Showing 1–50 of 72 results for author: Barry, P

The Simons Observatory: forecasted constraints on primordial gravitational waves with the expanded array of Small Aperture Telescopes

Authors: The Simons Observatory Collaboration, I. Abril-Cabezas, S. Adachi, P. Ade, A. E. Adler, P. Agrawal, J. Aguirre, S. Aiola, T. Alford, A. Ali, D. Alonso, M. A. Alvarez, R. An, M. Aravena, K. Arnold, P. Ashton, F. Astori, Z. Atkins, J. Austermann, S. Azzoni, C. Baccigalupi, D. Baker, R. Balafendiev, A. Baleato Lizancos, D. Barron , et al. (457 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present updated forecasts for the scientific performance of the degree-scale (0.5 deg FWHM at 93 GHz), deep-field survey to be conducted by the Simons Observatory (SO). By 2027, the SO Small Aperture Telescope (SAT) complement will be doubled from three to six telescopes, including a doubling of the detector count in the 93 GHz and 145 GHz channels to 48,160 detectors. Combined with a planned e… ▽ More We present updated forecasts for the scientific performance of the degree-scale (0.5 deg FWHM at 93 GHz), deep-field survey to be conducted by the Simons Observatory (SO). By 2027, the SO Small Aperture Telescope (SAT) complement will be doubled from three to six telescopes, including a doubling of the detector count in the 93 GHz and 145 GHz channels to 48,160 detectors. Combined with a planned extension of the survey duration to 2035, this expansion will significantly enhance SO's search for a $B$-mode signal in the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background, a potential signature of gravitational waves produced in the very early Universe. Assuming a $1/f$ noise model with knee multipole $\ell_{\rm knee} = 50$ and a moderately complex model for Galactic foregrounds, we forecast a $1σ$ (or 68% confidence level) constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ of $σ_r = 1.2\times10^{-3}$, assuming no primordial $B$-modes are present. This forecast assumes that 70% of the $B$-mode lensing signal can ultimately be removed using high resolution observations from the SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) and overlapping large-scale structure surveys. For more optimistic assumptions regarding foregrounds and noise, and assuming the same level of delensing, this forecast constraint improves to $σ_r = 7\times10^{-4}$. These forecasts represent a major improvement in SO's constraining power, being a factor of around 2.5 times better than what could be achieved with the originally planned campaign, which assumed the existing three SATs would conduct a five-year survey. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 15 pages (excluding front matter), 4 figures, for submission to JCAP

An On-Sky Atmospheric Calibration of SPT-SLIM

Authors: K. R. Dibert, M. Adamic, A. J. Anderson, P. S. Barry, B. A. Benson, C. S. Benson, E. Brooks, J. E. Carlstrom, T. Cecil, C. L. Chang, M. Dobbs, K. Fichman, K. S. Karkare, G. K. Keating, A. M. Lapuente, M. Lisovenko, D. P. Marrone, J. Montgomery, T. Natoli, Z. Pan, A. Rahlin, G. Robson, M. Rouble, G. Smecher, V. Yefremenko , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the methodology and results of the on-sky responsivity calibration of the South Pole Telescope Shirokoff Line Intensity Mapper (SPT-SLIM). SPT-SLIM is a pathfinder line intensity mapping experiment utilizing the on-chip spectrometer technology, and was first deployed during the 2024-2025 Austral Summer season on the South Pole Telescope. During the two-week on-sky operation of SPT-SLIM,… ▽ More We present the methodology and results of the on-sky responsivity calibration of the South Pole Telescope Shirokoff Line Intensity Mapper (SPT-SLIM). SPT-SLIM is a pathfinder line intensity mapping experiment utilizing the on-chip spectrometer technology, and was first deployed during the 2024-2025 Austral Summer season on the South Pole Telescope. During the two-week on-sky operation of SPT-SLIM, we performed periodic measurements of the detector response as a function of the telescope elevation angle. Combining these data with atmospheric opacity measurements from an on-site atmospheric tipping radiometer, simulated South Pole atmospheric spectra, and measured detector spectral responses, we construct estimates for the responsivity of SPT-SLIM detectors to sky loading. We then use this model to calibrate observations of the moon taken by SPT-SLIM, cross-checking the result against the known brightness temperature of the Moon as a function of its phase. △ Less

Submitted 15 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 7 figures, submitted to the 2025 International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors (LTD 2025) proceedings

Design and Performance of the SPT-SLIM Receiver Cryostat

Authors: M. R. Young, M. Adamic, A. J. Anderson, P. S. Barry, B. A. Benson, C. S. Benson, E. Brooks, J. E. Carlstrom, T. Cecil, C. L. Chang, K. R. Dibert, M. Dobbs, K. Fichman, M. Hollister, K. S. Karkare, G. K. Keating, A. M. Lapuente, M. Lisovenko, D. P. Marrone, D. Mitchell, J. Montgomery, T. Natoli, Z. Pan, A. Rahlin, G. Robson , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The South Pole Telescope Shirokoff Line Intensity Mapper (SPT-SLIM) is a millimeter-wavelength line-intensity mapping experiment, which was deployed on the South Pole Telescope (SPT) during the 2024-2025 Austral summer season. This pathfinder experiment serves to demonstrate the on-sky operation of multi-pixel on-chip spectrometer technology. We report on the cryogenic performance of the SPT-SLIM… ▽ More The South Pole Telescope Shirokoff Line Intensity Mapper (SPT-SLIM) is a millimeter-wavelength line-intensity mapping experiment, which was deployed on the South Pole Telescope (SPT) during the 2024-2025 Austral summer season. This pathfinder experiment serves to demonstrate the on-sky operation of multi-pixel on-chip spectrometer technology. We report on the cryogenic performance of the SPT-SLIM receiver for the first year of commissioning observations. The SPT-SLIM receiver utilizes an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR) for cooling the focal plane of superconducting filterbank spectrometers to a temperature of 150 mK. We demonstrate stable thermal performance of the focal plane module during observations consistent with thermal modeling, enabling a cryogenic operating efficiency above 80%. We also report on the receiver control system design utilizing the Observatory Control System (OCS) platform for automated cryogenic operation on the SPT. △ Less

Submitted 15 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 6 figures, 1 table. Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity (Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Low Temperature Detectors)

Low-noise Fourier Transform Spectroscopy Enabled by Superconducting On-Chip Filterbank Spectrometers

Authors: Chris S. Benson, Peter S. Barry, Patrick Ashworth, Harry Gordon-Moys, Kirit S. Karkare, Izaak Morris, Gethin Robson

Abstract: Historically employed spectroscopic architectures used for large field of view mapping spectroscopy in millimetere and sub-millimetre astronomy suffer from significant drawbacks. On-chip filterbank spectrometers are a promising technology in this respect; however, they must overcome an orders-of-magnitude increase in detector counts, efficiency loss due to dielectric properties, and stringent fabr… ▽ More Historically employed spectroscopic architectures used for large field of view mapping spectroscopy in millimetere and sub-millimetre astronomy suffer from significant drawbacks. On-chip filterbank spectrometers are a promising technology in this respect; however, they must overcome an orders-of-magnitude increase in detector counts, efficiency loss due to dielectric properties, and stringent fabrication tolerances that currently limit scaling to resolutions of order 1000 over a large array. We propose coupling a medium-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer to a low-resolution filterbank spectrometer focal plane, which serves as a post-dispersion element. In this arrangement, medium resolution imaging spectroscopy is provided by the Fourier transform spectrometer, while the low resolution filterbank spectrometer serves to decrease the photon noise inherent in typical broadband Fourier transform spectrometer measurements by over an order of magnitude. This is achieved while maintaining the excellent imaging advantages of both architectures. We present predicted mapping speeds for a filterbank-dispersed Fourier transform spectrometer from a ground-based site and a balloon-borne platform. We also demonstrate the potential that an instrument of this type has for an R~1000 line intensity mapping experiment using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope as an example platform. We demonstrate that a filterbank-dispersed Fourier transform spectrometer would be capable of R~1000 measurements of CO power spectra with a signal-to-noise ratio of 10--100 with surveys of $10^5$--$10^6$ spectrometer hours. △ Less

Submitted 8 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

ArgoLOOM: agentic AI for fundamental physics from quarks to cosmos

Authors: S. D. Bakshi, P. Barry, C. Bissolotti, I. Cloet, S. Corrodi, Z. Djurcic, S. Habib, K. Heitmann, T. J. Hobbs, W. Hopkins, S. Joosten, B. Kriesten, N. Ramachandra, A. Wells, M. Zurek

Abstract: Progress in modern physics has been supported by a steadily expanding corpus of numerical analyses and computational frameworks, which in turn form the basis for precision calculations and baseline predictions in experimental programs. These tools play a central role in navigating a complex landscape of theoretical models and current and potential observables to identify and understand fundamental… ▽ More Progress in modern physics has been supported by a steadily expanding corpus of numerical analyses and computational frameworks, which in turn form the basis for precision calculations and baseline predictions in experimental programs. These tools play a central role in navigating a complex landscape of theoretical models and current and potential observables to identify and understand fundamental interactions in physics. In addition, efforts to search for new fundamental interactions increasingly have a cross-disciplinary nature, such that understanding and leveraging interoperabilities among computational tools may be a significant enhancement. This work presents a new agentic AI framework, which we call ArgoLOOM, designed to bridge methodologies and computational analyses across cosmology, collider physics, and nuclear science. We describe the system contours, key internal aspects, and outline its potential for unifying scientific discovery pipelines. In the process, we demonstrate the use of ArgoLOOM on two small-scale problems to illustrate its conceptual foundations and potential for extensibility into a steadily growing agentic framework for fundamental physics. △ Less

Submitted 2 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures

Report number: ANL-199516

Detection of Millimeter-Wavelength Flares from Two Accreting White Dwarf Systems in the SPT-3G Galactic Plane Survey

Authors: Y. Wan, J. D. Vieira, P. M. Chichura, T. J. Maccarone, A. J. Anderson, B. Ansarinejad, A. Anumarlapudi, M. Archipley, L. Balkenhol, P. S. Barry, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, E. Camphuis, M. G. Campitiello, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, A. Chokshi, T. -L. Chou, A. Coerver , et al. (74 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Blind discoveries of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) transient events in non-targeted surveys, as opposed to follow-up or pointed observations, have only become possible in the past decade using cosmic microwave background surveys. Here we present the first results from the SPT-3G Galactic Plane Survey -- the first dedicated high-sensitivity, wide-field, time-domain, mm-wave survey of the Galactic Plane… ▽ More Blind discoveries of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) transient events in non-targeted surveys, as opposed to follow-up or pointed observations, have only become possible in the past decade using cosmic microwave background surveys. Here we present the first results from the SPT-3G Galactic Plane Survey -- the first dedicated high-sensitivity, wide-field, time-domain, mm-wave survey of the Galactic Plane, conducted with the South Pole Telescope (SPT) using the SPT-3G camera. The survey field covers approximately 100 $\text{deg}^2$ near the Galactic center. In 2023 and 2024, this survey consists of roughly 1,500 individual 20-minute observations in three bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, with plans for more observations in the coming years. We report the detection of two transient events exceeding a 5$σ$ threshold in both the 95 and 150 GHz bands in the first two years of SPT-3G Galactic Plane Survey data. Both events are unpolarized and exhibit durations of approximately one day, with peak flux densities at 150 GHz of at least 50 mJy. The peak isotropic luminosities at 150 GHz are on the order of $10^{31}~\text{erg}~\text{s}^{-1}$. Both events are associated with previously identified accreting white dwarfs. Magnetic reconnection in the accretion disk is a likely explanation for the observed millimeter flares. In the future, we plan to expand the transient search in the Galactic Plane by lowering the detection threshold, enabling single-band detections, analyzing lightcurves on a range of timescales, and including additional data from future observations. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Spectral characterization and performance of SPT-SLIM on-chip filterbank spectrometers

