Showing 1–50 of 152 results for author: Skottfelt, J

Radiation damage to the Hubble Space Telescope has been several years out of phase with the Solar cycle

Authors: Gavin Leroy, Juan Paolo Lorenzo Gerardo Barrios, Maximilian von Wietersheim-Kramsta, Richard Massey, Richard G. Hayes, Jacob A. Kegerreis, David Lagattuta, Zane D. Lentz, James W. Nightingale, Jesper Skottfelt, Felix Vecchi

Abstract: As well as obtaining beautiful images of the Universe, the Hubble Space Telescope's CCD detectors are sensitive radiation dosimeters that have been monitored in Low Earth Orbit for more than 24 years. The rate of radiation damage they received has varied over each Solar cycle, but several years out of phase with the appearance of sunspots or coronal mass ejections. We investigate functional forms… ▽ More As well as obtaining beautiful images of the Universe, the Hubble Space Telescope's CCD detectors are sensitive radiation dosimeters that have been monitored in Low Earth Orbit for more than 24 years. The rate of radiation damage they received has varied over each Solar cycle, but several years out of phase with the appearance of sunspots or coronal mass ejections. We investigate functional forms that successfully fit the time series of damage to telescopes elsewhere in the Solar system. We obtain remarkably accurate fits to Hubble data but with physically absurd parameter values. During image post-processing, such fits can be used empirically, to correct more than 99.5% of the radiation damage's effect on image quality. However, fits to the time series with physically reasonable parameters produce worse performance. Our results highlight the diversity of radiation environments in different parts of our Solar system, and the complexity of Low Earth Orbit in particular. Our results also motivate continued monitoring of radiation damage to currently operational spacecraft, to more reliably predict the rate of degradation in (and useful lifespan of) future missions. △ Less

Submitted 18 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: Paper presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2026. Accompanying poster can be found at https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/Radiation-damage-to-the-Hubble-Space-Telescope-has-been-several/14145-131

Roadmap on UV-C photodetectors: materials, applications and industry perspectives

Authors: Fabien Massabuau, Drew Riley, Paul Meredith, Tilman Weiss, Damanpreet Kaur, Yuichi Oshima, Robert W. Martin, Eva Monroy, Le Chen, Hongwei Liang, Hong Yin, Keyun Gu, Meiyong Liao, Yaonan Hou, Fa Cao, Xiaosheng Fang, Ruiheng Li, Guoqiang Peng, Zhiwen Jin, Lijie Li, Nasim Zarrabi, Sebastian Wood, Jesper Skottfelt, Susan E. S. Spesyvtseva, Jonathan McKendry , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: UV-C photodetectors are poised to play an increasingly important role in future photonic technologies, driven by the rapid emergence of UV-C light sources and new wide bandgap semiconductors. These advances are enabling new levels of spectral selectivity, radiation hardness, sensitivity, and device integration, while opening opportunities across a broad range of applications. This roadmap provides… ▽ More UV-C photodetectors are poised to play an increasingly important role in future photonic technologies, driven by the rapid emergence of UV-C light sources and new wide bandgap semiconductors. These advances are enabling new levels of spectral selectivity, radiation hardness, sensitivity, and device integration, while opening opportunities across a broad range of applications. This roadmap provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of UV-C photodetection, spanning established and emerging material platforms (Ga2O3, AlGaN, BN, diamond, MgZnO, 2-dimensional materials, metal halide perovskites, micro-electromechanical systems), and their applications in metrology, astronomy, communications, environmental monitoring, fire detection, missile warning, gas sensing, and medical diagnostics. By identifying opportunities, bottlenecks, and future directions, this roadmap aims to support both newcomers and established researchers, with the aim of accelerating the translation of UV-C photodetectors into impactful technologies. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 89 pages, 19 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q2) -- The Euclid Galactic Bulge Survey

Authors: J. -P. Beaulieu, E. Bachelet, M. Gilles, C. Ranc, E. N. Rektsini, E. Kerins, M. T. Penny, H. Verma, S. Mottet, R. Vavrek, V. Bozza, J. -C. Cuillandre, M. Chang, L. R. Bedin, K. Kuijken, C. Laigle, M. Libralato, I. McDonald, R. Nakajima, V. Popoff, J. Rhodes, E. Thygesen, S. Awan, J. E. Davies, A. M. Di Giorgio , et al. (151 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid Quick Data Release Q2 provides an unprecedented deep, wide-field, high-angular-resolution view of the inner Galactic bulge through the Euclid Galactic Bulge Survey (EGBS). Nine contiguous fields covering 4.8 deg$^2$ were observed with the VIS instrument over 24 hours in March 2025. Unlike the nominal Euclid survey strategy, the EGBS employed 16 dithered exposures of 400 s each, correspo… ▽ More The Euclid Quick Data Release Q2 provides an unprecedented deep, wide-field, high-angular-resolution view of the inner Galactic bulge through the Euclid Galactic Bulge Survey (EGBS). Nine contiguous fields covering 4.8 deg$^2$ were observed with the VIS instrument over 24 hours in March 2025. Unlike the nominal Euclid survey strategy, the EGBS employed 16 dithered exposures of 400 s each, corresponding to a total integration time of 1.8 hours per field. Dedicated calibration observations were obtained to derive point spread functions (PSFs). The primary objective of the EGBS is gravitational microlensing, with high-angular-resolution imaging enabling lens-mass measurements to better than 10%. The survey provides an optical reference dataset for previously discovered microlensing events and future observations of the Galactic bulge. The Q2 data were processed with the VIS-PF pipeline. The non-standard observing strategy required dedicated calibration products, while the extreme stellar density necessitated modifications to the astrometric calibration and cosmic-ray detection procedures. These improvements have since been incorporated into later pipeline versions. We describe the motivation, observing strategy, data processing, products, and first results of the EGBS. Astrometric residuals with respect to the Gaia DR3 catalogue are 5.5 mas in right ascension and 4.4 mas in declination across the survey area, while the photometric zero points are calibrated to 1.5%. The Q2 release includes calibrated single-dither images, dedicated PSF models, and photometric catalogues containing approximately 45 million detected sources per dither down to AB magnitude 26. Although incomplete because of extreme crowding, these products provide a robust astrometric and photometric foundation for future exploitation of the dataset. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 21 pages, 19 figures, submitted for publication to Astronomy and Astrophysics. (abridged abstract)

Dynamic Range Beyond Bit Depth of a CMOS Image Sensor Using Interleaved Row Readout

Authors: Supriyo Ghosh, William Martin, Hugh R. A. Jones, Angaraj Duara, Konstantin Stefanov, Jesper Skottfelt

Abstract: The dynamic range available from a sensor is vital to its utility. The limits on the dynamic range that can be obtained from an image sensor are set by the brightest and faintest objects that can be detected. In recent years, CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) image sensors (CIS) have gained high popularity due to their low cost and high availability. However, as with all detectors, th… ▽ More The dynamic range available from a sensor is vital to its utility. The limits on the dynamic range that can be obtained from an image sensor are set by the brightest and faintest objects that can be detected. In recent years, CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) image sensors (CIS) have gained high popularity due to their low cost and high availability. However, as with all detectors, the dynamic range is constrained by the sensor's bit depth. Here, we have modified the readout scheme of a commercial CIS120 sensor from Teledyne e2v, to enhance its dynamic range. We have advanced the interleaved row readout method proposed by Wocial et al. by using a more sophisticated approach, which enables us to readout chosen rows much more frequently to avoid saturation and then readout other rows on the sensor once to form the image. Our laboratory tests provide a dynamic range of 134 dB elevated from the sensor's native 12-bit of about 71 dB. We also built a camera housing that enabled first-time operation of interleaved row readout on-sky to observe the bright stars, Vega and Polaris. In complex mode we obtained unsaturated single exposure images of these bright stars, which have magnitudes near zero and detect background stars with Gaia G magnitudes around 15 in a single exposure, with a detection threshold of 5$σ$. The achievable dynamic range with this interleaved row readout is limited only by the readout noise and scattering in the camera optics. △ Less

Submitted 5 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 15 pages, 17 figures, accepted to RAS Techniques & Instruments

Euclid: Disky titans -- surprisingly high star formation efficiency in two brightest group galaxies at $z\sim 0.75$

Authors: F. Gentile, E. Daddi, D. Elbaz, A. Enia, F. Vito, P. -A. Duc, M. Franco, H. Fu, R. Giuffrida, D. Roberts, F. Shankar, S. Lu, P. Awad, J-B. Billand, M. Baes, L. Bisigello, E. Duran-Camacho, G. Castignani, O. Cucciati, G. De Lucia, C. D'Eugenio, D. Donevski, M. Fossati, M. Fumagalli, R. Gobat , et al. (143 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery of two disky titans in the first data release of the Euclid satellite. These sources are massive ($M>10^{11} M_\odot$) star-forming (SFR $\sim 20 M_\odot$/yr) discs located in strong over-densities at intermediate redshift ($z\sim 0.75$). They represent an small fraction of the massive galaxies in over-dense regions (just four candidates in more than 20 deg2 analysed in th… ▽ More We present the discovery of two disky titans in the first data release of the Euclid satellite. These sources are massive ($M>10^{11} M_\odot$) star-forming (SFR $\sim 20 M_\odot$/yr) discs located in strong over-densities at intermediate redshift ($z\sim 0.75$). They represent an small fraction of the massive galaxies in over-dense regions (just four candidates in more than 20 deg2 analysed in this study), and their existence is puzzling considering the abundance of passive and bulge-dominated sources commonly found at the centre of groups and clusters at low redshift. Firstly, our analysis shows that these objects are located in massive groups ($M_h\sim 10^{13.8} M_\odot$), where rapid accretion of cold gas should be prevented from the formation of a static hot halo. Despite this, a millimetre follow-up with NOEMA shows significant cold gas reservoirs $M_{h_2} \sim 10^{10.3} M_\odot$) within these sources. Secondly, our morphological analysis shows the presence of a massive and passive bulge in these galaxies, which is expected to stabilise the disc against fragmentation thereby suppressing further star formation. However, these sources lie on the Schmidt-Kennicutt relation or even slightly above. Building on these observations, we propose a scenario where these disky titans are the product of a merger-induced rejuvenation episode, in which the most massive galaxy of a group accretes cold gas from another member and briefly restarts star-formation. Such scenario is supported by a comparison with the TNG300 simulation and easily explains the surviving of star-formation activity in massive galaxies in over-dense environments as temporary stages in a more complex evolution. More in general, our study showcases the ability of Euclid to find rare objects thanks to the unprecedented statistics offered by its surveys and the scientific potential residing in the synergy between Euclid and other facilities observing at longer wavelengths. △ Less

Submitted 1 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: Submitted to A&A, 14 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables

Long-term monitoring of WASP-19 b: Signs of apsidal precession and molecular signatures

Authors: A. R. Rajkumar, A. Bayo, P. Peng, J. Tregloan-Reed, J. Southworth, Tobias C. Hinse, L. G. Alegre, F. Amadio, M. Andersen, N. Bach-Møller, M. Basilicata, M. Bonavita, V. Bozza, M. J. Burgdorf, R. E. Cannon, G. Columba, M. Dominik, A. Donaldson, R. Figuera Jaimes, J. Fynbo, M. Hundertmark, U. G. Jørgensen, E. Khalouei, H. Korhonen, P. Longa-Peña , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: With more than 6000 exoplanets discovered so far, about 12 percent are hot Jupiters. Their large sizes and short orbital periods make them valuable targets for studying planetary formation, atmospheres, and orbital evolution. We present a homogeneous analysis of the WASP-19 b system using a 15 year dataset to investigate both its orbital dynamics and atmospheric properties. We test whether the tra… ▽ More With more than 6000 exoplanets discovered so far, about 12 percent are hot Jupiters. Their large sizes and short orbital periods make them valuable targets for studying planetary formation, atmospheres, and orbital evolution. We present a homogeneous analysis of the WASP-19 b system using a 15 year dataset to investigate both its orbital dynamics and atmospheric properties. We test whether the transit times show evidence for tidal orbital decay, apsidal precession, or periodic perturbations from an additional body, and we also construct a photometric transmission spectrum. Multi-wavelength light curves are modeled with PRISM to account for starspots, and linear, quadratic, and cubic ephemeris models are fitted to the transit timing residuals. Our dataset includes 27 new transits and reveals no statistically significant periodic signal. Although none of the tested models fully reproduces the timing scatter, the transit times show systematic deviations from a constant period and are best described by the cubic ephemeris, indicating a slow long-term trend over the full baseline. This behavior is more consistent with gradual apsidal precession than with monotonic tidal decay. A precession model yields a rate of 1.00 +/- 0.12 x 10^-4 rad per orbit and a planetary Love number k2p = 0.107 +/- 0.08. The transmission spectrum shows signatures of Na, K, and H2O, with no strong evidence for TiO or VO. These results suggest that apsidal precession may dominate the long-term orbital evolution of WASP-19 b. Continued high-precision timing and spectroscopic observations are needed to further test this scenario. △ Less

Submitted 12 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Time-Domain Photometry and Activity Evolution of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS with BHTOM

