Simons Array to evaluate the variability of Tau A's polarization angle. Tau A is widely used as a polarization angle calibration source in millimeter-wave astronomy, and thus it is necessary to validate the stability. Additionally, an interesting application of the time-resolved polarimetry of Tau A is to search for axion-like particles (ALPs). We do not detect a global signal across the frequencies considered in this analysis and place a median 95% upper bound of polarization oscillation amplitude $A<0.12^{\circ}$ over oscillation frequencies from 3.39 year$^{-1}$ to 1.50 day$^{-1}$. This constrains the ALP-photon coupling at a median 95% upper bound of $g_{aγγ}< 3.84\times 10^{-12}\times\left(m_a/10^{-21}\,\mathrm{eV}\right)$ in the mass range from $4.4\times10^{-22}$ to $7.2\times10^{-20}$ eV, assuming the ALP constitutes all of dark matter, its field is a stochastic Gaussian field, and it is the sole source of Tau A's polarization angle oscillation. Additionally, we do not detect signal at the frequencies where 2.5$σ$ hints were previously reported by POLARBEAR, but we do not exclude these signals at the 95% confidence level. △ Less

Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables

The Simons Observatory: forecasted constraints on primordial gravitational waves with the expanded array of Small Aperture Telescopes

Authors: The Simons Observatory Collaboration, I. Abril-Cabezas, S. Adachi, P. Ade, A. E. Adler, P. Agrawal, J. Aguirre, S. Aiola, T. Alford, A. Ali, D. Alonso, M. A. Alvarez, R. An, M. Aravena, K. Arnold, P. Ashton, F. Astori, Z. Atkins, J. Austermann, S. Azzoni, C. Baccigalupi, D. Baker, R. Balafendiev, A. Baleato Lizancos, D. Barron , et al. (457 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present updated forecasts for the scientific performance of the degree-scale (0.5 deg FWHM at 93 GHz), deep-field survey to be conducted by the Simons Observatory (SO). By 2027, the SO Small Aperture Telescope (SAT) complement will be doubled from three to six telescopes, including a doubling of the detector count in the 93 GHz and 145 GHz channels to 48,160 detectors. Combined with a planned e… ▽ More We present updated forecasts for the scientific performance of the degree-scale (0.5 deg FWHM at 93 GHz), deep-field survey to be conducted by the Simons Observatory (SO). By 2027, the SO Small Aperture Telescope (SAT) complement will be doubled from three to six telescopes, including a doubling of the detector count in the 93 GHz and 145 GHz channels to 48,160 detectors. Combined with a planned extension of the survey duration to 2035, this expansion will significantly enhance SO's search for a $B$-mode signal in the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background, a potential signature of gravitational waves produced in the very early Universe. Assuming a $1/f$ noise model with knee multipole $\ell_{\rm knee} = 50$ and a moderately complex model for Galactic foregrounds, we forecast a $1σ$ (or 68% confidence level) constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ of $σ_r = 1.2\times10^{-3}$, assuming no primordial $B$-modes are present. This forecast assumes that 70% of the $B$-mode lensing signal can ultimately be removed using high resolution observations from the SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) and overlapping large-scale structure surveys. For more optimistic assumptions regarding foregrounds and noise, and assuming the same level of delensing, this forecast constraint improves to $σ_r = 7\times10^{-4}$. These forecasts represent a major improvement in SO's constraining power, being a factor of around 2.5 times better than what could be achieved with the originally planned campaign, which assumed the existing three SATs would conduct a five-year survey. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 15 pages (excluding front matter), 4 figures, for submission to JCAP

Gravitational-Wave Signatures of Massive Black Hole Formation

Authors: Bernard J. Kelly, Sarah Gossan, Leonardo R. Werneck, John Wise, Zachariah B. Etienne, Thiago Assumpção, Aláine Lee, John G. Baker

Abstract: Direct-collapse black holes (DCBHs) are an important component of the massive black hole population of the early universe, and their formation and early mergers will be prominent in the data stream of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). However, the population and binary properties of these early black holes are poorly understood, with masses, mass ratios, spins, and orbital eccentricit… ▽ More Direct-collapse black holes (DCBHs) are an important component of the massive black hole population of the early universe, and their formation and early mergers will be prominent in the data stream of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). However, the population and binary properties of these early black holes are poorly understood, with masses, mass ratios, spins, and orbital eccentricities strongly dependent on the details of their formation, and the properties of the remaining exterior material (baryonic and non-baryonic), which may be substantial to the point of merger. We report on initial work to simulate the formation, collapse, and/or merger of such DCBH regions in order to extract the resulting gravitational-wave signals. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in special issue of Classical and Quantum Gravity: "Focus on the LISA Mission at the time of Adoption"

Journal ref: Classical and Quantum Gravity 42:245010 (2025)

Addressing Synchrotron Challenges for CMB Observations: ELFS-SA Collaboration for Robust Foreground Removal

Authors: E. de la Hoz, A. Mennella, K. Arnold, C. Baccigalupi, A. J. Banday, R. B. Barreiro, D. Barron, M. Bersanelli, F. J. Casas, S. Casey, C. Franceschet, M. E. Jones, R. T. Genóva-Santos, R. Hoyland, A. T. Lee, E. Martinez-Gonzalez, F. Montonati, J. -A. Rubiño-Martín, A. C. Taylor, P. Vielva

Abstract: Upcoming cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments aim to detect primordial gravitational waves with unprecedented sensitivity. Effective foreground removal is essential to avoid biases in the measurement of the tensor-to-scalar ratio ($r$) in this high-precision regime. Recent analyses highlight the unexpected complexity of synchrotron emission at low frequencies, underscoring the need for mo… ▽ More Upcoming cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments aim to detect primordial gravitational waves with unprecedented sensitivity. Effective foreground removal is essential to avoid biases in the measurement of the tensor-to-scalar ratio ($r$) in this high-precision regime. Recent analyses highlight the unexpected complexity of synchrotron emission at low frequencies, underscoring the need for more sensitive low-frequency data. To address this challenge, the European Low-Frequency Survey (ELFS) initiative and the Simons Array collaboration propose installing two European low-frequency receivers on one of the Simons Array telescopes. These receivers will enable measurements in the Southern Hemisphere between $6$ and $20$,GHz, complementary to those of current and proposed experiments targeting the measurement of cosmological gravitational waves. In this work, we study the benefits of combining these low-frequency observations with a representative future CMB experiment operating from the Southern Hemisphere. We find that the extra information can improve the knowledge of the underlying synchrotron spectral energy distribution (SED), with positive impacts on the robustness of measurement of the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, against the complexity of low-frequency foregrounds. △ Less

Submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 30 pages, 15 figures, submitted to JCAP

The Future of Artificial Intelligence and the Mathematical and Physical Sciences (AI+MPS)

Authors: Andrew Ferguson, Marisa LaFleur, Lars Ruthotto, Jesse Thaler, Yuan-Sen Ting, Pratyush Tiwary, Soledad Villar, E. Paulo Alves, Jeremy Avigad, Simon Billinge, Camille Bilodeau, Keith Brown, Emmanuel Candes, Arghya Chattopadhyay, Bingqing Cheng, Jonathan Clausen, Connor Coley, Andrew Connolly, Fred Daum, Sijia Dong, Chrisy Xiyu Du, Cora Dvorkin, Cristiano Fanelli, Eric B. Ford, Luis Manuel Frutos , et al. (75 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This community paper developed out of the NSF Workshop on the Future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Mathematical and Physics Sciences (MPS), which was held in March 2025 with the goal of understanding how the MPS domains (Astronomy, Chemistry, Materials Research, Mathematical Sciences, and Physics) can best capitalize on, and contribute to, the future of AI. We present here a summary and… ▽ More This community paper developed out of the NSF Workshop on the Future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Mathematical and Physics Sciences (MPS), which was held in March 2025 with the goal of understanding how the MPS domains (Astronomy, Chemistry, Materials Research, Mathematical Sciences, and Physics) can best capitalize on, and contribute to, the future of AI. We present here a summary and snapshot of the MPS community's perspective, as of Spring/Summer 2025, in a rapidly developing field. The link between AI and MPS is becoming increasingly inextricable; now is a crucial moment to strengthen the link between AI and Science by pursuing a strategy that proactively and thoughtfully leverages the potential of AI for scientific discovery and optimizes opportunities to impact the development of AI by applying concepts from fundamental science. To achieve this, we propose activities and strategic priorities that: (1) enable AI+MPS research in both directions; (2) build up an interdisciplinary community of AI+MPS researchers; and (3) foster education and workforce development in AI for MPS researchers and students. We conclude with a summary of suggested priorities for funding agencies, educational institutions, and individual researchers to help position the MPS community to be a leader in, and take full advantage of, the transformative potential of AI+MPS. △ Less

Submitted 2 October, 2025; v1 submitted 2 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Community Paper from the NSF Future of AI+MPS Workshop, Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 24-26, 2025, supported by NSF Award Number 2512945; v2: minor clarifications

Trustworthy scientific inference with generative models

Authors: James Carzon, Luca Masserano, Joshua D. Ingram, Alex Shen, Antonio Carlos Herling Ribeiro Junior, Tommaso Dorigo, Michele Doro, Joshua S. Speagle, Rafael Izbicki, Ann B. Lee

Abstract: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) excels at producing complex data structures (text, images, videos) by learning patterns from training examples. Across scientific disciplines, researchers are now applying generative models to "inverse problems" to directly predict hidden parameters from observed data along with measures of uncertainty. While these predictive or posterior-based methods can h… ▽ More Generative artificial intelligence (AI) excels at producing complex data structures (text, images, videos) by learning patterns from training examples. Across scientific disciplines, researchers are now applying generative models to "inverse problems" to directly predict hidden parameters from observed data along with measures of uncertainty. While these predictive or posterior-based methods can handle intractable likelihoods and large-scale studies, they can also produce biased or overconfident conclusions even without model misspecifications. We present a solution with Frequentist-Bayes (FreB), a mathematically rigorous protocol that reshapes AI-generated posterior probability distributions into (locally valid) confidence regions that consistently include true parameters with the expected probability, while achieving minimum size when training and target data align. We demonstrate FreB's effectiveness by tackling diverse case studies in the physical sciences: identifying unknown sources under dataset shift, reconciling competing theoretical models, and mitigating selection bias and systematics in observational studies. By providing validity guarantees with interpretable diagnostics, FreB enables trustworthy scientific inference across fields where direct likelihood evaluation remains impossible or prohibitively expensive. △ Less

Submitted 10 December, 2025; v1 submitted 4 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

ALMA FACTS III. High-Resolution CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) Maps of Twelve Nearby Galaxies

Authors: Amanda M Lee, Jin Koda, Fumi Egusa, Akihiko Hirota, Shinya Komugi, Fumiya Maeda, Tsuyoshi Sawada

Abstract: We present early results from a high-resolution analysis ($\sim$100-200pc) of the CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) line ratio in twelve nearby galaxies. We use new ALMA CO(1-0) observations from the Fundamental CO(1-0) Transition Survey (FACTS), and re-imaged CO(2-1) data from PHANGS. We make empirical classifications based on the optical and molecular gas morphologies, which show clear systematic trends in the va… ▽ More We present early results from a high-resolution analysis ($\sim$100-200pc) of the CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) line ratio in twelve nearby galaxies. We use new ALMA CO(1-0) observations from the Fundamental CO(1-0) Transition Survey (FACTS), and re-imaged CO(2-1) data from PHANGS. We make empirical classifications based on the optical and molecular gas morphologies, which show clear systematic trends in the variation of $R_{21}$ as a function of galactic structure. The sample includes barred and unbarred, and flocculent galaxies. The barred spiral galaxies follow a general trend: $R_{21}$ is high in the center, low along the bar, increases at the bar ends, and then declines in the outer parts of the disk. The structure dependence suggests the importance of galactic dynamics on molecular gas evolution, and consequently on star formation, in galaxies. $R_{21}$ fluctuates in the spiral arms for both barred and unbarred galaxies. HII regions increase $R_{21}$ locally in their surrounding gas and are often associated with galactic structures. Together, $R_{21}$ varies systematically as a function of galactic structure, dynamics, and star formation activity. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Submitted to AAS Journals

ALMA FACTS. II. Large Scale Variations in the 12CO(J=2-1) to 12CO(J=1-0) Line Ratio in Nearby Galaxies

Authors: Shinya Komugi, Tsuyoshi Sawada, Jin Koda, Fumi Egusa, Fumiya Maeda, Akihiko Hirota, Amanda M. Lee

Abstract: We present 12CO(J=1-0) mapping observations over ~1/2 of the optical disk of 12 nearby galaxies from the Fundamental CO 1-0 Transition Survey of nearby galaxies (FACTS), using the ALMA Total Power array. Variations in the 12CO(J=2-1)/12CO(J=1-0) line ratio r21 are investigated. The luminosity-weighted r21 of the 11 sample galaxies ranges from 0.52 to 0.69 with an average of 0.61. We use position-v… ▽ More We present 12CO(J=1-0) mapping observations over ~1/2 of the optical disk of 12 nearby galaxies from the Fundamental CO 1-0 Transition Survey of nearby galaxies (FACTS), using the ALMA Total Power array. Variations in the 12CO(J=2-1)/12CO(J=1-0) line ratio r21 are investigated. The luminosity-weighted r21 of the 11 sample galaxies ranges from 0.52 to 0.69 with an average of 0.61. We use position-velocity diagrams along the major axis and tilted ring models to separate the normal rotating galactic disk from kinematic outliers that deviate from pure circular rotation. We find that r21 is systematically higher in outliers compared to the disk. We compare r21 between SA, SAB and SB galaxies, and find no significant difference in the average r21 depending on the presence of galactic bars. We find, however, that the radial gradient in r21 is bimodal, where a group containing all SA galaxies prefer constant or very shallow r21 gradients out 40% of the optical radius, while another group containing all SB galaxies have a steep r21 gradient, decreasing by ~20% before 40% of the optical radius, which also corresponds to the radius of the stellar bar. After this radius, these galaxies become consistent with a constant or shallow trend in r21. The large scale trend in r21 can have implications for how we interpret observations made solely in the 12CO(J=2-1) line. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: Published in ApJ