Authors: C. S. Benson, K. Fichman, M. Adamic, A. J. Anderson, P. S. Barry, B. A. Benson, E. Brooks, J. E. Carlstrom, T. Cecil, C. L. Chang, K. R. Dibert, M. Dobbs, K. S. Karkare, G. K. Keating, A. M. Lapuente, M. Lisovenko, D. P. Marrone, J. Montgomery, T. Natoli, Z. Pan, A. Rahlin, G. Robson, M. Rouble, G. Smecher, V. Yefremenko , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The South Pole Telescope Shirokoff Line Intensity Mapper (SPT-SLIM) experiment is a pathfinder for demonstrating the use of on-chip spectrometers for millimeter Line Intensity Mapping. We present spectral bandpass measurements of the SLIM spectrometer channels made on site using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer during SPT-SLIMs first deployment the 2024-2025 austral summer observing season. Throug… ▽ More The South Pole Telescope Shirokoff Line Intensity Mapper (SPT-SLIM) experiment is a pathfinder for demonstrating the use of on-chip spectrometers for millimeter Line Intensity Mapping. We present spectral bandpass measurements of the SLIM spectrometer channels made on site using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer during SPT-SLIMs first deployment the 2024-2025 austral summer observing season. Through this we demonstrate a technique for measuring the narrow band passes of the SPT-SLIM filterbanks that improves beyond the intrinsic resolution of a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. △ Less

Submitted 8 October, 2025; v1 submitted 2 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

SPT-3G D1: Axion Early Dark Energy with CMB experiments and DESI

Authors: A. R. Khalife, L. Balkenhol, E. Camphuis, A. J. Anderson, B. Ansarinejad, M. Archipley, P. S. Barry, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, M. G. Campitiello, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, P. M. Chichura, A. Chokshi, T. L. Chou, A. Coerver, T. M. Crawford, C. Daley, T. de Haan , et al. (70 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the most up-to-date constraints on axion early dark energy (AEDE) from cosmic microwave background (CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements. In particular, we assess the impact of data from ground-based CMB experiments, the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) -- both with and without $Planck$ -- on constraints on AEDE. We also highlight t… ▽ More We present the most up-to-date constraints on axion early dark energy (AEDE) from cosmic microwave background (CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements. In particular, we assess the impact of data from ground-based CMB experiments, the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) -- both with and without $Planck$ -- on constraints on AEDE. We also highlight the impact that BAO information from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) has on these constraints. From CMB data alone, we do not find statistically significant evidence for the presence of AEDE, and we find only moderate reduction in the Hubble tension. From the latest SPT data alone, we find the maximal fractional contribution of AEDE to the cosmic energy budget is $f_{\rm EDE}\,<\,0.12$ at $95\,$% confidence level (CL), and the Hubble tension between the SPT and SH0ES results is reduced to the $2.3\,σ$ level. When combining the latest SPT, ACT, and $Planck$ datasets, we find $f_{\rm EDE}\,<\,0.091$ at $95\,$% CL and the Hubble tension at the $3.3\, σ$ level. In contrast, adding DESI data to the CMB datasets results in mild preference for AEDE and, in some cases, non-negligible reduction in the Hubble tension. From SPT+DESI, we find $f_{\rm EDE}\,=\,0.081^{+0.037}_{-0.052}$ at $68\,$% CL, and the Hubble tension reduces to $1.5\,σ$. From the combination of DESI with all three CMB experiments, we get $f_{\rm EDE}\,=\, 0.071^{+0.035}_{-0.038}$ at $68\,$% CL and a weak preference for AEDE over $Λ$CDM. This data combination, in turn, reduces the Hubble tension to $2.3\, σ$. We highlight that this shift in parameters when adding the DESI dataset is a manifestation of the discrepancy currently present between DESI and CMB experiments in the concordance model $Λ$CDM. △ Less

Submitted 31 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables. Comments are welcome

SPT-3G D1: CMB temperature and polarization power spectra and cosmology from 2019 and 2020 observations of the SPT-3G Main field

Authors: E. Camphuis, W. Quan, L. Balkenhol, A. R. Khalife, F. Ge, F. Guidi, N. Huang, G. P. Lynch, Y. Omori, C. Trendafilova, A. J. Anderson, B. Ansarinejad, M. Archipley, P. S. Barry, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, M. G. Campitiello, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal , et al. (72 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present measurements of the temperature and E-mode polarization angular power spectra of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from observations of 4% of the sky with SPT-3G, the current camera on the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The maps used in this analysis are the deepest used in a CMB TT/TE/EE analysis to date. The maps and resulting power spectra have been validated through blind and unbli… ▽ More We present measurements of the temperature and E-mode polarization angular power spectra of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from observations of 4% of the sky with SPT-3G, the current camera on the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The maps used in this analysis are the deepest used in a CMB TT/TE/EE analysis to date. The maps and resulting power spectra have been validated through blind and unblind tests. The measurements of the lensed EE and TE spectra are the most precise to date at l=1800-4000 and l=2200-4000, respectively. Combining our TT/TE/EE spectra with previously published SPT-3G CMB lensing results, we find parameters for the standard LCDM model consistent with Planck and ACT-DR6 with comparable constraining power. We report a Hubble constant of $H_0=66.66\pm0.60$ km/s/Mpc from SPT-3G alone, 6.2 sigma away from local measurements from SH0ES. For the first time, combined ground-based (SPT+ACT) CMB primary and lensing data have reached Planck's constraining power on some parameters, a milestone for CMB cosmology. The combination of these three CMB experiments yields the tightest CMB constraints to date, with $H_0=67.24\pm0.35$ km/s/Mpc, and the amplitude of clustering $σ_8=0.8137\pm0.0038$. CMB data alone show no evidence for physics beyond LCDM; however, we observe a 2.8 sigma difference in LCDM between CMB and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) results from DESI-DR2, which is relaxed in extended models. The combination of CMB and BAO yields 2-3 sigma shifts from LCDM in the curvature of the universe, the amplitude of CMB lensing, or the dark energy equation of state. It also drives mild preferences for models that address the Hubble tension through modified recombination or variations in the electron mass in a non-flat universe. This work highlights the growing power of ground-based CMB experiments and lays a foundation for further cosmological analyses with SPT-3G. △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: The manuscript contains 83 pages, 42 figures, and 11 tables

In-situ control of the resonant frequency of kinetic inductance detectors with multiplexed readout

Authors: Maclean Rouble, Michel Adamič, Peter S. Barry, Karia R. Dibert, Matt Dobbs, Kyra Fichman, Joshua Montgomery, Graeme Smecher

Abstract: Large multiplexing factors are a primary advantage of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs), but the implementation of high density arrays still presents significant challenges. Deviations between designed and achieved resonant frequencies are common, and differential loading and responsivity variation across an array may lead to dynamic inter-resonator interactions. It is therefore valuable to be a… ▽ More Large multiplexing factors are a primary advantage of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs), but the implementation of high density arrays still presents significant challenges. Deviations between designed and achieved resonant frequencies are common, and differential loading and responsivity variation across an array may lead to dynamic inter-resonator interactions. It is therefore valuable to be able to both set and maintain the resonant frequency of a KID in situ, using the readout system. We show that it is possible to alter the resonant frequency of the devices by multiple linewidths through the application of readout current, and establish a new stable operational bias point at the driven frequency by making use of the hysteretic bistability commonly seen as bifurcation in frequency-domain measurements. We examine this interaction using a readout tone at fixed frequency positioned near or within the unbiased resonant bandwidth. Development of a control methodology based on this principle remains in an early stage, but a foundational step is understanding the interaction of the readout current with the resonator, in particular its influence on the resonant frequency. In this work, we study conventional KIDs with no physical isolation from the substrate, so we posit that the readout current primarily interacts with the resonator via non-thermal mechanisms, resulting in a predominantly reactive response. This behaviour is reproduced by a simple lumped-element circuit model of the resonance and readout system, providing a straightforward framework for analysis and interpretation. This demonstration is an important early step in the development of techniques which seek to dynamically alter the resonant frequencies of conventional KID arrays, and sets the stage for fast active resonant frequency control under operational conditions. △ Less

Submitted 1 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures

Millimeter-wave observations of Euclid Deep Field South using the South Pole Telescope: A data release of temperature maps and catalogs

Authors: M. Archipley, A. Hryciuk, L. E. Bleem, K. Kornoelje, M. Klein, A. J. Anderson, B. Ansarinejad, M. Aravena, L. Balkenhol, P. S. Barry, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, S. Bocquet, F. R. Bouchet, E. Camphuis, M. G. Campitiello, J. E. Carlstrom, J. Cathey, C. L. Chang, S. C. Chapman, P. Chaubal, P. M. Chichura, A. Chokshi , et al. (86 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Context. The South Pole Telescope third-generation camera (SPT-3G) has observed over 10,000 square degrees of sky at 95, 150, and 220 GHz (3.3, 2.0, 1.4 mm, respectively) overlapping the ongoing 14,000 square-degree Euclid Wide Survey. The Euclid collaboration recently released Euclid Deep Field observations in the first quick data release (Q1). Aims. With the goal of releasing complementary milli… ▽ More Context. The South Pole Telescope third-generation camera (SPT-3G) has observed over 10,000 square degrees of sky at 95, 150, and 220 GHz (3.3, 2.0, 1.4 mm, respectively) overlapping the ongoing 14,000 square-degree Euclid Wide Survey. The Euclid collaboration recently released Euclid Deep Field observations in the first quick data release (Q1). Aims. With the goal of releasing complementary millimeter-wave data and encouraging legacy science, we performed dedicated observations of a 57-square-degree field overlapping the Euclid Deep Field South (EDF-S). Methods. The observing time totaled 20 days and we reached noise depths of 4.3, 3.8, and 13.2 $μ$K-arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively. Results. In this work we present the temperature maps and two catalogs constructed from these data. The emissive source catalog contains 601 objects (334 inside EDF-S) with 54% synchrotron-dominated sources and 46% thermal dust emission-dominated sources. The 5$σ$ detection thresholds are 1.7, 2.0, and 6.5 mJy in the three bands. The cluster catalog contains 217 cluster candidates (121 inside EDF-S) with median mass $M_{500c}=2.12 \times 10^{14} M_{\odot}/h_{70}$ and median redshift $z$ = 0.70, corresponding to an order-of-magnitude improvement in cluster density over previous tSZ-selected catalogs in this region (3.81 clusters per square degree). Conclusions. The overlap between SPT and Euclid data will enable a range of multiwavelength studies of the aforementioned source populations. This work serves as the first step towards joint projects between SPT and Euclid and provides a rich dataset containing information on galaxies, clusters, and their environments. △ Less

Submitted 30 May, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 26 pages, 12 figures, to be submitted to A&A