Authors: A. Fraser Gillan, Łukasz Wyrzykowski, Przemysław J. Mikołajczyk, Krzysztof Kotysz, Erica Bufanda, Colin O. Chandler, Süleyman Fişek, Henry H. Hsieh, Michael S. P. Kelley, Priscila J. Pessi, James E. Robinson, Sinan Aliş, Wieńczysław Bykowski, Richard E. Cannon, Martin Dominik, Barbara Handzlik, Mehmet İçen, Sebastian Kurowski, Ahmet Cem Kutluay, Joysankar Majumdar, Çağlayan Nehir, David O'Neill, Sibel Ötken, Kangming Pu, Özlem Şimşir , et al. (47 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Time-domain photometric monitoring is essential for characterizing cometary evolution, particularly for rare interstellar objects with limited observing opportunities. We aimed to characterize the pre-perihelion photometric behavior and dust activity of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, and to test the capability of the Black Hole Target and Observation Manager (BHTOM) platform and telescope networ… ▽ More Time-domain photometric monitoring is essential for characterizing cometary evolution, particularly for rare interstellar objects with limited observing opportunities. We aimed to characterize the pre-perihelion photometric behavior and dust activity of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, and to test the capability of the Black Hole Target and Observation Manager (BHTOM) platform and telescope network for coordinated high-cadence non-sidereal observations. We obtained 70 days of time-series photometry of 3I/ATLAS from 2025 July 4 - September 11 using 16 telescopes and 1554 images. The data were processed and calibrated with the BHTOM pipeline. High-cadence, multi-band imaging was used to measure the rotation period and color evolution, while the dust activity was quantified via Afp measurements. We present a pre-perihelion light curve of 3I/ATLAS from Rh = 3.18 - 2.19 au, which exhibited a steady increase of ~3 magnitudes with no evidence of anomalous behavior. We measured a rotation period of P_rot = 15.98 +/- 0.08 h. The relative dust production increased from A(0)fp ~600 - 1100 cm, and the upper limit on the dust mass-loss rate increased from \leq 217 kg/s to \leq 328 kg/s. We measured an activity index of n = -1.24 +/- 0.02, consistent with a well-developed dust coma. The colors were statistically non-changing, with only a weak, non-significant tendency for 3I/ATLAS to become bluer at 3.5 > Rh > 2.2 au. △ Less

Submitted 1 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Comments welcome! To be submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics

Euclid: An automated system to match Rubin transient alerts to Euclid observations

Authors: C. Duffy, I. M. Hook, C. M. Gutierrez, K. Paterson, V. Petrecca, T. J. Moriya, F. Poidevin, R. Kotak, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, J. Carretero , et al. (128 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Vera C. Rubin observatory is expected to produce 10 million transient alerts per night in ugrizy filters, whilst Euclid is a visible to near-infrared space telescope engaged in a wide field survey. We present a prototype system to automatically match the transient alerts from Rubin to Euclid observations. The system produces joint light-curves containing both visible and near-infrared photomet… ▽ More The Vera C. Rubin observatory is expected to produce 10 million transient alerts per night in ugrizy filters, whilst Euclid is a visible to near-infrared space telescope engaged in a wide field survey. We present a prototype system to automatically match the transient alerts from Rubin to Euclid observations. The system produces joint light-curves containing both visible and near-infrared photometry, and joint image cutouts. Using Zwicky Transient Facility alerts as a proxy for Rubin, we demonstrate the system in use in cases where Euclid did and did not detect the transient and highlight the value that can be added in each case. For transients detected by Euclid these benefits include identifying the supernovae (SNe) in observations taken prior to ground-based detection, thereby better constraining the explosion time, such as SN 2024pvw detected ~3 d prior to ground based detections. In cases where Euclid did not detect the transient, we demonstrate the benefit of adding Euclid observations to improve host morphology measurements and associations. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 16 Pages, 8 Figures, Accepted in RASTI

Transformational astrophysics and exoplanet science with Habitable Worlds Observatory's High Resolution Imager

Authors: Vincent Van Eylen, Richard Massey, Saeeda Awan, Jo Bartlett, Louisa Bradley, Andrei Bubutanu, Kan Chen, Andrew Coates, Mark Cropper, Ross Dobson, Fabiola Antonietta Gerosa, Emery Grahill-Bland, Leah Grant, Daisuke Kawata, Tom Kennedy, Minjae Kim, Adriana Adelina Mihailescu, Jan-Peter Muller, Georgios Nicolaou, Mathew Page, Paola Pinilla, Louisa Preston, Ted Pyne, Hamish Reid, Santiago Velez Salazar , et al. (146 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) will be NASA's flagship space telescope of the 2040s, designed to search for life on other planets and to transform broad areas of astrophysics. NASA are seeking international partners, and the UK is well-placed to lead the design and construction of its imaging camera - which is likely to produce the mission's most visible public impact. Early participation in t… ▽ More Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) will be NASA's flagship space telescope of the 2040s, designed to search for life on other planets and to transform broad areas of astrophysics. NASA are seeking international partners, and the UK is well-placed to lead the design and construction of its imaging camera - which is likely to produce the mission's most visible public impact. Early participation in the mission would return investment to UK industry, and bring generational leadership for the UK in space science, space technology, and astrophysics. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: White paper submitted to the UK Space Agency's initiative "UK Space Frontiers 2035" https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-space-frontiers-2035-astro-planetary-and-helio

Euclid Structural-Thermal-Optical Performance

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Anselmi, R. Laureijs, G. D. Racca, G. Costa, L. Courcould Mifsud, J. -C. Cuillandre, M. Gottero, H. Hoekstra, K. Kuijken, V. Mareschi, L. Miller, S. Mottini, D. Stramaccioni, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, R. Bender, A. Biviano, E. Branchini , et al. (268 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid system performance is defined in terms of image quality metrics tuned to the weak gravitational lensing (WL) cosmological probe. WL induces stringent requirements on the shape and stability of the VIS instrument system point spread function (PSF). The PSF is affected by error contributions from the telescope, the focal plane and image motion, and is controlled by a global error budget w… ▽ More The Euclid system performance is defined in terms of image quality metrics tuned to the weak gravitational lensing (WL) cosmological probe. WL induces stringent requirements on the shape and stability of the VIS instrument system point spread function (PSF). The PSF is affected by error contributions from the telescope, the focal plane and image motion, and is controlled by a global error budget with error allocations to each contributor. Aims. During spacecraft development, we verified through a structural-thermal-optical performance (STOP) analysis that the built and verified telescope with its spacecraft interface meets the in-orbit steady-state and transient image quality requirements. Methods. For the purposes of the STOP analysis, a detailed finite-element mathematical model was set up and a standard set of test cases, both steady-state and transient, was defined, comprising combinations of worst-case boundary conditions. Results. The STOP analysis addressed the interaction of all spacecraft components in transmitting temperature-induced loads that lead to optical train deformation. The results of the prelaunch analysis demonstrated that temperature-induced optical perturbations will be well below the allowable limits for all permitted observing conditions. During the first year in orbit, we used the STOP analysis predictions to help interpret the measured performance as a function of environmental variables. Unpredicted disturbances were discovered and unexpected sensitivities were revealed. In-orbit temperature variations are small (<300 mK) and so are their effects on the telescope structure, but they are detected in the time histories of the image quality metrics and are a non-negligible factor in the PSF stability budget demanded by the WL science. Taking everything into account, our analysis confirms the excellent overall performance of the telescope. △ Less

Submitted 30 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 15 figures, submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 709, A15 (2026)

A search for transit timing variations in the transiting hot Jupiter systems HIP 65, NGTS-6, NGTS-10 and WASP-173

Authors: A. W. Griffiths, J. Southworth, L. Alegre, F. Amadio, M. I. Andersen, A. J. Barker, M. Basilicata, M. Bonavita, V. Bozza, M. J. Burgdorf, R. E. Cannon, G. Columba, M. Dominik, A. Donaldson, R. Figuera Jaimes, T. C. Hinse, M. Hundertmark, U. G. Jørgensen, E. Khalouei, P. Longa-Peña, L. Mancini, F. Manni, B. Murphy, N. Peixinho, M. Rabus , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Hot Jupiters are Jupiter-mass planets with orbital periods of less than ten days. Their short orbital separations make tidal dissipation within the stellar host especially efficient, potentially leading to a measurable evolution of the orbit. One possible manifestation of this is orbital decay, which presents itself observationally through variations in the orbital period and thus times of transit… ▽ More Hot Jupiters are Jupiter-mass planets with orbital periods of less than ten days. Their short orbital separations make tidal dissipation within the stellar host especially efficient, potentially leading to a measurable evolution of the orbit. One possible manifestation of this is orbital decay, which presents itself observationally through variations in the orbital period and thus times of transit. Here we select four promising exoplanetary systems for detecting this effect: HIP 65, NGTS-6, NGTS-10 and WASP-173. We present 33 new transit light curves taken with the 1.54 m Danish Telescope, and analyse these alongside photometric data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and transit timing data from the literature. We construct two ephemeris models for each target: a linear ephemeris and a shrinking orbital period due to tidal decay. The linear ephemeris is preferred for three of the four models - the highest significance for the quadratic ephemeris is over 3-sigma for WASP-173. We compare these results to theoretical predictions for tidal dissipation of gravity waves in radiation zones, and find that wave breaking is predicted only in WASP-173, making rapid decay plausible in this system but unclear in the other three. The sensitivity of transit timings to orbital decay depends on the square of the time interval covered by available observations, so our results establish a useful baseline against which future measurements can be compared. NGTS-6 and NGTS-10 are important objects for future study as they are in the first field to be observed by the upcoming PLATO mission. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2025; v1 submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Some numbers were updated in this manuscript

Euclid: Quick Data Release (Q1) -- Secondary nuclei in early-type galaxies

Authors: M. Fabricius, R. Saglia, F. Balzer, L. R. Ecker, J. Thomas, R. Bender, J. Gracia-Carpio, M. Magliocchetti, O. Marggraf, A. Rawlings, J. G. Sorce, K. Voggel, L. Wang, A. van der Wel, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia , et al. (143 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Massive early-type galaxies (ETGs) are believed to form primarily through mergers of less massive progenitors, leaving behind numerous traces of violent formation histories, such as stellar streams and shells. A particularly striking signature of these mergers is the formation of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries, which can create depleted stellar cores through interactions with stars on rad… ▽ More Massive early-type galaxies (ETGs) are believed to form primarily through mergers of less massive progenitors, leaving behind numerous traces of violent formation histories, such as stellar streams and shells. A particularly striking signature of these mergers is the formation of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries, which can create depleted stellar cores through interactions with stars on radial orbits - a process known as core scouring. The secondary SMBH in such systems may still carry a dense stellar envelope and thereby remain observable for some time as a secondary nucleus, while it is sinking towards the shared gravitational potential of the merged galaxy. We leverage Euclid's Q1 Early Release data to systematically search for secondary nuclei in ETGs. We present a preliminary sample of 666 candidate systems distributed over 504 hosts (some of which contain multiple secondary nuclei). The vast majority of these fall at separations of 3 kpc to 15 kpc, indicative of normal mergers. 44 fall at projected separations of less than 2 kpc. We argue those candidates at very close angular separations are unlikely to be a consequence of chance alignments. We show that their stellar masses are mostly too large for them to be globular clusters and that a significant subset are unresolved even at Euclid's spatial resolution, rendering them too small to be dwarf galaxies. These may represent the highest-density nuclei of a previously merged galaxy, currently sinking into the centre of the new, common gravitational potential and thus likely to host a secondary SMBH. We then demonstrate that convolutional neural networks offer a viable avenue to detect multiple nuclei in the thirty-times larger sky coverage of the future Euclid DR1. Finally, we argue that our method could detect the remnants of a recoil event from two merged SMBHs. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 22 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Quenching precedes bulge formation in dense environments but follows it in the field

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, F. Gentile, E. Daddi, D. Elbaz, A. Enia, B. Magnelli, J-B. Billand, P. Corcho-Caballero, C. Cleland, G. De Lucia, C. D'Eugenio, M. Fossati, M. Franco, C. Lobo, Y. Lyu, M. Magliocchetti, G. A. Mamon, L. Quilley, J. G. Sorce, M. Tarrasse, M. Bolzonella, F. Durret, L. Gabarra, S. Guo, L. Pozzetti , et al. (299 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: (Abridged) The bimodality between star-forming discs and quiescent spheroids requires the existence of two main processes: the galaxy quenching and the morphological transformation. In this paper, we aim to understand the link between these processes and their relation with the stellar mass of galaxies and their local environment. Taking advantage of the first data released by the Euclid Collabora… ▽ More (Abridged) The bimodality between star-forming discs and quiescent spheroids requires the existence of two main processes: the galaxy quenching and the morphological transformation. In this paper, we aim to understand the link between these processes and their relation with the stellar mass of galaxies and their local environment. Taking advantage of the first data released by the Euclid Collaboration, covering more than 60 deg2 with space-based imaging and photometry, we analyse a mass-complete sample of nearly one million galaxies in the range 0.25<z<1 with $M_\ast>10^{9.5} M_\odot$. We divide the sample into four sub-populations of galaxies, based on their star-formation activity and morphology. We then analyse the physical properties of these populations and their relative abundances in the stellar mass vs. local density plane. Together with confirming the passivity-density relation and the morphology-density relation, we find that quiescent discy galaxies are more abundant in the low-mass regime of high-density environment. At the same time, star-forming bulge-dominated galaxies are more common in field regions, preferentially at high masses. Building on these results and interpreting them through comparison with simulations, we propose a scenario where the evolution of galaxies in the field significantly differs from that in higher-density environments. The morphological transformation in the majority of field galaxies takes place before the onset of quenching and is mainly driven by secular processes taking place within the main sequence, leading to the formation of star-forming bulge-dominated galaxies as intermediate-stage galaxies. Conversely, quenching of star formation precedes morphological transformation for most galaxies in higher-density environments. This causes the formation of quiescent disc-dominated galaxies before their transition into bulge-dominated ones. △ Less

Submitted 19 January, 2026; v1 submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication by A&A in the Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 16 pages, 7 figures, 1 appendix

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- The star cluster systems of the Local Group dwarf galaxies IC 10 and NGC 6822