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 980, Issue 1, 2025

Dynamically-Driven Evolution of Molecular Gas in M83 Traced by CO 2-1/1-0 Line Ratio Variations

Authors: Jin Koda, Fumi Egusa, Akihiko Hirota, Amanda M Lee, Tsuyoshi Sawada, Fumiya Maeda

Abstract: We show the variations of the CO J=2-1/1-0 line ratio (R21) across the barred spiral galaxy M83, using the 46 pc resolution data from ALMA. The R21 map clearly evidences the systematic large-scale variations as a function of galactic structures. Azimuthally, it starts from low R21<~0.7 in the interarm regions and becomes high ~>0.7 in the bar and spiral arms, suggesting that the density and/or kin… ▽ More We show the variations of the CO J=2-1/1-0 line ratio (R21) across the barred spiral galaxy M83, using the 46 pc resolution data from ALMA. The R21 map clearly evidences the systematic large-scale variations as a function of galactic structures. Azimuthally, it starts from low R21<~0.7 in the interarm regions and becomes high ~>0.7 in the bar and spiral arms, suggesting that the density and/or kinetic temperature of molecular gas increase by about a factor of 2-3. This evolution is seen even in the parts of spiral arms without star formation, and R21 is often elevated even higher to ~0.8-1.0 when HII regions exist in the vicinity. Radially, R21 starts very high >~1.0 at the galactic center, remains low <~0.7 in the bar region, increases to >~0.7 around the bar end, and again decreases to <~0.7 in the rest of disk where the spiral arms dominate. The evolutionary sequence is synchronized with galactic rotation, and therefore, it is determined largely by the galactic structures and dynamics and is governed by the galactic rotation timescales. The R21 map also shows that the influence of stellar feedback is localized and limited. Massive, large, and non-star forming molecular structures have low R21, which also suggests that the bulk molecular gas in the disk is not regulated by stellar feedback, but more likely by galactic structures and dynamics. These results are consistent with suggestions by the earlier studies of the Milky Way and other barred spiral galaxies, and thus, are likely general among barred spiral galaxies in the local Universe. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: ApJ accepted

The SPT-Deep Cluster Catalog: Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Selected Clusters from Combined SPT-3G and SPTpol Measurements over 100 Square Degrees

Authors: K. Kornoelje, L. E. Bleem, E. S. Rykoff, T. M. C. Abbott, P. A. R. Ade, M. Aguena, O. Alves, A. J. Anderson, F. Andrade-Oliveira, B. Ansarinejad, M. Archipley, M. L. N. Ashby, J. E. Austermann, D. Bacon, L. Balkenhol, J. A. Beall, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, S. Bocquet, F. R. Bouchet, D. Brooks, D. L. Burke, M. Calzadilla , et al. (169 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a catalog of 500 galaxy cluster candidates in the SPT-Deep field: a 100 deg$^2$ field that combines data from the SPT-3G and SPTpol surveys to reach noise levels of 3.0, 2.2, and 9.0 $μ$K-arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively. This is comparable to noise levels expected for the wide field survey of CMB-S4, a next-generation CMB experiment. Candidates are selected via the thermal… ▽ More We present a catalog of 500 galaxy cluster candidates in the SPT-Deep field: a 100 deg$^2$ field that combines data from the SPT-3G and SPTpol surveys to reach noise levels of 3.0, 2.2, and 9.0 $μ$K-arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively. This is comparable to noise levels expected for the wide field survey of CMB-S4, a next-generation CMB experiment. Candidates are selected via the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect with a minimum significance of $ξ= 4.0$, resulting in a catalog of purity $\sim 89 \%$. Optical data from the Dark Energy Survey and infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope are used to confirm 442 cluster candidates. The clusters span $0.12 < z \lesssim 1.8$ and $1.0 \times 10^{14} M_{\odot}/h_{70} < M_{500c} < 8.7 \times 10^{14} M_{\odot}/h_{70}$. The sample's median redshift is 0.74 and the median mass is $1.7 \times 10^{14} M_{\odot}/h_{70}$; these are the lowest median mass and highest median redshift of any SZ-selected sample to date. We assess the effect of infrared emission from cluster member galaxies on cluster selection by performing a joint fit to the infrared dust and tSZ signals by combining measurements from SPT and overlapping submillimeter data from Herschel/SPIRE. We find that at high redshift ($z>1)$, the tSZ signal is reduced by $17.4^{+3.1}_{-2.9} \%$ ($3.7^{+0.7}_{-0.7}\%$) at 150 GHz (95 GHz) due to dust contamination. We repeat our cluster finding method on dust-nulled SPT maps and find the resulting catalog is consistent with the nominal SPT-Deep catalog, demonstrating dust contamination does not significantly impact the SPT-Deep selection function; we attribute this lack of bias to the inclusion of the SPT 220 GHz band. △ Less

Submitted 21 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ, 20 pages, 9 figures, affiliations at end of document, cluster catalog available at https://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/spt3g_deep_cluster_sample/

The Chicago Carnegie Hubble Program: Improving the Calibration of SNe Ia with JWST Measurements of the Tip of the Red Giant Branch

Authors: Taylor J. Hoyt, In Sung Jang, Wendy L. Freedman, Barry F. Madore, Kayla A. Owens, Abigail J. Lee

Abstract: We present distances to ten supernova (SN) host galaxies determined via the red giant branch tip (TRGB) using JWST/NIRCAM and the F115W, F356W, and F444W bandpasses. Our analysis, including photometric catalog cleaning, adoption of disk light profiles, TRGB color slope estimation, and a novel technique for identifying the infrared TRGB, was conducted blinded. The new F115W TRGB distances agree wel… ▽ More We present distances to ten supernova (SN) host galaxies determined via the red giant branch tip (TRGB) using JWST/NIRCAM and the F115W, F356W, and F444W bandpasses. Our analysis, including photometric catalog cleaning, adoption of disk light profiles, TRGB color slope estimation, and a novel technique for identifying the infrared TRGB, was conducted blinded. The new F115W TRGB distances agree well with our previously derived HST TRGB distances, differing by only 1 percent on average and 4 percent on a per-galaxy basis. The color-corrected F115W TRGB is therefore equally precise a method of distance measurement as, and offers unique advantages over, its color-insensitive, I-band counterpart. Using these distances, we update the absolute calibrations of eleven calibrator SNe, yielding 68.4 < H0 < 69.6 km/s/Mpc depending on which of four sets of SN magnitudes are used. We expand the sample of calibrator SNe to 24 by combining with HST TRGB distances. Doing so increases our H0 estimate based on the Carnegie Supernova Project II (CSP-II) by 0.8 km/s/Mpc (1.4 sigma) demonstrating that our JWST H0 based on 11 SNe is not significantly biased toward lower values. In contrast, the Pantheon+ calibration shifts higher by +2 km/s/Mpc (3.1 sigma), a significantly larger increase than seen in both the CSP and the Pantheon team's own SuperCal analysis. More JWST observations of the TRGB as well as independent analyses of low-redshift SNe are needed to continue unraveling the true nature of the Hubble Tension. △ Less

Submitted 14 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 56 pages; 25 figures; 8 tables

The Simons Observatory: Science Goals and Forecasts for the Enhanced Large Aperture Telescope

Authors: The Simons Observatory Collaboration, M. Abitbol, I. Abril-Cabezas, S. Adachi, P. Ade, A. E. Adler, P. Agrawal, J. Aguirre, Z. Ahmed, S. Aiola, T. Alford, A. Ali, D. Alonso, M. A. Alvarez, R. An, K. Arnold, P. Ashton, Z. Atkins, J. Austermann, S. Azzoni, C. Baccigalupi, A. Baleato Lizancos, D. Barron, P. Barry, J. Bartlett , et al. (397 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We describe updated scientific goals for the wide-field, millimeter-wave survey that will be produced by the Simons Observatory (SO). Significant upgrades to the 6-meter SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) are expected to be complete by 2028, and will include a doubled mapping speed with 30,000 new detectors and an automated data reduction pipeline. In addition, a new photovoltaic array will supply… ▽ More We describe updated scientific goals for the wide-field, millimeter-wave survey that will be produced by the Simons Observatory (SO). Significant upgrades to the 6-meter SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) are expected to be complete by 2028, and will include a doubled mapping speed with 30,000 new detectors and an automated data reduction pipeline. In addition, a new photovoltaic array will supply most of the observatory's power. The LAT survey will cover about 60% of the sky at a regular observing cadence, with five times the angular resolution and ten times the map depth of Planck. The science goals are to: (1) determine the physical conditions in the early universe and constrain the existence of new light particles; (2) measure the integrated distribution of mass, electron pressure, and electron momentum in the late-time universe, and, in combination with optical surveys, determine the neutrino mass and the effects of dark energy via tomographic measurements of the growth of structure at $z < 3$; (3) measure the distribution of electron density and pressure around galaxy groups and clusters, and calibrate the effects of energy input from galaxy formation on the surrounding environment; (4) produce a sample of more than 30,000 galaxy clusters, and more than 100,000 extragalactic millimeter sources, including regularly sampled AGN light-curves, to study these sources and their emission physics; (5) measure the polarized emission from magnetically aligned dust grains in our Galaxy, to study the properties of dust and the role of magnetic fields in star formation; (6) constrain asteroid regoliths, search for Trans-Neptunian Objects, and either detect or eliminate large portions of the phase space in the search for Planet 9; and (7) provide a powerful new window into the transient universe on time scales of minutes to years, concurrent with observations from Rubin of overlapping sky. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2025; v1 submitted 1 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 45 pages, 7 figures; abstract slightly abridged; matches JCAP accepted version. Author contributions to this paper are available at https://simonsobservatory.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Author-contribution-statement-20250228.pdf

X-ray and CO-Derived Column Densities in AGN: A Study of Obscuration Properties in CTAGN and Non-CTAGN

Authors: M. L. H. Musa, Z. Z. Abidin, A. Annuar, D. A. A. Lee

Abstract: Obscuration in active galactic nuclei (AGN) provides insights into the material surrounding the central engine. Compton-thick AGN (CTAGN), characterized by a column density of $N_{\mathrm{H}} \geq 1.5 \times 10^{24} \ \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$, are heavily obscured by dust and gas. While X-ray observations primarily determine this column density, the sub-mm obscuration properties of CTAGN remain less expl… ▽ More Obscuration in active galactic nuclei (AGN) provides insights into the material surrounding the central engine. Compton-thick AGN (CTAGN), characterized by a column density of $N_{\mathrm{H}} \geq 1.5 \times 10^{24} \ \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$, are heavily obscured by dust and gas. While X-ray observations primarily determine this column density, the sub-mm obscuration properties of CTAGN remain less explored. We analyze archival ALMA CO(3-2) data for CTAGN and non-CTAGN from the 70-month $\textit{Swift}$/BAT catalog and other X-ray surveys. Integrated intensity maps (moment 0) reveal dense gas concentrated around the nucleus. Assuming a constant CO-to-$\mathrm{H_2}$ conversion factor, $X_{\mathrm{CO}} = 2.2 \times 10^{20} \ \mathrm{cm}^{-2} \ (\mathrm{K\ km\ s}^{-1})^{-1}$, we find that molecular hydrogen column densities ($N_{\mathrm{H_2}}$) are generally lower than X-ray-derived total hydrogen column densities ($N_{\mathrm{H}}$). However, $N_{\mathrm{H_2}}$ values in this work are slightly higher than in previous studies due to the adopted conversion factor. The discrepancy between $N_{\mathrm{H}}$ and $N_{\mathrm{H_2}}$ aligns with prior findings that X-ray-derived values tend to be higher, except for non-CTAGN, where $N_{\mathrm{H_2}}$ can exceed $N_{\mathrm{H}}$. Kendall and Spearman tests indicate a positive monotonic correlation, though not statistically significant, suggesting a complex interplay of factors. The optically thick nature of CO in dense regions may contribute to the observed differences. Our results highlight the need for an accurate CO-to-$\mathrm{H_2}$ conversion factor in deriving column densities, potentially offering an alternative method for identifying CTAGN. Future studies with larger datasets and refined methodologies are essential for a deeper understanding of sub-mm and X-ray properties in AGN. △ Less

Submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: This paper has been accepted for publication in PASA

MSC Class: 85A04 - General astronomy and astrophysics 85A05 - Galactic and stellar dynamics 85A15 - Galactic and planetary physics 85A35 - Statistical astronomy ACM Class: J.2; I.6.6; G.3