Constraints on Inflationary Gravitational Waves with Two Years of SPT-3G Data

Authors: J. A. Zebrowski, C. L. Reichardt, A. J. Anderson, B. Ansarinejad, M. Archipley, L. Balkenhol, P. Barry, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, E. Camphuis, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, P. M. Chichura, A. Chokshi, T. -L. Chou, A. Coerver, T. M. Crawford, C. Daley, T. de Haan , et al. (73 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a measurement of the $B$-mode polarization power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies at 32 $\le$ $\ell$ $<$ 502 for three bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz using data from the SPT-3G receiver on the South Pole Telescope. This work uses SPT-3G observations from the 2019 and 2020 winter observing seasons of a $\sim$1500 deg$^2$ patch of sky that directly overlaps… ▽ More We present a measurement of the $B$-mode polarization power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies at 32 $\le$ $\ell$ $<$ 502 for three bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz using data from the SPT-3G receiver on the South Pole Telescope. This work uses SPT-3G observations from the 2019 and 2020 winter observing seasons of a $\sim$1500 deg$^2$ patch of sky that directly overlaps with fields observed with the BICEP/Keck family of telescopes, and covers part of the proposed Simons Observatory and CMB-S4 deep fields. Employing new techniques for mitigating polarized atmospheric noise, the SPT-3G data demonstrates a white noise level of 9.3 (6.7) $μ$K-arcmin at $\ell \sim 500$ for the 95 GHz (150 GHz) data, with a $1/\ell$ noise knee at $\ell$=128 (182). We fit the observed six auto- and cross-frequency $B$-mode power spectra to a model including lensed $Λ$CDM $B$-modes and a combination of Galactic and extragalactic foregrounds. This work characterizes foregrounds in the vicinity of the BICEP/Keck survey area, finding foreground power consistent with that reported by the BICEP/Keck collaboration within the same region, and a factor of $\sim$ 3 higher power over the full SPT-3G survey area. Using SPT-3G data over the BICEP/Keck survey area, we place a 95% upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio of $r < 0.25$ and find the statistical uncertainty on $r$ to be $σ(r) = 0.067$. △ Less

Submitted 5 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: Submitted to PRD, 14 pages, 8 figures

The Simons Observatory: Science Goals and Forecasts for the Enhanced Large Aperture Telescope

Authors: The Simons Observatory Collaboration, M. Abitbol, I. Abril-Cabezas, S. Adachi, P. Ade, A. E. Adler, P. Agrawal, J. Aguirre, Z. Ahmed, S. Aiola, T. Alford, A. Ali, D. Alonso, M. A. Alvarez, R. An, K. Arnold, P. Ashton, Z. Atkins, J. Austermann, S. Azzoni, C. Baccigalupi, A. Baleato Lizancos, D. Barron, P. Barry, J. Bartlett , et al. (397 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We describe updated scientific goals for the wide-field, millimeter-wave survey that will be produced by the Simons Observatory (SO). Significant upgrades to the 6-meter SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) are expected to be complete by 2028, and will include a doubled mapping speed with 30,000 new detectors and an automated data reduction pipeline. In addition, a new photovoltaic array will supply… ▽ More We describe updated scientific goals for the wide-field, millimeter-wave survey that will be produced by the Simons Observatory (SO). Significant upgrades to the 6-meter SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) are expected to be complete by 2028, and will include a doubled mapping speed with 30,000 new detectors and an automated data reduction pipeline. In addition, a new photovoltaic array will supply most of the observatory's power. The LAT survey will cover about 60% of the sky at a regular observing cadence, with five times the angular resolution and ten times the map depth of Planck. The science goals are to: (1) determine the physical conditions in the early universe and constrain the existence of new light particles; (2) measure the integrated distribution of mass, electron pressure, and electron momentum in the late-time universe, and, in combination with optical surveys, determine the neutrino mass and the effects of dark energy via tomographic measurements of the growth of structure at $z < 3$; (3) measure the distribution of electron density and pressure around galaxy groups and clusters, and calibrate the effects of energy input from galaxy formation on the surrounding environment; (4) produce a sample of more than 30,000 galaxy clusters, and more than 100,000 extragalactic millimeter sources, including regularly sampled AGN light-curves, to study these sources and their emission physics; (5) measure the polarized emission from magnetically aligned dust grains in our Galaxy, to study the properties of dust and the role of magnetic fields in star formation; (6) constrain asteroid regoliths, search for Trans-Neptunian Objects, and either detect or eliminate large portions of the phase space in the search for Planet 9; and (7) provide a powerful new window into the transient universe on time scales of minutes to years, concurrent with observations from Rubin of overlapping sky. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2025; v1 submitted 1 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 45 pages, 7 figures; abstract slightly abridged; matches JCAP accepted version. Author contributions to this paper are available at https://simonsobservatory.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Author-contribution-statement-20250228.pdf

Automated analysis of the visual properties of superconducting detectors

Authors: K. R. Ferguson, A. N. Bender, N. Whitehorn, P. S. Barry, T. W. Cecil, K. R. Dibert, E. S. Martsen

Abstract: The testing and quality assurance of cryogenic superconducting detectors is a time- and labor-intensive process. As experiments deploy increasingly larger arrays of detectors, new methods are needed for performing this testing quickly. Here, we propose a process for flagging under-performing detector wafers before they are ever tested cryogenically. Detectors are imaged under an optical microscope… ▽ More The testing and quality assurance of cryogenic superconducting detectors is a time- and labor-intensive process. As experiments deploy increasingly larger arrays of detectors, new methods are needed for performing this testing quickly. Here, we propose a process for flagging under-performing detector wafers before they are ever tested cryogenically. Detectors are imaged under an optical microscope, and computer vision techniques are used to analyze the images, searching for visual defects and other predictors of poor performance. Pipeline performance is verified via a suite of images with simulated defects, yielding a detection accuracy of 98.6%. Lastly, results from running the pipeline on prototype microwave kinetic inductance detectors from the planned SPT-3G+ experiment are presented. △ Less

Submitted 23 May, 2025; v1 submitted 4 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 26 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in JINST. Note: v3 is identical to v2; only the title has been changed to reflect the updated title in the pdf

Development of an MKID frequency-to-pixel LED mapper for SPT-3G+

Authors: E. S. Martsen, P. S. Barry, B. A. Benson, K. R. Dibert, K. N. Fichman, T. Natoli, M. Rouble, C. Yu

Abstract: SPT-3G+ is the next-generation camera for the South Pole Telescope (SPT). SPT is designed to measure the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the mm/sub-mm sky. The planned focal plane consists of 34,000 microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), divided among three observing bands centered at 220, 285, and 345 GHz. Each readout line is designed to measure 800 MKIDs over a 500 MHz bandwidth,… ▽ More SPT-3G+ is the next-generation camera for the South Pole Telescope (SPT). SPT is designed to measure the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the mm/sub-mm sky. The planned focal plane consists of 34,000 microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), divided among three observing bands centered at 220, 285, and 345 GHz. Each readout line is designed to measure 800 MKIDs over a 500 MHz bandwidth, which places stringent constraints on the accuracy of the frequency placement required to limit resonator collisions that reduce the overall detector yield. To meet this constraint, we are developing a two-step process that first optically maps the resonance to a physical pixel location, and then next trims the interdigitated capacitor (IDC) to adjust the resonator frequency. We present a cryogenic LED apparatus operable at 300 mK for the optical illumination of SPT-3G+ detector arrays. We demonstrate integration of the LED controls with the GHz readout electronics (RF-ICE) to take data on an array of prototype SPT-3G+ detectors. We show that this technique is useful for characterizing defects in the resonator frequency across the detector array and will allow for improvements in the detector yield. △ Less

Submitted 21 March, 2025; v1 submitted 26 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 5 pages, 10 figures, Applied Superconductivity Conference (ASC 2024) proceedings, Accepted for publication in the ASC 2024 Special Issue of the IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity (IEEE TAS)( Volume: 35, Issue: 5, pp: 1-4, Art no: 2500104, August 2025)

The UK Submillimetre and Millimetre Astronomy Roadmap 2024

Authors: K. Pattle, P. S. Barry, A. W. Blain, M. Booth, R. A. Booth, D. L. Clements, M. J. Currie, S. Doyle, D. Eden, G. A. Fuller, M. Griffin, P. G. Huggard, J. D. Ilee, J. Karoly, Z. A. Khan, N. Klimovich, E. Kontar, P. Klaassen, A. J. Rigby, P. Scicluna, S. Serjeant, B. -K. Tan, D. Ward-Thompson, T. G. Williams, T. A. Davis , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this Roadmap, we present a vision for the future of submillimetre and millimetre astronomy in the United Kingdom over the next decade and beyond. This Roadmap has been developed in response to the recommendation of the Astronomy Advisory Panel (AAP) of the STFC in the AAP Astronomy Roadmap 2022. In order to develop our stragetic priorities and recommendations, we surveyed the UK submillimetre a… ▽ More In this Roadmap, we present a vision for the future of submillimetre and millimetre astronomy in the United Kingdom over the next decade and beyond. This Roadmap has been developed in response to the recommendation of the Astronomy Advisory Panel (AAP) of the STFC in the AAP Astronomy Roadmap 2022. In order to develop our stragetic priorities and recommendations, we surveyed the UK submillimetre and millimetre community to determine their key priorities for both the near-term and long-term future of the field. We further performed detailed reviews of UK leadership in submillimetre/millimetre science and instrumentation. Our key strategic priorities are as follows: 1. The UK must be a key partner in the forthcoming AtLAST telescope, for which it is essential that the UK remains a key partner in the JCMT in the intermediate term. 2. The UK must maintain, and if possible enhance, access to ALMA and aim to lead parts of instrument development for ALMA2040. Our strategic priorities complement one another: AtLAST (a 50m single-dish telescope) and an upgraded ALMA (a large configurable interferometric array) would be in synergy, not competition, with one another. Both have identified and are working towards the same overarching science goals, and both are required in order to fully address these goals. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2024; v1 submitted 23 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 91 pages plus cover, 38 figures. Submitted to the Science and Technology Facilities Council, August 2024. One figure corrected (v2); new appendix with STFC Q&A; corrected SMA access statement; updated references, acronyms & author list (v3)

A first demonstration of active feedback control and multi-frequency imaging techniques for kinetic inductance detectors

Authors: Maclean Rouble, Graeme Smecher, Michel Adamič, Adam Anderson, Peter S. Barry, Karia Dibert, Matt Dobbs, Kyra Fichman, Joshua Montgomery

Abstract: RF-ICE is a signal processing platform for the readout of large arrays of superconducting resonators. Designed for flexibility, the system's low digital latency and ability to independently and dynamically set the frequency and amplitude of probe tones in real time has enabled previously-inaccessible views of resonator behaviour, and opened the door to novel resonator control schemes. We introduce… ▽ More RF-ICE is a signal processing platform for the readout of large arrays of superconducting resonators. Designed for flexibility, the system's low digital latency and ability to independently and dynamically set the frequency and amplitude of probe tones in real time has enabled previously-inaccessible views of resonator behaviour, and opened the door to novel resonator control schemes. We introduce a multi-frequency imaging technique, developed with RF-ICE, which allows simultaneous observation of the entire resonance bandwidth. We demonstrate the use of this technique in the examination of the response of superconducting resonators to variations in applied readout current and thermal loading. We observe that, used in conjunction with a conventional frequency sweep at sufficiently large amplitude to induce resonance bifurcation, the multi-frequency imaging technique reveals a resonator response which is not captured by the frequency sweep measurement alone. We demonstrate that equivalent resonant frequency shifts can be achieved using either thermal, optical, or readout loading, and use this equivalence to counteract a change in thermal loading by digitally modulating the readout current through a resonator. We develop and implement a proof-of-concept closed-loop negative electro-quasiparticle feedback algorithm which first sets and then maintains the resonant frequency of a lumped element kinetic inductance detector while the loading on it is varied. Although this simple implementation is not yet suitable to deploy at scale, it demonstrates the utility of this feedback technique to improve linearity while addressing amplifier distortion, resonator response non-uniformity, and crosstalk. It can be applied to kinetic inductors in non-bolometric operation, and sets the stage for future developments. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures, appearing in the proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024

RF-ICE: large-scale gigahertz readout of frequency-multiplexed microwave kinetic inductance detectors

Authors: M. Rouble, G. Smecher, A. Anderson, P. S. Barry, K. Dibert, M. Dobbs, K. S. Karkare, J. Montgomery