Authors: J. M. Howell, A. M. N. Ferguson, S. S. Larsen, A. Lançon, F. Annibali, J. -C. Cuillandre, L. K. Hunt, D. Martínez-Delgado, D. Massari, T. Saifollahi, K. Voggel, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, G. P. Candini, V. Capobianco , et al. (127 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Star clusters are valuable indicators of galaxy evolution, offering insights into the buildup of stellar populations across cosmic time. Understanding intrinsic star cluster populations of dwarf galaxies is particularly important given their role in the hierarchical growth of larger systems. Using Euclid Early Release Observation data, we study star clusters in two star-forming dwarf irregulars in… ▽ More Star clusters are valuable indicators of galaxy evolution, offering insights into the buildup of stellar populations across cosmic time. Understanding intrinsic star cluster populations of dwarf galaxies is particularly important given their role in the hierarchical growth of larger systems. Using Euclid Early Release Observation data, we study star clusters in two star-forming dwarf irregulars in the Local Group, NGC 6822 and IC 10 [$M_\star \sim$ (1--4) $\times10^8 M_\odot$]. With Euclid, clusters are resolved into individual stars across the main bodies and haloes of both galaxies. Visual inspection of $I_E$ images uncovers 30 new cluster candidates in NGC 6822 and 16 in IC 10, from compact to extended clusters. We re-evaluate literature candidates, producing combined catalogues of 52 (NGC 6822) and 71 (IC 10) clusters with confidence-based classifications. We present homogeneous photometry in $I_E$, $Y_E$, $J_E$, $H_E$, and archival UBVRI data, alongside size measurements and properties from BAGPIPES SED fitting. Synthetic cluster injection shows our sample is $\sim 50$% complete to $M \lesssim 10^3 M_\odot$ for ages $\lesssim 100$ Myr, and to $M \lesssim 3\times10^4 M_\odot$ for $\sim 10$ Gyr. IC 10 has more young clusters than NGC 6822, extending to higher masses, consistent with its starburst nature. Both dwarfs host several old massive ($\gtrsim 10^5 M_\odot$) clusters, including an exceptional $1.3 \times 10^6 M_\odot$ cluster in NGC 6822's outskirts. In NGC 6822, we identify a previously undetected, old, extended cluster ($R_h = 12.4 \pm 0.11$ pc). Using well-defined criteria, we identify 11 candidate GCs in NGC 6822 and eight in IC 10. Both galaxies have high specific frequencies ($S_N$) but remain consistent with known GC scaling relations at low luminosity [abridged]. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Accepted by A&A

Journal ref: A&A 706, A185 (2026)

Radiation damage to the Hubble Space Telescope during two Solar cycles, and correction of Charge Transfer Inefficiency using ArCTIc

Authors: Richard Massey, Jacob A. Kegerreis, Juan Paolo Lorenzo Gerardo Barrios, James W. Nightingale, Richard G. Hayes, David Lagattuta, Zane D. Lentz, Gavin Leroy, Jesper Skottfelt, Felix Vecchi, Maximilian von Wietersheim-Kramsta

Abstract: From 2002 to 2025, the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys has suffered in the harsh radiation environment above the protection of the Earth's atmosphere. We track the degradation of its image quality, as Solar protons and galactic cosmic rays have damaged its photosensitive charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging sensors. The rate of damage in low Earth orbit is modulated by… ▽ More From 2002 to 2025, the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys has suffered in the harsh radiation environment above the protection of the Earth's atmosphere. We track the degradation of its image quality, as Solar protons and galactic cosmic rays have damaged its photosensitive charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging sensors. The rate of damage in low Earth orbit is modulated by $18.5^{+4.5}_{-0.5}$ per cent during an 11 year Solar cycle, peaking $430^{+11}_{-5}$ days after Solar minimum as recorded in the number of sunspots. The type of damage is consistent with defects in the silicon lattice that have all stabilised into one of three configurations. We also present the open-source Algorithm for Charge Transfer Inefficiency correction (ArCTIc) v7. This models the (instantaneous or gradual) capture of photoelectrons into lattice defects, and their release after (a discrete set or continuum of) characteristic time delays, which creates spurious trailing in an image. Calibrated using the trailing of hot pixels, and applied during post-processing of astronomical images, ArCTIc can correct 99.5% of Charge Transfer Inefficiency trailing averaged over the camera's lifetime, and 99.9% of trailing in the worst-affected recent data. △ Less

Submitted 2 December, 2025; v1 submitted 5 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 8 figures, accepted version. ArCTIc code available from https://github.com/jkeger/arctic

Journal ref: Mon Not R Astron Soc (2025)

Euclid: Photometric redshift calibration with self-organising maps

Authors: W. Roster, A. H. Wright, H. Hildebrandt, R. Reischke, O. Ilbert, W. d'Assignies D., M. Manera, M. Bolzonella, D. C. Masters, S. Paltani, W. G. Hartley, Y. Kang, H. Hoekstra, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, R. Bender, A. Biviano, E. Branchini , et al. (151 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid survey aims to trace the evolution of cosmic structures up to redshift $z$ $\sim$ 3 and beyond. Its success depends critically on obtaining highly accurate mean redshifts for ensembles of galaxies $n(z)$ in all tomographic bins, essential for deriving robust cosmological constraints. However, photometric redshifts (photo-$z$s) suffer from systematic biases arising from various sources o… ▽ More The Euclid survey aims to trace the evolution of cosmic structures up to redshift $z$ $\sim$ 3 and beyond. Its success depends critically on obtaining highly accurate mean redshifts for ensembles of galaxies $n(z)$ in all tomographic bins, essential for deriving robust cosmological constraints. However, photometric redshifts (photo-$z$s) suffer from systematic biases arising from various sources of uncertainty. To address these challenges, we utilised self-organising maps (SOMs) with mock samples resembling the Euclid Wide Survey (EWS), to validate Euclid's uncertainty requirement of $|Δ\langle z \rangle| = \langle z_{\text{est}} \rangle - \langle z \rangle \leq 0.002 (1+z)$ per tomographic bin, assuming DR3-level data. We observe that defining the redshift tomography using the mean spectroscopic redshift (spec-$z$) per SOM cell, results in none of the ten tomographic redshift bins satisfying the requirement. In contrast, the redshift tomography on the photo-$z$s of the EWS-like sample yields superior results, with eight out of ten bins [$0 < z\leq 2.5$] meeting the Euclid requirement. To enhance the realism of our study, we morph our calibration sample to mimic the C3R2 survey in incremental steps. In this context, a maximum of six out of ten bins meet the requirement, strongly advocating the adoption of a redshift tomography defined by the photo-$z$s of individual galaxies rather than the commonly used mean spec-$z$ of SOM cells. To examine the impact on the expected biases for $Ω_{\text{m}}$, $σ_{8}$, and $Δw_{0}$ measured by Euclid, we perform a Fisher forecast for cosmic shear only, based on our redshift uncertainties. Here, we find that even under an evaluation of the uncertainty where the impact of the redshift bias is substantial, most absolute biases remain below 0.1$σ$ in the idealised scenario and below 0.3$σ$ in the more realistic case. △ Less

Submitted 12 December, 2025; v1 submitted 4 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 20 pages, 16 figures

Journal ref: A&A 707, A277 (2026)

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). First detections from the galaxy cluster workflow

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, S. Bhargava, C. Benoist, A. H. Gonzalez, M. Maturi, J. -B. Melin, S. A. Stanford, E. Munari, M. Vannier, C. Murray, S. Maurogordato, A. Biviano, J. Macias-Perez, J. G. Bartlett, F. Pacaud, A. Widmer, M. Meneghetti, B. Sartoris, M. Aguena, G. Alguero, S. Andreon, S. Bardelli, L. Baumont, M. Bolzonella, R. Cabanac , et al. (329 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The first survey data release by the Euclid mission covers approximately $63\,\mathrm{deg^2}$ in the Euclid Deep Fields to the same depth as the Euclid Wide Survey. This paper showcases, for the first time, the performance of cluster finders on Euclid data and presents examples of validated clusters in the Quick Release 1 (Q1) imaging data. We identify clusters using two algorithms (AMICO and PZWa… ▽ More The first survey data release by the Euclid mission covers approximately $63\,\mathrm{deg^2}$ in the Euclid Deep Fields to the same depth as the Euclid Wide Survey. This paper showcases, for the first time, the performance of cluster finders on Euclid data and presents examples of validated clusters in the Quick Release 1 (Q1) imaging data. We identify clusters using two algorithms (AMICO and PZWav) implemented in the Euclid cluster-detection pipeline. We explore the internal consistency of detections from the two codes, and cross-match detections with known clusters from other surveys using external multi-wavelength and spectroscopic data sets. This enables assessment of the Euclid photometric redshift accuracy and also of systematics such as mis-centring between the optical cluster centre and centres based on X-ray and/or Sunyaev--Zeldovich observations. We report 426 joint PZWav and AMICO-detected clusters with high signal-to-noise ratios over the full Q1 area in the redshift range $0.2 \leq z \leq 1.5$. The chosen redshift and signal-to-noise thresholds are motivated by the photometric quality of the early Euclid data. We provide richness estimates for each of the Euclid-detected clusters and show its correlation with various external cluster mass proxies. Out of the full sample, 77 systems are potentially new to the literature. Overall, the Q1 cluster catalogue demonstrates a successful validation of the workflow ahead of the Euclid Data Release 1, based on the consistency of internal and external properties of Euclid-detected clusters. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2025; v1 submitted 24 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper accepted as part of the A&A Special Issue 'Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1),' 24 pages, 17 figures

Euclid: Star clusters in IC 342, NGC 2403, and Holmberg II

Authors: S. S. Larsen, A. M. N. Ferguson, J. M. Howell, F. Annibali, J. -C. Cuillandre, L. K. Hunt, A. Lançon, T. Saifollahi, D. Massari, M. N. Le, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera , et al. (134 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We examine the star cluster populations in the three nearby galaxies IC 342, NGC 2403, and Holmberg II, observed as part of the Euclid Early Release Observations programme. Our main focus is on old globular clusters (GCs), for which the wide field-of-view and excellent image quality of Euclid offer substantial advantages over previous work. For IC 342 this is the first study of stellar clusters ot… ▽ More We examine the star cluster populations in the three nearby galaxies IC 342, NGC 2403, and Holmberg II, observed as part of the Euclid Early Release Observations programme. Our main focus is on old globular clusters (GCs), for which the wide field-of-view and excellent image quality of Euclid offer substantial advantages over previous work. For IC 342 this is the first study of stellar clusters other than its nuclear cluster. After selection based on size and magnitude criteria, followed by visual inspection, we identify 111 old (> 1 Gyr) GC candidates in IC 342, 50 in NGC 2403 (of which 15 were previously known), and 7 in Holmberg II. In addition, a number of younger and/or intermediate-age candidates are identified. The colour distributions of GC candidates in the two larger galaxies show hints of bimodality with peaks at IE-HE = 0.36 and 0.79 (IC 342) and IE-HE = 0.36 and 0.80 (NGC 2403), corresponding to metallicities of [Fe/H]=-1.5 and [Fe/H]=-0.5, similar to those of the metal-poor and metal-rich GC subpopulations in the Milky Way. The luminosity functions of our GC candidates exhibit an excess of relatively faint objects, relative to a canonical, approximately Gaussian GC luminosity function (GCLF). The excess objects may be similar to those previously identified in other galaxies. The specific frequency of classical old GCs in IC 342, as determined based on the brighter half of the GCLF, appears to be unusually low with SN=0.2-0.3. The combined luminosity function of young and intermediate-age clusters in all three galaxies is consistent with a power-law distribution, dN/dL ~ L^(-2.3+/-0.1) and the total numbers of young clusters brighter than M(IE)=-8 in NGC 2403 and Holmberg II are comparable with those found in their Local Group counterparts, that is, M33 and the Small Magellanic Cloud, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 20 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Submitted to A&A following internal review

Journal ref: A&A 703, A113 (2025)

Euclid: Quick Data Release (Q1) -- A census of dwarf galaxies across a range of distances and environments

Authors: F. R. Marleau, R. Habas, D. Carollo, C. Tortora, P. -A. Duc, E. Sola, T. Saifollahi, M. Fügenschuh, M. Walmsley, R. Zöller, A. Ferré-Mateu, M. Cantiello, M. Urbano, E. Saremi, R. Ragusa, R. Laureijs, M. Hilker, O. Müller, M. Poulain, R. F. Peletier, S. J. Sprenger, O. Marchal, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara , et al. (182 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid Q1 fields were selected for calibration purposes in cosmology and are therefore relatively devoid of nearby galaxies. However, this is precisely what makes them interesting fields in which to search for dwarf galaxies in local density environments. We take advantage of the unprecedented depth, spatial resolution, and field of view of the Euclid Quick Release (Q1) to build a census of dw… ▽ More The Euclid Q1 fields were selected for calibration purposes in cosmology and are therefore relatively devoid of nearby galaxies. However, this is precisely what makes them interesting fields in which to search for dwarf galaxies in local density environments. We take advantage of the unprecedented depth, spatial resolution, and field of view of the Euclid Quick Release (Q1) to build a census of dwarf galaxies in these regions. We have identified dwarfs in a representative sample of 25 contiguous tiles in the Euclid Deep Field North (EDF-N), covering an area of 14.25 sq. deg. The dwarf candidates were identified using a semi-automatic detection method, based on properties measured by the Euclid pipeline and listed in the MER catalogue. A selection cut in surface brightness and magnitude was used to produce an initial dwarf candidate catalogue, followed by a cut in morphology and colour. This catalogue was visually classified to produce a final sample of dwarf candidates, including their morphology, number of nuclei, globular cluster (GC) richness, and presence of a blue compact centre. We identified 2674 dwarf candidates, corresponding to 188 dwarfs per sq. deg. The visual classification of the dwarfs reveals a slightly uneven morphological mix of 58% ellipticals and 42% irregulars, with very few potentially GC-rich (1.0%) and nucleated (4.0%) candidates but a noticeable fraction (6.9%) of dwarfs with blue compact centres. The distance distribution of 388 (15%) of the dwarfs with spectroscopic redshifts peaks at about 400 Mpc. Their stellar mass distribution confirms that our selection effectively identifies dwarfs while minimising contamination. The most prominent dwarf overdensities are dominated by dEs, while dIs are more evenly distributed. This work highlights Euclid's remarkable ability to detect and characterise dwarf galaxies across diverse masses, distances, and environments. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 27 pages, 19 figures, 5 tables