TOI-6324b: An Earth-Mass Ultra-Short-Period Planet Transiting a Nearby M Dwarf

Authors: Rena A. Lee, Fei Dai, Andrew W. Howard, Samuel Halverson, Jonathan Gomez Barrientos, Michael Greklek-McKeon, Heather A. Knutson, Benjamin J. Fulton, Guðmundur Stefánsson, Jack Lubin, Howard Isaacson, Casey L. Brinkman, Nicholas Saunders, Daniel Hey, Daniel Huber, Lauren M. Weiss, Leslie A. Rogers, Diana Valencia, Mykhaylo Plotnykov, Kimberly Paragas, Renyu Hu, Te Han, Erik A. Petigura, Ryan Rubenzahl, David R. Ciardi , et al. (49 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the confirmation of TOI-6324 b, an Earth-sized (1.059 $\pm$ 0.041 R$_\oplus$) ultra-short-period (USP) planet orbiting a nearby ($\sim$20 pc) M dwarf. Using the newly commissioned Keck Planet Finder (KPF) spectrograph, we have measured the mass of TOI-6324 b 1.17 $\pm$ 0.22 M$_\oplus$. Because of its extremely short orbit of just $\sim$6.7 hours, TOI-6324 b is intensely irradiated by its… ▽ More We report the confirmation of TOI-6324 b, an Earth-sized (1.059 $\pm$ 0.041 R$_\oplus$) ultra-short-period (USP) planet orbiting a nearby ($\sim$20 pc) M dwarf. Using the newly commissioned Keck Planet Finder (KPF) spectrograph, we have measured the mass of TOI-6324 b 1.17 $\pm$ 0.22 M$_\oplus$. Because of its extremely short orbit of just $\sim$6.7 hours, TOI-6324 b is intensely irradiated by its M dwarf host, and is expected to be stripped of any thick, H/He envelope. We were able to constrain its interior composition and found an iron core mass fraction (CMF = 27$\pm$37%) consistent with that of Earth ($\sim$33%) and other confirmed USPs. TOI-6324 b is the closest to Earth-sized USP confirmed to date. TOI-6324 b is a promising target for JWST phase curve and secondary eclipse observations (Emission Spectroscopy Metric = 25) which may reveal its surface mineralogy, day-night temperature contrast, and possible tidal deformation. From 7 sectors of TESS data, we report a tentative detection of the optical phase curve variation with an amplitude of 42$\pm$28 ppm. △ Less

Submitted 27 February, 2025; v1 submitted 22 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables

Molecular Gas Heating, Star Formation Rate Relations, and AGN Feedback in Infrared-luminous Galaxy Mergers

Authors: Duncan Farrah, Andreas Efstathiou, Jose Afonso, David L Clements, Kevin Croker, Evanthia Hatziminaoglou, Maya Joyce, Vianney Lebouteiller, Alaine Lee, Carol Lonsdale, Chris Pearson, Sara Petty, Lura K Pitchford, Dimitra Rigopoulou, Aprajita Verma, Lingyu Wang

Abstract: We examine the origin of molecular gas heating in a sample of 42 infrared-luminous galaxies at $z<0.3$ by combining two sets of archival data. First, integrated CO line luminosities in the 1-0 and 5-4 through 13-12 transitions. Second, results from radiative transfer modelling that decompose their bolometric emission into starburst, AGN, and host galaxy components. We find that the CO 1-0 and 5-4… ▽ More We examine the origin of molecular gas heating in a sample of 42 infrared-luminous galaxies at $z<0.3$ by combining two sets of archival data. First, integrated CO line luminosities in the 1-0 and 5-4 through 13-12 transitions. Second, results from radiative transfer modelling that decompose their bolometric emission into starburst, AGN, and host galaxy components. We find that the CO 1-0 and 5-4 through 9-8 lines primarily arise via radiative heating in the starburst and the host galaxy. In contrast, the CO 10-9 through 13-12 lines may arise primarily in the starburst and AGN, with an increasing contribution from mechanical heating and shocks. For the sample as a whole, we find no evidence that AGN luminosity affects the heating of molecular gas by star formation. However, for starbursts with low initial optical depths, a more luminous AGN may reduce the efficiency of starburst heating of the CO 5-4 and above lines, consistent with negative AGN feedback. △ Less

Submitted 28 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Invited article, published in the special issue "Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN". 2022, Universe, Volume 9, Issue 1 (formatted here using AASTex for compactness)

Measurements of the Temperature and E-mode Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background from the Full 500-square-degree SPTpol Dataset

Authors: T. -L. Chou, P. A. R. Ade, A. J. Anderson, J. E. Austermann, L. Balkenhol, J. A. Beall, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, H. C. Chiang, R. Citron, C. Corbett Moran, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, T. de Haan, M. A. Dobbs, D. Dutcher, W. Everett, J. Gallicchio, E. M. George, N. Gupta , et al. (37 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Using the full four-year SPTpol 500 deg$^2$ dataset in both the 95 GHz and 150 GHz frequency bands, we present measurements of the temperature and $E$-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), as well as the $E$-mode polarization auto-power spectrum ($EE$) and temperature-$E$-mode cross-power spectrum ($TE$) in the angular multipole range $50<\ell<8000$. We find the SPTpol datase… ▽ More Using the full four-year SPTpol 500 deg$^2$ dataset in both the 95 GHz and 150 GHz frequency bands, we present measurements of the temperature and $E$-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), as well as the $E$-mode polarization auto-power spectrum ($EE$) and temperature-$E$-mode cross-power spectrum ($TE$) in the angular multipole range $50<\ell<8000$. We find the SPTpol dataset to be self-consistent, passing several internal consistency tests based on maps, frequency bands, bandpowers, and cosmological parameters. The full SPTpol dataset is well-fit by the $ΛCDM$ model, for which we find $H_0=70.48\pm2.16$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ and $Ω_m=0.271\pm0.026$, when using only the SPTpol data and a Planck-based prior on the optical depth to reionization. The $ΛCDM$ parameter constraints are consistent across the 95 GHz-only, 150 GHz-only, $TE$-only, and $EE$-only data splits. Between the $\ell<1000$ and $\ell>1000$ data splits, the $ΛCDM$ parameter constraints are borderline consistent at the $\sim2σ$ level. This consistency improves when including a parameter $A_L$, the degree of lensing of the CMB inferred from the smearing of acoustic peaks. When marginalized over $A_L$, the $ΛCDM$ parameter constraints from SPTpol are consistent with those from Planck. The power spectra presented here are the most sensitive measurements of the lensed CMB damping tail to date for roughly $\ell > 1700$ in $TE$ and $\ell > 2000$ in $EE$. △ Less

Submitted 2 August, 2025; v1 submitted 12 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

An Obliquity Measurement of the Hot Neptune TOI-1694b

Authors: Luke B. Handley, Andrew W. Howard, Ryan A. Rubenzahl, Fei Dai, Dakotah Tyler, Rena A. Lee, Steven Giacalone, Howard Isaacson, Aaron Householder, Samuel Halverson, Arpita Roy, Josh Walawender

Abstract: We present spectral observations of the multiplanet host TOI-1694 during the transit of TOI-1694b, a 26.1 $M_\oplus$ hot Neptune with a 3.77-day orbit. By analyzing radial velocities obtained from the Keck Planet Finder, we modeled the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and constrained the sky-projected obliquity to ${9\degree}^{+22\degree}_{-18\degree}$, which is strong evidence for a nearly aligned orbi… ▽ More We present spectral observations of the multiplanet host TOI-1694 during the transit of TOI-1694b, a 26.1 $M_\oplus$ hot Neptune with a 3.77-day orbit. By analyzing radial velocities obtained from the Keck Planet Finder, we modeled the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and constrained the sky-projected obliquity to ${9\degree}^{+22\degree}_{-18\degree}$, which is strong evidence for a nearly aligned orbit. TOI-1694b is one of fewer than ten small planets accompanied by confirmed outer giant planets for which the obliquity has been measured. We consider the significance of the outer planet TOI-1694c, a Jupiter-mass planet with a 1-year orbit, and its potential role in influencing the orbit of TOI-1694b to its current state. Incorporating our measurement, we discuss the bifurcation in hot Neptune obliquities and present evidence for an independent polar population. The observed polar planets nearly ubiquitously have periods of $\le 6$ days and mass ratios of $10^{-4}$. Early perturbations by outer companions from resonance crossings in the disk-dispersal stage provide the most compelling explanation for this population. Systems which lack the necessary configuration will retain their primordial obliquity, since hot Neptunes lack the angular momentum needed to realign their hosts on relevant timescales. △ Less

Submitted 10 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: Submitted to AJ

Multiprobe Cosmology from the Abundance of SPT Clusters and DES Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing

Authors: S. Bocquet, S. Grandis, E. Krause, C. To, L. E. Bleem, M. Klein, J. J. Mohr, T. Schrabback, A. Alarcon, O. Alves, A. Amon, F. Andrade-Oliveira, E. J. Baxter, K. Bechtol, M. R. Becker, G. M. Bernstein, J. Blazek, H. Camacho, A. Campos, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, R. Cawthon, C. Chang, R. Chen, A. Choi , et al. (194 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Cosmic shear, galaxy clustering, and the abundance of massive halos each probe the large-scale structure of the Universe in complementary ways. We present cosmological constraints from the joint analysis of the three probes, building on the latest analyses of the lensing-informed abundance of clusters identified by the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and of the auto- and cross-correlation of galaxy pos… ▽ More Cosmic shear, galaxy clustering, and the abundance of massive halos each probe the large-scale structure of the Universe in complementary ways. We present cosmological constraints from the joint analysis of the three probes, building on the latest analyses of the lensing-informed abundance of clusters identified by the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and of the auto- and cross-correlation of galaxy position and weak lensing measurements (3$\times$2pt) in the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We consider the cosmological correlation between the different tracers and we account for the systematic uncertainties that are shared between the large-scale lensing correlation functions and the small-scale lensing-based cluster mass calibration. Marginalized over the remaining $Λ$ cold dark matter ($Λ$CDM) parameters (including the sum of neutrino masses) and 52 astrophysical modeling parameters, we measure $Ω_\mathrm{m}=0.300\pm0.017$ and $σ_8=0.797\pm0.026$. Compared to constraints from Planck primary cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies, our constraints are only 15% wider with a probability to exceed of 0.22 ($1.2σ$) for the two-parameter difference. We further obtain $S_8\equivσ_8(Ω_\mathrm{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.796\pm0.013$ which is lower than the Planck measurement at the $1.6σ$ level. The combined SPT cluster, DES 3$\times$2pt, and Planck datasets mildly prefer a nonzero positive neutrino mass, with a 95% upper limit $\sum m_ν<0.25~\mathrm{eV}$ on the sum of neutrino masses. Assuming a $w$CDM model, we constrain the dark energy equation of state parameter $w=-1.15^{+0.23}_{-0.17}$ and when combining with Planck primary CMB anisotropies, we recover $w=-1.20^{+0.15}_{-0.09}$, a $1.7σ$ difference with a cosmological constant. The precision of our results highlights the benefits of multiwavelength multiprobe cosmology. △ Less

Submitted 13 March, 2025; v1 submitted 10 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: v2 is accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D

The Simons Observatory: Design, Optimization, and Performance of Low Frequency Detectors

Authors: Aashrita Mangu, Benjamin Westbrook, Shawn Beckman, Lance Corbett, Kevin T. Crowley, Daniel Dutcher, Bradley R. Johnson, Adrian T. Lee, Varun Kabra, Bhoomija Prasad, Suzanne T. Staggs, Aritoki Suzuki, Yuhan Wang, Kaiwen Zheng

Abstract: The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment located in the Atacama Desert in Chile that will make precise temperature and polarization measurements over six spectral bands ranging from 27 to 285 GHz. Three small aperture telescopes (SATs) and one large aperture telescope (LAT) will house $\sim$60,000 detectors and cover angular scales between one arcminute and ten… ▽ More The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment located in the Atacama Desert in Chile that will make precise temperature and polarization measurements over six spectral bands ranging from 27 to 285 GHz. Three small aperture telescopes (SATs) and one large aperture telescope (LAT) will house $\sim$60,000 detectors and cover angular scales between one arcminute and tens of degrees. We present the performance of the dichroic, low-frequency (LF) lenslet-coupled sinuous antenna transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometer arrays with bands centered at 27 and 39 GHz. The LF focal plane will primarily characterize Galactic synchrotron emission as a critical part of foreground subtraction from CMB data. We will discuss the design, optimization, and current testing status of these pixels. △ Less

Submitted 2 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Journal ref: J Low Temp Phys (2024)

Map-based E/B separation of filtered timestreams using space-based E-mode observations

Authors: Yuyang Zhou, Adrian Lee, Yuji Chinone

Abstract: E to B mixing or "leakage" due to time-ordered data (TOD) filtering has become an important source of sensitivity loss that ground-based cosmic microwave background polarization experiments must address. However, it is a difficult problem for which very few viable solutions exist. In this paper, we expand upon satellite E-mode methods to cover E/B leakage specifically due to TOD filtering. We take… ▽ More E to B mixing or "leakage" due to time-ordered data (TOD) filtering has become an important source of sensitivity loss that ground-based cosmic microwave background polarization experiments must address. However, it is a difficult problem for which very few viable solutions exist. In this paper, we expand upon satellite E-mode methods to cover E/B leakage specifically due to TOD filtering. We take a satellite E-mode map and TOD filter it through the ground-based experiment data analysis pipeline, from which we construct a map-space "leakage template" and subtract it from the ground-based experiment map. We evaluate the residual leakage by simulating the satellite E-mode maps with Planck-like and LiteBIRD-like noise levels, and simulate the ground-based experiment with Simons Observatory-like and CMB-S4-like noise levels. The effectiveness of the method is measured in the improvement of the Fisher uncertainty $σ(r=0)$. We find that our method can reduce $σ(r=0)$ by $\sim15\text{--}75\%$ depending on the noise levels considered. △ Less

Submitted 18 February, 2025; v1 submitted 18 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 24 pages, 19 figures

Cosmology From CMB Lensing and Delensed EE Power Spectra Using 2019-2020 SPT-3G Polarization Data