Abstract: We present RF-ICE, a novel readout platform for microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), optimized for use on millimeter-wavelength telescopes. The RF-ICE system extends ICE, a versatile, mature signal processing platform currently in use on telescopes around the world, into a new operational domain with MKIDs biased with gigahertz carriers. The system couples the FPGA-based ICE motherboard… ▽ More We present RF-ICE, a novel readout platform for microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), optimized for use on millimeter-wavelength telescopes. The RF-ICE system extends ICE, a versatile, mature signal processing platform currently in use on telescopes around the world, into a new operational domain with MKIDs biased with gigahertz carriers. The system couples the FPGA-based ICE motherboard with a radio-frequency digitization daughterboard to enable direct digital synthesis from 0 to 6 GHz without the need for external mixing. The system operates two independent readout modules, each with 1024 frequency-multiplexed readout channels spaced across 500 MHz of carrier bandwidth. The system, which is under active development, is in operation with prototype detector wafers and will be deployed for the upcoming SPT-SLIM and SPT-3G+ experiments. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures, appearing in the proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022

Journal ref: Proc. SPIE 12190, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy XI, 1219024 (31 August 2022)

A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background Using SPT-3G 2018 Data

Authors: Z. Pan, F. Bianchini, W. L. K. Wu, P. A. R. Ade, Z. Ahmed, E. Anderes, A. J. Anderson, B. Ansarinejad, M. Archipley, K. Aylor, L. Balkenhol, P. S. Barry, R. Basu Thakur, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, K. Byrum, E. Camphuis, J. E. Carlstrom, F. W. Carter, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang , et al. (111 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a measurement of gravitational lensing over 1500 deg$^2$ of the Southern sky using SPT-3G temperature data at 95 and 150 GHz taken in 2018. The lensing amplitude relative to a fiducial Planck 2018 $Λ$CDM cosmology is found to be $1.020\pm0.060$, excluding instrumental and astrophysical systematic uncertainties. We conduct extensive systematic and null tests to check the robustness of th… ▽ More We present a measurement of gravitational lensing over 1500 deg$^2$ of the Southern sky using SPT-3G temperature data at 95 and 150 GHz taken in 2018. The lensing amplitude relative to a fiducial Planck 2018 $Λ$CDM cosmology is found to be $1.020\pm0.060$, excluding instrumental and astrophysical systematic uncertainties. We conduct extensive systematic and null tests to check the robustness of the lensing measurements, and report a minimum-variance combined lensing power spectrum over angular multipoles of $50<L<2000$, which we use to constrain cosmological models. When analyzed alone and jointly with primary cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectra within the $Λ$CDM model, our lensing amplitude measurements are consistent with measurements from SPT-SZ, SPTpol, ACT, and Planck. Incorporating loose priors on the baryon density and other parameters including uncertainties on a foreground bias template, we obtain a $1σ$ constraint on $σ_8 Ω_{\rm m}^{0.25}=0.595 \pm 0.026$ using the SPT-3G 2018 lensing data alone, where $σ_8$ is a common measure of the amplitude of structure today and $Ω_{\rm m}$ is the matter density parameter. Combining SPT-3G 2018 lensing measurements with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data, we derive parameter constraints of $σ_8 = 0.810 \pm 0.033$, $S_8 \equiv σ_8(Ω_{\rm m}/0.3)^{0.5}= 0.836 \pm 0.039$, and Hubble constant $H_0 =68.8^{+1.3}_{-1.6}$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$. Using CMB anisotropy and lensing measurements from SPT-3G only, we provide independent constraints on the spatial curvature of $Ω_{K} = 0.014^{+0.023}_{-0.026}$ (95% C.L.) and the dark energy density of $Ω_Λ= 0.722^{+0.031}_{-0.026}$ (68% C.L.). When combining SPT-3G lensing data with SPT-3G CMB anisotropy and BAO data, we find an upper limit on the sum of the neutrino masses of $\sum m_ν< 0.30$ eV (95% C.L.). △ Less

Submitted 29 January, 2024; v1 submitted 22 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: Bandpower and likelihood data available at https://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/spt3g_2018_lensing/

Journal ref: Physical Review D 108.12 (2023): 122005

Low-loss Si-based Dielectrics for High Frequency Components of Superconducting Detectors

Authors: M. Lisovenko, Z. Pan, P. S. Barry, T. Cecil, C. L. Chang, R. Gualtieri, J. Li, V. Novosad, G. Wang, V. Yefremenko

Abstract: Silicon-based dielectric is crucial for many superconducting devices, including high-frequency transmission lines, filters, and resonators. Defects and contaminants in the amorphous dielectric and at the interfaces between the dielectric and metal layers can cause microwave losses and degrade device performance. Optimization of the dielectric fabrication, device structure, and surface morphology c… ▽ More Silicon-based dielectric is crucial for many superconducting devices, including high-frequency transmission lines, filters, and resonators. Defects and contaminants in the amorphous dielectric and at the interfaces between the dielectric and metal layers can cause microwave losses and degrade device performance. Optimization of the dielectric fabrication, device structure, and surface morphology can help mitigate this problem. We present the fabrication of silicon oxide and nitride thin film dielectrics. We then characterized them using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, and spectrophotometry techniques. The samples were synthesized using various deposition methods, including Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition and magnetron sputtering. The films morphology and structure were modified by adjusting the deposition pressure and gas flow. The resulting films were used in superconducting resonant systems consisting of planar inductors and capacitors. Measurements of the resonator properties, including their quality factor, were performed. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: 4 pages, 5 figures, conference

Characterization of MKIDs for CMB observation at 220 GHz with the South Pole Telescope

Authors: Karia R. Dibert, Peter S. Barry, Adam J. Anderson, Bradford A. Benson, Thomas Cecil, Clarence L. Chang, Kyra N. Fichman, Kirit Karkare, Juliang Li, Tyler Natoli, Zhaodi Pan, Maclean Rouble, Erik Shirokoff, Matthew Young

Abstract: We present an updated design of the 220 GHz microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) pixel for SPT-3G+, the next-generation camera for the South Pole Telescope. We show results of the dark testing of a 63-pixel array with mean inductor quality factor $Q_i = 4.8 \times 10^5$, aluminum inductor transition temperature $T_c = 1.19$ K, and kinetic inductance fraction $α_k = 0.32$. We optically char… ▽ More We present an updated design of the 220 GHz microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) pixel for SPT-3G+, the next-generation camera for the South Pole Telescope. We show results of the dark testing of a 63-pixel array with mean inductor quality factor $Q_i = 4.8 \times 10^5$, aluminum inductor transition temperature $T_c = 1.19$ K, and kinetic inductance fraction $α_k = 0.32$. We optically characterize both the microstrip-coupled and CPW-coupled resonators, and find both have a spectral response close to prediction with an optical efficiency of $η\sim 70\%$. However, we find slightly lower optical response on the lower edge of the band than predicted, with neighboring dark detectors showing more response in this region, though at level consistent with less than 5\% frequency shift relative to the optical detectors. The detectors show polarized response consistent with expectations, with a cross-polar response of $\sim 10\%$ for both detector orientations. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures, ASC 2022 proceedings

Quasiparticle Generation-Recombination Noise in the Limit of Low Detector Volume

Authors: J. Li, P. S. Barry, T. Cecil, C. L. Chang, K. Dibert, R. Gualtieri, M. Lisovenko, Z. Pan, V. Yefremenko, G. Wang, J. Zhang

Abstract: We have measured the quasiparticle generation-recombination (GR) noise in aluminium lumped element kinetic inductors with a wide range of detector volumes at various temperatures. The basic detector consists of meandering inductor and interdigitated capacitor fingers. The inductor volume is varied from 2 to 153 μm^{3} by changing the inductor width and length to maintain a constant inductance. We… ▽ More We have measured the quasiparticle generation-recombination (GR) noise in aluminium lumped element kinetic inductors with a wide range of detector volumes at various temperatures. The basic detector consists of meandering inductor and interdigitated capacitor fingers. The inductor volume is varied from 2 to 153 μm^{3} by changing the inductor width and length to maintain a constant inductance. We started with measuring the power spectrum density (PSD) of the detectors frequency noise which is a function of GR noise and we clearly observed the spectrum roll off at 10 kHz which corresponds to the quasiparticle lifetime. Using data from a temperature sweep of the resonator frequency we convert the frequency fluctuation to quasiparticle fluctuation and observe its strong dependence on detector volume: detectors with smaller volume display less quasiparticle noise amplitude. Meanwhile we observe a saturated quasiparticle density at low temperature from all detectors as the quasiparticle life time τqp approaches a constant value at low temperature. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Noise Optimization for MKIDs with Different Design Geometries and Material Selections

Authors: Z. Pan, K. R. Dibert, J. Zhang, P. S. Barry, A. J. Anderson, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, T. Cecil, C. L. Chang, R. Gualtieri, J. Li, M. Lisovenko, V. Novosad, M. Rouble, G. Wang, V. Yefremenko

Abstract: The separation and optimization of noise components is critical to microwave-kinetic inductance detector (MKID) development. We analyze the effect of several changes to the lumped-element inductor and interdigitated capacitor geometry on the noise performance of a series of MKIDs intended for millimeter-wavelength experiments. We extract the contributions from two-level system noise in the dielect… ▽ More The separation and optimization of noise components is critical to microwave-kinetic inductance detector (MKID) development. We analyze the effect of several changes to the lumped-element inductor and interdigitated capacitor geometry on the noise performance of a series of MKIDs intended for millimeter-wavelength experiments. We extract the contributions from two-level system noise in the dielectric layer, the generation-recombination noise intrinsic to the superconducting thin-film, and system white noise from each detector noise power spectrum and characterize how these noise components depend on detector geometry, material, and measurement conditions such as driving power and temperature. We observe a reduction in the amplitude of two-level system noise with both an elevated sample temperature and an increased gap between the fingers within the interdigitated capacitors for both aluminum and niobium detectors. We also verify the expected reduction of the generation-recombination noise and associated quasiparticle lifetime with reduced inductor volume. This study also iterates over different materials, including aluminum, niobium, and aluminum manganese, and compares the results with an underlying physical model. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Measurement of Dielectric Loss in Silicon Nitride at Centimeter and Millimeter Wavelengths

Authors: Z. Pan, P. S. Barry, T. Cecil, C. Albert, A. N. Bender, C. L. Chang, R. Gualtieri, J. Hood, J. Li, J. Zhang, M. Lisovenko, V. Novosad, G. Wang, V. Yefremenko

Abstract: This work presents a suite of measurement techniques for characterizing the dielectric loss tangent across a wide frequency range from $\sim$1 GHz to 150 GHz using the same test chip. In the first method, we fit data from a microwave resonator at different temperatures to a model that captures the two-level system (TLS) response to extract and characterize both the real and imaginary components of… ▽ More This work presents a suite of measurement techniques for characterizing the dielectric loss tangent across a wide frequency range from $\sim$1 GHz to 150 GHz using the same test chip. In the first method, we fit data from a microwave resonator at different temperatures to a model that captures the two-level system (TLS) response to extract and characterize both the real and imaginary components of the dielectric loss. The inverse of the internal quality factor is a second measure of the overall loss of the resonator, where TLS loss through the dielectric material is typically the dominant source. The third technique is a differential optical measurement at 150 GHz. The same antenna feeds two microstrip lines with different lengths that terminate in two microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs). The difference in the detector response is used to estimate the loss per unit length of the microstrip line. Our results suggest a larger loss for SiN$_x$ at 150 GHz of ${\mathrm{\tan δ\sim 4\times10^{-3}}}$ compared to ${\mathrm{2.0\times10^{-3}}}$ and ${\mathrm{\gtrsim 1\times10^{-3}}}$ measured at $\sim$1 GHz using the other two methods. {These measurement techniques can be applied to other dielectrics by adjusting the microstrip lengths to provide enough optical efficiency contrast and other mm/sub-mm frequency ranges by tuning the antenna and feedhorn accordingly. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Fabrication Development for SPT-SLIM, a Superconducting Spectrometer for Line Intensity Mapping

Authors: T. Cecil, C. Albert, A. J. Anderson, P. S. Barry, B. Benson, C. Cotter, C. Chang, M. Dobbs, K. Dibert, R. Gualtieri, K. S. Karkare, M. Lisovenko, D. P. Marrone, J. Montgomery, Z. Pan, G. Robson, M. Rouble, E. Shirokoff, G. Smecher, G. Wang, V. Yefremenko

Abstract: Line Intensity Mapping (LIM) is a new observational technique that uses low-resolution observations of line emission to efficiently trace the large-scale structure of the Universe out to high redshift. Common mm/sub-mm emission lines are accessible from ground-based observatories, and the requirements on the detectors for LIM at mm-wavelengths are well matched to the capabilities of large-format a… ▽ More Line Intensity Mapping (LIM) is a new observational technique that uses low-resolution observations of line emission to efficiently trace the large-scale structure of the Universe out to high redshift. Common mm/sub-mm emission lines are accessible from ground-based observatories, and the requirements on the detectors for LIM at mm-wavelengths are well matched to the capabilities of large-format arrays of superconducting sensors. We describe the development of an R = 300 on-chip superconducting filter-bank spectrometer covering the 120--180 GHz band optimized for future mm-LIM experiments, focusing on SPT-SLIM, a pathfinder LIM instrument for the South Pole Telescope. Radiation is coupled from the telescope optical system to the spectrometer chip via an array of feedhorn-coupled orthomode transducers. Superconducting microstrip transmission lines then carry the signal to an array of channelizing half-wavelength resonators, and the output of each spectral channel is sensed by a lumped element kinetic inductance detector (leKID). Key areas of development include incorporating new low-loss dielectrics to improve both the achievable spectral resolution and optical efficiency and development of a robust fabrication process to create a galvanic connection between ultra-pure superconducting thin-films to realize multi-material (hybrid) leKIDs. We provide an overview of the spectrometer design, fabrication process, and prototype devices. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: 7 pages, 7 figures, presented at 2022 Applied Superconductivity Conference

Electromagnetic Properties of Aluminum-based Bilayers for Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Authors: G. Wang, P. S. Barry, T. Cecil, C. L. Chang, J. Li, M. Lisovenko, V. Novosad, Z. Pan, V. G. Yefremenko, J. Zhang

Abstract: The complex conductivity of a superconducting thin film is related to the quasiparticle density, which depends on the physical temperature and can also be modified by external pair breaking with photons and phonons. This relationship forms the underlying operating principle of Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs), where the detection threshold is governed by the superconducting energy gap. We inves… ▽ More The complex conductivity of a superconducting thin film is related to the quasiparticle density, which depends on the physical temperature and can also be modified by external pair breaking with photons and phonons. This relationship forms the underlying operating principle of Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs), where the detection threshold is governed by the superconducting energy gap. We investigate the electromagnetic properties of thin-film aluminum that is proximitized with either a normal metal layer of copper or a superconducting layer with a lower $T_C$, such as iridium, in order to extend the operating range of KIDs. Using the Usadel equations along with the Nam expressions for complex conductivity, we calculate the density of states and the complex conductivity of the resulting bilayers to understand the dependence of the pair breaking threshold, surface impedance, and intrinsic quality factor of superconducting bilayers on the relative film thicknesses. The calculations and analyses provide theoretical insights in designing aluminum-based bilayer kinetic inductance detectors for detection of microwave photons and athermal phonons at the frequencies well below the pair breaking threshold of a pure aluminum film. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: Submitted as a proceeding for Applied Superconductivity Conference 2022

Journal ref: IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, August 2023

SPT-3G+: Mapping the High-Frequency Cosmic Microwave Background Using Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Authors: A. J. Anderson, P. Barry, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, J. E. Carlstrom, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, T. M. Crawford, K. R. Dibert, M. A. Dobbs, K. Fichman, N. W. Halverson, W. L. Holzapfel, A. Hryciuk, K. S. Karkare, J. Li, M. Lisovenko, D. Marrone, J. McMahon, J. Montgomery, T. Natoli, Z. Pan, S. Raghunathan, C. L. Reichardt , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the design and science goals of SPT-3G+, a new camera for the South Pole Telescope, which will consist of a dense array of 34100 kinetic inductance detectors measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at 220 GHz, 285 GHz, and 345 GHz. The SPT-3G+ dataset will enable new constraints on the process of reionization, including measurements of the patchy kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effe… ▽ More We present the design and science goals of SPT-3G+, a new camera for the South Pole Telescope, which will consist of a dense array of 34100 kinetic inductance detectors measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at 220 GHz, 285 GHz, and 345 GHz. The SPT-3G+ dataset will enable new constraints on the process of reionization, including measurements of the patchy kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and improved constraints on the optical depth due to reionization. At the same time, it will serve as a pathfinder for the detection of Rayleigh scattering, which could allow future CMB surveys to constrain cosmological parameters better than from the primary CMB alone. In addition, the combined, multi-band SPT-3G and SPT-3G+ survey data will have several synergies that enhance the original SPT-3G survey, including: extending the redshift-reach of SZ cluster surveys to $z > 2$; understanding the relationship between magnetic fields and star formation in our Galaxy; improved characterization of the impact of dust on inflationary B-mode searches; and characterizing astrophysical transients at the boundary between mm and sub-mm wavelengths. Finally, the modular design of the SPT-3G+ camera allows it to serve as an on-sky demonstrator for new detector technologies employing microwave readout, such as the on-chip spectrometers that we expect to deploy during the SPT-3G+ survey. In this paper, we describe the science goals of the project and the key technology developments that enable its powerful yet compact design. △ Less

Submitted 17 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 26 pages, 9 figures, to appear in the proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022

Report number: FERMILAB-CONF-22-622-LDRD-PPD

Conceptual Design of the Modular Detector and Readout System for the CMB-S4 survey experiment

Authors: D. R. Barron, Z. Ahmed, J. Aguilar, A. J. Anderson, C. F. Baker, P. S. Barry, J. A. Beall, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, R. W. Besuner, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, S. C. Chapman, G. E. Chesmore, G. Derylo, W. B. Doriese, S. M. Duff, T. Elleflot, J. P. Filippini, B. Flaugher, J. G. Gomez, P. K. Grimes, R. Gualtieri, I. Gullett, G. Haller , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the conceptual design of the modular detector and readout system for the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage 4 (CMB-S4) ground-based survey experiment. CMB-S4 will map the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the millimeter-wave sky to unprecedented sensitivity, using 500,000 superconducting detectors observing from Chile and Antarctica to map over 60 percent of the sky. The fundamental… ▽ More We present the conceptual design of the modular detector and readout system for the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage 4 (CMB-S4) ground-based survey experiment. CMB-S4 will map the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the millimeter-wave sky to unprecedented sensitivity, using 500,000 superconducting detectors observing from Chile and Antarctica to map over 60 percent of the sky. The fundamental building block of the detector and readout system is a detector module package operated at 100 mK, which is connected to a readout and amplification chain that carries signals out to room temperature. It uses arrays of feedhorn-coupled orthomode transducers (OMT) that collect optical power from the sky onto dc-voltage-biased transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. The resulting current signal in the TESs is then amplified by a two-stage cryogenic Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) system with a time-division multiplexer to reduce wire count, and matching room-temperature electronics to condition and transmit signals to the data acquisition system. Sensitivity and systematics requirements are being developed for the detector and readout system over a wide range of observing bands (20 to 300 GHz) and optical powers to accomplish CMB-S4's science goals. While the design incorporates the successes of previous generations of CMB instruments, CMB-S4 requires an order of magnitude more detectors than any prior experiment. This requires fabrication of complex superconducting circuits on over 10 square meters of silicon, as well as significant amounts of precision wiring, assembly and cryogenic testing. △ Less

Submitted 3 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 25 pages, 15 figures, presented at and published in the proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022

Large-Format, Transmission-Line-Coupled Kinetic Inductance Detector Arrays for HEP at Millimeter Wavelengths

Authors: Peter S. Barry, Clarence. C. Chang, Sunil Golwala, Erik Shirokoff

Abstract: The kinetic inductance detector (KID) is a versatile and scalable detector technology with a wide range of applications. These superconducting detectors offer significant advantages: simple and robust fabrication, intrinsic multiplexing that will allow thousands of detectors to be read out with a single microwave line, and simple and low cost room temperature electronics. These strengths make KIDs… ▽ More The kinetic inductance detector (KID) is a versatile and scalable detector technology with a wide range of applications. These superconducting detectors offer significant advantages: simple and robust fabrication, intrinsic multiplexing that will allow thousands of detectors to be read out with a single microwave line, and simple and low cost room temperature electronics. These strengths make KIDs especially attractive for HEP science via mm-wave cosmological studies. Examples of these potential cosmological observations include studying cosmic acceleration (Dark Energy) through measurements of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, precision cosmology through ultra-deep measurements of small-scale CMB anisotropy, and mm-wave spectroscopy to map out the distribution of cosmological structure at the largest scales and highest redshifts. The principal technical challenge for these kinds of projects is the successful deployment of large-scale high-density focal planes -- a need that can be addressed by KID technology. In this paper, we present an overview of microstrip-coupled KIDs for use in mm-wave observations and outline the research and development needed to advance this class of technology and enable these upcoming large-scale experiments. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Contribution to Snowmass 2021

Snowmass 2021 CMB-S4 White Paper

Authors: Kevork Abazajian, Arwa Abdulghafour, Graeme E. Addison, Peter Adshead, Zeeshan Ahmed, Marco Ajello, Daniel Akerib, Steven W. Allen, David Alonso, Marcelo Alvarez, Mustafa A. Amin, Mandana Amiri, Adam Anderson, Behzad Ansarinejad, Melanie Archipley, Kam S. Arnold, Matt Ashby, Han Aung, Carlo Baccigalupi, Carina Baker, Abhishek Bakshi, Debbie Bard, Denis Barkats, Darcy Barron, Peter S. Barry , et al. (331 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This Snowmass 2021 White Paper describes the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage 4 project CMB-S4, which is designed to cross critical thresholds in our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Universe, from the highest energies at the dawn of time through the growth of structure to the present day. We provide an overview of the science case, the technical design, and project plan. This Snowmass 2021 White Paper describes the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage 4 project CMB-S4, which is designed to cross critical thresholds in our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Universe, from the highest energies at the dawn of time through the growth of structure to the present day. We provide an overview of the science case, the technical design, and project plan. △ Less

Submitted 15 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Contribution to Snowmass 2021. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1908.01062, arXiv:1907.04473

Snowmass2021 Cosmic Frontier: Cosmic Microwave Background Measurements White Paper

Authors: Clarence L. Chang, Kevin M. Huffenberger, Bradford A. Benson, Federico Bianchini, Jens Chluba, Jacques Delabrouille, Raphael Flauger, Shaul Hanany, William C. Jones, Alan J. Kogut, Jeffrey J. McMahon, Joel Meyers, Neelima Sehgal, Sara M. Simon, Caterina Umilta, Kevork N. Abazajian, Zeeshan Ahmed, Yashar Akrami, Adam J. Anderson, Behzad Ansarinejad, Jason Austermann, Carlo Baccigalupi, Denis Barkats, Darcy Barron, Peter S. Barry , et al. (107 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This is a solicited whitepaper for the Snowmass 2021 community planning exercise. The paper focuses on measurements and science with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The CMB is foundational to our understanding of modern physics and continues to be a powerful tool driving our understanding of cosmology and particle physics. In this paper, we outline the broad and unique impact of CMB science… ▽ More This is a solicited whitepaper for the Snowmass 2021 community planning exercise. The paper focuses on measurements and science with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The CMB is foundational to our understanding of modern physics and continues to be a powerful tool driving our understanding of cosmology and particle physics. In this paper, we outline the broad and unique impact of CMB science for the High Energy Cosmic Frontier in the upcoming decade. We also describe the progression of ground-based CMB experiments, which shows that the community is prepared to develop the key capabilities and facilities needed to achieve these transformative CMB measurements. △ Less

Submitted 15 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: contribution to Snowmass 2021

Asteroid Measurements at Millimeter Wavelengths with the South Pole Telescope

Authors: P. M. Chichura, A. Foster, C. Patel, N. Ossa-Jaen, P. A. R. Ade, Z. Ahmed, A. J. Anderson, M. Archipley, J. E. Austermann, J. S. Avva, L. Balkenhol, P. S. Barry, R. Basu Thakur, J. A. Beall, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, K. Byrum, J. E. Carlstrom, F. W. Carter, T. W. Cecil , et al. (119 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first measurements of asteroids in millimeter wavelength (mm) data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT), which is used primarily to study the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We analyze maps of two $\sim270$ deg$^2$ sky regions near the ecliptic plane, each observed with the SPTpol camera $\sim100$ times over one month. We subtract the mean of all maps of a given field, removing st… ▽ More We present the first measurements of asteroids in millimeter wavelength (mm) data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT), which is used primarily to study the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We analyze maps of two $\sim270$ deg$^2$ sky regions near the ecliptic plane, each observed with the SPTpol camera $\sim100$ times over one month. We subtract the mean of all maps of a given field, removing static sky signal, and then average the mean-subtracted maps at known asteroid locations. We detect three asteroids$\text{ -- }$(324) Bamberga, (13) Egeria, and (22) Kalliope$\text{ -- }$with signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of 11.2, 10.4, and 6.1, respectively, at 2.0 mm (150 GHz); we also detect (324) Bamberga with S/N of 4.1 at 3.2 mm (95 GHz). We place constraints on these asteroids' effective emissivities, brightness temperatures, and light curve modulation amplitude. Our flux density measurements of (324) Bamberga and (13) Egeria roughly agree with predictions, while our measurements of (22) Kalliope suggest lower flux, corresponding to effective emissivities of $0.66 \pm 0.11$ at 2.0 mm and $<0.47$ at 3.2mm. We predict the asteroids detectable in other SPT datasets and find good agreement with detections of (772) Tanete and (1093) Freda in recent data from the SPT-3G camera, which has $\sim10 \times$ the mapping speed of SPTpol. This work is the first focused analysis of asteroids in data from CMB surveys, and it demonstrates we can repurpose historic and future datasets for asteroid studies. Future SPT measurements can help constrain the distribution of surface properties over a larger asteroid population. △ Less

Submitted 21 April, 2023; v1 submitted 2 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 21 pages, 9 figures

Journal ref: 2022 ApJ 936 173

Testing low-loss microstrip materials with MKIDs for microwave applications

Authors: J. Hood, P. Barry, T. Cecil, C. Chang, S. Meyer, J. Li, Z. Pan, E. Shirokoff, A. Tang

Abstract: Future measurements of the millimeter-wavelength sky require a low-loss superconducting microstrip, typically made from niobium and silicon-nitride, coupling the antenna to detectors. We propose a simple device for characterizing these low-loss microstrips at 150 GHz. In our device we illuminate an antenna with a thermal source and compare the measured power at 150 GHz transmitted down microstrips… ▽ More Future measurements of the millimeter-wavelength sky require a low-loss superconducting microstrip, typically made from niobium and silicon-nitride, coupling the antenna to detectors. We propose a simple device for characterizing these low-loss microstrips at 150 GHz. In our device we illuminate an antenna with a thermal source and compare the measured power at 150 GHz transmitted down microstrips of different lengths. The power measurement is made using Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) fabricated directly onto the microstrip dielectric, and comparing the measured response provides a direct measurement of the microstrip loss. Our proposed structure provides a simple device (4 layers and a DRIE etch) for characterizing the dielectric loss of various microstrip materials and substrates. We present initial results using these devices. We demonstrate that the millimeter wavelength loss of microstrip lines, a few tens of millimeters long, can be measured using a practical aluminum MKID with a black body source at a few tens of Kelvin. △ Less

Submitted 31 January, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Journal of Low Temperature Physics

Broadband solenoidal haloscope for terahertz axion detection

Authors: Jesse Liu, Kristin Dona, Gabe Hoshino, Stefan Knirck, Noah Kurinsky, Matthew Malaker, David W. Miller, Andrew Sonnenschein, Mohamed H. Awida, Peter S. Barry, Karl K. Berggren, Daniel Bowring, Gianpaolo Carosi, Clarence Chang, Aaron Chou, Rakshya Khatiwada, Samantha Lewis, Juliang Li, Sae Woo Nam, Omid Noroozian, Tony X. Zhou

Abstract: We introduce the Broadband Reflector Experiment for Axion Detection (BREAD) conceptual design and science program. This haloscope plans to search for bosonic dark matter across the [10$^{-3}$, 1] eV ([0.24, 240] THz) mass range. BREAD proposes a cylindrical metal barrel to convert dark matter into photons, which a novel parabolic reflector design focuses onto a photosensor. This unique geometry en… ▽ More We introduce the Broadband Reflector Experiment for Axion Detection (BREAD) conceptual design and science program. This haloscope plans to search for bosonic dark matter across the [10$^{-3}$, 1] eV ([0.24, 240] THz) mass range. BREAD proposes a cylindrical metal barrel to convert dark matter into photons, which a novel parabolic reflector design focuses onto a photosensor. This unique geometry enables enclosure in standard cryostats and high-field solenoids, overcoming limitations of current dish antennas. A pilot 0.7 m$^{2}$ barrel experiment planned at Fermilab is projected to surpass existing dark photon coupling constraints by over a decade with one-day runtime. Axion sensitivity requires $<10^{-20}$ W/$\sqrt{\textrm{Hz}}$ sensor noise equivalent power with a 10 T solenoid and 10 m$^{2}$ barrel. We project BREAD sensitivity for various sensor technologies and discuss future prospects. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2022; v1 submitted 23 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures + references and appendices, v2 matches journal version

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 (2022) 131801

Development of Superconducting On-chip Fourier Transform Spectrometers

Authors: R. Basu Thakur, A. Steiger, S. Shu, F. Faramarzi, N. Klimovich, P. K. Day, E. Shirokoff, P. D. Mauskopf, P. S. Barry

Abstract: Superconducting On-chip Fourier Transform Spectrometers (SOFTS) are broadband, compact and electronic interferometers. Being extremely compact, SOFTS can fit into standard antenna coupled detector architectures. SOFTS will enable kilo-pixel spectro-imaging focal planes enhancing sub-millimeter science; particularly cluster astrophysics / cosmology, CMB-science and line intensity mapping. This proc… ▽ More Superconducting On-chip Fourier Transform Spectrometers (SOFTS) are broadband, compact and electronic interferometers. Being extremely compact, SOFTS can fit into standard antenna coupled detector architectures. SOFTS will enable kilo-pixel spectro-imaging focal planes enhancing sub-millimeter science; particularly cluster astrophysics / cosmology, CMB-science and line intensity mapping. This proceeding details the development, design and bench-marking of RF on-chip architecture of SOFTS for Ka and W bands. △ Less

Submitted 23 August, 2022; v1 submitted 11 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Development of MKIDs for measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background with the South Pole Telescope

Authors: Karia Dibert, Pete Barry, Zhaodi Pan, Adam Anderson, Bradford Benson, Clarence Chang, Kirit Karkare, Juliang Li, Tyler Natoli, Maclean Rouble, Erik Shirokoff, Antony Stark

Abstract: We present details of the design, simulation, and initial test results of prototype detectors for the fourth-generation receiver of the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Optimized for the detection of key secondary anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), SPT-3G+ will measure the temperature and polarization of the mm/sub-mm sky at 220, 285, and 345 GHz, beyond the peak of the CMB blackbod… ▽ More We present details of the design, simulation, and initial test results of prototype detectors for the fourth-generation receiver of the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Optimized for the detection of key secondary anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), SPT-3G+ will measure the temperature and polarization of the mm/sub-mm sky at 220, 285, and 345 GHz, beyond the peak of the CMB blackbody spectrum. The SPT-3G+ focal plane will be populated with microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), allowing for significantly increased detector density with reduced cryogenic complexity. We present simulation-backed designs for single-color dual-polarization MKID pixels at each SPT-3G+ observation frequency. We further describe design choices made to promote resonator quality and uniformity, enabling us to maximize the available readout bandwidth. We also discuss aspects of the fabrication process that enable rapid production of these devices and present an initial dark characterization of a series of prototype devices. △ Less

Submitted 8 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures, submitted to the 19th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors (LTD19) Proceedings

Design of SPT-SLIM focal plane; a spectroscopic imaging array for the South Pole Telescope

Authors: P. S. Barry, A. Anderson, B. Benson, J. E. Carlstrom, T. Cecil, C. Chang, M. Dobbs, M. Hollister, K. S. Karkare, G. K. Keating, D. Marrone, J. McMahon, J. Montgomery, Z. Pan, G. Robson, M. Rouble, E. Shirokoff, G. Smecher

Abstract: The Summertime Line Intensity Mapper (SLIM) is a mm-wave line-intensity mapping (mm-LIM) experiment for the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The goal of SPT-SLIM is to serve as a technical and scientific pathfinder for the demonstration of the suitability and in-field performance of multi-pixel superconducting filterbank spectrometers for future mm-LIM experiments. Scheduled to deploy in the 2023-24 au… ▽ More The Summertime Line Intensity Mapper (SLIM) is a mm-wave line-intensity mapping (mm-LIM) experiment for the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The goal of SPT-SLIM is to serve as a technical and scientific pathfinder for the demonstration of the suitability and in-field performance of multi-pixel superconducting filterbank spectrometers for future mm-LIM experiments. Scheduled to deploy in the 2023-24 austral summer, the SPT-SLIM focal plane will include 18 dual-polarization pixels, each coupled to an $R = λ/Δλ$ = 300 thin- film microstrip filterbank spectrometer that spans the 2 mm atmospheric window (120-180 GHz). Each individual spectral channel feeds a microstrip-coupled lumped-element kinetic inductance detector, which provides the highly multiplexed readout for the 10k detectors needed for SPT-SLIM. Here we present an overview of the preliminary design of key aspects of the SPT-SLIM the focal plane array, a description of the detector architecture and predicted performance, and initial test results that will be used to inform the final design of the SPT- SLIM spectrometer array. △ Less

Submitted 8 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: Submitted to special issue of JLTP (proceedings of LTD19)

The Simulation and Design of an On-Chip Superconducting Millimetre Filter-Bank Spectrometer

Authors: Gethin Robson, Adam J. Anderson, Peter S. Barry, Simon Doyle, Kirit S. Karkare

Abstract: Superconducting on-chip filter-banks provide a scalable, space saving solution to create imaging spectrometers at millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelengths. We present an easy to realise, lithographed superconducting filter design with a high tolerance to fabrication error. Using a capacitively coupled $λ/2$ microstrip resonator to define a narrow ($λ/Δλ= 300$) spectral pass band, the filtered out… ▽ More Superconducting on-chip filter-banks provide a scalable, space saving solution to create imaging spectrometers at millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelengths. We present an easy to realise, lithographed superconducting filter design with a high tolerance to fabrication error. Using a capacitively coupled $λ/2$ microstrip resonator to define a narrow ($λ/Δλ= 300$) spectral pass band, the filtered output of a given spectrometer channel directly connects to a Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detector (LEKID). We show the tolerance analysis of our design, demonstrating $<11\%$ change in filter quality factor to any one realistic fabrication errors and a full filter-bank efficiency forecast to be 60\% after accounting for fabrication errors and dielectric loss tangent. △ Less

Submitted 14 June, 2022; v1 submitted 8 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures. Pre-print for proceedings for the Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 19th Low Temperature Detectors Conference (LTD19)

Journal ref: Journal of Low Temperature Physics 2022

SPT-SLIM: A Line Intensity Mapping Pathfinder for the South Pole Telescope

Authors: K. S. Karkare, A. J. Anderson, P. S. Barry, B. A. Benson, J. E. Carlstrom, T. Cecil, C. L. Chang, M. A. Dobbs, M. Hollister, G. K. Keating, D. P. Marrone, J. McMahon, J. Montgomery, Z. Pan, G. Robson, M. Rouble, E. Shirokoff, G. Smecher

Abstract: The South Pole Telescope Summertime Line Intensity Mapper (SPT-SLIM) is a pathfinder experiment that will demonstrate the use of on-chip filter-bank spectrometers for mm-wave line intensity mapping (LIM). The SPT-SLIM focal plane consists of 18 dual-polarization R=300 filter-bank spectrometers covering 120-180 GHz, coupled to aluminum kinetic inductance detectors. A compact cryostat holds the dete… ▽ More The South Pole Telescope Summertime Line Intensity Mapper (SPT-SLIM) is a pathfinder experiment that will demonstrate the use of on-chip filter-bank spectrometers for mm-wave line intensity mapping (LIM). The SPT-SLIM focal plane consists of 18 dual-polarization R=300 filter-bank spectrometers covering 120-180 GHz, coupled to aluminum kinetic inductance detectors. A compact cryostat holds the detectors at 100 mK and performs observations without removing the SPT-3G receiver. SPT-SLIM will be deployed to the 10-m South Pole Telescope for observations during the 2023-24 austral summer. We discuss the overall instrument design, expected detector performance and sensitivity to the LIM signal from CO at 0.5 < z < 2. The technology and observational techniques demonstrated by SPT-SLIM will enable next-generation LIM experiments that constrain cosmology beyond the redshift reach of galaxy surveys. △ Less

Submitted 8 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures. Submitted to the Journal of Low Temperature Physics (Proceedings of the 19th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors)

Optical leakage mitigation in ortho-mode transducer detectors for microwave applications

Authors: Riccardo Gualtieri, Peter S. Barry, Thomas Cecil, Amy N. Bender, Clarence . L. Chang, John C. Hood, Margarita Lisovenko, Volodymyr G. Yefremenko

Abstract: Planar ortho-mode transducers (OMTs) are a commonly used method of coupling optical signals between waveguides and on-chip circuitry and detectors. While the ideal OMT-waveguide coupling requires minimal disturbance to the waveguide, when used for mm-wave applications the waveguide is typically constructed from two sections to allow the OMT probes to be inserted into the waveguide. This break in t… ▽ More Planar ortho-mode transducers (OMTs) are a commonly used method of coupling optical signals between waveguides and on-chip circuitry and detectors. While the ideal OMT-waveguide coupling requires minimal disturbance to the waveguide, when used for mm-wave applications the waveguide is typically constructed from two sections to allow the OMT probes to be inserted into the waveguide. This break in the waveguide is a source of signal leakage and can lead to loss of performance and increased experimental systematic errors. Here we report on the development of new OMT-to-waveguide coupling structures with the goal of reducing leakage at the detector wafer interface. The pixel to pixel optical leakage due to the gap between the coupling waveguide and the backshort is reduced by means of a protrusion that passes through the OMT membrane and electrically connects the two waveguide sections on either side of the wafer. High frequency electromagnetic simulations indicate that these protrusions are an effective method to reduce optical leakage in the gap by ~80% percent, with a ~60% filling factor, relative to an standard OMT coupling architecture. Prototype devices have been designed to characterize the performance of the new design using a relative measurement with varying filling factors. We outline the simulation setup and results, and present a chip layout and sample box that will be used to perform the initial measurements. △ Less

Submitted 29 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures, conference proceeding

The Design and Integrated Performance of SPT-3G

Authors: J. A. Sobrin, A. J. Anderson, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, D. Dutcher, A. Foster, N. Goeckner-Wald, J. Montgomery, A. Nadolski, A. Rahlin, P. A. R. Ade, Z. Ahmed, E. Anderes, M. Archipley, J. E. Austermann, J. S. Avva, K. Aylor, L. Balkenhol, P. S. Barry, R. Basu Thakur, K. Benabed, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant , et al. (98 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: SPT-3G is the third survey receiver operating on the South Pole Telescope dedicated to high-resolution observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Sensitive measurements of the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB provide a powerful dataset for constraining cosmology. Additionally, CMB surveys with arcminute-scale resolution are capable of detecting galaxy clusters, mill… ▽ More SPT-3G is the third survey receiver operating on the South Pole Telescope dedicated to high-resolution observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Sensitive measurements of the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB provide a powerful dataset for constraining cosmology. Additionally, CMB surveys with arcminute-scale resolution are capable of detecting galaxy clusters, millimeter-wave bright galaxies, and a variety of transient phenomena. The SPT-3G instrument provides a significant improvement in mapping speed over its predecessors, SPT-SZ and SPTpol. The broadband optics design of the instrument achieves a 430 mm diameter image plane across observing bands of 95 GHz, 150 GHz, and 220 GHz, with 1.2 arcmin FWHM beam response at 150 GHz. In the receiver, this image plane is populated with 2690 dual-polarization, tri-chroic pixels (~16000 detectors) read out using a 68X digital frequency-domain multiplexing readout system. In 2018, SPT-3G began a multiyear survey of 1500 deg$^{2}$ of the southern sky. We summarize the unique optical, cryogenic, detector, and readout technologies employed in SPT-3G, and we report on the integrated performance of the instrument. △ Less

Submitted 25 February, 2022; v1 submitted 21 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: 25 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJS

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-21-291-AE

Journal ref: ApJS 258 42 (2022)

Performance and characterization of the SPT-3G digital frequency-domain multiplexed readout system using an improved noise and crosstalk model

Authors: J. Montgomery, P. A. R. Ade, Z. Ahmed, E. Anderes, A. J. Anderson, M. Archipley, J. S. Avva, K. Aylor, L. Balkenhol, P. S. Barry, R. Basu Thakur, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, K. Byrum, J. E. Carlstrom, F. W. Carter, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, G. Chen , et al. (96 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The third generation South Pole Telescope camera (SPT-3G) improves upon its predecessor (SPTpol) by an order of magnitude increase in detectors on the focal plane. The technology used to read out and control these detectors, digital frequency-domain multiplexing (DfMUX), is conceptually the same as used for SPTpol, but extended to accommodate more detectors. A nearly 5x expansion in the readout op… ▽ More The third generation South Pole Telescope camera (SPT-3G) improves upon its predecessor (SPTpol) by an order of magnitude increase in detectors on the focal plane. The technology used to read out and control these detectors, digital frequency-domain multiplexing (DfMUX), is conceptually the same as used for SPTpol, but extended to accommodate more detectors. A nearly 5x expansion in the readout operating bandwidth has enabled the use of this large focal plane, and SPT-3G performance meets the forecasting targets relevant to its science objectives. However, the electrical dynamics of the higher-bandwidth readout differ from predictions based on models of the SPTpol system due to the higher frequencies used, and parasitic impedances associated with new cryogenic electronic architecture. To address this, we present an updated derivation for electrical crosstalk in higher-bandwidth DfMUX systems, and identify two previously uncharacterized contributions to readout noise, which become dominant at high bias frequency. The updated crosstalk and noise models successfully describe the measured crosstalk and readout noise performance of SPT-3G. These results also suggest specific changes to warm electronics component values, wire-harness properties, and SQUID parameters, to improve the readout system for future experiments using DfMUX, such as the LiteBIRD space telescope. △ Less

Submitted 21 February, 2022; v1 submitted 29 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: Accepted to the Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems

Journal ref: J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 8(1) 014001 (8 January 2022)

Constraints on $Λ$CDM Extensions from the SPT-3G 2018 $EE$ and $TE$ Power Spectra

Authors: L. Balkenhol, D. Dutcher, P. A. R. Ade, Z. Ahmed, E. Anderes, A. J. Anderson, M. Archipley, J. S. Avva, K. Aylor, P. S. Barry, R. Basu Thakur, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, K. Byrum, J. E. Carlstrom, F. W. Carter, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, G. Chen , et al. (95 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present constraints on extensions to the $Λ$CDM cosmological model from measurements of the $E$-mode polarization auto-power spectrum and the temperature-$E$-mode cross-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) made using 2018 SPT-3G data. The extensions considered vary the primordial helium abundance, the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom, the sum of neutrino ma… ▽ More We present constraints on extensions to the $Λ$CDM cosmological model from measurements of the $E$-mode polarization auto-power spectrum and the temperature-$E$-mode cross-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) made using 2018 SPT-3G data. The extensions considered vary the primordial helium abundance, the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom, the sum of neutrino masses, the relativistic energy density and mass of a sterile neutrino, and the mean spatial curvature. We do not find clear evidence for any of these extensions, from either the SPT-3G 2018 dataset alone or in combination with baryon acoustic oscillation and \textit{Planck} data. None of these model extensions significantly relax the tension between Hubble-constant, $H_0$, constraints from the CMB and from distance-ladder measurements using Cepheids and supernovae. The addition of the SPT-3G 2018 data to \textit{Planck} reduces the square-root of the determinants of the parameter covariance matrices by factors of $1.3 - 2.0$ across these models, signaling a substantial reduction in the allowed parameter volume. We also explore CMB-based constraints on $H_0$ from combined SPT, \textit{Planck}, and ACT DR4 datasets. While individual experiments see some indications of different $H_0$ values between the $TT$, $TE$, and $EE$ spectra, the combined $H_0$ constraints are consistent between the three spectra. For the full combined datasets, we report $H_0 = 67.49 \pm 0.53\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$, which is the tightest constraint on $H_0$ from CMB power spectra to date and in $4.1\,σ$ tension with the most precise distance-ladder-based measurement of $H_0$. The SPT-3G survey is planned to continue through at least 2023, with existing maps of combined 2019 and 2020 data already having $\sim3.5\times$ lower noise than the maps used in this analysis. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: Submitted to PRD; 19 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 104, 083509 (2021)

Detection of Galactic and Extragalactic Millimeter-Wavelength Transient Sources with SPT-3G

Authors: S. Guns, A. Foster, C. Daley, A. Rahlin, N. Whitehorn, P. A. R. Ade, Z. Ahmed, E. Anderes, A. J. Anderson, M. Archipley, J. S. Avva, K. Aylor, L. Balkenhol, P. S. Barry, R. Basu Thakur, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, K. Byrum, J. E. Carlstrom, F. W. Carter , et al. (97 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: High-angular-resolution cosmic microwave background experiments provide a unique opportunity to conduct a survey of time-variable sources at millimeter wavelengths, a population which has primarily been understood through follow-up measurements of detections in other bands. Here we report the first results of an astronomical transient survey with the South Pole Telescope (SPT) using the SPT-3G cam… ▽ More High-angular-resolution cosmic microwave background experiments provide a unique opportunity to conduct a survey of time-variable sources at millimeter wavelengths, a population which has primarily been understood through follow-up measurements of detections in other bands. Here we report the first results of an astronomical transient survey with the South Pole Telescope (SPT) using the SPT-3G camera to observe 1500 square degrees of the southern sky. The observations took place from March to November 2020 in three bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. This survey yielded the detection of fifteen transient events from sources not previously detected by the SPT. The majority are associated with variable stars of different types, expanding the number of such detected flares by more than a factor of two. The stellar flares are unpolarized and bright, in some cases exceeding 1 Jy, and have durations from a few minutes to several hours. Another population of detected events last for 2--3 weeks and appear to be extragalactic in origin. Though data availability at other wavelengths is limited, we find evidence for concurrent optical activity for two of the stellar flares. Future data from SPT-3G and forthcoming instruments will provide real-time detection of millimeter-wave transients on timescales of minutes to months. △ Less

Submitted 8 June, 2021; v1 submitted 10 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 14 pages, 9 figures; accepted to ApJ 5/27

Journal ref: ApJ 916 98 (2021)

Measurements of the E-Mode Polarization and Temperature-E-Mode Correlation of the CMB from SPT-3G 2018 Data

Authors: D. Dutcher, L. Balkenhol, P. A. R. Ade, Z. Ahmed, E. Anderes, A. J. Anderson, M. Archipley, J. S. Avva, K. Aylor, P. S. Barry, R. Basu Thakur, K. Benabed, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, F. Bianchini, L. E. Bleem, F. R. Bouchet, L. Bryant, K. Byrum, J. E. Carlstrom, F. W. Carter, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, P. Chaubal, G. Chen , et al. (96 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present measurements of the $E$-mode ($EE$) polarization power spectrum and temperature-$E$-mode ($TE$) cross-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background using data collected by SPT-3G, the latest instrument installed on the South Pole Telescope. This analysis uses observations of a 1500 deg$^2$ region at 95, 150, and 220 GHz taken over a four month period in 2018. We report binned values… ▽ More We present measurements of the $E$-mode ($EE$) polarization power spectrum and temperature-$E$-mode ($TE$) cross-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background using data collected by SPT-3G, the latest instrument installed on the South Pole Telescope. This analysis uses observations of a 1500 deg$^2$ region at 95, 150, and 220 GHz taken over a four month period in 2018. We report binned values of the $EE$ and $TE$ power spectra over the angular multipole range $300 \le \ell < 3000$, using the multifrequency data to construct six semi-independent estimates of each power spectrum and their minimum-variance combination. These measurements improve upon the previous results of SPTpol across the multipole ranges $300 \le \ell \le 1400$ for $EE$ and $300 \le \ell \le 1700$ for $TE$, resulting in constraints on cosmological parameters comparable to those from other current leading ground-based experiments. We find that the SPT-3G dataset is well-fit by a $Λ$CDM cosmological model with parameter constraints consistent with those from Planck and SPTpol data. From SPT-3G data alone, we find $H_0 = 68.8 \pm 1.5 \mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$ and $σ_8 = 0.789 \pm 0.016$, with a gravitational lensing amplitude consistent with the $Λ$CDM prediction ($A_L = 0.98 \pm 0.12$). We combine the SPT-3G and the Planck datasets and obtain joint constraints on the $Λ$CDM model. The volume of the 68% confidence region in six-dimensional $Λ$CDM parameter space is reduced by a factor of 1.5 compared to Planck-only constraints, with only slight shifts in central values. We note that the results presented here are obtained from data collected during just half of a typical observing season with only part of the focal plane operable, and that the active detector count has since nearly doubled for observations made with SPT-3G after 2018. △ Less

Submitted 5 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 104, 022003 (2021)

MUSCAT focal plane verification

Authors: M. Tapia, P. A. R. Ade, P. S. Barry, T. L. R. Brien, E. Castillo-Domínguez, D. Ferrusca, V. Gómez-Rivera, P. Hargrave, J. L. Hernández Rebollar, A. Hornsby, D. H. Hughes, J. M. Jáuregui-García, P. Mauskopf, D. Murias, A. Papageorgiou, E. Pascale, A. Pérez, S. Rowe, M. W. L. Smith, C. Tucker, M. Velázquez, S. Ventura, S. Doyle

Abstract: The Mexico-UK Submillimetre Camera for Astronomy (MUSCAT) is the second-generation large-format continuum camera operating in the 1.1 mm band to be installed on the 50-m diameter Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) in Mexico. The focal plane of the instrument is made up of 1458 horn coupled lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKID) divided equally into six channels deposited on three silico… ▽ More The Mexico-UK Submillimetre Camera for Astronomy (MUSCAT) is the second-generation large-format continuum camera operating in the 1.1 mm band to be installed on the 50-m diameter Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) in Mexico. The focal plane of the instrument is made up of 1458 horn coupled lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKID) divided equally into six channels deposited on three silicon wafers. Here we present the preliminary results of the complete characterisation in the laboratory of the MUSCAT focal plane. Through the instrument's readout system, we perform frequency sweeps of the array to identify the resonance frequencies, and continuous timestream acquisitions to measure and characterise the intrinsic noise and 1/f knee of the detectors. Subsequently, with a re-imaging lens and a black body point source, the beams of every detector are mapped, obtaining a mean FWHM size of $\sim$3.27 mm, close to the expected 3.1 mm. Then, by varying the intensity of a beam filling black body source, we measure the responsivity and noise power spectral density (PSD) for each detector under an optical load of 300 K, obtaining the noise equivalent power (NEP), with which we verify that the majority of the detectors are photon noise limited. Finally, using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS), we measure the spectral response of the instrument, which indicate a bandwidth of 1.0--1.2 mm centred on 1.1 mm, as expected. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2020

Pre-deployment Verification and Predicted Mapping Speed of MUSCAT

Authors: T. L. R. Brien, P. A. R. Ade, P. S. Barry, E. Castillo-Domínguez, D. Ferrusca, V. Gómez-Rivera, P. Hargrave, J. L. Hernández Rebollar, A. Hornsby, D. H. Hughes, J. M. Jáuregui-García, P. Mauskopf, D. Murias, A. Papageorgiou, E. Pascale, A. Pérez, S. Rowe, M. W. L. Smith, M. Tapia, C. Tucker, M. Velázquez, S. Ventura, S. Doyle

Abstract: The Mexico-UK Submillimetre Camera for AsTronomy (MUSCAT) is a 1.1 mm receiver consisting of 1,500 lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) for the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT; Volcán Sierra Negra in Puebla, México). MUSCAT utilises the maximum field of view of the LMT's upgraded 50-metre primary mirror and is the first México-UK collaboration to deploy a millimetre/sub-mm receiver… ▽ More The Mexico-UK Submillimetre Camera for AsTronomy (MUSCAT) is a 1.1 mm receiver consisting of 1,500 lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) for the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT; Volcán Sierra Negra in Puebla, México). MUSCAT utilises the maximum field of view of the LMT's upgraded 50-metre primary mirror and is the first México-UK collaboration to deploy a millimetre/sub-mm receiver on the Large Millimeter Telescope. Using a simplistic simulator, we estimate a predicted mapping speed for MUSCAT by combining the measured performance of MUSCAT with the observed sky conditions at the LMT. We compare this to a previously calculated bolometric-model mapping speed and find that our mapping speed is in good agreement when this is scaled by a previously reported empirical factor. Through this simulation we show that signal contamination due to sky fluctuations can be effectively removed through the use of principle component analysis. We also give an overview of the instrument design and explain how this design allows for MUSCAT to be upgraded and act as an on-sky demonstration testbed for novel technologies after the facility-class TolTEC receiver comes online. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2020

CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves

Authors: CMB-S4 Collaboration, :, Kevork Abazajian, Graeme E. Addison, Peter Adshead, Zeeshan Ahmed, Daniel Akerib, Aamir Ali, Steven W. Allen, David Alonso, Marcelo Alvarez, Mustafa A. Amin, Adam Anderson, Kam S. Arnold, Peter Ashton, Carlo Baccigalupi, Debbie Bard, Denis Barkats, Darcy Barron, Peter S. Barry, James G. Bartlett, Ritoban Basu Thakur, Nicholas Battaglia, Rachel Bean, Chris Bebek , et al. (212 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: CMB-S4---the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment---is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Universe, from the highest energies at the dawn of time through the growth of structure to the present day. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting p… ▽ More CMB-S4---the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment---is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Universe, from the highest energies at the dawn of time through the growth of structure to the present day. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semi-analytic projection tool, targeted explicitly towards optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the achieved performance of current Stage 2--3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments given a desired scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semi-analytic tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4 experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial gravitational waves for $r > 0.003$ at greater than $5σ$, or, in the absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of $r < 0.001$ at $95\%$ CL. △ Less

Submitted 27 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: 24 pages, 8 figures, 9 tables, submitted to ApJ. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1907.04473

Full-Array Noise Performance of Deployment-Grade SuperSpec mm-wave On-Chip Spectrometers

Authors: K. S. Karkare, P. S. Barry, C. M. Bradford, S. Chapman, S. Doyle, J. Glenn, S. Gordon, S. Hailey-Dunsheath, R. M. J. Janssen, A. Kovacs, H. G. LeDuc, P. Mauskopf, R. McGeehan, J. Redford, E. Shirokoff, C. Tucker, J. Wheeler, J. Zmuidzinas

Abstract: SuperSpec is an on-chip filter-bank spectrometer designed for wideband moderate-resolution spectroscopy at millimeter wavelengths, employing TiN kinetic inductance detectors. SuperSpec technology will enable large-format spectroscopic integral field units suitable for high-redshift line intensity mapping and multi-object spectrographs. In previous results we have demonstrated noise performance in… ▽ More SuperSpec is an on-chip filter-bank spectrometer designed for wideband moderate-resolution spectroscopy at millimeter wavelengths, employing TiN kinetic inductance detectors. SuperSpec technology will enable large-format spectroscopic integral field units suitable for high-redshift line intensity mapping and multi-object spectrographs. In previous results we have demonstrated noise performance in individual detectors suitable for photon noise limited ground-based observations at excellent mm-wave sites. In these proceedings we present the noise performance of a full $R\sim 275$ spectrometer measured using deployment-ready RF hardware and software. We report typical noise equivalent powers through the full device of $\sim 3 \times 10^{-16} \ \mathrm{W}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ at expected sky loadings, which are photon noise dominated. Based on these results, we plan to deploy a six-spectrometer demonstration instrument to the Large Millimeter Telescope in early 2020. △ Less

Submitted 11 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by the Journal of Low Temperature Physics (Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors)

Superconducting On-chip Fourier Transform Spectrometer

Authors: R. Basu Thakur, N. Klimovich, P. K . Day, E. Shirokoff, P. D. Mauskopf, F. Faramarzi, P. S. Barry

Abstract: Kinetic inductance in thin film superconductors has been used as the basis for low-temperature, low-noise photon detectors. In particular thin films such as NbTiN, TiN, NbN, the kinetic inductance effect is strongly non-linear in the applied current, which can be utilized to realize novel devices. We present results from transmission lines made with these materials, where DC (current) control is u… ▽ More Kinetic inductance in thin film superconductors has been used as the basis for low-temperature, low-noise photon detectors. In particular thin films such as NbTiN, TiN, NbN, the kinetic inductance effect is strongly non-linear in the applied current, which can be utilized to realize novel devices. We present results from transmission lines made with these materials, where DC (current) control is used to modulate the phase velocity thereby enabling an on-chip spectrometer. The utility of such compact spectrometers are discussed, along with their natural connection with parametric amplifiers. △ Less

Submitted 4 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019.