Euclid: Quick Data Release (Q1) -- Photometric studies of known transients

Authors: C. Duffy, E. Cappellaro, M. T. Botticella, I. M. Hook, F. Poidevin, T. J. Moriya, A. A. Chrimes, V. Petrecca, K. Paterson, A. Goobar, L. Galbany, R. Kotak, C. Gall, C. M. Gutierrez, C. Tao, L. Izzo, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli , et al. (152 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on serendipitous Euclid observations of previously known transients, using the Euclid Q1 data release. By cross-matching with the Transient Name Server (TNS) we identify 164 transients that coincide with the data release. Although the Euclid Q1 release only includes single-epoch data, we are able to make Euclid photometric measurements at the location of 161 of these transients. Euclid o… ▽ More We report on serendipitous Euclid observations of previously known transients, using the Euclid Q1 data release. By cross-matching with the Transient Name Server (TNS) we identify 164 transients that coincide with the data release. Although the Euclid Q1 release only includes single-epoch data, we are able to make Euclid photometric measurements at the location of 161 of these transients. Euclid obtained deep photometric measurements or upper limits of these transients in the $I_E$, $Y_E$, $J_E$, and $H_E$ bands at various phases of the transient light-curves, including before, during, and after the observations of ground-based transient surveys. Approximately 70\% of known transients reported in the six months before the Euclid observation date and with discovery magnitude brighter than 24 were detected in Euclid $\IE$ images. Our observations include one of the earliest near-infrared detections of a Type~Ia supernova (SN 2024pvw) 15 days prior to its peak brightness, and the late-phase (435.9 days post peak) observations of the enigmatic core-collapse SN 2023aew. Euclid deep photometry provides valuable information on the nature of these transients such as their progenitor systems and power sources, with late time observations being a uniquely powerful contribution. In addition, Euclid is able to detect the host galaxies of some transients that were previously classed as hostless. The Q1 data demonstrate the power of the Euclid data even with only single-epoch observations available, as will be the case for much larger areas of sky in the Euclid Wide Survey. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1), 27 pages, 10 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Galaxy shapes and alignments in the cosmic web

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, C. Laigle, C. Gouin, F. Sarron, L. Quilley, C. Pichon, K. Kraljic, F. Durret, N. E. Chisari, U. Kuchner, N. Malavasi, M. Magliocchetti, H. J. McCracken, J. G. Sorce, Y. Kang, C. J. R. McPartland, S. Toft, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, H. Aussel, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi , et al. (319 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Galaxy morphologies and shape orientations are expected to correlate with their large-scale environment, since they grow by accreting matter from the cosmic web and are subject to interactions with other galaxies. Cosmic filaments are extracted in projection from the Euclid Quick Data Release 1 (covering 63.1 $\mathrm{deg}^2$) at $0.5<z<0.9$ in tomographic slices of 170 comoving… ▽ More Galaxy morphologies and shape orientations are expected to correlate with their large-scale environment, since they grow by accreting matter from the cosmic web and are subject to interactions with other galaxies. Cosmic filaments are extracted in projection from the Euclid Quick Data Release 1 (covering 63.1 $\mathrm{deg}^2$) at $0.5<z<0.9$ in tomographic slices of 170 comoving $h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}$ using photometric redshifts. Galaxy morphologies are accurately retrieved thanks to the excellent resolution of VIS data. The distribution of massive galaxies ($M_* > 10^{10} M_\odot$) in the projected cosmic web is analysed as a function of morphology measured from VIS data. Specifically, the 2D alignment of galaxy shapes with large-scale filaments is quantified as a function of Sérsic indices and masses. We find the known trend that more massive galaxies are closer to filament spines. At fixed stellar masses, morphologies correlate both with densities and distances to large-scale filaments. In addition, the large volume of this data set allows us to detect a signal indicating that there is a preferential alignment of the major axis of massive early-type galaxies along projected cosmic filaments. Overall, these results demonstrate our capabilities to carry out detailed studies of galaxy environments with Euclid, which will be extended to higher redshift and lower stellar masses with the future Euclid Deep Survey. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 22 pages, 19 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The role of cosmic connectivity in shaping galaxy clusters

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, C. Gouin, C. Laigle, F. Sarron, T. Bonnaire, J. G. Sorce, N. Aghanim, M. Magliocchetti, L. Quilley, P. Boldrini, F. Durret, C. Pichon, U. Kuchner, N. Malavasi, K. Kraljic, R. Gavazzi, Y. Kang, S. A. Stanford, P. Awad, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, H. Aussel, C. Baccigalupi , et al. (315 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The matter distribution around galaxy clusters is distributed over several filaments, reflecting their positions as nodes in the large-scale cosmic web. The number of filaments connected to a cluster, namely its connectivity, is expected to affect the physical properties of clusters. Using the first Euclid galaxy catalogue from the Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1), we investigate the connectivity of ga… ▽ More The matter distribution around galaxy clusters is distributed over several filaments, reflecting their positions as nodes in the large-scale cosmic web. The number of filaments connected to a cluster, namely its connectivity, is expected to affect the physical properties of clusters. Using the first Euclid galaxy catalogue from the Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1), we investigate the connectivity of galaxy clusters and how it correlates with their physical and galaxy member properties. Around 220 clusters located within the three fields of Q1 (covering $\sim 63 \ \text{deg}^2$), are analysed in the redshift range $0.2 < z < 0.7$. Due to the photometric redshift uncertainty, we reconstruct the cosmic web skeleton, and measure cluster connectivity, in 2-D projected slices with a thickness of 170 comoving $h^{-1}.\text{Mpc}$ and centred on each cluster redshift, by using two different filament finder algorithms on the most massive galaxies ($M_*\ > 10^{10.3} \ M_\odot$). In agreement with previous measurements, we recover the mass-connectivity relation independently of the filament detection algorithm, showing that the most massive clusters are, on average, connected to a larger number of cosmic filaments, consistent with hierarchical structure formation models. Furthermore, we explore possible correlations between connectivities and two cluster properties: the fraction of early-type galaxies and the Sérsic index of galaxy members. Our result suggests that the clusters populated by early-type galaxies exhibit higher connectivity compared to clusters dominated by late-type galaxies. These preliminary investigations highlight our ability to quantify the impact of the cosmic web connectivity on cluster properties with Euclid. △ Less

Submitted 29 May, 2026; v1 submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper accepted as part of the A&A Special Issue 'Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 13 pages, 9 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Active galactic nuclei identification using diffusion-based inpainting of Euclid VIS images

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, G. Stevens, S. Fotopoulou, M. N. Bremer, T. Matamoro Zatarain, K. Jahnke, B. Margalef-Bentabol, M. Huertas-Company, M. J. Smith, M. Walmsley, M. Salvato, M. Mezcua, A. Paulino-Afonso, M. Siudek, M. Talia, F. Ricci, W. Roster, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, H. Aussel, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia , et al. (249 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Light emission from galaxies exhibit diverse brightness profiles, influenced by factors such as galaxy type, structural features and interactions with other galaxies. Elliptical galaxies feature more uniform light distributions, while spiral and irregular galaxies have complex, varied light profiles due to their structural heterogeneity and star-forming activity. In addition, galaxies with an acti… ▽ More Light emission from galaxies exhibit diverse brightness profiles, influenced by factors such as galaxy type, structural features and interactions with other galaxies. Elliptical galaxies feature more uniform light distributions, while spiral and irregular galaxies have complex, varied light profiles due to their structural heterogeneity and star-forming activity. In addition, galaxies with an active galactic nucleus (AGN) feature intense, concentrated emission from gas accretion around supermassive black holes, superimposed on regular galactic light, while quasi-stellar objects (QSO) are the extreme case of the AGN emission dominating the galaxy. The challenge of identifying AGN and QSO has been discussed many times in the literature, often requiring multi-wavelength observations. This paper introduces a novel approach to identify AGN and QSO from a single image. Diffusion models have been recently developed in the machine-learning literature to generate realistic-looking images of everyday objects. Utilising the spatial resolving power of the Euclid VIS images, we created a diffusion model trained on one million sources, without using any source pre-selection or labels. The model learns to reconstruct light distributions of normal galaxies, since the population is dominated by them. We condition the prediction of the central light distribution by masking the central few pixels of each source and reconstruct the light according to the diffusion model. We further use this prediction to identify sources that deviate from this profile by examining the reconstruction error of the few central pixels regenerated in each source's core. Our approach, solely using VIS imaging, features high completeness compared to traditional methods of AGN and QSO selection, including optical, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and X-rays. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper Accepted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 34 pages, 26 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The active galaxies of Euclid

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, T. Matamoro Zatarain, S. Fotopoulou, F. Ricci, M. Bolzonella, F. La Franca, A. Viitanen, G. Zamorani, M. B. Taylor, M. Mezcua, B. Laloux, A. Bongiorno, K. Jahnke, G. Stevens, R. A. Shaw, L. Bisigello, W. Roster, Y. Fu, B. Margalef-Bentabol, A. La Marca, F. Tarsitano, A. Feltre, J. Calhau, X. Lopez Lopez, M. Scialpi , et al. (333 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a catalogue of candidate active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the $Euclid$ Quick Release (Q1) fields. For each $Euclid$ source we collect multi-wavelength photometry and spectroscopy information from Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX), $Gaia$, Dark Energy Survey (DES), Wise-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), $Spitzer$, Dark Energy Survey (DESI), and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), includ… ▽ More We present a catalogue of candidate active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the $Euclid$ Quick Release (Q1) fields. For each $Euclid$ source we collect multi-wavelength photometry and spectroscopy information from Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX), $Gaia$, Dark Energy Survey (DES), Wise-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), $Spitzer$, Dark Energy Survey (DESI), and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), including spectroscopic redshift from public compilations. We investigate the AGN contents of the Q1 fields by applying selection criteria using $Euclid$ colours and WISE-AllWISE cuts finding respectively 292,222 and 65,131 candidates. We also create a high-purity QSO catalogue based on $Gaia$ DR3 information containing 1971 candidates. Furthermore, we utilise the collected spectroscopic information from DESI to perform broad-line and narrow-line AGN selections, leading to a total of 4392 AGN candidates in the Q1 field. We investigate and refine the Q1 probabilistic random forest QSO population, selecting a total of 180,666 candidates. Additionally, we perform SED fitting on a subset of sources with available $z_{\text{spec}}$, and by utilizing the derived AGN fraction, we identify a total of 7766 AGN candidates. We discuss purity and completeness of the selections and define two new colour selection criteria ($JH$_$I_{\text{E}}Y$ and $I_{\text{E}}H$_$gz$) to improve on purity, finding 313,714 and 267,513 candidates respectively in the Q1 data. We find a total of 229,779 AGN candidates equivalent to an AGN surface density of 3641 deg$^{-2}$ for $18<I_{\text{E}}\leq 24.5$, and a subsample of 30,422 candidates corresponding to an AGN surface density of 482 deg$^{-2}$ when limiting the depth to $18<I_{\text{E}}\leq 22$. The surface density of AGN recovered from this work is in line with predictions based on the AGN X-ray luminosity functions. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue "Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)", 30 pages, 20 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). A first view of the star-forming main sequence in the Euclid Deep Fields

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Enia, L. Pozzetti, M. Bolzonella, L. Bisigello, W. G. Hartley, C. Saulder, E. Daddi, M. Siudek, G. Zamorani, P. Cassata, F. Gentile, L. Wang, G. Rodighiero, V. Allevato, P. Corcho-Caballero, H. Domínguez Sánchez, C. Tortora, M. Baes, Abdurro'uf, A. Nersesian, L. Spinoglio, J. Schaye, Y. Ascasibar, D. Scott , et al. (326 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The star-forming main sequence (SFMS) is a tight relation observed between stellar masses and star formation rates (SFR) in a population of galaxies. This relation is observed at different redshifts, in various morphological, and environmental domains, and is key to understanding the underlying relations between a galaxy budget of cold gas and its stellar content. Euclid Quick Data Release 1 (Q1)… ▽ More The star-forming main sequence (SFMS) is a tight relation observed between stellar masses and star formation rates (SFR) in a population of galaxies. This relation is observed at different redshifts, in various morphological, and environmental domains, and is key to understanding the underlying relations between a galaxy budget of cold gas and its stellar content. Euclid Quick Data Release 1 (Q1) gives us the opportunity to investigate this fundamental relation in galaxy formation and evolution. We complement the Euclid release with public IRAC observations of the Euclid Deep Fields, improving the quality of recovered photometric redshifts, stellar masses, and SFRs, as is shown both with simulations and a comparison with available spectroscopic redshifts. From Q1 data alone, we recover more than $\sim 30\,\mathrm{k}$ galaxies with $\log_{10} (M_\ast/M_\odot) > 11$, giving a precise constraint of the SFMS at the high-mass end. We investigated the SFMS, in a redshift interval between $0.2$ and $3.0$, comparing our results with the existing literature and fitting them with a parameterisation taking into account the presence of a bending of the relation at the high-mass end, depending on the bending mass, $M_0$. We find good agreement with previous results in terms of $M_0$ values, and an increasing trend for the relation scatter at higher stellar masses. We also investigate the distribution of physical (e.g. dust absorption, $A_V$, and formation age) and morphological properties (e.g., Sérsic index and radius) in the SFR--stellar mass plane, and their relation with the SFMS. These results highlight the potential of Euclid in studying the fundamental scaling relations that regulate galaxy formation and evolution in anticipation of the forthcoming Data Release 1. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 17 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): VIS processing and data products

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, H. J. McCracken, K. Benson, C. Dolding, T. Flanet, C. Grenet, O. Herent, P. Hudelot, C. Laigle, G. Leroy, P. Liebing, R. Massey, S. Mottet, R. Nakajima, H. N. Nguyen-Kim, J. W. Nightingale, J. Skottfelt, L. C. Smith, F. Soldano, E. Vilenius, M. Wander, M. von Wietersheim-Kramsta, M. Akhlaghi, H. Aussel, S. Awan , et al. (355 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper describes the VIS Processing Function (VIS PF) of the Euclid ground segment pipeline, which processes and calibrates raw data from the VIS camera. We present the algorithms used in each processing element, along with a description of the on-orbit performance of VIS PF, based on Performance Verification (PV) and Q1 data. We demonstrate that the principal performance metrics (image qualit… ▽ More This paper describes the VIS Processing Function (VIS PF) of the Euclid ground segment pipeline, which processes and calibrates raw data from the VIS camera. We present the algorithms used in each processing element, along with a description of the on-orbit performance of VIS PF, based on Performance Verification (PV) and Q1 data. We demonstrate that the principal performance metrics (image quality, astrometric accuracy, photometric calibration) are within pre-launch specifications. The image-to-image photometric scatter is less than $0.8\%$, and absolute astrometric accuracy compared to Gaia is $5$ mas Image quality is stable over all Q1 images with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of $0.\!^{\prime\prime}16$. The stacked images (combining four nominal and two short exposures) reach $I_\mathrm{E} = 25.6$ ($10σ$, measured as the variance of $1.\!^{\prime\prime}3$ diameter apertures). We also describe quality control metrics provided with each image, and an appendix provides a detailed description of the provided data products. The excellent quality of these images demonstrates the immense potential of Euclid VIS data for weak lensing. VIS data, covering most of the extragalactic sky, will provide a lasting high-resolution atlas of the Universe. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Accepted version. To appear in the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 22 pages, 22 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) -- Data release overview