Authors: F. Ge, M. Millea, E. Camphuis, C. Daley, N. Huang, Y. Omori, W. Quan, E. Anderes, A. J. Anderson, B. Ansarinejad, M. Archipley, L. Balkenhol, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, G. Chen, P. M. Chichura, A. Chokshi , et al. (71 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: From CMB polarization data alone we reconstruct the CMB lensing power spectrum, comparable in overall constraining power to previous temperature-based reconstructions, and an unlensed E-mode power spectrum. The observations, taken in 2019 and 2020 with the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and the SPT-3G camera, cover 1500 deg$^2$ at 95, 150, and 220 GHz with arcminute resolution and roughly 4.9$μ$K-arcm… ▽ More From CMB polarization data alone we reconstruct the CMB lensing power spectrum, comparable in overall constraining power to previous temperature-based reconstructions, and an unlensed E-mode power spectrum. The observations, taken in 2019 and 2020 with the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and the SPT-3G camera, cover 1500 deg$^2$ at 95, 150, and 220 GHz with arcminute resolution and roughly 4.9$μ$K-arcmin coadded noise in polarization. The power spectrum estimates, together with systematic parameter estimates and a joint covariance matrix, follow from a Bayesian analysis using the Marginal Unbiased Score Expansion (MUSE) method. The E-mode spectrum at $\ell>2000$ and lensing spectrum at $L>350$ are the most precise to date. Assuming the $Λ$CDM model, and using only these SPT data and priors on $τ$ and absolute calibration from Planck, we find $H_0=66.81\pm0.81$ km/s/Mpc, comparable in precision to the Planck determination and in 5.4$σ$ tension with the most precise $H_0$ inference derived via the distance ladder. We also find $S_8=0.850\pm0.017$, providing further independent evidence of a slight tension with low-redshift structure probes. The $Λ$CDM model provides a good simultaneous fit to the combined Planck, ACT, and SPT data, and thus passes a powerful test. Combining these CMB datasets with BAO observations, we find that the effective number of neutrino species, spatial curvature, and primordial helium fraction are consistent with standard model values, and that the 95% confidence upper limit on the neutrino mass sum is 0.075 eV. The SPT data are consistent with the somewhat weak preference for excess lensing power seen in Planck and ACT data relative to predictions of the $Λ$CDM model. We also detect at greater than 3$σ$ the influence of non-linear evolution in the CMB lensing power spectrum and discuss it in the context of the $S_8$ tension.(abridged) △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2025; v1 submitted 8 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 28 pages, 21 figures + appendices; Published in PRD, likelihood can be found in https://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/ge25/index.html

A measurement of atmospheric circular polarization with POLARBEAR

Authors: Takuro Fujino, Satoru Takakura, Shahed Shayan Arani, Darcy Barron, Carlo Baccigalupi, Yuji Chinone, Josquin Errard, Giulio Fabbian, Chang Feng, Nils W. Halverson, Masaya Hasegawa, Masashi Hazumi, Oliver Jeong, Daisuke Kaneko, Brian Keating, Akito Kusaka, Adrian Lee, Tomotake Matsumura, Lucio Piccirillo, Christian L. Reichardt, Kana Sakaguri, Praween Siritanasak, Kyohei Yamada

Abstract: At millimeter wavelengths, the atmospheric emission is circularly polarized owing to the Zeeman splitting of molecular oxygen by the Earth's magnetic field. We report a measurement of the signal in the 150 GHz band using 3 years of observational data with the \textsc{Polarbear} project. Non-idealities of a continuously rotating half-wave plate (HWP) partially convert circularly polarized light to… ▽ More At millimeter wavelengths, the atmospheric emission is circularly polarized owing to the Zeeman splitting of molecular oxygen by the Earth's magnetic field. We report a measurement of the signal in the 150 GHz band using 3 years of observational data with the \textsc{Polarbear} project. Non-idealities of a continuously rotating half-wave plate (HWP) partially convert circularly polarized light to linearly polarized light. While \textsc{Polarbear} detectors are sensitive to linear polarization, this effect makes them sensitive to circular polarization. Although this was not the intended use, we utilized this conversion to measure circular polarization. We reconstruct the azimuthal gradient of the circular polarization signal and measure its dependency from the scanning direction and the detector bandpass. We compare the signal with a simulation based on atmospheric emission theory, the detector bandpass, and the HWP leakage spectrum model. We find the ratio of the observed azimuthal slope to the simulated slope is $0.92 \pm 0.01\rm{(stat)} \pm 0.07\rm{(sys)}$. This ratio corresponds to a brightness temperature of $3.8\,\mathrm{m K}$ at the effective band center of $121.8\,\mathrm{GHz}$ and bandwidth of $3.5\,\mathrm{GHz}$ estimated from representative detector bandpass and the spectrum of Zeeman emission. This result validates our understanding of the instrument and reinforces the feasibility of measuring the circular polarization using the imperfection of continuously rotating HWP. Continuously rotating HWP is popular in ongoing and future cosmic microwave background experiments to modulate the polarized signal. This work shows a method for signal extraction and leakage subtraction that can help measuring circular polarization in such experiments. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2025; v1 submitted 23 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 23 pages, 11 figures

Measuring Star Formation Histories from Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars I: A Demonstration in M31

Authors: Abigail J. Lee, Daniel R. Weisz, Yi Ren, Alessandro Savino, Andrew E. Dolphin

Abstract: We demonstrate how near-infrared (NIR) imaging of resolved luminous asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars can be used to measure well-constrained star formation histories (SFHs) across cosmic time. Using UKIRT $J$ and $K$-band imaging of M31, we first show excellent agreement over the past $\sim8$ Gyr between the PHAT SFH of M31's outer disk derived from a deep optical color-magnitude diagram (CMD;… ▽ More We demonstrate how near-infrared (NIR) imaging of resolved luminous asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars can be used to measure well-constrained star formation histories (SFHs) across cosmic time. Using UKIRT $J$ and $K$-band imaging of M31, we first show excellent agreement over the past $\sim8$ Gyr between the PHAT SFH of M31's outer disk derived from a deep optical color-magnitude diagram (CMD; $\sim3.3\times10^{7}$ stars with $M_{\rm F814W} \lesssim +2$), and our spatially-matched SFH based only on modeling AGB stars on a NIR CMD ($\sim7.7\times10^{3}$ stars with $M_{\rm J} \lesssim -6$). We find that only $\sim1000$ AGB stars are needed for reliable SFH recovery, owing to their excellent age sensitivity in the NIR. We then measure the spatially-resolved SFH of M31's inner stellar halo ($D_{\rm M31, projected} \sim20-30$ kpc) using $\sim10^4$ AGB stars. We find: (i) a dominant burst of star formation across M31's stellar halo $3-5$ Gyr ago and lower level, spatially distributed star formation $\sim1-3$ Gyr ago; (ii) $M_{\star}\approx3_{-1}^{+5}\times10^9 M_{\odot}$ formed over the past $\sim8$ Gyr. We discuss some caveats and the enormous potential of resolved AGB stars in the NIR for measuring SFHs back to ancient epochs ($\sim14$ Gyr ago) in galaxies to large distances ($D\gtrsim20$ Mpc) with JWST, Roman, and Euclid. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2025; v1 submitted 11 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 25 pages, 21 figures, accepted to ApJ

Whole-disk sampling of molecular clouds in M83

Authors: Akihiko Hirota, Jin Koda, Fumi Egusa, Tsuyoshi Sawada, Kazushi Sakamoto, Mark Heyer, Amanda M Lee, Fumiya Maeda, Samuel Boissier, Daniela Calzetti, Bruce G. Elmegreen, Nanase Harada, Luis C. Ho, Masato I. N. Kobayashi, Nario Kuno, Barry F. Madore, Sergio Martín, Jennifer Donovan Meyer, Kazuyuki Muraoka, Yoshimasa Watanabe

Abstract: We present a catalog of clouds identified from the $^{12}$CO (1--0) data of M83, which was observed using Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) with a spatial resolution of $\sim$46 pc and a mass sensitivity of $\sim$10$^4$ $M_{\odot}$ (3 $σ$). The almost full-disk coverage and high sensitivity of the data allowed us to sample 5724 molecular clouds with a median mass of $\sim1.9$… ▽ More We present a catalog of clouds identified from the $^{12}$CO (1--0) data of M83, which was observed using Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) with a spatial resolution of $\sim$46 pc and a mass sensitivity of $\sim$10$^4$ $M_{\odot}$ (3 $σ$). The almost full-disk coverage and high sensitivity of the data allowed us to sample 5724 molecular clouds with a median mass of $\sim1.9$ $\times$ $10^5$ $M_{\odot}$, which is comparable to the most frequently sampled mass of Giant Molecular Clouds by surveys in the Milky Way. About 60 percent of the total CO luminosity in M83's disk arises from clouds more massive than 10$^6$ $M_{\odot}$. Such massive clouds comprise 16 percent of the total clouds in number and tend to concentrate toward the arm, bar, and center, while smaller clouds are more prevalent in inter-arm regions. Most $>10^6$ $M_{\odot}$ clouds have peak brightness temperatures $T_{\mathrm{peak}}$ above 2 K with the current resolution. Comparing the observed cloud properties with the scaling relations determined by Solomon et al. 1987 (S87), $T_{\mathrm{peak}}$$>2$ K clouds follow the relations, but $T_{\mathrm{peak}}$$<2$ K clouds, which are dominant in number, deviate significantly. Without considering the effect of beam dilution, the deviations would suggest modestly high virial parameters and low surface mass densities for the entire cloud samples, which are similar to values found for the Milky Way clouds by Rice et al. (2016) and Miville-Desch{ê}nes et al. (2017). However, once beam dilution is taken into account, the observed $α_{\mathrm{vir}}$ and $Σ$ for a majority of the clouds (mostly $T_{\mathrm{peak}}$ $<2$ K) can be potentially explained with intrinsic $Σ$ of $\sim$100 $M_{\mathrm{\odot}}\ \mathrm{pc}^{-2}$ and $α_{\mathrm{vir}}$ of $\sim$1, which are similar to the clouds of S87. △ Less

Submitted 7 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Optical galaxy cluster mock catalogs with realistic projection effects: Validations with the SDSS clusters

Authors: Andy Lee, Hao-Yi Wu, Andrés N. Salcedo, Tomomi Sunayama, Matteo Costanzi, Justin Myles, Shulei Cao, Eduardo Rozo, Chun-Hao To, David H. Weinberg, Lei Yang, Conghao Zhou

Abstract: Galaxy clusters identified in optical imaging surveys suffer from projection effects: Physically unassociated galaxies along a cluster's line of sight can be counted as its members and boost the observed richness (the number of cluster members). To model the impact of projection on cluster cosmology analyses, we apply a halo occupation distribution model to N-body simulations to simulate the red g… ▽ More Galaxy clusters identified in optical imaging surveys suffer from projection effects: Physically unassociated galaxies along a cluster's line of sight can be counted as its members and boost the observed richness (the number of cluster members). To model the impact of projection on cluster cosmology analyses, we apply a halo occupation distribution model to N-body simulations to simulate the red galaxies contributing to cluster members, and we use the number of galaxies in a cylinder along the line of sight (counts in cylinders) to model the impact of projection on cluster richness. We compare three projection models: uniform, quadratic, and Gaussian, and we convert between them by matching their effective cylinder volumes. We validate our mock catalogs using SDSS redMaPPer clusters' data vectors, including counts vs. richness, stacked lensing signal, spectroscopic redshift distribution of member galaxies, and richness remeasured on a redshift grid. We find the former two are insensitive to the projection model, while the latter two favor a quadratic projection model with a width of approximately 180 Mpc/h (equivalent to the volume of a uniform model with a width of 100 Mpc/h and a Gaussian model with a width of 110 Mpc/h, or a Gaussian redshift error of 0.04). Our framework provides an efficient and flexible way to model optical cluster data vectors, paving the way for a simulation-based joint analysis for clusters, galaxies, and shear. △ Less

Submitted 5 March, 2025; v1 submitted 3 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 12 pages, 9 figures; replaced to match published version

The Compositions of Rocky Planets in Close-in Orbits Tend to be Earth-Like

Authors: Casey L. Brinkman, Lauren M. Weiss, Daniel Huber, Rena A. Lee, Jared Kolecki, Gwyneth Tenn, Jingwen Zhang, Suchitra Narayanan, Alex S. Polanski, Fei Dai, Jacob L. Bean, Corey Beard, Madison Brady, Max Brodheim, Matt Brown, William Deich, Jerry Edelstein, Benjamin J. Fulton, Steven Giacalone, Steven R. Gibson, Gregory J. Gilbert, Samuel Halverson, Luke Handley, Grant M. Hill, Rae Holcomb , et al. (32 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Hundreds of exoplanets between 1-1.8 times the size of the Earth have been discovered on close in orbits. However, these planets show such a diversity in densities that some appear to be made entirely of iron, while others appear to host gaseous envelopes. To test this diversity in composition, we update the masses of 5 rocky exoplanets (HD 93963 A b, Kepler-10 b, Kepler-100 b, Kepler-407 b, and T… ▽ More Hundreds of exoplanets between 1-1.8 times the size of the Earth have been discovered on close in orbits. However, these planets show such a diversity in densities that some appear to be made entirely of iron, while others appear to host gaseous envelopes. To test this diversity in composition, we update the masses of 5 rocky exoplanets (HD 93963 A b, Kepler-10 b, Kepler-100 b, Kepler-407 b, and TOI-1444 b) and present the confirmation of a new planet (TOI-1011) using 187 high precision RVs from Gemini/MAROON-X and Keck/KPF. Our updated planet masses suggest compositions closer to that of the Earth than previous literature values for all planets in our sample. In particular, we report that two previously identified ``super-Mercuries'' (Kepler-100 b and HD 93963 A b) have lower masses that suggest less iron-rich compositions. We then compare the ratio of iron to rock-building species to the abundance ratios of those elements in their host stars. These updated planet compositions do not suggest a steep relationship between planet and host star compositions, contradictory to previous results, and suggest that planets and host stars have similar abundance ratios. △ Less

Submitted 30 September, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Submitted to AJ 09/30/2024

Compact and High Excitation Molecular Clumps in the Extended Ultraviolet Disk of M83

Authors: Jin Koda, Francoise Combes, Monica Rubio, Morten Andersen, Frank Bigiel, Armando Gil de Paz, Junais, Amanda M Lee, Jennifer Donovan Meyer, Kana Morokuma-Matsui, Masafumi Yagi, Annie Zavagno

Abstract: The extended ultraviolet (XUV) disks of nearby galaxies show ongoing massive star formation, but their parental molecular clouds remain mostly undetected despite searches in CO(1-0) and CO(2-1). The recent detection of 23 clouds in the higher excitation transition CO(3-2) within the XUV disk of M83 requires an explanation. We test the hypothesis: the clouds in XUV disks have a clump-envelope struc… ▽ More The extended ultraviolet (XUV) disks of nearby galaxies show ongoing massive star formation, but their parental molecular clouds remain mostly undetected despite searches in CO(1-0) and CO(2-1). The recent detection of 23 clouds in the higher excitation transition CO(3-2) within the XUV disk of M83 requires an explanation. We test the hypothesis: the clouds in XUV disks have a clump-envelope structure similar to those in Galactic star-forming clouds, having star-forming dense clumps (or concentrations of multiple clumps) at their centers, which predominantly contribute to the CO(3-2) emission, surrounded by less-dense envelopes, where CO molecules are photo-dissociated due to the low-metallicity environment there. We utilize new high-resolution ALMA CO(3-2) observations of a subset (11) of the 23 clouds in the XUV disk. We confirm the compactness of the CO(3-2)-emitting dense clumps (or their concentrations), finding clump diameters below the spatial resolution of 6-9~pc. This is similar to the size of the dense gas region in the Orion A molecular cloud, the local star-forming cloud with massive star formation. The dense star-forming clumps are common between normal and XUV disks. This may also indicate that once the cloud structure is set, the process of star formation is governed by the cloud internal physics rather than by external triggers. This simple model explains the current observations of the clouds with ongoing massive star formation, although it may require some adjustment, e.g., including an effect of cloud evolution, for a general scenario of star formation in molecular clouds. △ Less

Submitted 7 October, 2024; v1 submitted 30 September, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: A&A accepted; 15 pages, 8 figures - after proof

Journal ref: A&A 691, A197 (2024)

Status Report on the Chicago-Carnegie Hubble Program (CCHP): Measurement of the Hubble Constant Using the Hubble and James Webb Space Telescopes

Authors: Wendy L. Freedman, Barry F. Madore, In Sung Jang, Taylor J. Hoyt, Abigail J. Lee, Kayla A. Owens

Abstract: We present the latest results from the Chicago-Carnegie Hubble Program (\cchp) to measure the Hubble constant, using data from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The overall program aims to calibrate three independent methods: (1) Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) stars, (2) JAGB (J-Region Asymptotic Giant Branch) stars, and (3) Cepheids. To date, our program includes 10 nearby galaxies, host… ▽ More We present the latest results from the Chicago-Carnegie Hubble Program (\cchp) to measure the Hubble constant, using data from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The overall program aims to calibrate three independent methods: (1) Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) stars, (2) JAGB (J-Region Asymptotic Giant Branch) stars, and (3) Cepheids. To date, our program includes 10 nearby galaxies, hosting 11 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) suitable for measuring the Hubble constant ($H_0$). It also includes the galaxy NGC 4258, whose geometric distance provides the zero-point calibration. In this paper we discuss our results from the TRGB and JAGB methods. Our current best (highest precision) estimate is $H_0$ = 70.39 $\pm$ 1.22 (stat) $\pm$ 1.33 (sys) $\pm$ 0.70 ($σ_{SN}$), based on the TRGB method alone, with a total of 24 SN Ia calibrators from both HST and JWST data. Based on our new JWST data only, and tying into SNe Ia, we find values of $H_0$ = 68.81 $\pm$ 1.79 (stat) $\pm$ 1.32 (sys) for the TRGB, and $H_0$ = 67.80 $\pm$ 2.17 (stat) $\pm$ 1.64 (sys) km/s/Mpc for the JAGB method. The distances measured using the TRGB and the JAGB method agree, on average, at a level better than 1%, and with the SH0ES Cepheid distances at just over the 1% level. Our results are consistent with the current standard LambdaCDM model, without the need for the inclusion of additional new physics. Future JWST data will be required to increase the precision and accuracy of the local distance scale. △ Less

Submitted 17 March, 2025; v1 submitted 12 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 70 pages, 21 figures. Major updates from V1 include HST plus JWST calibration of the TRGB increasing the number of calibrators from 10 to 24, and improving the statistical precision in H0. Minor change in fonts from V2

The Chicago-Carnegie Hubble Program: The JWST J-region Asymptotic Giant Branch (JAGB) Extragalactic Distance Scale

Authors: Abigail J. Lee, Wendy L. Freedman, Barry F. Madore, In Sung Jang, Kayla A. Owens, Taylor J. Hoyt

Abstract: The J-region asymptotic giant branch (JAGB) method is a new standard candle based on the constant luminosities of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars in the J band. The JAGB method is independent of the Cepheid and TRGB distance indicators. Therefore, we can leverage it to both cross-check Cepheid and TRGB distances for systematic errors and use it to measure an independent local Hubble cons… ▽ More The J-region asymptotic giant branch (JAGB) method is a new standard candle based on the constant luminosities of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars in the J band. The JAGB method is independent of the Cepheid and TRGB distance indicators. Therefore, we can leverage it to both cross-check Cepheid and TRGB distances for systematic errors and use it to measure an independent local Hubble constant. The JAGB method also boasts a number of advantages in measuring distances relative to the TRGB and Cepheids, several of which are especially amplified when combined with JWST's revolutionary resolving power. First, JAGB stars are 1 mag brighter in the NIR than the TRGB, and can be discovered from single-epoch NIR photometry unlike Cepheids which require congruent optical imaging in at least 12 epochs. Thus, JAGB stars can be used to measure significantly farther distances than both the TRGB stars and Cepheids using the same amount of observing time. Further advantages include: JAGB stars are easily identified solely via their colors and magnitudes, dust extinction is reduced in near-infrared observations, and JAGB stars are ubiquitous in all galaxies with intermediate-age populations. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm that identifies the optimal location in a galaxy for applying the JAGB method, so as to minimize effects from crowding. We then deploy this algorithm in JWST NIRCam imaging of seven SN Ia host galaxies to measure their JAGB distances, undertaking a completely blind analysis. The zero-point of this JAGB distance scale is set in the water mega-maser galaxy NGC 4258. In our CCHP overview paper Freedman et al. (2025), we apply the JAGB distances measured in this paper to the Carnegie Supernova Program (CSP) SNe Ia sample, measuring a Hubble constant of H0 = 67.80 +/- 2.17 (stat) +/- 1.64 (sys) km/s/Mpc. △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2025; v1 submitted 6 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 25 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables, accepted to ApJ

Measurement and Modeling of Polarized Atmosphere at the South Pole with SPT-3G

Authors: A. Coerver, J. A. Zebrowski, S. Takakura, W. L. Holzapfel, P. A. R. Ade, A. J. Anderson, Z. Ahmed, B. Ansarinejad, M. Archipley, L. Balkenhol, D. Barron, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, E. Camphuis, J. E. Carlstrom, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, P. M. Chichura, A. Chokshi , et al. (80 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the detection and characterization of fluctuations in linearly polarized emission from the atmosphere above the South Pole. These measurements make use of data from the SPT-3G receiver on the South Pole Telescope in three frequency bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. We use the cross-correlation between detectors to produce an unbiased estimate of the power in Stokes I, Q, and U par… ▽ More We present the detection and characterization of fluctuations in linearly polarized emission from the atmosphere above the South Pole. These measurements make use of data from the SPT-3G receiver on the South Pole Telescope in three frequency bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. We use the cross-correlation between detectors to produce an unbiased estimate of the power in Stokes I, Q, and U parameters on large angular scales. Our results are consistent with the polarized signal being produced by the combination of Rayleigh scattering of thermal radiation from the ground and thermal emission from a population of horizontally aligned ice crystals with an anisotropic distribution described by Kolmogorov turbulence. The measured spatial scaling, frequency scaling, and elevation dependence of the polarized emission are explained by this model. Polarized atmospheric emission has the potential to significantly impact observations on the large angular scales being targeted by searches for inflationary B-mode CMB polarization. We present the distribution of measured angular power spectrum amplitudes in Stokes Q and I for 4 yr of Austral winter observations, which can be used to simulate the impact of atmospheric polarization and intensity fluctuations at the South Pole on a specified experiment and observation strategy. We present a mitigation strategy that involves both downweighting significantly contaminated observations and subtracting a polarized atmospheric signal from the 150 GHz band maps. In observations with the SPT-3G instrument, the polarized atmospheric signal is a well-understood and subdominant contribution to the measured noise after implementing the mitigation strategies described here. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2025; v1 submitted 30 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 25 pages, 28 figures

Coordinated JWST Imaging of Three Distance Indicators in a SN Host Galaxy and an Estimate of the TRGB Color Dependence

Authors: Taylor J. Hoyt, In Sung Jang, Wendy L. Freedman, Barry F. Madore, Abigail J. Lee, Kayla A. Owens

Abstract: Boasting a 6.5m mirror in space, JWST can increase by several times the number of supernovae (SNe) to which a redshift-independent distance has been measured with a precision distance indicator (e.g., TRGB or Cepheids); the limited number of such SN calibrators currently dominates the uncertainty budget in distance ladder Hubble constant (H0) experiments. JWST/NIRCAM imaging of the Virgo Cluster g… ▽ More Boasting a 6.5m mirror in space, JWST can increase by several times the number of supernovae (SNe) to which a redshift-independent distance has been measured with a precision distance indicator (e.g., TRGB or Cepheids); the limited number of such SN calibrators currently dominates the uncertainty budget in distance ladder Hubble constant (H0) experiments. JWST/NIRCAM imaging of the Virgo Cluster galaxy NGC4536 is used here to preview JWST program GO-1995, which aims to measure H0 using three stellar distance indicators (Cepheids, TRGB, JAGB/carbon stars). Each population of distance indicator was here successfully detected -- with sufficiently large number statistics, well-measured fluxes, and characteristic distributions consistent with ingoing expectations -- so as to confirm that we can acquire distances from each method precise to about 0.05mag (statistical uncertainty only). We leverage overlapping HST imaging to identify TRGB stars, cross-match them with the JWST photometry, and present a preliminary constraint on the slope of the TRGB's F115W-(F115W}-F444W) relation equal to -0.99 +/- 0.16 mag/mag. This slope is consistent with prior slope measurements in the similar 2MASS J-band, as well as with predictions from the BASTI isochrone suite. We use the new TRGB slope estimate to flatten the two-dimensional TRGB feature and measure a (blinded) TRGB distance relative to a set of fiducial TRGB colors, intended to represent the absolute fiducial calibrations expected from geometric anchors such as NGC4258 and the Magellanic Clouds. In doing so, we empirically demonstrate that the TRGB can be used as a standardizable candle at the IR wavelengths accessible with JWST. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: Revised version after submission to AAS journals; 20 pages, 12 figures; Fig. 1 compressed to reduce file size

The European Low Frequency Survey on the Simons Array

Authors: Aniello Mennella, Kam Arnold, Susanna Azzoni, Carlo Baccigalupi, A. J. Banday, Rita Belén Barreiro, Darcy Barron, Marco Bersanelli, Francisco J. Casas, Sean Casey, Elena de la Hoz, Cristian Franceschet, Michael E. Jones, Ricardo T. Genóva-Santos, R. Hoyland, Adrian T. Lee, Enrique Martinez-Gonzalez, Filippo Montonati, José-Alberto Rubiño-Martín, Angela Taylor, Patricio Vielva

Abstract: In this paper we present the European Low Frequency Survey (ELFS), a project that will enable foregrounds-free measurements of the primordial $B$-mode polarization and a detection of the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, to a level $σ(r) = 0.001$ by measuring the Galactic and extra-galactic emissions in the 5--120\,GHz frequency window. Indeed, the main difficulty in measuring the B-mode polarization c… ▽ More In this paper we present the European Low Frequency Survey (ELFS), a project that will enable foregrounds-free measurements of the primordial $B$-mode polarization and a detection of the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, to a level $σ(r) = 0.001$ by measuring the Galactic and extra-galactic emissions in the 5--120\,GHz frequency window. Indeed, the main difficulty in measuring the B-mode polarization comes from the fact that many other processes in the Universe also emit polarized microwaves, which obscure the faint Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) signal. The first stage of this project is being carried out in synergy with the Simons Array (SA) collaboration, installing a 5.5--11\,GHz (X-band) coherent receiver at the focus of one of the three 3.5\,m SA telescopes in Atacama, Chile, followed by the installation of the QUIJOTE-MFI2 in the 10--20 GHz range. We designate this initial iteration of the ELFS program as ELFS-SA. The receivers are equipped with a fully digital back-end that will provide a frequency resolution of 1\,MHz across the band, allowing us to clean the scientific signal from unwanted radio frequency interference, particularly from low-Earth orbit satellite mega constellations. This paper reviews the scientific motivation for ELFS and its instrumental characteristics, and provides an update on the development of ELFS-SA. △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2024; v1 submitted 14 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: SPIE conference on Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, Yokohama, 16-22 June 2024. New version with correction in Eq. (3) arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2310.16509

Journal ref: Proc. SPIE conference on Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, Yokohama, 16-22 June 2024

Development of the Low Frequency Telescope focal plane detector arrays for LiteBIRD

Authors: Tommaso Ghigna, Aritoki Suzuki, Benjamin Westbrook, Christopher Raum, Hiroki Akamatsu, Shawn Beckman, Nicole Farias, Tijmen de Haan, Nils Halverson, Masashi Hazumi, Johannes Hubmayr, Greg Jaehnig, Adrian T. Lee, Samantha L. Stever, Yu Zhou

Abstract: LiteBIRD, a forthcoming JAXA mission, aims to accurately study the microwave sky within the 40-400 GHz frequency range divided into 15 distinct nominal bands. The primary objective is to constrain the CMB inflationary signal, specifically the primordial B-modes. LiteBIRD targets the CMB B-mode signal on large angular scales, where the primordial inflationary signal is expected to dominate, with th… ▽ More LiteBIRD, a forthcoming JAXA mission, aims to accurately study the microwave sky within the 40-400 GHz frequency range divided into 15 distinct nominal bands. The primary objective is to constrain the CMB inflationary signal, specifically the primordial B-modes. LiteBIRD targets the CMB B-mode signal on large angular scales, where the primordial inflationary signal is expected to dominate, with the goal of reaching a tensor-to-scalar ratio sensitivity of $σ_r\sim0.001$. LiteBIRD frequency bands will be split among three telescopes, with some overlap between telescopes for better control of systematic effects. Here we report on the development status of the detector arrays for the Low Frequency Telescope (LFT), which spans the 34-161 GHz range, with 12 bands subdivided between four types of trichroic pixels consisting of lenslet-coupled sinuous antennas. The signal from the antenna is bandpass filtered and sensed by AlMn Transition-Edge Sensors (TES). We provide an update on the status of the design and development of LiteBIRD's LFT LF1 (40-60-78 GHz), LF2 (50-68-89 GHz) pixels. We discuss design choices motivated by LiteBIRD scientific goals. In particular we focus on the details of the optimization of the design parameters of the sinuous antenna, on-chip bandpass filters, cross-under and impedance transformers and all the RF components that define the LF1 and LF2 pixel detection chain. We present this work in the context of the technical challenges and physical constraints imposed by the finite size of the instrument. △ Less

Submitted 29 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 12 pages, 10 figures, 1 table, SPIE 2024

The Pulsar Science Collaboratory: Multi-Epoch Scintillation Studies of Pulsars

Authors: Jacob E. Turner, Juan G. Lebron Medina, Zachary Zelensky, Kathleen A. Gustavso, Jeffrey Marx, Manvith Kothapalli, Luis D. Cruz Vega, Alexander Lee, Caryelis B. Figueroa, Daniel E. Reichart, Joshua B. Haislip, Vladimir V. Kouprianov, Steve White, Frank Ghigo, Sue Ann Heatherly, Maura A. McLaughlin

Abstract: We report on findings from scintillation analyses using high-cadence observations of eight canonical pulsars with observing baselines ranging from one to three years. We obtain scintillation bandwidth and timescale measurements for all pulsars in our survey, scintillation arc curvature measurements for four, and detect multiple arcs for two. We find evidence of a previously undocumented scattering… ▽ More We report on findings from scintillation analyses using high-cadence observations of eight canonical pulsars with observing baselines ranging from one to three years. We obtain scintillation bandwidth and timescale measurements for all pulsars in our survey, scintillation arc curvature measurements for four, and detect multiple arcs for two. We find evidence of a previously undocumented scattering screen along the line of sight (LOS) to PSR J1645$-$0317, as well as evidence that a scattering screen along the LOS to PSR J2313$+$4253 may reside somewhere within the Milky Way's Orion-Cygnus arm. We report evidence of a significant change in the scintillation pattern in PSR J2022$+$5154 from the previous two decades of literature, wherein both the scintillation bandwidth and timescale decreased by an order of magnitude relative to earlier observations at the same frequencies, potentially as a result of a different screen dominating the observed scattering. By augmenting the results of previous studies, we find general agreement with estimations of scattering delays from pulsar observations and predictions by the NE2001 electron density model but not for the newest data we have collected, providing some evidence of changes in the ISM along various LOSs over the timespans considered. In a similar manner, we find additional evidence of a correlation between a pulsar's dispersion measure and the overall variability of its scattering delays over time. The plethora of interesting science obtained through these observations demonstrates the capabilities of the Green Bank Observatory's 20m telescope to contribute to pulsar-based studies of the interstellar medium. △ Less

Submitted 6 November, 2024; v1 submitted 29 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Accepted to ApJ

The Simons Observatory: Design, integration, and testing of the small aperture telescopes

Authors: Nicholas Galitzki, Tran Tsan, Jake Spisak, Michael Randall, Max Silva-Feaver, Joseph Seibert, Jacob Lashner, Shunsuke Adachi, Sean M. Adkins, Thomas Alford, Kam Arnold, Peter C. Ashton, Jason E. Austermann, Carlo Baccigalupi, Andrew Bazarko, James A. Beall, Sanah Bhimani, Bryce Bixler, Gabriele Coppi, Lance Corbett, Kevin D. Crowley, Kevin T. Crowley, Samuel Day-Weiss, Simon Dicker, Peter N. Dow , et al. (55 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment that includes small-aperture telescopes (SATs) observing from an altitude of 5,200 m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The SO SATs will cover six spectral bands between 27 and 280 GHz to search for primordial B-modes to a sensitivity of $σ(r)=0.002$, with quantified systematic errors well below this value. Each SAT… ▽ More The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment that includes small-aperture telescopes (SATs) observing from an altitude of 5,200 m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The SO SATs will cover six spectral bands between 27 and 280 GHz to search for primordial B-modes to a sensitivity of $σ(r)=0.002$, with quantified systematic errors well below this value. Each SAT is a self-contained cryogenic telescope with a 35$^\circ$ field of view, 42 cm diameter optical aperture, 40 K half-wave plate, 1 K refractive optics, and $<0.1$ K focal plane that holds $>12,000$ TES detectors. We describe the nominal design of the SATs and present details about the integration and testing for one operating at 93 and 145 GHz. △ Less

Submitted 10 May, 2024; v1 submitted 9 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

A Method of Measuring TES Complex ETF Response in Frequency-domain Multiplexed Readout by Single Sideband Power Modulation

Authors: Yu Zhou, Tijmen de Haan, Hiroki Akamatsu, Daisuke Kaneko, Masashi Hazumi, Masaya Hasegawa, Aritoki Suzuki, Adrian T. Lee

Abstract: The digital frequency domain multiplexing (DfMux) technique is widely used for astrophysical instruments with large detector arrays. Detailed detector characterization is required for instrument calibration and systematics control. We conduct the TES complex electrothermal-feedback (ETF) response measurement with the DfMux readout system as follows. By injecting a single sideband signal, we induce… ▽ More The digital frequency domain multiplexing (DfMux) technique is widely used for astrophysical instruments with large detector arrays. Detailed detector characterization is required for instrument calibration and systematics control. We conduct the TES complex electrothermal-feedback (ETF) response measurement with the DfMux readout system as follows. By injecting a single sideband signal, we induce modulation in TES power dissipation over a frequency range encompassing the detector response. The modulated current signal induced by TES heating effect is measured, allowing for the ETF response characterization of the detector. With the injection of an upper sideband, the TES readout current shows both an upper and a lower sideband. We model the upper and lower sideband complex ETF response and verify the model by fitting to experimental data. The model not only can fit for certain physical parameters of the detector, such as loop gain, temperature sensitivity, current sensitivity, and time constant, but also enables us to estimate the systematic effect introduced by the multiplexed readout. The method is therefore useful for in-situ detector calibration and for estimating systematic effects during astronomical telescope observations, such as those performed by the upcoming LiteBIRD satellite. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures, accepted to Journal of Low Temperature Physics

The CO-to-H$_2$ Conversion Factor in the Barred Spiral Galaxy M83

Authors: Amanda M Lee, Jin Koda, Akihiko Hirota, Fumi Egusa, Mark Heyer

Abstract: We analyze the CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor ($α_{\rm{CO}}$) in the nearby barred spiral galaxy M83. We present new HI observations from the JVLA and single-dish GBT in the disk of the galaxy, and combine them with maps of CO(1-0) integrated intensity and dust surface density from the literature. $α_{\rm{CO}}$ and the gas-to-dust ratio ($δ_{\rm{GDR}}$) are simultaneously derived in annuli of 2 kpc… ▽ More We analyze the CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor ($α_{\rm{CO}}$) in the nearby barred spiral galaxy M83. We present new HI observations from the JVLA and single-dish GBT in the disk of the galaxy, and combine them with maps of CO(1-0) integrated intensity and dust surface density from the literature. $α_{\rm{CO}}$ and the gas-to-dust ratio ($δ_{\rm{GDR}}$) are simultaneously derived in annuli of 2 kpc width from R = 1-7 kpc. We find that $α_{\rm{CO}}$ and $δ_{\rm{GDR}}$ both increase radially, by a factor of $\sim$ 2-3 from the center to the outskirts of the disk. The luminosity-weighted averages over the disk are $α_{\rm{CO}} = 3.14$ (2.06, 4.96) M$_{\odot}$ pc$^{-2}$[K$\cdot$ km s$^{-1}$]$^{-1}$ and $δ_{\rm{GDR}}$ = 137 (111, 182) at the 68% (1$σ$) confidence level. These are consistent with the $α_{\rm{CO}}$ and $δ_{\rm{GDR}}$ values measured in the Milky Way. In addition to possible variations of $α_{\rm{CO}}$ due to the radial metallicity gradient, we test the possibility of variations in $α_{\rm{CO}}$ due to changes in the underlying cloud populations, as a function of galactic radius. Using a truncated power-law molecular cloud CO luminosity function and an empirical power-law relation for cloud-mass and luminosity, we show that the changes in the underlying cloud population may account for a factor of $\sim 1.5-2.0$ radial change in $α_{\rm{CO}}$. △ Less

Submitted 22 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Mass calibration of DES Year-3 clusters via SPT-3G CMB cluster lensing

Authors: B. Ansarinejad, S. Raghunathan, T. M. C. Abbott, P. A. R. Ade, M. Aguena, O. Alves, A. J. Anderson, F. Andrade-Oliveira, M. Archipley, L. Balkenhol, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, E. Bertin, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, S. Bocquet, F. R. Bouchet, D. Brooks, L. Bryant, D. L. Burke, E. Camphuis, J. E. Carlstrom, A. Carnero Rosell, J. Carretero , et al. (120 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We measure the stacked lensing signal in the direction of galaxy clusters in the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES Y3) redMaPPer sample, using cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature data from SPT-3G, the third-generation CMB camera on the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We estimate the lensing signal using temperature maps constructed from the initial 2 years of data from the SPT-3G 'Main' survey,… ▽ More We measure the stacked lensing signal in the direction of galaxy clusters in the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES Y3) redMaPPer sample, using cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature data from SPT-3G, the third-generation CMB camera on the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We estimate the lensing signal using temperature maps constructed from the initial 2 years of data from the SPT-3G 'Main' survey, covering 1500 deg$^2$ of the Southern sky. We then use this signal as a proxy for the mean cluster mass of the DES sample. In this work, we employ three versions of the redMaPPer catalogue: a Flux-Limited sample containing 8865 clusters, a Volume-Limited sample with 5391 clusters, and a Volume&Redshift-Limited sample with 4450 clusters. For the three samples, we find the mean cluster masses to be ${M}_{200{\rm{m}}}=1.66\pm0.13$ [stat.]$\pm0.03$ [sys.], $1.97\pm0.18$ [stat.]$\pm0.05$ [sys.], and $2.11\pm0.20$ [stat.]$\pm0.05$ [sys.]$\times{10}^{14}\ {\rm{M}}_{\odot }$, respectively. This is a factor of $\sim2$ improvement relative to the precision of measurements with previous generations of SPT surveys and the most constraining cluster mass measurements using CMB cluster lensing to date. Overall, we find no significant tensions between our results and masses given by redMaPPer mass-richness scaling relations of previous works, which were calibrated using CMB cluster lensing, optical weak lensing, and velocity dispersion measurements from various combinations of DES, SDSS and Planck data. We then divide our sample into 3 redshift and 3 richness bins, finding no significant tensions with optical weak-lensing calibrated masses in these bins. We forecast a $5.7\%$ constraint on the mean cluster mass of the DES Y3 sample with the complete SPT-3G surveys when using both temperature and polarization data and including an additional $\sim1400$ deg$^2$ of observations from the 'Extended' SPT-3G survey. △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2024; v1 submitted 2 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 23 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in JCAP. Minor changes and corrections have been made relative to v1

Testing the $\mathbfΛ$CDM Cosmological Model with Forthcoming Measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background with SPT-3G

Authors: K. Prabhu, S. Raghunathan, M. Millea, G. Lynch, P. A. R. Ade, E. Anderes, A. J. Anderson, B. Ansarinejad, M. Archipley, L. Balkenhol, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, E. Camphuis, J. E. Carlstrom, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, P. M. Chichura, T. -L. Chou, A. Coerver , et al. (76 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We forecast constraints on cosmological parameters enabled by three surveys conducted with SPT-3G, the third-generation camera on the South Pole Telescope. The surveys cover separate regions of 1500, 2650, and 6000 ${\rm deg}^{2}$ to different depths, in total observing 25% of the sky. These regions will be measured to white noise levels of roughly 2.5, 9, and 12 $μ{\rm K-arcmin}$, respectively, i… ▽ More We forecast constraints on cosmological parameters enabled by three surveys conducted with SPT-3G, the third-generation camera on the South Pole Telescope. The surveys cover separate regions of 1500, 2650, and 6000 ${\rm deg}^{2}$ to different depths, in total observing 25% of the sky. These regions will be measured to white noise levels of roughly 2.5, 9, and 12 $μ{\rm K-arcmin}$, respectively, in CMB temperature units at 150 GHz by the end of 2024. The survey also includes measurements at 95 and 220 GHz, which have noise levels a factor of ~1.2 and 3.5 times higher than 150 GHz, respectively, with each band having a polarization noise level ~$\sqrt{\text{2}}$ times higher than the temperature noise. We use a novel approach to obtain the covariance matrices for jointly and optimally estimated gravitational lensing potential bandpowers and unlensed CMB temperature and polarization bandpowers. We demonstrate the ability to test the $Λ{\rm CDM}$ model via the consistency of cosmological parameters constrained independently from SPT-3G and Planck data, and consider the improvement in constraints on $Λ{\rm CDM}$ extension parameters from a joint analysis of SPT-3G and Planck data. The $Λ{\rm CDM}$ cosmological parameters are typically constrained with uncertainties up to ~2 times smaller with SPT-3G data, compared to Planck, with the two data sets measuring significantly different angular scales and polarization levels, providing additional tests of the standard cosmological model. △ Less

Submitted 9 September, 2024; v1 submitted 26 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 26 pages; 13 figures; Accepted for publication in ApJ; Minor edits have been made

Calibration of detector time constant with a thermal source for the POLARBEAR-2A CMB polarization experiment

Authors: S. Takatori, M. Hasegawa, M. Hazumi, D. Kaneko, N. Katayama, A. T. Lee, S. Takakura, T. Tomaru, T. Adkins, D. Barron, Y. Chinone, K. T. Crowley, T. de Haan, T. Elleflot, N. Farias, C. Feng, T. Fujino, J. C. Groh, H. Hirose, F. Matsuda, H. Nishino, Y. Segawa, P. Siritanasak, A. Suzuki, K. Yamada

Abstract: The Simons Array (SA) project is a ground-based Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization experiment. The SA observes the sky using three telescopes, and POLARBEAR-2A (PB-2A) is the receiver system on the first telescope. For the ground-based experiment, atmospheric fluctuation is the primary noise source that could cause polarization leakage. In the PB-2A receiver system, a continuously rota… ▽ More The Simons Array (SA) project is a ground-based Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization experiment. The SA observes the sky using three telescopes, and POLARBEAR-2A (PB-2A) is the receiver system on the first telescope. For the ground-based experiment, atmospheric fluctuation is the primary noise source that could cause polarization leakage. In the PB-2A receiver system, a continuously rotating half-wave plate (HWP) is used to mitigate the polarization leakage. However, due to the rapid modulation of the polarization signal, the uncertainty in the time constant of the detector results in an uncertainty in the polarization angle. For PB-2A, the time constant of each bolometer needs to be calibrated at the sub-millisecond level to avoid introducing bias to the polarization signal. We have developed a new calibrator system that can be used to calibrate the time constants of the detectors. In this study, we present the design of the calibration system and the preliminary results of the time constant calibration for PB-2A. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: Proceedings of the 15th Asia Pacific Physics Conference (APPC15)

First Constraints on the Epoch of Reionization Using the non-Gaussianity of the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel{'}dovich Effect from the South Pole Telescope and {\it Herschel}-SPIRE Observations

Authors: S. Raghunathan, P. A. R. Ade, A. J. Anderson, B. Ansarinejad, M. Archipley, J. E. Austermann, L. Balkenhol, J. A. Beall, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, J. Bock, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, E. Camphuis, J. E. Carlstrom, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, H. C. Chiang, P. M. Chichura, T. -L. Chou, R. Citron , et al. (99 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report results from an analysis aimed at detecting the trispectrum of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel{'}dovich (kSZ) effect by combining data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and {\it Herschel}-SPIRE experiments over a 100 ${\rm deg}^{2}$ field. The SPT observations combine data from the previous and current surveys, namely SPTpol and SPT-3G, to achieve depths of 4.5, 3, and 16 $μ{\rm K-arcmin}$ i… ▽ More We report results from an analysis aimed at detecting the trispectrum of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel{'}dovich (kSZ) effect by combining data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and {\it Herschel}-SPIRE experiments over a 100 ${\rm deg}^{2}$ field. The SPT observations combine data from the previous and current surveys, namely SPTpol and SPT-3G, to achieve depths of 4.5, 3, and 16 $μ{\rm K-arcmin}$ in bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. For SPIRE, we include data from the 600 and 857 GHz bands. We reconstruct the velocity-induced large-scale correlation of the small-scale kSZ signal with a quadratic estimator that uses two cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature maps, constructed by optimally combining data from all the frequency bands. We reject the null hypothesis of a zero trispectrum at $10.3σ$ level. However, the measured trispectrum contains contributions from both the kSZ and other undesired components, such as CMB lensing and astrophysical foregrounds, with kSZ being sub-dominant. We use the \textsc{Agora} simulations to estimate the expected signal from CMB lensing and astrophysical foregrounds. After accounting for the contributions from CMB lensing and foreground signals, we do not detect an excess kSZ-only trispectrum and use this non-detection to set constraints on reionization. By applying a prior based on observations of the Gunn-Peterson trough, we obtain an upper limit on the duration of reionization of $Δz_{\rm re, 50} < 4.5$ (95\% C.L). We find these constraints are fairly robust to foregrounds assumptions. This trispectrum measurement is independent of, but consistent with, {\it Planck}'s optical depth measurement. This result is the first constraint on the epoch of reionization using the non-Gaussian nature of the kSZ signal. △ Less

Submitted 15 August, 2024; v1 submitted 4 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 15 pages, 5 figures (3 in main text and 2 in Appendix); Accepted for publication in PRL; Some texts have been moved to Appendix; Minor change in Fig. 2 to include nomalization; Data products and plotting scripts can be downloaded from https://github.com/sriniraghunathan/kSZ_4pt_SPT_SPIRE

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 121004 (2024)

Exploration of the polarization angle variability of the Crab Nebula with POLARBEAR and its application to the search for axion-like particles

Authors: Shunsuke Adachi, Tylor Adkins, Carlo Baccigalupi, Yuji Chinone, Kevin T. Crowley, Josquin Errard, Giulio Fabbian, Chang Feng, Takuro Fujino, Masaya Hasegawa, Masashi Hazumi, Oliver Jeong, Daisuke Kaneko, Brian Keating, Akito Kusaka, Adrian T. Lee, Anto I. Lonappan, Yuto Minami, Masaaki Murata, Lucio Piccirillo, Christian L. Reichardt, Praween Siritanasak, Jacob Spisak, Satoru Takakura, Grant P. Teply , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Crab Nebula, also known as Tau A, is a polarized astronomical source at millimeter wavelengths. It has been used as a stable light source for polarization angle calibration in millimeter-wave astronomy. However, it is known that its intensity and polarization vary as a function of time at a variety of wavelengths. Thus, it is of interest to verify the stability of the millimeter-wave polarizat… ▽ More The Crab Nebula, also known as Tau A, is a polarized astronomical source at millimeter wavelengths. It has been used as a stable light source for polarization angle calibration in millimeter-wave astronomy. However, it is known that its intensity and polarization vary as a function of time at a variety of wavelengths. Thus, it is of interest to verify the stability of the millimeter-wave polarization. If detected, polarization variability may be used to better understand the dynamics of Tau~A, and for understanding the validity of Tau~A as a calibrator. One intriguing application of such observation is to use it for the search of axion-like particles (ALPs). Ultralight ALPs couple to photons through a Chern-Simons term, and induce a temporal oscillation in the polarization angle of linearly polarized sources. After assessing a number of systematic errors and testing for internal consistency, we evaluate the variability of the polarization angle of the Crab Nebula using 2015 and 2016 observations with the 150 GHz POLARBEAR instrument. We place a median 95% upper bound of polarization oscillation amplitude $A < 0.065^\circ$ over the oscillation frequencies from $0.75~\mathrm{year}^{-1}$ to $0.66~\mathrm{hour}^{-1}$. Assuming that no sources other than ALP are causing Tau A's polarization angle variation, that the ALP constitutes all the dark matter, and that the ALP field is a stochastic Gaussian field, this bound translates into a median 95% upper bound of ALP-photon coupling $g_{aγγ} < 2.16\times10^{-12}\,\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}\times(m_a/10^{-21} \mathrm{eV})$ in the mass range from $9.9\times10^{-23} \mathrm{eV}$ to $7.7\times10^{-19} \mathrm{eV}$. This demonstrates that this type of analysis using bright polarized sources is as competitive as those using the polarization of cosmic microwave background in constraining ALPs. △ Less

Submitted 19 September, 2024; v1 submitted 4 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 24 pages, 19 figures, 5 tables

Resolved Near-infrared Stellar Photometry from the Magellan Telescope for 13 Nearby Galaxies: JAGB Method Distances

Authors: Abigail J. Lee, Andrew J. Monson, Wendy L. Freedman, Barry F. Madore, Kayla A. Owens, Rachael L. Beaton, Coral Espinoza, Tongtian Ren, Yi Ren

Abstract: We present near-infrared JHK photometry for the resolved stellar populations in 13 nearby galaxies: NGC 6822, IC 1613, NGC 3109, Sextans B, Sextans A, NGC 300, NGC 55, NGC 7793, NGC 247, NGC 5253, Cen A, NGC 1313, and M83, acquired from the 6.5m Baade-Magellan telescope. We measure distances to each galaxy using the J-region asymptotic giant branch (JAGB) method, a new standard candle that leverag… ▽ More We present near-infrared JHK photometry for the resolved stellar populations in 13 nearby galaxies: NGC 6822, IC 1613, NGC 3109, Sextans B, Sextans A, NGC 300, NGC 55, NGC 7793, NGC 247, NGC 5253, Cen A, NGC 1313, and M83, acquired from the 6.5m Baade-Magellan telescope. We measure distances to each galaxy using the J-region asymptotic giant branch (JAGB) method, a new standard candle that leverages the constant luminosities of color-selected, carbon-rich AGB stars. While only single-epoch, random-phase photometry is necessary to derive JAGB distances, our photometry is time-averaged over multiple epochs, thereby decreasing the contribution of the JAGB stars' intrinsic variability to the measured dispersions in their observed luminosity functions. To cross-validate these distances, we also measure near-infrared tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) distances to these galaxies. The residuals obtained from subtracting the distance moduli from the two methods yield an RMS scatter of $σ_{JAGB - TRGB}= \pm 0.07$ mag. Therefore, all systematics in either the JAGB method and TRGB method (e.g., crowding, differential reddening, star formation histories) must be contained within these $\pm0.07$ mag bounds for this sample of galaxies because the JAGB and TRGB distance indicators are drawn from entirely distinct stellar populations, and are thus affected by these systematics independently. Finally, the composite JAGB star luminosity function formed from this diverse sample of galaxies is well-described by a Gaussian function with a modal value of $M_J = -6.20 \pm 0.003$ mag (stat), indicating the underlying JAGB star luminosity function of a well-sampled full star formation history is highly symmetric and Gaussian, based on over 6,700 JAGB stars in the composite sample. △ Less

Submitted 28 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 31 pages, 11 figures, 6 tables, accepted to ApJ. Photometry catalogs for 13 galaxies available at https://zenodo.org/records/10606945

The Simons Observatory: Development and Optical Evaluation of Achromatic Half-Wave Plates

Authors: Junna Sugiyama, Tomoki Terasaki, Kana Sakaguri, Bryce Bixler, Yuki Sakurai, Kam Arnold, Kevin T. Crowley, Rahul Datta, Nicholas Galitzki, Masaya Hasegawa, Bradley R. Johnson, Brian Keating, Akito Kusaka, Adrian Lee, Tomotake Matsumura, Jeffrey Mcmahon, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Yuhan Wang, Kyohei Yamada

Abstract: The Simons Observatory (SO) experiment is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment located in the Atacama Desert, Chile. The SO' s small aperture telescopes (SATs) consist of three telescopes designed for precise CMB polarimetry at large angular scales. Each SAT uses a cryogenic rotating half-wave plate (HWP) as a polarization modulator to mitigate atmospheric 1/f noise and other systematics… ▽ More The Simons Observatory (SO) experiment is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment located in the Atacama Desert, Chile. The SO' s small aperture telescopes (SATs) consist of three telescopes designed for precise CMB polarimetry at large angular scales. Each SAT uses a cryogenic rotating half-wave plate (HWP) as a polarization modulator to mitigate atmospheric 1/f noise and other systematics. To realize efficient polarization modulation over the observation bands, we fabricated an achromatic HWP (AHWP) consisting of three sapphire plates with anti-reflection coatings. The AHWP is designed to have broadband modulation efficiency and transmittance. This paper reports on the design and the preliminary characterization of the AHWPs for SATs. △ Less

Submitted 14 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Journal ref: J Low Temp Phys (2024)

Flaring Stars in a Non-targeted mm-wave Survey with SPT-3G

Authors: C. Tandoi, S. Guns, A. Foster, P. A. R. Ade, A. J. Anderson, B. Ansarinejad, M. Archipley, L. Balkenhol, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, E. Camphuis, J. E. Carlstrom, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, P. M. Chichura, T. -L. Chou, A. Coerver, T. M. Crawford, A. Cukierman , et al. (74 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a flare star catalog from four years of non-targeted millimeter-wave survey data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The data were taken with the SPT-3G camera and cover a 1500-square-degree region of the sky from $20^{h}40^{m}0^{s}$ to $3^{h}20^{m}0^{s}$ in right ascension and $-42^{\circ}$ to $-70^{\circ}$ in declination. This region was observed on a nearly daily cadence from 2019-2… ▽ More We present a flare star catalog from four years of non-targeted millimeter-wave survey data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The data were taken with the SPT-3G camera and cover a 1500-square-degree region of the sky from $20^{h}40^{m}0^{s}$ to $3^{h}20^{m}0^{s}$ in right ascension and $-42^{\circ}$ to $-70^{\circ}$ in declination. This region was observed on a nearly daily cadence from 2019-2022 and chosen to avoid the plane of the galaxy. A short-duration transient search of this survey yields 111 flaring events from 66 stars, increasing the number of both flaring events and detected flare stars by an order of magnitude from the previous SPT-3G data release. We provide cross-matching to Gaia DR3, as well as matches to X-ray point sources found in the second ROSAT all-sky survey. We have detected flaring stars across the main sequence, from early-type A stars to M dwarfs, as well as a large population of evolved stars. These stars are mostly nearby, spanning 10 to 1000 parsecs in distance. Most of the flare spectral indices are constant or gently rising as a function of frequency at 95/150/220 GHz. The timescale of these events can range from minutes to hours, and the peak $νL_ν$ luminosities range from $10^{27}$ to $10^{31}$ erg s$^{-1}$ in the SPT-3G frequency bands. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2025; v1 submitted 24 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Journal ref: ApJ 972 6 (2024)

SPT Clusters with DES and HST Weak Lensing. II. Cosmological Constraints from the Abundance of Massive Halos

Authors: S. Bocquet, S. Grandis, L. E. Bleem, M. Klein, J. J. Mohr, T. Schrabback, T. M. C. Abbott, P. A. R. Ade, M. Aguena, A. Alarcon, S. Allam, S. W. Allen, O. Alves, A. Amon, A. J. Anderson, J. Annis, B. Ansarinejad, J. E. Austermann, S. Avila, D. Bacon, M. Bayliss, J. A. Beall, K. Bechtol, M. R. Becker, A. N. Bender , et al. (171 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present cosmological constraints from the abundance of galaxy clusters selected via the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in South Pole Telescope (SPT) data with a simultaneous mass calibration using weak gravitational lensing data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The cluster sample is constructed from the combined SPT-SZ, SPTpol ECS, and SPTpol 500d… ▽ More We present cosmological constraints from the abundance of galaxy clusters selected via the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in South Pole Telescope (SPT) data with a simultaneous mass calibration using weak gravitational lensing data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The cluster sample is constructed from the combined SPT-SZ, SPTpol ECS, and SPTpol 500d surveys, and comprises 1,005 confirmed clusters in the redshift range $0.25-1.78$ over a total sky area of 5,200 deg$^2$. We use DES Year 3 weak-lensing data for 688 clusters with redshifts $z<0.95$ and HST weak-lensing data for 39 clusters with $0.6<z<1.7$. The weak-lensing measurements enable robust mass measurements of sample clusters and allow us to empirically constrain the SZ observable--mass relation. For a flat $Λ$CDM cosmology, and marginalizing over the sum of massive neutrinos, we measure $Ω_\mathrm{m}=0.286\pm0.032$, $σ_8=0.817\pm0.026$, and the parameter combination $σ_8\,(Ω_\mathrm{m}/0.3)^{0.25}=0.805\pm0.016$. Our measurement of $S_8\equivσ_8\,\sqrt{Ω_\mathrm{m}/0.3}=0.795\pm0.029$ and the constraint from Planck CMB anisotropies (2018 TT,TE,EE+lowE) differ by $1.1σ$. In combination with that Planck dataset, we place a 95% upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses $\sum m_ν<0.18$ eV. When additionally allowing the dark energy equation of state parameter $w$ to vary, we obtain $w=-1.45\pm0.31$ from our cluster-based analysis. In combination with Planck data, we measure $w=-1.34^{+0.22}_{-0.15}$, or a $2.2σ$ difference with a cosmological constant. We use the cluster abundance to measure $σ_8$ in five redshift bins between 0.25 and 1.8, and we find the results to be consistent with structure growth as predicted by the $Λ$CDM model fit to Planck primary CMB data. △ Less

Submitted 21 June, 2024; v1 submitted 4 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D. arXiv v2 corresponds to published article

Revisiting the Membership, Multiplicity, and Age of the Beta Pictoris Moving Group in the Gaia Era

Authors: Rena A. Lee, Eric Gaidos, Jennifer van Saders, Gregory A. Feiden, Jonathan Gagné

Abstract: Determining the precise ages of young (tens to a few hundred Myr) kinematic (``moving") groups is important for placing star, protoplanetary disk, and planet observations on an evolutionary timeline. The nearby $\sim$25 Myr-old $β$ Pictoris Moving Group (BPMG) is an important benchmark for studying stars and planetary systems at the end of the primordial disk phase. Gaia DR3 astrometry and photome… ▽ More Determining the precise ages of young (tens to a few hundred Myr) kinematic (``moving") groups is important for placing star, protoplanetary disk, and planet observations on an evolutionary timeline. The nearby $\sim$25 Myr-old $β$ Pictoris Moving Group (BPMG) is an important benchmark for studying stars and planetary systems at the end of the primordial disk phase. Gaia DR3 astrometry and photometry, combined with ground-based observations and more sophisticated stellar models, permit a systematic re-evaluation of BPMG membership and age. We combined Gaia astrometry with previously published radial velocities to evaluate moving group membership in a Bayesian framework. To minimize the effect of unresolved stellar multiplicity on age estimates, we identified and excluded multi-star systems using Gaia astrometry, ground-based adaptive optics imaging, and multi-epoch radial velocities, as well as literature identifications. We estimated age using isochrone and lithium-depletion-boundary fitting with models that account for the effect of magnetic activity and spots on young, rapidly rotating stars. We find that age estimates are highly model-dependent; Dartmouth magnetic models with ages of 23$\pm$8 Myr and 33$^{+9}_{-11}$ Myr provide best fits to the lithium depletion boundary and Gaia $M_G$ vs. $B_{P}$-$R_{P}$ color-magnitude diagram, respectively, whereas a Dartmouth standard model with an age of 11$^{+4}_{-3}$ Myr provides a best fit to the 2MASS-Gaia $M_{K_S}$ vs. $B_{P}$-$R_{P}$ color-magnitude diagram. △ Less

Submitted 25 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 18 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS Main Journal Dec 2023

Anti-reflection coating with mullite and Duroid for large-diameter cryogenic sapphire and alumina optics

Authors: Kana Sakaguri, Masaya Hasegawa, Yuki Sakurai, Junna Sugiyama, Nicole Farias, Charles Hill, Bradley R. Johnson, Kuniaki Konishi, Akito Kusaka, Adrian T. Lee, Tomotake Matsumura, Edward J. Wollack, Junji Yumoto

Abstract: We developed a broadband two-layer anti-reflection (AR) coating for use on a sapphire half-wave plate (HWP) and an alumina infrared (IR) filter for the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimetry. Measuring the faint CMB B-mode signals requires maximizing the number of photons reaching the detectors and minimizing spurious polarization due to reflection with an off-axis incident angle. Sapphire… ▽ More We developed a broadband two-layer anti-reflection (AR) coating for use on a sapphire half-wave plate (HWP) and an alumina infrared (IR) filter for the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimetry. Measuring the faint CMB B-mode signals requires maximizing the number of photons reaching the detectors and minimizing spurious polarization due to reflection with an off-axis incident angle. Sapphire and alumina have high refractive indices of 3.1 and are highly reflective without an AR coating. This paper presents the design, fabrication, quality control, and measured performance of an AR coating using thermally-sprayed mullite and Duroid 5880LZ. This technology enables large optical elements with diameters of 600 mm. We also present a newly developed thermography-based nondestructive quality control technique, which is key to assuring good adhesion and preventing delamination when thermal cycling. We demonstrate the average reflectance of about 2.6% (0.9%) for two observing bands centered at 90/150 (220/280) GHz. At room temperature, the average transmittance of a 105 mm square test sample at 220/280 GHz is 83%, and it will increase to 90% at 100 K, attributed to reduced absorption losses. Therefore, our developed layering technique has proved effective for 220/280 GHz applications, particularly in addressing dielectric loss concerns. This AR coating technology has been deployed in the cryogenic HWP and IR filters of the Simons Array and the Simons observatory experiments and applies to future experiments such as CMB-S4. △ Less

Submitted 19 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Journal ref: Applied Optics Vol. 63, Issue 6, pp. 1618-1627 (2024)

Impact of beam far side-lobe knowledge in the presence of foregrounds for LiteBIRD

Authors: C. Leloup, G. Patanchon, J. Errard, C. Franceschet, J. E. Gudmundsson, S. Henrot-Versillé, H. Imada, H. Ishino, T. Matsumura, G. Puglisi, W. Wang, A. Adler, J. Aumont, R. Aurlien, C. Baccigalupi, M. Ballardini, A. J. Banday, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, A. Basyrov, M. Bersanelli, D. Blinov, M. Bortolami, T. Brinckmann, P. Campeti , et al. (86 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a study of the impact of an uncertainty in the beam far side-lobe knowledge on the measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background $B$-mode signal at large scale. It is expected to be one of the main source of systematic effects in future CMB observations. Because it is crucial for all-sky survey missions to take into account the interplays between beam systematic effects and all the dat… ▽ More We present a study of the impact of an uncertainty in the beam far side-lobe knowledge on the measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background $B$-mode signal at large scale. It is expected to be one of the main source of systematic effects in future CMB observations. Because it is crucial for all-sky survey missions to take into account the interplays between beam systematic effects and all the data analysis steps, the primary goal of this paper is to provide the methodology to carry out the end-to-end study of their effect for a space-borne CMB polarization experiment, up to the cosmological results in the form of a bias $δr$ on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$. LiteBIRD is dedicated to target the measurement of CMB primordial $B$ modes by reaching a sensitivity of $σ\left( r \right) \leq 10^{-3}$ assuming $r=0$. As a demonstration of our framework, we derive the relationship between the knowledge of the beam far side-lobes and the tentatively allocated error budget under given assumptions on design, simulation and component separation method. We assume no mitigation of the far side-lobes effect at any stage of the analysis pipeline. We show that $δr$ is mostly due to the integrated fractional power difference between the estimated beams and the true beams in the far side-lobes region, with little dependence on the actual shape of the beams, for low enough $δr$. Under our set of assumptions, in particular considering the specific foreground cleaning method we used, we find that the integrated fractional power in the far side-lobes should be known at a level as tight as $\sim 10^{-4}$, to achieve the required limit on the bias $δr < 1.9 \times 10^{-5}$. The framework and tools developed for this study can be easily adapted to provide requirements under different design, data analysis frameworks and for other future space-borne experiments beyond LiteBIRD. △ Less

Submitted 14 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

First JWST Observations of JAGB Stars in the SN Ia Host Galaxies: NGC 7250, NGC 4536, NGC 3972

Authors: Abigail J. Lee, Wendy L. Freedman, In Sung Jang, Barry F. Madore, Kayla A. Owens

Abstract: The J-region Asymptotic Giant Branch (JAGB) method is a standard candle that leverages the constant luminosities of color-selected, carbon-rich AGB stars, measured in the near infrared at 1.2 microns. The Chicago-Carnegie Hubble Program (CCHP) has obtained JWST imaging of the SN Ia host galaxies NGC 7250, NGC 4536, and NGC 3972. With these observations, the JAGB method can be studied for the first… ▽ More The J-region Asymptotic Giant Branch (JAGB) method is a standard candle that leverages the constant luminosities of color-selected, carbon-rich AGB stars, measured in the near infrared at 1.2 microns. The Chicago-Carnegie Hubble Program (CCHP) has obtained JWST imaging of the SN Ia host galaxies NGC 7250, NGC 4536, and NGC 3972. With these observations, the JAGB method can be studied for the first time using JWST. Lee et al. 2022 [arXiv:2205.11323] demonstrated the JAGB magnitude is optimally measured in the outer disks of galaxies, because in the inner regions the JAGB magnitude can vary significantly due to a confluence of reddening, blending, and crowding effects. However, determining where the 'outer disk' lies can be subjective. Therefore, we introduce a novel method for systematically selecting the outer disk. In a given galaxy, the JAGB magnitude is first separately measured in concentric regions, and the 'outer disk' is then defined as the first radial bin where the JAGB magnitude stabilizes to a few hundredths of a magnitude. After successfully employing this method in our JWST galaxy sample, we find the JAGB stars are well-segregated from other stellar populations in color-magnitude space, and have observed dispersions about their individual F115W modes of $σ_{N7250}=0.32$ mag, $σ_{N4536}=0.34$ mag, and $σ_{N3972}=0.35$ mag. These measured dispersions are similar to the scatter measured for the JAGB stars in the LMC using 2MASS data ($σ=0.33$ mag, Weinberg & Nikolaev 2001 [arXiv:astro-ph/0003204 ). In conclusion, the JAGB stars as observed with JWST clearly demonstrate their considerable power both as high-precision extragalactic distance indicators and as SN Ia supernova calibrators. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted to ApJ