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, H. Aussel, I. Tereno, M. Schirmer, G. Alguero, B. Altieri, E. Balbinot, T. de Boer, P. Casenove, P. Corcho-Caballero, H. Furusawa, J. Furusawa, M. J. Hudson, K. Jahnke, G. Libet, J. Macias-Perez, N. Masoumzadeh, J. J. Mohr, J. Odier, D. Scott, T. Vassallo, G. Verdoes Kleijn, A. Zacchei, N. Aghanim, A. Amara , et al. (385 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The first Euclid Quick Data Release, Q1, comprises 63.1 sq deg of the Euclid Deep Fields (EDFs) to nominal wide-survey depth. It encompasses visible and near-infrared space-based imaging and spectroscopic data, ground-based photometry in the u, g, r, i and z bands, as well as corresponding masks. Overall, Q1 contains about 30 million objects in three areas near the ecliptic poles around the EDF-No… ▽ More The first Euclid Quick Data Release, Q1, comprises 63.1 sq deg of the Euclid Deep Fields (EDFs) to nominal wide-survey depth. It encompasses visible and near-infrared space-based imaging and spectroscopic data, ground-based photometry in the u, g, r, i and z bands, as well as corresponding masks. Overall, Q1 contains about 30 million objects in three areas near the ecliptic poles around the EDF-North and EDF-South, as well as the EDF-Fornax field in the constellation of the same name. The purpose of this data release -- and its associated technical papers -- is twofold. First, it is meant to inform the community of the enormous potential of the Euclid survey data, to describe what is contained in these data, and to help prepare expectations for the forthcoming first major data release DR1. Second, it enables a wide range of initial scientific projects with wide-survey Euclid data, ranging from the early Universe to the Solar System. The Q1 data were processed with early versions of the processing pipelines, which already demonstrate good performance, with numerous improvements in implementation compared to pre-launch development. In this paper, we describe the sky areas released in Q1, the observations, a top-level view of the data processing of Euclid and associated external data, the Q1 photometric masks, and how to access the data. We also give an overview of initial scientific results obtained using the Q1 data set by Euclid Consortium scientists, and conclude with important caveats when using the data. As a complementary product, Q1 also contains observations of a star-forming area in Lynd's Dark Nebula 1641 in the Orion~A Cloud, observed for technical purposes during Euclid's performance-verification phase. This is a unique target, of a type not commonly found in Euclid's nominal sky survey. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 12 figures, data release at https://www.cosmos.esa.int/en/web/euclid/euclid-q1-data-release paper submitted to the special A&A issue

Shape and spin state model of contact binary (388188) 2006 DP14 using combined radar and optical observations

Authors: Richard E. Cannon, Agata Rozek, Marina Brozović, Petr Pravec, Colin Snodgrass, Michael W. Busch, James E. Robinson, Abbie Donaldson, Tanja Holc, Lance A. M. Benner, Shantanu Naidu, Peter Kušnirák, Daniel Gardener, Hana Kučáková, Elaha Khalouei, Joseph Pollock, Mariangela Bonavita, Petr Fatka, Kamil Hornoch, Sedighe Sajadian, Lara Alegre, Flavia Amadio, Michael I. Andersen, Valerio Bozza, Martin J. Burgdorf , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Contact binaries are found throughout the solar system. The recent discovery of Selam, the satellite of MBA (152830) Dinkinesh, by the NASA LUCY mission has made it clear that the term `contact binary' covers a variety of different types of bi-modal mass distributions and formation mechanisms. Only by modelling more contact binaries can this population be properly understood. We determined a spin… ▽ More Contact binaries are found throughout the solar system. The recent discovery of Selam, the satellite of MBA (152830) Dinkinesh, by the NASA LUCY mission has made it clear that the term `contact binary' covers a variety of different types of bi-modal mass distributions and formation mechanisms. Only by modelling more contact binaries can this population be properly understood. We determined a spin state and shape model for the Apollo group contact binary asteroid (388188) 2006 DP14 using ground-based optical and radar observations collected between 2014 and 2023. Radar delay-Doppler images and continuous wave spectra were collected over two days in February 2014, while 16 lightcurves in the Cousins R and SDSS-r filters were collected in 2014, 2022 and 2023. We modelled the spin state using convex inversion before using the SHAPE modelling software to include the radar observations in modelling concavities and the distinctive neck structure connecting the two lobes. We find a spin state with a period of $(5.7860\pm0.0001)$ hours and pole solution of $λ= (180\pm121)^\circ$ and $β= (-80\pm7)^\circ$ with morphology indicating a 520 m long bi-lobed shape. The model's asymmetrical bi-modal mass distribution resembles other small NEA contact binaries such as (85990) 1999 JV6 or (8567) 1996 HW1, which also feature a smaller `head' attached to a larger `body'. The final model features a crater on the larger lobe, similar to several other modelled contact binaries. The model's resolution is 25 m, comparable to that of the radar images used. △ Less

Submitted 3 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 19 pages. 13 figures. This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in MNRAS following peer review

Euclid: Finding strong gravitational lenses in the Early Release Observations using convolutional neural networks

Authors: B. C. Nagam, J. A. Acevedo Barroso, J. Wilde, I. T. Andika, A. Manjón-García, R. Pearce-Casey, D. Stern, J. W. Nightingale, L. A. Moustakas, K. McCarthy, E. Moravec, L. Leuzzi, K. Rojas, S. Serjeant, T. E. Collett, P. Matavulj, M. Walmsley, B. Clément, C. Tortora, R. Gavazzi, R. B. Metcalf, C. M. O'Riordan, G. Verdoes Kleijn, L. V. E. Koopmans, E. A. Valentijn , et al. (170 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Early Release Observations (ERO) from Euclid have detected several new galaxy-galaxy strong gravitational lenses, with the all-sky survey expected to find 170,000 new systems, greatly enhancing studies of dark matter, dark energy, and constraints on the cosmological parameters. As a first step, visual inspection of all galaxies in one of the ERO fields (Perseus) was carried out to identify can… ▽ More The Early Release Observations (ERO) from Euclid have detected several new galaxy-galaxy strong gravitational lenses, with the all-sky survey expected to find 170,000 new systems, greatly enhancing studies of dark matter, dark energy, and constraints on the cosmological parameters. As a first step, visual inspection of all galaxies in one of the ERO fields (Perseus) was carried out to identify candidate strong lensing systems and compared to the predictions from Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, the entire ERO data set is too large for expert visual inspection. In this paper, we therefore extend the CNN analysis to the whole ERO data set, using different CNN architectures and methodologies. Using five CNN architectures, we identified 8,469 strong gravitational lens candidates from IE-band cutouts of 13 Euclid ERO fields, narrowing them to 97 through visual inspection, including 14 grade A and 31 grade B candidates. We present the spectroscopic confirmation of a strong gravitational lensing candidate, EUCLJ081705.61+702348.8. The foreground lensing galaxy, an early-type system at redshift z = 0.335, and the background source, a star-forming galaxy at redshift z = 1.475 with [O II] emission, are both identified. Lens modeling using the Euclid strong lens modeling pipeline reveals two distinct arcs in a lensing configuration, with an Einstein radius of 1.18 \pm 0.03 arcseconds, confirming the lensing nature of the system. These findings highlight the importance of a broad CNN search to efficiently reduce candidates, followed by visual inspection to eliminate false positives and achieve a high-purity sample of strong lenses in Euclid. △ Less

Submitted 13 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Euclid preparation LX. The use of HST images as input for weak-lensing image simulations

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, D. Scognamiglio, T. Schrabback, M. Tewes, B. Gillis, H. Hoekstra, E. M. Huff, O. Marggraf, T. Kitching, R. Massey, I. Tereno, C. S. Carvalho, A. Robertson, G. Congedo, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, C. Bodendorf, D. Bonino , et al. (223 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Data from the Euclid space telescope will enable cosmic shear measurements with very small statistical errors, requiring corresponding systematic error control level. A common approach to correct for shear biases involves calibrating shape measurement methods using image simulations with known input shear. Given their high resolution, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) galaxies can, in principle, be uti… ▽ More Data from the Euclid space telescope will enable cosmic shear measurements with very small statistical errors, requiring corresponding systematic error control level. A common approach to correct for shear biases involves calibrating shape measurement methods using image simulations with known input shear. Given their high resolution, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) galaxies can, in principle, be utilised to emulate Euclid observations. In this work, we employ a GalSim-based testing environment to investigate whether uncertainties in the HST point spread function (PSF) model or in data processing techniques introduce significant biases in weak-lensing (WL) shear calibration. We used single Sérsic galaxy models to simulate both HST and Euclid observations. We then `Euclidised' our HST simulations and compared the results with the directly simulated Euclid-like images. For this comparison, we utilised a moment-based shape measurement algorithm and galaxy model fits. Through the Euclidisation procedure, we effectively reduced the residual multiplicative biases in shear measurements to sub-percent levels. This achievement was made possible by employing either the native pixel scales of the instruments, utilising the Lanczos15 interpolation kernel, correcting for noise correlations, and ensuring consistent galaxy signal-to-noise ratios between simulation branches. However, the Euclidisation procedure requires further analysis on the impact of the correlated noise, to estimate calibration bias. Additionally, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the accuracy of TinyTim HST PSF models using star fields observed in the F606W and F814W filters. We observe that F606W images exhibit a broader scatter in the recovered best-fit focus, compared to those in the F814W filter. △ Less

Submitted 14 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Accepted by A&A. 23 pages, 20 figures, Euclid pre-launch key paper

Euclid: Detecting Solar System objects in Euclid images and classifying them using Kohonen self-organising maps

Authors: A. A. Nucita, L. Conversi, A. Verdier, A. Franco, S. Sacquegna, M. Pöntinen, B. Altieri, B. Carry, F. De Paolis, F. Strafella, V. Orofino, M. Maiorano, V. Kansal, R. D. Vavrek, M. Miluzio, M. Granvik, V. Testa, N. Aghanim, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann , et al. (119 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ESA Euclid mission will survey more than 14,000 deg$^2$ of the sky in visible and near-infrared wavelengths, mapping the extra-galactic sky to constrain our cosmological model of the Universe. Although the survey focusses on regions further than 15 deg from the ecliptic, it should allow for the detection of more than about $10^5$ Solar System objects (SSOs). After simulating the expected signa… ▽ More The ESA Euclid mission will survey more than 14,000 deg$^2$ of the sky in visible and near-infrared wavelengths, mapping the extra-galactic sky to constrain our cosmological model of the Universe. Although the survey focusses on regions further than 15 deg from the ecliptic, it should allow for the detection of more than about $10^5$ Solar System objects (SSOs). After simulating the expected signal from SSOs in Euclid images acquired with the visible camera (VIS), we describe an automated pipeline developed to detect moving objects with an apparent velocity in the range of 0.1-10 arcsec/h, typically corresponding to sources in the outer Solar System (from Centaurs to Kuiper-belt objects). In particular, the proposed detection scheme is based on Sourcextractor software and on applying a new algorithm capable of associating moving objects amongst different catalogues. After applying a suite of filters to improve the detection quality, we study the expected purity and completeness of the SSO detections. We also show how a Kohonen self-organising neural network can be successfully trained (in an unsupervised fashion) to classify stars, galaxies, and SSOs. By implementing an early-stopping method in the training scheme, we show that the network can be used in a predictive way, allowing one to assign the probability of each detected object being a member of each considered class. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication on Astronomy and Astrophysics. 15 Pages, 11 Figures

OGLE-2015-BLG-1609Lb: Sub-jovian planet orbiting a low-mass stellar or brown dwarf host

Authors: M. J. Mróz, R. Poleski, A. Udalski, T. Sumi, Y. Tsapras, M. Hundertmark, P. Pietrukowicz, M. K. Szymański, J. Skowron, P. Mróz, M. Gromadzki, P. Iwanek, S. Kozłowski, M. Ratajczak, K. A. Rybicki, D. M. Skowron, I. Soszyński, K. Ulaczyk, M. Wrona, F. Abe, K. Bando, D. P. Bennett, A. Bhattacharya, I. A. Bond, A. Fukui , et al. (48 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a comprehensive analysis of a planetary microlensing event OGLE-2015-BLG-1609. The planetary anomaly was detected by two survey telescopes, OGLE and MOA. Each of these surveys collected enough data over the planetary anomaly to allow for an unambiguous planet detection. Such survey detections of planetary anomalies are needed to build a robust sample of planets that could improve studie… ▽ More We present a comprehensive analysis of a planetary microlensing event OGLE-2015-BLG-1609. The planetary anomaly was detected by two survey telescopes, OGLE and MOA. Each of these surveys collected enough data over the planetary anomaly to allow for an unambiguous planet detection. Such survey detections of planetary anomalies are needed to build a robust sample of planets that could improve studies on the microlensing planetary occurrence rate by reducing biases and statistical uncertainties. In this work, we examined different methods for modeling microlensing events using individual datasets, particularly we incorporated a Galactic model prior to better constrain poorly defined microlensing parallax. Ultimately, we fitted a comprehensive model to all available data, identifying three potential typologies, with two showing comparably high Bayesian evidence. Our analysis indicates that the host of the planet is a brown dwarf with a probability of 34%, or a low-mass stellar object (M-dwarf) with the probability of 66%. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2024; v1 submitted 12 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 12 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: A&A 698, A126 (2025)

Euclid: Searches for strong gravitational lenses using convolutional neural nets in Early Release Observations of the Perseus field

Authors: R. Pearce-Casey, B. C. Nagam, J. Wilde, V. Busillo, L. Ulivi, I. T. Andika, A. Manjón-García, L. Leuzzi, P. Matavulj, S. Serjeant, M. Walmsley, J. A. Acevedo Barroso, C. M. O'Riordan, B. Clément, C. Tortora, T. E. Collett, F. Courbin, R. Gavazzi, R. B. Metcalf, R. Cabanac, H. M. Courtois, J. Crook-Mansour, L. Delchambre, G. Despali, L. R. Ecker , et al. (182 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) is predicted to find approximately 170 000 galaxy-galaxy strong lenses from its lifetime observation of 14 000 deg^2 of the sky. Detecting this many lenses by visual inspection with professional astronomers and citizen scientists alone is infeasible. Machine learning algorithms, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have been used as an automated method of… ▽ More The Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) is predicted to find approximately 170 000 galaxy-galaxy strong lenses from its lifetime observation of 14 000 deg^2 of the sky. Detecting this many lenses by visual inspection with professional astronomers and citizen scientists alone is infeasible. Machine learning algorithms, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have been used as an automated method of detecting strong lenses, and have proven fruitful in finding galaxy-galaxy strong lens candidates. We identify the major challenge to be the automatic detection of galaxy-galaxy strong lenses while simultaneously maintaining a low false positive rate. One aim of this research is to have a quantified starting point on the achieved purity and completeness with our current version of CNN-based detection pipelines for the VIS images of EWS. We select all sources with VIS IE < 23 mag from the Euclid Early Release Observation imaging of the Perseus field. We apply a range of CNN architectures to detect strong lenses in these cutouts. All our networks perform extremely well on simulated data sets and their respective validation sets. However, when applied to real Euclid imaging, the highest lens purity is just 11%. Among all our networks, the false positives are typically identifiable by human volunteers as, for example, spiral galaxies, multiple sources, and artefacts, implying that improvements are still possible, perhaps via a second, more interpretable lens selection filtering stage. There is currently no alternative to human classification of CNN-selected lens candidates. Given the expected 10^5 lensing systems in Euclid, this implies 10^6 objects for human classification, which while very large is not in principle intractable and not without precedent. △ Less

Submitted 25 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 22 pages, 11 figures, Euclid consortium paper, A&A submitted

Euclid: High-precision imaging astrometry and photometry from Early Release Observations. I. Internal kinematics of NGC 6397 by combining Euclid and Gaia data

Authors: M. Libralato, L. R. Bedin, M. Griggio, D. Massari, J. Anderson, J. -C. Cuillandre, A. M. N. Ferguson, A. Lançon, S. S. Larsen, M. Schirmer, F. Annibali, E. Balbinot, E. Dalessandro, D. Erkal, P. B. Kuzma, T. Saifollahi, G. Verdoes Kleijn, M. Kümmel, R. Nakajima, M. Correnti, G. Battaglia, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, C. Baccigalupi , et al. (153 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The instruments at the focus of the Euclid space observatory offer superb, diffraction-limited imaging over an unprecedented (from space) wide field of view of 0.57 deg$^2$. This exquisite image quality has the potential to produce high-precision astrometry for point sources once the undersampling of Euclid's cameras is taken into account by means of accurate, effective point spread function (ePSF… ▽ More The instruments at the focus of the Euclid space observatory offer superb, diffraction-limited imaging over an unprecedented (from space) wide field of view of 0.57 deg$^2$. This exquisite image quality has the potential to produce high-precision astrometry for point sources once the undersampling of Euclid's cameras is taken into account by means of accurate, effective point spread function (ePSF) modelling. We present a complex, detailed workflow to simultaneously solve for the geometric distortion (GD) and model the undersampled ePSFs of the Euclid detectors. Our procedure was successfully developed and tested with data from the Early Release Observations (ERO) programme focused on the nearby globular cluster NGC 6397. Our final one-dimensional astrometric precision for a well-measured star just below saturation is 0.7 mas (0.007 pixel) for the Visible Instrument (VIS) and 3 mas (0.01 pixel) for the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP). Finally, we present a specific scientific application of this high-precision astrometry: the combination of Euclid and Gaia data to compute proper motions and study the internal kinematics of NGC 6397. Future work, when more data become available, will allow for a better characterisation of the ePSFs and GD corrections that are derived here, along with assessment of their temporal stability, and their dependencies on the spectral energy distribution of the sources as seen through the wide-band filters of Euclid. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 23 pages, 21 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A on October 24, 2024. Astro-photometric catalogs and stacked images will be available at the CDS after the paper will be published

Euclid: The $r_{\rm b}$-$M_\ast$ relation as a function of redshift. I. The $5 \times 10^9 M_\odot$ black hole in NGC 1272

Authors: R. Saglia, K. Mehrgan, S. de Nicola, J. Thomas, M. Kluge, R. Bender, D. Delley, P. Erwin, M. Fabricius, B. Neureiter, S. Andreon, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, D. Bonino, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, A. Caillat, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, J. Carretero, S. Casas, M. Castellano , et al. (126 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Core ellipticals, massive early-type galaxies have an almost constant inner surface brightness profile. The size of the core region correlates with the mass of the finally merged black hole. Here we report the first Euclid-based dynamical mass determination of a supermassive black hole. We study the centre of NGC 1272, the second most luminous elliptical galaxy in the Perseus cluster… ▽ More Core ellipticals, massive early-type galaxies have an almost constant inner surface brightness profile. The size of the core region correlates with the mass of the finally merged black hole. Here we report the first Euclid-based dynamical mass determination of a supermassive black hole. We study the centre of NGC 1272, the second most luminous elliptical galaxy in the Perseus cluster, combining the Euclid VIS photometry coming from the Early Release Observations of the Perseus cluster with VIRUS spectroscopic observations at the Hobby-Eberly Telescope. The core of NGC 1272 is detected on the Euclid VIS image. Its size is $1.29\pm 0.07''$ or 0.45 kpc, determined by fitting PSF-convolved core-Sérsic and Nuker-law functions. The two-dimensional stellar kinematics of the galaxy is measured from the VIRUS spectra by deriving optimally regularized non-parametric line-of-sight velocity distributions. Dynamical models of the galaxy are constructed using our axisymmetric and triaxial Schwarzschild codes. We measure a black hole mass of $(5\pm3) \times 10^9 M_\odot$, in line with the expectation from the $M_{\rm BH}$-$r_{\rm b}$ correlation, but eight times larger than predicted by the $M_{\rm BH}$-$σ$ correlation (at $1.8σ$ significance). The core size, rather than the velocity dispersion, allows one to select galaxies harboring the most massive black holes. The spatial resolution, wide area coverage, and depth of the \Euclid (Wide and Deep) surveys allow us to find cores of passive galaxies larger than 2 kpc up to redshift 1. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A

Euclid: The Early Release Observations Lens Search Experiment

Authors: J. A. Acevedo Barroso, C. M. O'Riordan, B. Clément, C. Tortora, T. E. Collett, F. Courbin, R. Gavazzi, R. B. Metcalf, V. Busillo, I. T. Andika, R. Cabanac, H. M. Courtois, J. Crook-Mansour, L. Delchambre, G. Despali, L. R. Ecker, A. Franco, P. Holloway, N. Jackson, K. Jahnke, G. Mahler, L. Marchetti, P. Matavulj, A. Melo, M. Meneghetti , et al. (184 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigated the ability of the Euclid telescope to detect galaxy-scale gravitational lenses. To do so, we performed a systematic visual inspection of the $0.7\,\rm{deg}^2$ Euclid Early Release Observations data towards the Perseus cluster using both the high-resolution $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ band and the lower-resolution $Y_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, $J_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$,… ▽ More We investigated the ability of the Euclid telescope to detect galaxy-scale gravitational lenses. To do so, we performed a systematic visual inspection of the $0.7\,\rm{deg}^2$ Euclid Early Release Observations data towards the Perseus cluster using both the high-resolution $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ band and the lower-resolution $Y_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, $J_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, $H_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ bands. Each extended source brighter than magnitude 23 in $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ was inspected by 41 expert human classifiers. This amounts to $12\,086$ stamps of $10^{\prime\prime}\,\times\,10^{\prime\prime}$. We found $3$ grade A and $13$ grade B candidates. We assessed the validity of these $16$ candidates by modelling them and checking that they are consistent with a single source lensed by a plausible mass distribution. Five of the candidates pass this check, five others are rejected by the modelling, and six are inconclusive. Extrapolating from the five successfully modelled candidates, we infer that the full $14\,000\,{\rm deg}^2$ of the Euclid Wide Survey should contain $100\,000^{+70\,000}_{-30\,000}$ galaxy-galaxy lenses that are both discoverable through visual inspection and have valid lens models. This is consistent with theoretical forecasts of $170\,000$ discoverable galaxy-galaxy lenses in Euclid. Our five modelled lenses have Einstein radii in the range $0.\!\!^{\prime\prime}68\,<\,θ_\mathrm{E}\,<1.\!\!^{\prime\prime}24$, but their Einstein radius distribution is on the higher side when compared to theoretical forecasts. This suggests that our methodology is likely missing small-Einstein-radius systems. Whilst it is implausible to visually inspect the full Euclid dataset, our results corroborate the promise that Euclid will ultimately deliver a sample of around $10^5$ galaxy-scale lenses. △ Less

Submitted 2 May, 2025; v1 submitted 12 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: Replacement after peer review. 16 pages, 17 figures, Zenodo appendix at https://zenodo.org/records/14946028

Journal ref: A&A 697, A14 (2025)

Tracking radiation damage of Euclid VIS detectors after 1 year in space

Authors: Jesper Skottfelt, Matt Wander, Mark Cropper, Ben Dryer, David J. Hall, Richard Hayes, Bradley Kelman, Tom Kitching, Ralf Kohley, David Lagattuta, Zoe Lee-Payne, Patricia Liebing, Richard Massey, Henry Joy McCracken, Reiko Nakajima, James Nightingale

Abstract: Due to the space radiation environment at L2, ESA's Euclid mission will be subject to a large amount of highly energetic particles over its lifetime. These particles can cause damage to the detectors by creating defects in the silicon lattice. These defects degrade the returned image in several ways, one example being a degradation of the Charge Transfer Efficiency, which appears as readout trails… ▽ More Due to the space radiation environment at L2, ESA's Euclid mission will be subject to a large amount of highly energetic particles over its lifetime. These particles can cause damage to the detectors by creating defects in the silicon lattice. These defects degrade the returned image in several ways, one example being a degradation of the Charge Transfer Efficiency, which appears as readout trails in the image data. This can be problematic for the Euclid VIS instrument, which aims to measure the shapes of galaxies to a very high degree of accuracy. Using a special clocking technique called trap pumping, the single defects in the CCDs can be detected and characterised. Being the first instrument in space with this capability, it will provide novel insights into the creation and evolution of radiation-induced defects and give input to the radiation damage correction of the scientific data. We present the status of the radiation damage of the Euclid VIS CCDs and how it has evolved over the first year in space. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: Submitted to the Proceedings for the SPIE Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave, paper no. 13092-24, 10 pages, 6 figures,

Digging deeper into the dense Galactic globular cluster Terzan 5 with Electron-Multiplying CCDs. Variable star detection and new discoveries

Authors: R. Figuera Jaimes, M. Catelan, K. Horne, J. Skottfelt, C. Snodgrass, M. Dominik, U. G. Jørgensen, J. Southworth, M. Hundertmark, P. Longa-Peña, S. Sajadian, J. Tregolan-Reed, T. C. Hinse, M. I. Andersen, M. Bonavita, V. Bozza, M. J. Burgdorf, L. Haikala, E. Khalouei, H. Korhonen, N. Peixinho, M. Rabus, S. Rahvar

Abstract: Context. High frame-rate imaging was employed to mitigate the effects of atmospheric turbulence (seeing) in observations of globular cluster Terzan 5. Aims. High-precision time-series photometry has been obtained with the highest angular resolution so far taken in the crowded central region of Terzan 5, with ground-based telescopes, and ways to avoid saturation of the brightest stars in the fiel… ▽ More Context. High frame-rate imaging was employed to mitigate the effects of atmospheric turbulence (seeing) in observations of globular cluster Terzan 5. Aims. High-precision time-series photometry has been obtained with the highest angular resolution so far taken in the crowded central region of Terzan 5, with ground-based telescopes, and ways to avoid saturation of the brightest stars in the field observed. Methods. The Electron-Multiplying Charge Coupled Device (EMCCD) camera installed at the Danish 1.54-m telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory was employed to produce thousands of short-exposure time images (ten images per second) that were stacked to produce the normal-exposure-time images (minutes). We employed difference image analysis in the stacked images to produce high-precision photometry using the DanDIA pipeline. Results. Light curves of 1670 stars with 242 epochs were analyzed in the crowded central region of Terzan 5 to statistically detect variable stars in the field observed. We present a possible visual counterpart outburst at the position of the pulsar J1748-2446N, and the visual counterpart light curve of the low-mass X-ray binary CX 3. Additionally, we present the discovery of 4 semiregular variables. We also present updated ephemerides and properties of the only RR Lyrae star previously known in the field covered by our observations in Terzan 5. Finally, we report a significant displacement of two sources by ~0.62 and 0.59 arcseconds with respect to their positions in previous images available in the literature. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 22 pages, 18 figures, 7 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 689, A108 (2024)

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- A preview of the Euclid era through a galaxy cluster magnifying lens

Authors: H. Atek, R. Gavazzi, J. R. Weaver, J. M. Diego, T. Schrabback, N. A. Hatch, N. Aghanim, H. Dole, W. G. Hartley, S. Taamoli, G. Congedo, Y. Jimenez-Teja, J. -C. Cuillandre, E. Bañados, S. Belladitta, R. A. A. Bowler, M. Franco, M. Jauzac, G. Mahler, J. Richard, P. -F. Rocci, S. Serjeant, S. Toft, D. Abriola, P. Bergamini , et al. (178 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first analysis of the Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) program that targets fields around two lensing clusters, Abell 2390 and Abell 2764. We use VIS and NISP imaging to produce photometric catalogs for a total of $\sim 500\,000$ objects. The imaging data reach a $5\,σ$ typical depth in the range 25.1-25.4 AB in the NISP bands, and 27.1-27.3 AB in the VIS band. Using the Lyma… ▽ More We present the first analysis of the Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) program that targets fields around two lensing clusters, Abell 2390 and Abell 2764. We use VIS and NISP imaging to produce photometric catalogs for a total of $\sim 500\,000$ objects. The imaging data reach a $5\,σ$ typical depth in the range 25.1-25.4 AB in the NISP bands, and 27.1-27.3 AB in the VIS band. Using the Lyman-break method in combination with photometric redshifts, we identify $30$ Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) candidates at $z>6$ and 139 extremely red sources (ERSs), most likely at lower redshift. The deeper VIS imaging compared to NISP means we can routinely identify high-redshift Lyman breaks of the order of $3$ magnitudes, which reduces contamination by brown dwarf stars and low-redshift galaxies. Spectroscopic follow-up campaigns of such bright sources will help constrain both the bright end of the ultraviolet galaxy luminosity function and the quasar luminosity function at $z>6$, and constrain the physical nature of these objects. Additionally, we have performed a combined strong lensing and weak lensing analysis of A2390, and demonstrate how Euclid will contribute to better constraining the virial mass of galaxy clusters. From these data, we also identify optical and near-infrared counterparts of known $z>0.6$ clusters, which exhibit strong lensing features, establishing the ability of Euclid to characterize high-redshift clusters. Finally, we provide a glimpse of Euclid's ability to map the intracluster light out to larger radii than current facilities, enabling a better understanding of the cluster assembly history and mapping of the dark matter distribution. This initial dataset illustrates the diverse spectrum of legacy science that will be enabled by the Euclid survey. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations. 17 pages, 12 figures

Journal ref: A&A 697, A15 (2025)

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- The intracluster light and intracluster globular clusters of the Perseus cluster

Authors: M. Kluge, N. A. Hatch, M. Montes, J. B. Golden-Marx, A. H. Gonzalez, J. -C. Cuillandre, M. Bolzonella, A. Lançon, R. Laureijs, T. Saifollahi, M. Schirmer, C. Stone, A. Boselli, M. Cantiello, J. G. Sorce, F. R. Marleau, P. -A. Duc, E. Sola, M. Urbano, S. L. Ahad, Y. M. Bahé, S. P. Bamford, C. Bellhouse, F. Buitrago, P. Dimauro , et al. (163 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We study the intracluster light (ICL) and intracluster globular clusters (ICGCs) in the nearby Perseus galaxy cluster using Euclid's EROs. By modelling the isophotal and iso-density contours, we mapped the distributions and properties of the ICL and ICGCs out to radii of 200-600 kpc (up to ~1/3 of the virial radius) from the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). We find that the central 500 kpc hosts 70… ▽ More We study the intracluster light (ICL) and intracluster globular clusters (ICGCs) in the nearby Perseus galaxy cluster using Euclid's EROs. By modelling the isophotal and iso-density contours, we mapped the distributions and properties of the ICL and ICGCs out to radii of 200-600 kpc (up to ~1/3 of the virial radius) from the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). We find that the central 500 kpc hosts 70000$\pm$2800 GCs and $1.7\times10^{12}$ L$_\odot$ of diffuse light from the BCG+ICL in the near-infrared H$_E$. This accounts for 38$\pm$6% of the cluster's total stellar luminosity within this radius. The ICL and ICGCs share a coherent spatial distribution, suggesting a common origin or that a common potential governs their distribution. Their contours on the largest scales (>200 kpc) are offset from the BCG's core westwards by 60 kpc towards several luminous cluster galaxies. This offset is opposite to the displacement observed in the gaseous intracluster medium. The radial surface brightness profile of the BCG+ICL is best described by a double Sérsic model, with 68$\pm$4% of the H$_E$ light in the extended, outer component. The transition between these components occurs at ~60 kpc, beyond which the isophotes become increasingly elliptical and off-centred. The radial ICGC number density profile closely follows the BCG+ICL profile only beyond this 60 kpc radius, where we find an average of 60-80 GCs per $10^9$ M$_\odot$ of diffuse stellar mass. The BCG+ICL colour becomes increasingly blue with radius, consistent with the stellar populations in the ICL having subsolar metallicities [Fe/H] ~ -0.6 to -1.0. The colour of the ICL, and the specific frequency and luminosity function of the ICGCs suggest that the ICL+ICGCs were tidally stripped from the outskirts of massive satellites with masses of a few $\times10^{10}$ M$_\odot$, with an increasing contribution from dwarf galaxies at large radii. △ Less

Submitted 15 November, 2024; v1 submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations. 27 pages, 21 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 697, A13 (2025)

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions

Authors: J. -C. Cuillandre, M. Bolzonella, A. Boselli, F. R. Marleau, M. Mondelin, J. G. Sorce, C. Stone, F. Buitrago, Michele Cantiello, K. George, N. A. Hatch, L. Quilley, F. Mannucci, T. Saifollahi, R. Sánchez-Janssen, F. Tarsitano, C. Tortora, X. Xu, H. Bouy, S. Gwyn, M. Kluge, A. Lançon, R. Laureijs, M. Schirmer, Abdurro'uf , et al. (177 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid ERO programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 square degree, corresponding to approximately 0.25 r_200. The data set reaches a point-source depth of IE=28.0 (YE, JE, HE = 25.3) AB magnitudes at 5 sigma with a 0.16" and 0.48" FWHM, and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag per square arcsec. The exception… ▽ More The Euclid ERO programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 square degree, corresponding to approximately 0.25 r_200. The data set reaches a point-source depth of IE=28.0 (YE, JE, HE = 25.3) AB magnitudes at 5 sigma with a 0.16" and 0.48" FWHM, and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag per square arcsec. The exceptional depth and spatial resolution of this wide-field multi-band data enable the simultaneous detection and characterisation of both bright and low surface brightness galaxies, along with their globular cluster systems, from the optical to the NIR. This study advances beyond previous analyses of the cluster and enables a range of scientific investigations summarised here. We derive the luminosity and stellar mass functions (LF and SMF) of the Perseus cluster in the Euclid IE band, thanks to supplementary u,g,r,i,z and Halpha data from the CFHT. We adopt a catalogue of 1100 dwarf galaxies, detailed in the corresponding ERO paper. We identify all other sources in the Euclid images and obtain accurate photometric measurements using AutoProf or AstroPhot for 138 bright cluster galaxies, and SourceExtractor for half a million compact sources. Cluster membership for the bright sample is determined by calculating photometric redshifts with Phosphoros. Our LF and SMF are the deepest recorded for the Perseus cluster, highlighting the groundbreaking capabilities of the Euclid telescope. Both the LF and SMF fit a Schechter plus Gaussian model. The LF features a dip at M(IE)=-19 and a faint-end slope of alpha_S = -1.2 to -1.3. The SMF displays a low-mass-end slope of alpha_S = -1.2 to -1.35. These observed slopes are flatter than those predicted for dark matter halos in cosmological simulations, offering significant insights for models of galaxy formation and evolution. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Submitted to A&A, 44 pages, 35 figures, Part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations

Journal ref: A&A 697, A11 (2025)

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Deep anatomy of nearby galaxies

Authors: L. K. Hunt, F. Annibali, J. -C. Cuillandre, A. M. N. Ferguson, P. Jablonka, S. S. Larsen, F. R. Marleau, E. Schinnerer, M. Schirmer, C. Stone, C. Tortora, T. Saifollahi, A. Lançon, M. Bolzonella, S. Gwyn, M. Kluge, R. Laureijs, D. Carollo, M. L. M. Collins, P. Dimauro, P. -A. Duc, D. Erkal, J. M. Howell, C. Nally, E. Saremi , et al. (174 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Euclid is poised to make significant advances in the study of nearby galaxies in the local Universe. Here we present a first look at 6 galaxies observed for the Nearby Galaxy Showcase as part of the Euclid Early Release Observations acquired between August and November, 2023. These targets, 3 dwarf galaxies (HolmbergII, IC10, NGC6822) and 3 spirals (IC342, NGC2403, NGC6744), range in distance from… ▽ More Euclid is poised to make significant advances in the study of nearby galaxies in the local Universe. Here we present a first look at 6 galaxies observed for the Nearby Galaxy Showcase as part of the Euclid Early Release Observations acquired between August and November, 2023. These targets, 3 dwarf galaxies (HolmbergII, IC10, NGC6822) and 3 spirals (IC342, NGC2403, NGC6744), range in distance from about 0.5 Mpc to 8.8 Mpc. Our assessment of the surface brightness depths in the stacked Euclid images confirms previous estimates in 100 arcsec^2 regions of 1sigma=30.5 mag/arcsec^2 for VIS, but slightly deeper than previous estimates for NISP with 1sigma=29.2-29.4 mag/arcsec^2. By combining Euclid HE, YE, and IE into RGB images, we illustrate the large field-of-view covered by a single Reference Observing Sequence, together with exquisite detail on parsec scales in these nearby galaxies. Radial surface brightness and color profiles demonstrate galaxy colors in agreement with stellar population synthesis models. Standard stellar photometry selection techniques find approximately 1.3 million stars across the 6 galaxy fields. Euclid's resolved stellar photometry allows us to constrain the star-formation histories of these galaxies, by disentangling the distributions of young stars, as well as asymptotic giant branch and red giant branch stellar populations. We finally examine 2 galaxies individually for surrounding satellite systems. Our analysis of the ensemble of dwarf satellites around NGC6744 reveals a new galaxy, EDwC1, a nucleated dwarf spheroidal at the end of a spiral arm. Our new census of the globular clusters around NGC2403 yields 9 new star-cluster candidates, 8 of which with colors indicative of evolved stellar populations. In summary, our investigation of the 6 Showcase galaxies demonstrates that Euclid is a powerful probe of the anatomy of nearby galaxies [abridged]. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 36 pages; 20 figures in main text; 4 Appendices. Submitted to A&A, as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations

Journal ref: A&A 697, A9 (2025)

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Unveiling the morphology of two Milky Way globular clusters out to their periphery

Authors: D. Massari, E. Dalessandro, D. Erkal, E. Balbinot, J. Bovy, I. McDonald, A. M. N. Ferguson, S. S. Larsen, A. Lançon, F. Annibali, B. Goldman, P. B. Kuzma, K. Voggel, T. Saifollahi, J. -C. Cuillandre, M. Schirmer, M. Kluge, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, A. Basset , et al. (136 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: As part of the Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) programme, we analyse deep, wide-field imaging from the VIS and NISP instruments of two Milky Way globular clusters (GCs), namely NGC 6254 (M10) and NGC 6397, to look for observational evidence of their dynamical interaction with the Milky Way. We search for such an interaction in the form of structural and morphological features in the cluste… ▽ More As part of the Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) programme, we analyse deep, wide-field imaging from the VIS and NISP instruments of two Milky Way globular clusters (GCs), namely NGC 6254 (M10) and NGC 6397, to look for observational evidence of their dynamical interaction with the Milky Way. We search for such an interaction in the form of structural and morphological features in the clusters' outermost regions, which are suggestive of the development of tidal tails on scales larger than those sampled by the ERO programme. Our multi-band photometric analysis results in deep and well-behaved colour-magnitude diagrams that, in turn, enable an accurate membership selection. The surface brightness profiles built from these samples of member stars are the deepest ever obtained for these two Milky Way GCs, reaching down to $\sim30.0$ mag~arcsec$^{-2}$, which is about $1.5$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$ below the current limit. The investigation of the two-dimensional density map of NGC 6254 reveals an elongated morphology of the cluster peripheries in the direction and with the amplitude predicted by $N$-body simulations of the cluster's dynamical evolution, at high statistical significance. We interpret this as strong evidence for the first detection of tidally induced morphological distortion around this cluster. The density map of NGC 6397 reveals a slightly elliptical morphology, in agreement with previous studies, which requires further investigation on larger scales to be properly interpreted. This ERO project thus demonstrates the power of Euclid in studying the outer regions of GCs at an unprecedented level of detail, thanks to the combination of large field of view, high spatial resolution, and depth enabled by the telescope. Our results highlight the future Euclid survey as the ideal data set to investigate GC tidal tails and stellar streams. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 15 pages, 18 figures. Paper accepted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations

Journal ref: A&A 697, A8 (2025)

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Programme overview and pipeline for compact- and diffuse-emission photometry

Authors: J. -C. Cuillandre, E. Bertin, M. Bolzonella, H. Bouy, S. Gwyn, S. Isani, M. Kluge, O. Lai, A. Lançon, D. A. Lang, R. Laureijs, T. Saifollahi, M. Schirmer, C. Stone, Abdurro'uf, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, F. Annibali, H. Atek, P. Awad, M. Baes, E. Bañados, D. Barrado, S. Belladitta, V. Belokurov , et al. (240 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid ERO showcase Euclid's capabilities in advance of its main mission, targeting 17 astronomical objects, from galaxy clusters, nearby galaxies, globular clusters, to star-forming regions. A total of 24 hours observing time was allocated in the early months of operation, engaging the scientific community through an early public data release. We describe the development of the ERO pipeline t… ▽ More The Euclid ERO showcase Euclid's capabilities in advance of its main mission, targeting 17 astronomical objects, from galaxy clusters, nearby galaxies, globular clusters, to star-forming regions. A total of 24 hours observing time was allocated in the early months of operation, engaging the scientific community through an early public data release. We describe the development of the ERO pipeline to create visually compelling images while simultaneously meeting the scientific demands within months of launch, leveraging a pragmatic, data-driven development strategy. The pipeline's key requirements are to preserve the image quality and to provide flux calibration and photometry for compact and extended sources. The pipeline's five pillars are: removal of instrumental signatures; astrometric calibration; photometric calibration; image stacking; and the production of science-ready catalogues for both the VIS and NISP instruments. We report a PSF with a full width at half maximum of 0.16" in the optical and 0.49" in the three NIR bands. Our VIS mean absolute flux calibration is accurate to about 1%, and 10% for NISP due to a limited calibration set; both instruments have considerable colour terms. The median depth is 25.3 and 23.2 AB mag with a SNR of 10 for galaxies, and 27.1 and 24.5 AB mag at an SNR of 5 for point sources for VIS and NISP, respectively. Euclid's ability to observe diffuse emission is exceptional due to its extended PSF nearly matching a pure diffraction halo, the best ever achieved by a wide-field, high-resolution imaging telescope. Euclid offers unparalleled capabilities for exploring the LSB Universe across all scales, also opening a new observational window in the NIR. Median surface-brightness levels of 29.9 and 28.3 AB mag per square arcsec are achieved for VIS and NISP, respectively, for detecting a 10 arcsec x 10 arcsec extended feature at the 1 sigma level. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Submitted to A&A, 44 pages, 36 figures - Part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations

Journal ref: A&A 697, A6 (2025)

Euclid. II. The VIS Instrument

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, M. S. Cropper, A. Al-Bahlawan, J. Amiaux, S. Awan, R. Azzollini, K. Benson, M. Berthe, J. Boucher, E. Bozzo, C. Brockley-Blatt, G. P. Candini, C. Cara, R. A. Chaudery, R. E. Cole, P. Danto, J. Denniston, A. M. Di Giorgio, B. Dryer, J. -P. Dubois, J. Endicott, M. Farina, E. Galli, L. Genolet, J. P. D. Gow , et al. (410 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper presents the specification, design, and development of the Visible Camera (VIS) on the ESA Euclid mission. VIS is a large optical-band imager with a field of view of 0.54 deg^2 sampled at 0.1" with an array of 609 Megapixels and spatial resolution of 0.18". It will be used to survey approximately 14,000 deg^2 of extragalactic sky to measure the distortion of galaxies in the redshift ran… ▽ More This paper presents the specification, design, and development of the Visible Camera (VIS) on the ESA Euclid mission. VIS is a large optical-band imager with a field of view of 0.54 deg^2 sampled at 0.1" with an array of 609 Megapixels and spatial resolution of 0.18". It will be used to survey approximately 14,000 deg^2 of extragalactic sky to measure the distortion of galaxies in the redshift range z=0.1-1.5 resulting from weak gravitational lensing, one of the two principal cosmology probes of Euclid. With photometric redshifts, the distribution of dark matter can be mapped in three dimensions, and, from how this has changed with look-back time, the nature of dark energy and theories of gravity can be constrained. The entire VIS focal plane will be transmitted to provide the largest images of the Universe from space to date, reaching m_AB>24.5 with S/N >10 in a single broad I_E~(r+i+z) band over a six year survey. The particularly challenging aspects of the instrument are the control and calibration of observational biases, which lead to stringent performance requirements and calibration regimes. With its combination of spatial resolution, calibration knowledge, depth, and area covering most of the extra-Galactic sky, VIS will also provide a legacy data set for many other fields. This paper discusses the rationale behind the VIS concept and describes the instrument design and development before reporting the pre-launch performance derived from ground calibrations and brief results from the in-orbit commissioning. VIS should reach fainter than m_AB=25 with S/N>10 for galaxies of full-width half-maximum of 0.3" in a 1.3" diameter aperture over the Wide Survey, and m_AB>26.4 for a Deep Survey that will cover more than 50 deg^2. The paper also describes how VIS works with the other Euclid components of survey, telescope, and science data processing to extract the cosmological information. △ Less

Submitted 2 January, 2025; v1 submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations (A&A reference aa50996-24). This revision is the version accepted by A&A on 19 September 2024. Other than changes to the author list, changes are limited to editorial and journal style

Journal ref: A&A 697, A2 (2025)

Euclid. I. Overview of the Euclid mission

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, Y. Mellier, Abdurro'uf, J. A. Acevedo Barroso, A. Achúcarro, J. Adamek, R. Adam, G. E. Addison, N. Aghanim, M. Aguena, V. Ajani, Y. Akrami, A. Al-Bahlawan, A. Alavi, I. S. Albuquerque, G. Alestas, G. Alguero, A. Allaoui, S. W. Allen, V. Allevato, A. V. Alonso-Tetilla, B. Altieri, A. Alvarez-Candal, S. Alvi, A. Amara , et al. (1115 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The current standard model of cosmology successfully describes a variety of measurements, but the nature of its main ingredients, dark matter and dark energy, remains unknown. Euclid is a medium-class mission in the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) that will provide high-resolution optical imaging, as well as near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy, over about 14… ▽ More The current standard model of cosmology successfully describes a variety of measurements, but the nature of its main ingredients, dark matter and dark energy, remains unknown. Euclid is a medium-class mission in the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) that will provide high-resolution optical imaging, as well as near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy, over about 14,000 deg^2 of extragalactic sky. In addition to accurate weak lensing and clustering measurements that probe structure formation over half of the age of the Universe, its primary probes for cosmology, these exquisite data will enable a wide range of science. This paper provides a high-level overview of the mission, summarising the survey characteristics, the various data-processing steps, and data products. We also highlight the main science objectives and expected performance. △ Less

Submitted 24 September, 2024; v1 submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the A&A special issue`Euclid on Sky'

Journal ref: A&A 697, A1 (2025)

Absolute dimensions of solar-type eclipsing binaries. NY Hya: A test for magnetic stellar evolution models

Authors: T. C. Hinse, O. Baştürk, J. Southworth, G. A. Feiden, J. Tregloan-Reed, V. B. Kostov, J. Livingston, E. M. Esmer, Mesut Yılmaz, Selçuk Yalçınkaya, Şeyma Torun, J. Vos, D. F. Evans, J. C. Morales, J. C. A. Wolf, E. H. Olsen, J. V. Clausen, B. E. Helt, C. T. K. Lý, O. Stahl, R. Wells, M. Herath, U. G. Jørgensen, M. Dominik, J. Skottfelt , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The binary star NY Hya is a bright, detached, double-lined eclipsing system with an orbital period of just under five days with two components each nearly identical to the Sun and located in the solar neighbourhood. The objective of this study is to test and confront various stellar evolution models for solar-type stars based on accurate measurements of stellar mass and radius. We present new… ▽ More The binary star NY Hya is a bright, detached, double-lined eclipsing system with an orbital period of just under five days with two components each nearly identical to the Sun and located in the solar neighbourhood. The objective of this study is to test and confront various stellar evolution models for solar-type stars based on accurate measurements of stellar mass and radius. We present new ground-based spectroscopic and photometric as well as high-precision space-based photometric and astrometric data from which we derive orbital as well as physical properties of the components via the method of least-squares minimisation based on a standard binary model valid for two detached components. Classic statistical techniques were invoked to test the significance of model parameters. Additional empirical evidence was compiled from the public domain; the derived system properties were compared with archival broad-band photometry data enabling a measurement of the system's spectral energy distribution that allowed an independent estimate of stellar properties. We also utilised semi-empirical calibration methods to derive atmospheric properties from Strömgren photometry and related colour indices. Data was used to confront the observed physical properties with classic and magnetic stellar evolution models. △ Less

Submitted 12 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 34 pages, 19 figures, 13 tables, (accepted for publication in A&A)

Gaia21blx: Complete resolution of a binary microlensing event in the Galactic disk

Authors: P. Rota, V. Bozza, M. Hundertmark, E. Bachelet, R. Street, Y. Tsapras, A. Cassan, M. Dominik, R. Figuera Jaimes, K. A. Rybicki, J. Wambsganss, L. Wyrzykowski, P. Zielinski, M. Bonavita, T. C. Hinse, U. G. Jorgensen, E. Khalouei, H. Korhonen, P. Longa-Pena, N. Peixinho, S. Rahvar, S. Sajadian, J. Skottfelt, C. Snodgrass, J. Tregolan-Reed

Abstract: Context. Gravitational microlensing is a method that is used to discover planet-hosting systems at distances of several kiloparsec in the Galactic disk and bulge. We present the analysis of a microlensing event reported by the Gaia photometric alert team that might have a bright lens. Aims. In order to infer the mass and distance to the lensing system, the parallax measurement at the position of G… ▽ More Context. Gravitational microlensing is a method that is used to discover planet-hosting systems at distances of several kiloparsec in the Galactic disk and bulge. We present the analysis of a microlensing event reported by the Gaia photometric alert team that might have a bright lens. Aims. In order to infer the mass and distance to the lensing system, the parallax measurement at the position of Gaia21blx was used. In this particular case, the source and the lens have comparable magnitudes and we cannot attribute the parallax measured by Gaia to the lens or source alone. Methods. Since the blending flux is important, we assumed that the Gaia parallax is the flux-weighted average of the parallaxes of the lens and source. Combining this assumption with the information from the microlensing models and the finite source effects we were able to resolve all degeneracies and thus obtained the mass, distance, luminosities and projected kinematics of the binary lens and the source. Results. According to the best model, the lens is a binary system at $2.18 \pm 0.07$ kpc from Earth. It is composed of a G star with $0.95\pm 0.17\,M_{\odot}$ and a K star with $0.53 \pm 0.07 \, M_{\odot}$. The source is likely to be an F subgiant star at $2.38 \pm 1.71$ kpc with a mass of $1.10 \pm 0.18 \, M_{\odot}$. Both lenses and the source follow the kinematics of the thin-disk population. We also discuss alternative models, that are disfavored by the data or by prior expectations, however. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 11 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 686, A173 (2024)

Euclid: Testing photometric selection of emission-line galaxy targets

Authors: M. S. Cagliari, B. R. Granett, L. Guzzo, M. Bethermin, M. Bolzonella, S. de la Torre, P. Monaco, M. Moresco, W. J. Percival, C. Scarlata, Y. Wang, M. Ezziati, O. Ilbert, V. Le Brun, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, R. Bender, C. Bodendorf, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera , et al. (122 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Multi-object spectroscopic galaxy surveys typically make use of photometric and colour criteria to select targets. Conversely, the Euclid NISP slitless spectrograph will record spectra for every source over its field of view. Slitless spectroscopy has the advantage of avoiding defining a priori a galaxy sample, but at the price of making the selection function harder to quantify. The Euclid Wide S… ▽ More Multi-object spectroscopic galaxy surveys typically make use of photometric and colour criteria to select targets. Conversely, the Euclid NISP slitless spectrograph will record spectra for every source over its field of view. Slitless spectroscopy has the advantage of avoiding defining a priori a galaxy sample, but at the price of making the selection function harder to quantify. The Euclid Wide Survey aims at building robust statistical samples of emission-line galaxies with fluxes in the Halpha-NII complex brighter than 2e-16 erg/s/cm^2 and within 0.9<z<1.8. At faint fluxes, we expect significant contamination by wrongly measured redshifts, either due to emission-line misidentification or noise fluctuations, with the consequence of reducing the purity of the final samples. This can be significantly improved by exploiting Euclid photometric information to identify emission-line galaxies over the redshifts of interest. To this goal, we compare and quantify the performance of six machine-learning classification algorithms. We consider the case when only Euclid photometric and morphological measurements are used and when these are supplemented by ground-based photometric data. We train and test the classifiers on two mock galaxy samples, the EL-COSMOS and Euclid Flagship2 catalogues. Dense neural networks and support vector classifiers obtain the best performance, with comparable results in terms of the adopted metrics. When training on Euclid photometry alone, these can remove 87% of the sources that are fainter than the nominal flux limit or lie outside the range 0.9<z<1.8, a figure that increases to 97% when ground-based photometry is included. These results show how by using the photometric information available to Euclid it will be possible to efficiently identify and discard spurious interlopers, allowing us to build robust spectroscopic samples for cosmological investigations. △ Less

Submitted 13 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 19 pages, 12+3 figures, submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 689, A166 (2024)

Star-spot activity, orbital obliquity, transmission spectrum, physical properties, and TTVs of the HATS-2 planetary system

Authors: F. Biagiotti, L. Mancini, J. Southworth, J. Tregloan-Reed, L. Naponiello, U. G. Jørgensen, N. Bach-Møller, M. Basilicata, M. Bonavita, V. Bozza, M. J. Burgdorf, M. Dominik, R. Figuera Jaimes, Th. Henning, T. C. Hinse, M. Hundertmark, E. Khalouei, P. Longa-Peña, N. Peixinho, M. Rabus, S. Rahvar, S. Sajadian, J. Skottfelt, C. Snodgrass, Y. Jongen , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Our aim in this paper is to refine the orbital and physical parameters of the HATS-2 planetary system and study transit timing variations and atmospheric composition thanks to transit observations that span more than ten years and that were collected using different instruments and pass-band filters. We also investigate the orbital alignment of the system by studying the anomalies in the transit l… ▽ More Our aim in this paper is to refine the orbital and physical parameters of the HATS-2 planetary system and study transit timing variations and atmospheric composition thanks to transit observations that span more than ten years and that were collected using different instruments and pass-band filters. We also investigate the orbital alignment of the system by studying the anomalies in the transit light curves induced by starspots on the photosphere of the parent star. We analysed new transit events from both ground-based telescopes and NASA's TESS mission. Anomalies were detected in most of the light curves and modelled as starspots occulted by the planet during transit events. We fitted the clean and symmetric light curves with the JKTEBOP code and those affected by anomalies with the PRISM+GEMC codes to simultaneously model the photometric parameters of the transits and the position, size, and contrast of each starspot. We found consistency between the values we found for the physical and orbital parameters and those from the discovery paper and ATLAS9 stellar atmospherical models. We identified different sets of consecutive starspot-crossing events that temporally occurred in less than five days. Under the hypothesis that we are dealing with the same starspots, occulted twice by the planet during two consecutive transits, we estimated the rotational period of the parent star and, in turn the projected and the true orbital obliquity of the planet. We find that the system is well aligned. We identified the possible presence of transit timing variations in the system, which can be caused by tidal orbital decay, and we derived a low-resolution transmission spectrum. △ Less

Submitted 7 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 23 pages, 21 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics