Showing 1–50 of 59 results for author: Abdurro'uf

GalSyn I: A Forward-Modeling Framework for Synthetic Galaxy Observations from Hydrodynamical Simulations and First Data Release from IllustrisTNG

Authors: Abdurro'uf, Henry C. Ferguson, Samir Salim, Kartheik G. Iyer, Larry D. Bradley, Dan Coe, Novan Saputra Haryana, Sultan Hassan, Intae Jung, Gourav Khullar, Takahiro Morishita, Lamiya Mowla

Abstract: We present GalSyn (Galaxy Synthesizer), a modular and flexible Python package for generating synthetic spectrophotometric observations from hydrodynamical galaxy simulations. GalSyn employs a particle-by-particle spectral modeling approach that enables the rapid production of large synthetic datasets required for statistical population studies, offering a computationally efficient alternative to f… ▽ More We present GalSyn (Galaxy Synthesizer), a modular and flexible Python package for generating synthetic spectrophotometric observations from hydrodynamical galaxy simulations. GalSyn employs a particle-by-particle spectral modeling approach that enables the rapid production of large synthetic datasets required for statistical population studies, offering a computationally efficient alternative to full radiative transfer codes. Users have full control over the spectral modeling choices, including the choice of stellar population synthesis engine, stellar isochrones, spectral libraries, and initial mass functions. Dust attenuation is modeled at the spatially resolved level via a line-of-sight column density method, with a comprehensive suite of fixed and adaptive attenuation laws. A decoupled kinematics model independently Doppler-shifts the stellar and nebular components, enabling realistic synthetic IFU data cubes. It also provides features to add observational realism, including PSF convolution and multi-component noise simulation. Beyond imaging and spectroscopic data cubes, GalSyn reconstructs spatially resolved physical property maps and star formation histories. Alongside this paper, we present the first public data release of synthetic imaging observations and spatially resolved star formation histories generated from the IllustrisTNG simulation suites, comprising four mock extragalactic survey fields (with areas of $5$, $8$, $137$, $365$ arcmin$^{2}$), progenitor histories of 290 local massive galaxies ($\log(M_{*,z=0}/M_{\odot}) > 10.5$) tracked across $0<z<5$, and 259 major-merger systems. Each galaxy data cube contains imaging in 47 filters spanning HST, JWST, Euclid, Rubin/LSST, and the Roman Space Telescope. GalSyn is publicly available at https://github.com/aabdurrouf/GalSyn. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 31 pages, 20 figures, submitted to AAS journals. GalSyn is publicly available at https://github.com/aabdurrouf/GalSyn, and its documentation is available at https://galsyn.readthedocs.io/en/latest/. The first public data release is available at https://github.com/aabdurrouf/GalSyn_dr1. Comments are welcome!

BEACON: JWST NIRCam Pure-parallel Imaging Survey. IV. A Systematic Search for Galaxy Overdensities and Evidence for Gas Accretion Mode Transition

Authors: Ryo Albert Sutanto, Takahiro Morishita, Tadayuki Kodama, Abdurro'uf, Larry D. Bradley, Andrew J. Bunker, Nima Chartab, Nuo Chen, Matthew J. Hayes, George Helou, Novan Saputra Haryana, Nicha Leethochawalit, Zhaoran Liu, Charlotte A. Mason, Marc Rafelski, Michael J. Rutkowski, Massimo Stiavelli, Kosuke Takahashi, Harry I. Teplitz, Michele Trenti, Tommaso Treu, Benedetta Vulcani, Yechi Zhang

Abstract: We systematically search for galaxy overdensities using 20 independent fields with a minimum of six filters (F090W, F115W, F150W, F277W, F356W, and F444W) from BEACON, the JWST Cycle 2 NIRCam pure-parallel imaging survey. We apply an adaptive kernel-density estimation method that incorporates the full photometric redshift probability distribution function of each galaxy to map galaxy overdensities… ▽ More We systematically search for galaxy overdensities using 20 independent fields with a minimum of six filters (F090W, F115W, F150W, F277W, F356W, and F444W) from BEACON, the JWST Cycle 2 NIRCam pure-parallel imaging survey. We apply an adaptive kernel-density estimation method that incorporates the full photometric redshift probability distribution function of each galaxy to map galaxy overdensities, and identify 207 significant ($>4\,σ$) overdensities at $1.5<z<5$. We measure the quenched-galaxy fraction, the median specific star formation rate (sSFR), the total halo mass, and the local galaxy density of each system. By investigating the correlation among these observables, we find that galaxy quenching proceeds in two paths:($i$) Overdensities within more massive halos exhibit higher quenched fractions and lower averaged sSFRs. This trend weakens at $z\gtrsim2$, consistent with cold gas streams penetrating shock-heated massive halos and sustaining star formation activity at early times. ($ii$) We also find a dependence of the same parameters on local densities at $z<2$, where the quenched fraction increases and the sSFR decreases toward higher densities. The environmental trend in sSFR weakens at $z\sim2$--$3$ and shows tentative evidence for a reversal at $z>3$, potentially due to a larger cold gas supply in earlier times. Our study reveals a complex interplay between individual galaxies and large-scale environmental properties, marking the onset of environmental effects on galaxy quenching in massive halos at cosmic noon. △ Less

Submitted 4 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 25 pages, 13 figures, 1 table

PRISMS. UNCOVER-26185, a metal-poor SFG at z=10.05 with no evidence for a X-ray-luminous AGN

Authors: J. Álvarez-Márquez, L. Colina, A. Crespo-Gomez, S. Kendrew, J. Zavala, R. Marques-Chaves, C. Prieto-Jiménez, Abdurro'uf, C. Blanco-Prieto, L. A. Boogaard, M. Castellano, A. Fontana, Y. Fudamoto, S. Fujimoto, M. García-Marín, Y. Harikane, S. Harish, T. Hashimoto, T. Hsiao, E. Iani, A. K. Inoue, D. Langeroodi, R. Lin, J. Melinder, L. Napolitano , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This work presents the first results of the PRImordial galaxy Survey with MIRI Spectroscopy (PRISMS), a JWST cycle 4 program (PID 8051) aimed at the characterization of a relatively large sample of ten galaxies about 500 Myr after the Big Bang. Here, we present deep (13.9 hours) spectroscopy with the MIRI LRS of the lensed galaxy UNCOVER-26185 at a redshift of z=10.054. It is a faint UV galaxy (UV… ▽ More This work presents the first results of the PRImordial galaxy Survey with MIRI Spectroscopy (PRISMS), a JWST cycle 4 program (PID 8051) aimed at the characterization of a relatively large sample of ten galaxies about 500 Myr after the Big Bang. Here, we present deep (13.9 hours) spectroscopy with the MIRI LRS of the lensed galaxy UNCOVER-26185 at a redshift of z=10.054. It is a faint UV galaxy (UV absolut magnitude of -18.83 mag) previously identified as a X-ray luminous AGN. MIRI LRS detects the H$β$+[OIII]4960,5008 complex and H$α$ emission line with a significance of 10$σ$ and 8$σ$, respectively, as well as the optical continuum emission at rest-frame 0.45 $μ$m and 0.57 $μ$m with a signal-to-noise ratio of 6-7. The UV-to-optical spectral energy distribution, combining continuum and emission lines, is compatible with: (i) a low stellar (A$_V$= 0.2) and nebular (A$_V$=0.0) extinction, (ii) a SFH composed by a young (7 Myr) starburst and an intermediate-age (65 Myr) stellar population, and (iii) a total stellar mass of 1.7$\times$10$^{8}$ M$_{\odot}$. The H$α$-derived star-formation rate is 1.3 M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. The low optical emission line ratios locate UNCOVER-26185 as the most metal-poor (Z = 0.04 Z$_{\odot}$), and as outlier with the lowest ionization (logU=-2.5) galaxy identified so far at redshifts above 9. With no evidence of an active galactic nuclei in the rest-frame UV-to-optical spectrum, UNCOVER-26185 has the properties of a metal-poor, main-sequence star-forming galaxy at redshift 10, with ISM and ionization properties very different than those of the already studied UV-bright galaxies at redshifts beyond 10. PRISMS is starting to explore the population of intermediate-UV luminosity galaxies at z=10, covering UV absolute magnitudes in the range of -17.9 to -20.5, fainter than those of UV-bright galaxies studied so far. △ Less

Submitted 2 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures, submitted to A&A

PRISMS. U37126, a very blue, ISM-naked starburst at z=10.255 with nearly 100% Lyman continuum escape fraction

Authors: R. Marques-Chaves, J. Álvarez-Márquez, L. Colina, S. Kendrew, Abdurro'uf, C. Blanco-Prieto, L. A. Boogaard, M. Castellano, K. I. Caputi, A. Crespo-Gomez, A. Fontana, Y. Fudamoto, S. Fujimoto, M. García-Marín, Y. Harikane, S. Harish, T. Hashimoto, T. Hsiao, E. Iani, A. K. Inoue, D. Langeroodi, R. Lin, J. Melinder, L. Napolitano, G. Ostlin , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present very deep (~11h) JWST/MIRI low-resolution spectroscopy of the rest-frame optical emission of U37126, a UV-bright (M_UV ~ -20), mildly lensed ($μ\simeq 2.2$) galaxy at z=10.255. The continuum emission is well detected in both NIRSpec and MIRI spectra, yet no nebular recombination or metal emission lines are observed (EW(Hbeta+[OIII])<300A and EW(Halpha)<400A, at 3sigma). Combined with th… ▽ More We present very deep (~11h) JWST/MIRI low-resolution spectroscopy of the rest-frame optical emission of U37126, a UV-bright (M_UV ~ -20), mildly lensed ($μ\simeq 2.2$) galaxy at z=10.255. The continuum emission is well detected in both NIRSpec and MIRI spectra, yet no nebular recombination or metal emission lines are observed (EW(Hbeta+[OIII])<300A and EW(Halpha)<400A, at 3sigma). Combined with the exceptionally blue UV continuum slope, beta_UV ~ -2.9, and weak/flat Balmer break, these constraints indicate a stellar population dominated by very young and massive stars with a strongly suppressed nebular contribution. Comparisons with synthetic stellar population models indicate that U37126 requires both a very high ionizing photon production efficiency, log(Xi_ion / Hz erg^-1) ~ 25.75, and a nearly unit LyC escape fraction, of fesc>86% (3sigma) based on Halpha flux limit and fesc=0.94+/-0.06 derived independently from SED fitting. The best-fit SED yields a (de-lensed) stellar mass of Mstar ~ 10^7.8 Msun and a star-formation rate of SFR~10Msun/yr (sSFR~160 Gyr^-1), that along with its very compact size, reff~61pc, yields very high stellar mass and star-formation-rate surface densities, Sigma_M ~ 3x10^3 Msun/pc^2 and Sigma_SFR ~ 400 Msun/yr/kpc^2. Together with the lack of detectable nebular emission, these properties suggest that U37126 is undergoing an ``ISM-naked'' starburst phase, possibly driven by an extremely efficient gas-to-star conversion followed by strong feedback that has cleared the remaining gas from its stellar core, allowing most LyC photons to escape. Finally, we show that even a small fraction of galaxies like U37126 (~ 3%-6%), with extreme LyC production and escape, could contribute disproportionately (~ 50%-100%) to the ionizing photon budget during cosmic reionization. △ Less

Submitted 2 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 13 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to A&A. Comments welcome

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- The extended stellar component of the IC10 dwarf galaxy

Authors: F. Annibali, A. M. N. Ferguson, P. M. Sanchez-Alarcon, P. Dimauro, L. K. Hunt, R. Pascale, M. Bellazzini, A. Lançon, P. Jablonka, J. M. Howell, K. Voggel, J. -C. Cuillandre, Abdurro'uf, G. Battaglia, L. R. Bedin, Michele Cantiello, D. Carollo, P. -A. Duc, S. S. Larsen, M. Libralato, F. R. Marleau, D. Massari, T. Saifollahi, C. Tortora, M. Urbano , et al. (153 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a detailed analysis of the old, extended stellar component of the Local Group dwarf galaxy IC 10 using deep resolved-star photometry in the VIS and NISP bands of the Euclid Early Release Observations. Leveraging Euclid's unique combination of wide field of view and high spatial resolution, we trace red giant branch (RGB) stars out to $\sim$8 kpc from the galaxy centre, reaching azimutha… ▽ More We present a detailed analysis of the old, extended stellar component of the Local Group dwarf galaxy IC 10 using deep resolved-star photometry in the VIS and NISP bands of the Euclid Early Release Observations. Leveraging Euclid's unique combination of wide field of view and high spatial resolution, we trace red giant branch (RGB) stars out to $\sim$8 kpc from the galaxy centre, reaching azimuthally-averaged surface brightness levels as faint as $μ_{HE}\sim$29 mag arcsec$^{-2}$. Our analysis reveals that IC 10's stellar distribution is significantly more extended than previously thought. After correcting for foreground extinction and subtracting contamination from Milky Way stars and background galaxies, we derive a radial stellar density profile from RGB star counts. The profile shows a marked flattening beyond $\sim$5 kpc, and is best fit by a two-component (Sersic + exponential) model, yielding a total stellar mass in old (age $>$1 Gyr) stars of $M_{\star}=(6.7-8.1)\times10^8 M_{\odot}$. The origin of the outer stellar component is unclear. It may be accreted, even possibly associated with the counter-rotating HI gas in the outer regions of IC 10, or it may represent an ancient in-situ stellar halo. We tentatively detect two symmetric stellar overdensities at the edge of our imagery. These roughly align with the direction of IC 10's orbit around M31, suggesting that they may be signatures of tidal stripping. As part of our analysis, we derive a new distance to IC 10 based on the RGB tip, finding $D=762\pm 20$ kpc and the distance modulus is $(m-M)_0=24.41\pm 0.05$. △ Less

Submitted 17 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 24 pages; 11 figures in main text; 3 Appendices. Submitted to A&A

A spectroscopically confirmed, strongly lensed, metal-poor Type II supernova at z = 5.13

Authors: David A. Coulter, Conor Larison, Justin D. R. Pierel, Seiji Fujimoto, Vasily Kokorev, Joseph F. V. Allingham, Takashi J. Moriya, Matthew Siebert, Yoshihisa Asada, Rachel Bezanson, Maruša Bradač, Gabriel Brammer, John Chisholm, Dan Coe, Pratika Dayal, Michael Engesser, Steven L. Finkelstein, Ori D. Fox, Lukas J. Furtak, Anton M. Koekemoer, Thomas Moore, Minami Nakane, Masami Ouchi, Richard Pan, Robert Quimby , et al. (66 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Observing supernovae (SNe) in the early Universe (z > 3) provides a window into how both galaxies and individual stars have evolved over cosmic time, yet a detailed study of high-redshift stars and SNe has remained difficult due to their extreme distances and cosmological redshifting. To overcome the former, searches for gravitationally lensed sources allow for the discovery of magnified SNe that… ▽ More Observing supernovae (SNe) in the early Universe (z > 3) provides a window into how both galaxies and individual stars have evolved over cosmic time, yet a detailed study of high-redshift stars and SNe has remained difficult due to their extreme distances and cosmological redshifting. To overcome the former, searches for gravitationally lensed sources allow for the discovery of magnified SNe that appear as multiple images - further providing the opportunity for efficient follow-up. Here we present the discovery of "SN Eos": a strongly lensed, multiply-imaged, SN II at a spectroscopic redshift of z = 5.133 +/- 0.001. SN Eos exploded in a Lyman-α emitting galaxy when the Universe was only ~1 billion years old, shortly after it reionized and became transparent to ultraviolet radiation. A year prior to our discovery in JWST data, archival HST imaging of SN Eos reveals rest-frame far ultraviolet (~1,300Å) emission, indicative of shock breakout or interaction with circumstellar material in the first few (rest-frame) days after explosion. The JWST spectroscopy of SN Eos, now the farthest spectroscopically confirmed SN ever discovered, shows that SN Eos's progenitor star likely formed in a metal-poor environment (<= 0.1 Z_{\odot}), providing the first direct evidence of massive star formation in the metal-poor, early Universe. SN Eos would not have been detectable without the extreme lensing magnification of the system, highlighting the potential of such discoveries to eventually place constraints on the faint end of the cosmic star-formation rate density in the very early Universe. △ Less

Submitted 20 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 39 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Science

BEACON: JWST NIRCam Pure-parallel Imaging Survey. II. Physical Properties of $z=7-14$ Galaxies

Authors: Yechi Zhang, Takahiro Morishita, Kimi C. Kreilgaard, Charlotte A. Mason, Abdurro'uf, Hakim Atek, Marusa Bradac, Larry D. Bradley, Andrew J. Bunker, Viola Gelli, Novan Saputra Haryana, Matthew J. Hayes, George Helou, Nicha Leethochawalit, Zhaoran Liu, Marc Rafelski, Guido Roberts-Borsani, Michael Rutkowski, Claudia Scarlata, Massimo Stiavelli, Ryo A. Sutanto, Harry Teplitz, Tommaso Treu, Michele Trenti, Benedetta Vulcani , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present photometric properties of 161 galaxy candidates at $z=7-14$ selected from the second data release (DR2) of BEACON, a JWST Cycle 2 pure-parallel NIRCam imaging program. Carefully selected from 36 independent pointings (corresponding to $\sim350$\,arcmin$^2$ sky coverage), and hence with reduced cosmic variance, our galaxy candidates provide an unbiased sample for investigating galaxy pro… ▽ More We present photometric properties of 161 galaxy candidates at $z=7-14$ selected from the second data release (DR2) of BEACON, a JWST Cycle 2 pure-parallel NIRCam imaging program. Carefully selected from 36 independent pointings (corresponding to $\sim350$\,arcmin$^2$ sky coverage), and hence with reduced cosmic variance, our galaxy candidates provide an unbiased sample for investigating galaxy properties over a wide range of environments. We measure the physical properties, including UV continuum slope ($β_{\rm UV}$), stellar mass ($M_*$), star formation rate (SFR), and sizes. Our highest redshift galaxy candidate at $z=13.71\pm0.15$ has a remarkably bright UV luminosity of $M_{\rm UV}=-21.19\pm0.08$, making it the brightest galaxy at $z>12$ if spectroscopically confirmed. With an extremely blue UV slope, compact morphology, and high star formation rate surface density ($Σ_{\rm SFR}$), this candidate may have extremely low metallicity, high ionizing photon escape fraction, or contributions from an AGN. Among our multiple independent sightlines, we identify three fields of galaxy number overdensity with $>3σ$ significance. The properties of galaxies in various environments do not exhibit significant differences, implying either that accelerated galaxy evolution in overdense regions is not yet widespread at $z>7$, or that the current constraints are limited by sample size. Our simulations indicate that increasing the sample by an order of magnitude would allow such environmental trends to be robustly confirmed or ruled out, underscoring the importance of future pure-parallel observations. △ Less

Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 18 pages, 13 figures, submitted to ApJ

HELM's deep: Highly Extincted Low-Mass galaxies seen by JWST

Authors: L. Bisigello, G. Gandolfi, A. Grazian, G. Rodighiero, G. Girardi, A. Renzini, A. Vietri, E. McGrath, B. Holwerda, Abdurro'uf, M. Castellano, M. Giulietti, C. Gruppioni, N. Hathi, A. M. Koekemoer, R. Lucas, F. Pacucci, P. G. Pérez-González, L. Y. A. Yung, P. Arrabal Haro, B. E. Backhaus, M. Bagley, M. Dickinson, S. Finkelstein, J. Kartaltepe , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The dust content of star-forming galaxies is generally positively correlated with their stellar mass. However, some recent JWST studies have shown the existence of a population of dwarf galaxies with an unexpectedly large dust attenuation. Using the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey (CEERS) data, we identified a sample of 1361 highly extincted low-mass (HELM) galaxies, defined as dwarf… ▽ More The dust content of star-forming galaxies is generally positively correlated with their stellar mass. However, some recent JWST studies have shown the existence of a population of dwarf galaxies with an unexpectedly large dust attenuation. Using the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey (CEERS) data, we identified a sample of 1361 highly extincted low-mass (HELM) galaxies, defined as dwarf galaxies ($M_*<10^{8.5}$) with Av>1mag or more massive galaxies with an exceptionally high dust attenuation given their stellar mass (i.e., $Av>1.6log_{10}(M_*/Mo)-12.6$). The selection is performed using the multiparameter distribution obtained through a comprehensive spectral energy distribution fitting analysis, based on optical to near-infrared data. After excluding possible contaminants, like brown dwarfs, little red dots, high-z (z>8.5) and ultra-high-z (z>15) galaxies, the sample mainly includes sources at z<1, with a tail extending up to z=7.2. The sample has a median stellar mass of $10^7$ Mo and a median dust attenuation of Av=2mag. We analysed the morphology, environment and star-formation rate of these sources to investigate the reason of their large dust attenuation. In particular, HELM sources have sizes (effective radii, Re) similar to non-dusty dwarf galaxies and no correlation is visible between the axis ratios (b/a) and the dust attenuation. This findings indicate that it is unlikely that the large dust attenuation is due to projection effects, but a prolate or a disk-on oblate geometry are still possible, at least for a subsample of the sources. We have found that the distribution of HELM sources is slightly skewed toward more clustered environments than non-dusty dwarfs and tend to be slightly less star forming. This finding, if confirmed by spectroscopic follow-up, indicates that HELM sources could be going through some environmental processes, such as galaxy interactions. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 706, A363 (2026)

High-Redshift Galaxy Candidates at z > 6 as Revealed by JWST Observations of MACS0647

Authors: Keduse Worku, Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Dan Coe, Abdurro'uf, Tom Resseguier, Rebecca L. Larson, Jacqueline Antwi-Danso, Gabriel Brammer, Vasily Kokorev, Larry D. Bradley, Lukas J. Furtak, Masamune Oguri

Abstract: We present a catalog of 57 high-redshift $z>6$ galaxy candidates, including 14 spectroscopic confirmations ($z = 6.10$ -- 9.25), 2 Little Red Dots ($z = 4.77$, 5.81), and 2 interlopers ($z = 3.23$, 3.72), based on \JWST\ NIRCam imaging (7 filters), NIRSpec spectroscopy (PRISM and G395H), and archival \HST\ imaging (17 filters) of the strong lensing galaxy cluster MACS0647. Our highest redshift con… ▽ More We present a catalog of 57 high-redshift $z>6$ galaxy candidates, including 14 spectroscopic confirmations ($z = 6.10$ -- 9.25), 2 Little Red Dots ($z = 4.77$, 5.81), and 2 interlopers ($z = 3.23$, 3.72), based on \JWST\ NIRCam imaging (7 filters), NIRSpec spectroscopy (PRISM and G395H), and archival \HST\ imaging (17 filters) of the strong lensing galaxy cluster MACS0647. Our highest redshift confirmation ($z = 9.25$) is an Extremely Blue Galaxy (presented in~\citealt{Yanagisawa2024}), and here we identify a spectral turnover likely due to damped Lyman-$α$. We identify an overdensity of galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts $z = 6.1$, confirming the $z \sim 6$ overdensity identified in \HST\ images. In one of these galaxies, our high-resolution G395H spectroscopy reveals two spatially resolved components with a velocity difference of $\sim$90 km/s; if these components are gravitationally bound, this would imply a dynamical mass on the order of $\sim 10^8\ M_\odot$ given their projected separation. We present spectral line fluxes, widths, and derived physical properties, including stellar masses ($10^8 - 10^9 \ \mathrm{M}_{\odot}$) and metallicities ($10\% - 40\% \ \mathrm{Z}_{\odot}$) for our spectroscopic sample. We note half of our NIRSpec data was obtained with standard 3-slitlet nods and half was obtained with single slitlets yielding similar results, demonstrating the power to observe more sources on a densely packed NIRSpec MSA. △ Less

Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ; 18 pages, 8 figures

Spatially Resolved Physical Properties of Young Star Clusters and Star-forming Clumps in the Brightest z>6 Galaxy, the Strongly Lensed Cosmic Spear at z=6.2

Authors: Abdurro'uf, Dan Coe, Tom Resseguier, Calla Murphy, Xinfeng Xu, Angela Adamo, Namrata Roy, Alaina Henry, Vasily Kokorev, Gabriel Brammer, Seiji Fujimoto, Henry C. Ferguson, Amanda Pagul, Rogier A. Windhorst, Timothy Heckman, Jose M. Diego, Hollis B. Akins, Joseph Allingham, Ricardo O. Amorín, Danielle A. Berg, Maruša Bradač, Larry D. Bradley, Wenlei Chen, John Chisholm, Christopher J. Conselice , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present spatially resolved analysis of stellar populations in the brightest $z>6$ galaxy known to date (AB mag 23), the strongly lensed MACS0308$-$zD1 (dubbed the ``Cosmic Spear'') at $z_{\rm spec}=6.2$. New JWST NIRCam imaging and high-resolution NIRSpec IFU spectroscopy span the rest-frame ultraviolet to optical. The NIRCam imaging reveals bright star-forming clumps and a tail consisting of t… ▽ More We present spatially resolved analysis of stellar populations in the brightest $z>6$ galaxy known to date (AB mag 23), the strongly lensed MACS0308$-$zD1 (dubbed the ``Cosmic Spear'') at $z_{\rm spec}=6.2$. New JWST NIRCam imaging and high-resolution NIRSpec IFU spectroscopy span the rest-frame ultraviolet to optical. The NIRCam imaging reveals bright star-forming clumps and a tail consisting of three distinct, extremely compact star clusters that are multiply-imaged by gravitational lensing. The star clusters have effective radii of $R_{\rm{eff}} \sim 5$ pc, stellar masses of $M_{*} \sim 10^{6}-10^{7}\,M_{\odot}$, and high stellar mass surface densities of $Σ_{*} > 10^{4}\,M_{\odot}~\rm{pc}^{-2}$. While their stellar populations are very young ($\sim 5-9$ Myr), their dynamical ages exceed unity, consistent with the clusters being gravitationally bound systems. Placing the star clusters in the size vs.~stellar mass density plane, we find they occupy a region similar to other high-redshift star clusters within galaxies observed recently with JWST, being significantly more massive and denser than local star clusters. Spatially resolved analysis of the brightest clump reveals a compact, intensely star-forming core. The ionizing photon production efficiency ($ξ_{\rm{ion}}$) is slightly suppressed in this central region, potentially indicating a locally elevated Lyman continuum escape fraction facilitated by feedback-driven channels. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 13 figures, submitted to ApJ

Little red dot variability over a century reveals black hole envelope via a giant Einstein cross

Authors: Zijian Zhang, Mingyu Li, Masamune Oguri, Xiaojing Lin, Kohei Inayoshi, Catherine Cerny, Dan Coe, Jose M. Diego, Seiji Fujimoto, Linhua Jiang, Guillaume Mahler, Jorryt Matthee, Rohan P. Naidu, Keren Sharon, Yue Shen, Adi Zitrin, Abdurro'uf, Hollis Akins, Joseph F. V. Allingham, Ricardo Amorín, Yoshihisa Asada, Hakim Atek, Franz E. Bauer, Maruša Bradač, Larry D. Bradley , et al. (57 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: "Little red dots" (LRDs) represent a new population of astronomical objects uncovered by JWST whose nature remains debated. Although many LRDs are suspected as active galactic nuclei (AGN), they show little variability on days-years timescales. We report the discovery of two gravitationally lensed LRDs at redshift $\sim$4.3 behind the cluster RXCJ2211-0350, one of which (RX1) is quadruply imaged w… ▽ More "Little red dots" (LRDs) represent a new population of astronomical objects uncovered by JWST whose nature remains debated. Although many LRDs are suspected as active galactic nuclei (AGN), they show little variability on days-years timescales. We report the discovery of two gravitationally lensed LRDs at redshift $\sim$4.3 behind the cluster RXCJ2211-0350, one of which (RX1) is quadruply imaged with time delays spanning $\sim$130 years. RX1 exhibits intrinsic color and brightness variations of up to 0.7 magnitude among its images. These changes are consistent with blackbody-temperature variations of a photosphere, indicating long-term variability analogous to Cepheid-like pulsations but in a far more extended ($R \sim 2000$ AU) and massive ($M \gtrsim 10^6 \, M_{\odot}$) systems. These results suggest LRDs as a distinct class of AGN with stellar-like envelopes. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 59 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables, submitted to a peer-reviewed journal; comments are welcome

VENUS: When Red meets Blue -- A multiply imaged Little Red Dot with an apparent blue companion behind the galaxy cluster Abell 383

Authors: Miriam Golubchik, Lukas J. Furtak, Joseph F. V. Allingham, Adi Zitrin, Hollis B. Akins, Vasily Kokorev, Seiji Fujimoto, Abdurro'uf, Ricardo O. Amorín, Franz E. Bauer, Rachel Bezanson, Marusa Bradač, Larry D. Bradley, Gabriel B. Brammer, John Chisholm, Dan Coe, Christopher J. Conselice, Pratika Dayal, Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky, Jose M. Diego, Andreas L. Faisst, Qinyue Fei, Henry C. Ferguson, Steven L. Finkelstein, Brenda L. Frye , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of a doubly-imaged Little Red Dot (LRD) candidate behind the galaxy cluster Abell 383, which we dub A383-LRD1. Initially classified as a dropout galaxy in HST imaging with several ground-based emission line detections placing it at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}=6.027$, new JWST/NIRCam observations taken as part of the cycle 4 VENUS survey now reveal that the source consists of two und… ▽ More We report the discovery of a doubly-imaged Little Red Dot (LRD) candidate behind the galaxy cluster Abell 383, which we dub A383-LRD1. Initially classified as a dropout galaxy in HST imaging with several ground-based emission line detections placing it at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}=6.027$, new JWST/NIRCam observations taken as part of the cycle 4 VENUS survey now reveal that the source consists of two underlying components: A red point-source with a V-shaped SED consistent with LRD selection criteria, and a nearby ($\sim 380$ pc) compact blue companion which was the main contributor to the previous rest-frame UV detections. Based on lensing symmetry and its SED, the LRD appears to lie at a similar redshift as well. The magnification of the two images of A383-LRD1 is $μ_{\mathrm{A}}=16.2\pm1.2$ and $μ_\mathrm{B}=9.0\pm0.6$, respectively, and the predicted time delay between them is $Δt_{\mathrm{grav}}=5.20\pm0.14$ yr ($\sim0.7$ yr in the rest-frame). After correcting for the lensing magnification, we derive an absolute magnitude of $M_{\mathrm{UV,LRD}}=-16.8\pm 0.3$ for the LRD, and $M_{\mathrm{UV,BC}}=-18.2\pm 0.2$ for the blue companion. We perform SED fits to both components, revealing the LRD to be best fitted with a black hole star (BH*) model and a substantial host galaxy, and the blue companion with an extremely young, emission-line dominated star-forming nebula. A383-LRD1 represents the second known multiply-imaged LRD detected to date, following A2744-QSO1, and to our knowledge, the first LRD system with a confirmed detection of [C $_{II}$]$\lambda158 \ μ$m emission from ALMA observations. Thanks to lensing magnification, this system opens a unique door to study the relation between a LRD, its host galaxy, and its environment, and represents a prime candidate for deep JWST spectroscopy and high-resolution ALMA follow-up observations. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2025; v1 submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 5 figures; V2: minor text corrections, figure added, submitted to journal

Euclid preparation: LXXXI. The impact of nonparametric star formation histories on spatially resolved galaxy property estimation using synthetic Euclid images

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Nersesian, Abdurro'uf, M. Baes, C. Tortora, I. Kovačić, L. Bisigello, P. Corcho-Caballero, E. Durán-Camacho, L. K. Hunt, P. Iglesias-Navarro, R. Ragusa, J. Román, F. Shankar, M. Siudek, J. G. Sorce, F. R. Marleau, N. Aghanim, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, E. Branchini , et al. (261 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We analyzed the spatially resolved and global star formation histories (SFHs) for a sample of 25 TNG50-SKIRT Atlas galaxies to assess the feasibility of reconstructing accurate SFHs from Euclid-like data. This study provides a proof of concept for extracting the spatially resolved SFHs of local galaxies with Euclid, highlighting the strengths and limitations of SFH modeling in the context of next-… ▽ More We analyzed the spatially resolved and global star formation histories (SFHs) for a sample of 25 TNG50-SKIRT Atlas galaxies to assess the feasibility of reconstructing accurate SFHs from Euclid-like data. This study provides a proof of concept for extracting the spatially resolved SFHs of local galaxies with Euclid, highlighting the strengths and limitations of SFH modeling in the context of next-generation galaxy surveys. We used the spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code Prospector to model both spatially resolved and global SFHs using parametric and nonparametric configurations. The input consisted of mock ultraviolet--near-infrared photometry derived from the TNG50 cosmological simulation and processed with the radiative transfer code SKIRT. We show that nonparametric SFHs provide a more effective approach to mitigating the outshining effect by recent star formation, offering improved accuracy in the determination of galaxy stellar properties. Also, we find that the nonparametric SFH model at resolved scales closely recovers the stellar mass formation times (within 0.1~dex) and the ground truth values from TNG50, with an absolute average bias of $0.03$~dex in stellar mass and $0.01$~dex in both specific star formation rate and mass-weighted age. In contrast, larger offsets are estimated for all stellar properties and formation times when using a simple $τ$-model SFH, at both resolved and global scales, highlighting its limitations. These results emphasize the critical role of nonparametric SFHs in both global and spatially resolved analyses, as they better capture the complex evolutionary pathways of galaxies and avoid the biases inherent in simple parametric models. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 23 pages, 12 figures, accepted

VENUS: A Strongly Lensed Clumpy Galaxy at $z\sim11-12$ behind the Galaxy Cluster MACS J0257.1-2325

Authors: Minami Nakane, Vasily Kokorev, Seiji Fujimoto, Masami Ouchi, Derek J. McLeod, Miriam Golubchik, Masamune Oguri, Adi Zitrin, Cecilia Bondestam, Callum T. Donnan, Gabriel Brammer, Steven L. Finkelstein, Chris Willott, Gregor Rihtarsic, Guillaume Desprez, Angela Adamo, Eros Vanzella, Maruša Bradač, Matteo Messa, Hiroto Yanagisawa, Fengwu Sun, Henry C. Ferguson, Ray A. Lucas, Dan Coe, Johan Richard , et al. (52 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery of a strongly lensed galaxy at $z\sim11-12$, dubbed the ``Misty Moons'', identified in the JWST Treasury Survey, Vast Exploration for Nascent, Unexplored Sources (VENUS). The Misty Moons is gravitationally lensed by the galaxy cluster MACS J0257.1-2325 at $z=0.505$, and has five multiple images suggested by two independent lensing models. Two of the five images, ID1 and ID… ▽ More We present the discovery of a strongly lensed galaxy at $z\sim11-12$, dubbed the ``Misty Moons'', identified in the JWST Treasury Survey, Vast Exploration for Nascent, Unexplored Sources (VENUS). The Misty Moons is gravitationally lensed by the galaxy cluster MACS J0257.1-2325 at $z=0.505$, and has five multiple images suggested by two independent lensing models. Two of the five images, ID1 and ID2 ($μ\sim 20-30$), are very bright (F200W$\sim26$ AB mag) and exhibit blue SEDs with prominent Ly$α$ breaks. In the source plane, the Misty Moons is a sub-$L^*$ galaxy ($M_{\rm UV}\sim-18.0$ mag) resolved into multiple stellar clumps, each of which has an effective radius of $r_\mathrm{eff}\sim 10-70$ pc and a stellar mass of $\sim10^7\ M_\odot$. These clumps dominate the stellar mass budget of the Misty Moons ($\gtrsim80\%$), similar to other high-$z$ clumps, which suggests a highly clustered mode of star formation in the early Universe, unlike seen in local dwarf galaxies. We convolve the source-plane image with the JWST/NIRCam point-spread function to produce a mock NIRCam image of the Misty Moons without lensing magnification, and find that the intrinsic galaxy has a radial surface-brightness profile comparable to those of $z\gtrsim10$ faint galaxies, such as JADES-GS-z13-0 and JADES-GS-z14-1, indicating that the Misty Moons represents a typical $z\gtrsim10$ faint galaxy. The Misty Moons, a lensed galaxy with resolved internal structures, provides an ideal laboratory for exploring the early stages of galaxy formation at $z\gtrsim10$. △ Less

Submitted 6 February, 2026; v1 submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 9 figures, submitted to ApJ, revised version

Stellar Mass Assembly History of Massive Quiescent Galaxies since $z\sim4$: Insights from Spatially Resolved SED Fitting with JWST Data

Authors: Novan Saputra Haryana, Masayuki Akiyama, Abdurro'uf, Hesti Retno Tri Wulandari, Juan Pablo Alfonzo, Kianhong Lee, Naoki Matsumoto, Ryo Albert Sutanto, Muhammad Nur Ihsan Effendi, Itsna Khoirul Fitriana, Ibnu Nurul Huda, Anton Timur Jaelani, Sultan Hadi Kusuma, Lucky Puspitarini, Dian Puspita Triani

Abstract: Massive quiescent galaxies at high redshift show significantly more compact morphology than their local counterparts. To examine their internal structure across a wide redshift range and investigate potential redshift dependence, we performed spatially resolved SED fitting using pixedfit software on massive $(\log(M_*/M_\odot)\sim11)$ quiescent galaxies at $0<z<4$ with public James Webb Space Tele… ▽ More Massive quiescent galaxies at high redshift show significantly more compact morphology than their local counterparts. To examine their internal structure across a wide redshift range and investigate potential redshift dependence, we performed spatially resolved SED fitting using pixedfit software on massive $(\log(M_*/M_\odot)\sim11)$ quiescent galaxies at $0<z<4$ with public James Webb Space Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope imaging data from the Public Release Imaging for Extragalactic Research and the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey. We find that at $z \sim 3.5$, the half-mass radius is about 5.4 times smaller than at $z \sim 0.5$. This growth is driven by stellar mass buildup in the outskirts ($r > 4$ kpc), while the central regions ($r \sim 1$ kpc) remain largely unchanged, with stellar mass surface density similar to local quiescent galaxies. The estimated star formation rates are too low to explain the stellar mass growth, indicating an additional stellar mass accumulation process, such as mergers, is necessary. We parameterize the size-mass relation of the most massive galaxies in our sample as $\log(R_{e,mass}) \propto α\log(M_*)$, and find $α= 2.67^{+1.14}_{-1.17}$ for $z\lessapprox2$, consistent with growth dominated by minor mergers, and $α= 0.91^{+0.20}_{-0.16}$ for $z\gtrapprox2$, consistent with growth dominated by major mergers. These results indicate that massive quiescent galaxies originate from compact quenched systems and grow through combinations of minor and major mergers. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2025; v1 submitted 26 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

JWST spectroscopic confirmation of the Cosmic Gems arc at z=9.625 -- Insights into the small scale structure of a post-burst system

Authors: M. Messa, E. Vanzella, F. Loiacono, A. Adamo, M. Oguri, K. Sharon, L. D. Bradley, L. Christensen, A. Claeyssens, J. Richard, Abdurro'uf, F. E. Bauer, P. Bergamini, A. Bolamperti, M. Bradač, F. Calura, D. Coe, J. M. Diego, C. Grillo, T. Y-Y. Hsiao, A. K. Inoue, S. Fujimoto, M. Lombardi, M. Meneghetti, T. Resseguier , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present JWST/NIRSpec integral field spectroscopy of the Cosmic Gems arc, strongly magnified by the galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0615$-$5746. Six-hour integration using NIRSpec prism spectroscopy (resolution $\rm R\simeq 30-300$), covering the spectral range $0.8-5.3~μm$, reveals a pronounced $\rm Lyα$-continuum break at $λ\simeq 1.3~μm$, as well as weak optical $\rm Hβ$ and $\rm [OIII]\lambda4959$ em… ▽ More We present JWST/NIRSpec integral field spectroscopy of the Cosmic Gems arc, strongly magnified by the galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0615$-$5746. Six-hour integration using NIRSpec prism spectroscopy (resolution $\rm R\simeq 30-300$), covering the spectral range $0.8-5.3~μm$, reveals a pronounced $\rm Lyα$-continuum break at $λ\simeq 1.3~μm$, as well as weak optical $\rm Hβ$ and $\rm [OIII]\lambda4959$ emission lines at $z=9.625\pm0.002$, located in the reddest part of the spectrum ($λ> 5.1~μm$). No additional ultraviolet or optical emission lines are reliably detected. A weak Balmer break is measured alongside a very blue ultraviolet slope ($β\leq-2.5$, $\rm F_λ \sim λ^β$). Spectral fitting with $\tt Bagpipes$ suggests that the Cosmic Gems galaxy is in a post-starburst phase, making it the highest-redshift system currently observed in a mini-quenched state. Spatially resolved spectroscopy at tens of parsecs shows relatively uniform features across subcomponents of the arc. These findings align well with the physical properties previously derived from JWST/NIRCam photometry of the stellar clusters, now corroborated by spectroscopic evidence. In particular, five observed star clusters exhibit ages of $\rm 7-30~Myr$. An updated lens model constrains the intrinsic sizes and masses of these clusters, confirming they are extremely compact and denser than typical star clusters in local star-forming galaxies. Additionally, four compact stellar systems consistent with star clusters ($\lesssim10$ pc) are identified along the extended tail of the arc. A sub-parsec line-emitting HII region straddling the critical line, lacking a NIRCam counterpart, is also serendipitously detected. △ Less

Submitted 19 November, 2025; v1 submitted 24 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 22 pages (15 figures, 4 tables). Accepted for publication in A&A; see also the companion work Vanzella et al. 2025

Journal ref: A&A 705, A173 (2026)

The z = 9.625 Cosmic Gems Galaxy was a "Compact Blue Monster" Propelled by Massive Star Clusters

Authors: E. Vanzella, M. Messa, A. Adamo, F. Loiacono, M. Oguri, K. Sharon, L. D. Bradley, P. Bergamini, M. Meneghetti, A. Claeyssens, B. Welch, M. Bradac, A. Zanella, A. Bolamperti, F. Calura, T. Y-Y. Hsiao, E. Zackrisson, M. Ricotti, L. Christensen, J. M. Diego, F. E. Bauer, X. Xu, S. Fujimoto, C. Grillo, M. Lombardi , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The recent discovery of five massive stellar clusters at z=9.625 in the Cosmic Gems has raised the question about the formation mechanism of star clusters in the first half Gyr after the Big-Bang. We infer the total stellar mass in clusters by normalizing and integrating the stellar cluster mass function (SCMF, dn(M)/dM ~ (n$_0$) $M^β$), assuming three different slopes $β$ = -1.5, -2.0 and -2.5 an… ▽ More The recent discovery of five massive stellar clusters at z=9.625 in the Cosmic Gems has raised the question about the formation mechanism of star clusters in the first half Gyr after the Big-Bang. We infer the total stellar mass in clusters by normalizing and integrating the stellar cluster mass function (SCMF, dn(M)/dM ~ (n$_0$) $M^β$), assuming three different slopes $β$ = -1.5, -2.0 and -2.5 and different lower-mass limits between $10^2$ and $10^5$ Msun. The total integrated cluster stellar mass is compared to the stellar mass inferred from the counter-image of the Cosmic Gems, which provides the best, modestly magnified ($μ$ = 1.84$\pm$0.05) representation of the entire galaxy. The delensed stellar mass of the Cosmic Gems galaxy is estimated as 3.5$_{-1.8}^{+3.3}$ x$10^7$ Msun, with an effective radius of Reff = 103$_{-15}^{+13}$ parsec and a stellar surface mass density of $Σ$mass = 520$_{-225}^{+340}$ Msun pc$^{-2}$. Accounting for normalization uncertainties - including different lensing magnification scenarios for the arc - a modified SCMF, combined with a significantly high star cluster formation efficiency (approaching 100%), appears to be a necessary condition to explain the relatively short formation timescale of both the star clusters and the counter-image, without exceeding the galaxy's stellar mass. By extrapolating the physical properties at the peak of the burst we find that in its recent past (<~ 30 Myr) the Cosmic Gems galaxy has likely experienced a specific star formation rate (sSFR) exceeding 25 Gyr$^{-1}$ and luminosity approaching the ``blue monster'' regime (M$_{UV}$ < -20). Our study provides insights into the extreme clustered nature of star formation in early galaxies and shed light into the formation of bound star clusters that might survive to z = 0 as globular clusters, older than 13 Gyr. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 24 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 11 pages, 8 figures, A&A accepted; see also the companion work Messa et al. 2025b (arXiv:2507.18705)

Journal ref: A&A 705, A171 (2026)

Euclid preparation. Spatially resolved stellar populations of local galaxies with Euclid: a proof of concept using synthetic images with the TNG50 simulation

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, Abdurro'uf, C. Tortora, M. Baes, A. Nersesian, I. Kovačić, M. Bolzonella, A. Lançon, L. Bisigello, F. Annibali, M. N. Bremer, D. Carollo, C. J. Conselice, A. Enia, A. M. N. Ferguson, A. Ferré-Mateu, L. K. Hunt, E. Iodice, J. H. Knapen, A. Iovino, F. R. Marleau, R. F. Peletier, R. Ragusa, M. Rejkuba, A. S. G. Robotham , et al. (264 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The European Space Agency's Euclid mission will observe approximately 14,000 $\rm{deg}^{2}$ of the extragalactic sky and deliver high-quality imaging for many galaxies. The depth and high spatial resolution of the data will enable a detailed analysis of stellar population properties of local galaxies. In this study, we test our pipeline for spatially resolved SED fitting using synthetic images of… ▽ More The European Space Agency's Euclid mission will observe approximately 14,000 $\rm{deg}^{2}$ of the extragalactic sky and deliver high-quality imaging for many galaxies. The depth and high spatial resolution of the data will enable a detailed analysis of stellar population properties of local galaxies. In this study, we test our pipeline for spatially resolved SED fitting using synthetic images of Euclid, LSST, and GALEX generated from the TNG50 simulation. We apply our pipeline to 25 local simulated galaxies to recover their resolved stellar population properties. We produce 3 types of data cubes: GALEX + LSST + Euclid, LSST + Euclid, and Euclid-only. We perform the SED fitting tests with two SPS models in a Bayesian framework. Because the age, metallicity, and dust attenuation estimates are biased when applying only classical formulations of flat priors, we examine the effects of additional priors in the forms of mass-age-$Z$ relations, constructed using a combination of empirical and simulated data. Stellar-mass surface densities can be recovered well using any of the 3 data cubes, regardless of the SPS model and prior variations. The new priors then significantly improve the measurements of mass-weighted age and $Z$ compared to results obtained without priors, but they may play an excessive role compared to the data in determining the outcome when no UV data is available. The spatially resolved SED fitting method is powerful for mapping the stellar populations of galaxies with the current abundance of high-quality imaging data. Our study re-emphasizes the gain added by including multiwavelength data from ancillary surveys and the roles of priors in Bayesian SED fitting. With the Euclid data alone, we will be able to generate complete and deep stellar mass maps of galaxies in the local Universe, thus exploiting the telescope's wide field, NIR sensitivity, and high spatial resolution. △ Less

Submitted 10 August, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 30 pages, 18 figures, accepted by A&A

Journal ref: A&A 702, A72 (2025)

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). A first view of the star-forming main sequence in the Euclid Deep Fields

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Enia, L. Pozzetti, M. Bolzonella, L. Bisigello, W. G. Hartley, C. Saulder, E. Daddi, M. Siudek, G. Zamorani, P. Cassata, F. Gentile, L. Wang, G. Rodighiero, V. Allevato, P. Corcho-Caballero, H. Domínguez Sánchez, C. Tortora, M. Baes, Abdurro'uf, A. Nersesian, L. Spinoglio, J. Schaye, Y. Ascasibar, D. Scott , et al. (326 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The star-forming main sequence (SFMS) is a tight relation observed between stellar masses and star formation rates (SFR) in a population of galaxies. This relation is observed at different redshifts, in various morphological, and environmental domains, and is key to understanding the underlying relations between a galaxy budget of cold gas and its stellar content. Euclid Quick Data Release 1 (Q1)… ▽ More The star-forming main sequence (SFMS) is a tight relation observed between stellar masses and star formation rates (SFR) in a population of galaxies. This relation is observed at different redshifts, in various morphological, and environmental domains, and is key to understanding the underlying relations between a galaxy budget of cold gas and its stellar content. Euclid Quick Data Release 1 (Q1) gives us the opportunity to investigate this fundamental relation in galaxy formation and evolution. We complement the Euclid release with public IRAC observations of the Euclid Deep Fields, improving the quality of recovered photometric redshifts, stellar masses, and SFRs, as is shown both with simulations and a comparison with available spectroscopic redshifts. From Q1 data alone, we recover more than $\sim 30\,\mathrm{k}$ galaxies with $\log_{10} (M_\ast/M_\odot) > 11$, giving a precise constraint of the SFMS at the high-mass end. We investigated the SFMS, in a redshift interval between $0.2$ and $3.0$, comparing our results with the existing literature and fitting them with a parameterisation taking into account the presence of a bending of the relation at the high-mass end, depending on the bending mass, $M_0$. We find good agreement with previous results in terms of $M_0$ values, and an increasing trend for the relation scatter at higher stellar masses. We also investigate the distribution of physical (e.g. dust absorption, $A_V$, and formation age) and morphological properties (e.g., Sérsic index and radius) in the SFR--stellar mass plane, and their relation with the SFMS. These results highlight the potential of Euclid in studying the fundamental scaling relations that regulate galaxy formation and evolution in anticipation of the forthcoming Data Release 1. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 17 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Euclid preparation. LXVIII. Extracting physical parameters from galaxies with machine learning

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, I. Kovačić, M. Baes, A. Nersesian, N. Andreadis, L. Nemani, Abdurro'uf, L. Bisigello, M. Bolzonella, C. Tortora, A. van der Wel, S. Cavuoti, C. J. Conselice, A. Enia, L. K. Hunt, P. Iglesias-Navarro, E. Iodice, J. H. Knapen, F. R. Marleau, O. Müller, R. F. Peletier, J. Román, R. Ragusa, P. Salucci, T. Saifollahi , et al. (265 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid mission is generating a vast amount of imaging data in four broadband filters at high angular resolution. This will allow the detailed study of mass, metallicity, and stellar populations across galaxies, which will constrain their formation and evolutionary pathways. Transforming the Euclid imaging for large samples of galaxies into maps of physical parameters in an efficient and reliab… ▽ More The Euclid mission is generating a vast amount of imaging data in four broadband filters at high angular resolution. This will allow the detailed study of mass, metallicity, and stellar populations across galaxies, which will constrain their formation and evolutionary pathways. Transforming the Euclid imaging for large samples of galaxies into maps of physical parameters in an efficient and reliable manner is an outstanding challenge. We investigate the power and reliability of machine learning techniques to extract the distribution of physical parameters within well-resolved galaxies. We focus on estimating stellar mass surface density, mass-averaged stellar metallicity and age. We generate noise-free, synthetic high-resolution imaging data in the Euclid photometric bands for a set of 1154 galaxies from the TNG50 cosmological simulation. The images are generated with the SKIRT radiative transfer code, taking into account the complex 3D distribution of stellar populations and interstellar dust attenuation. We use a machine learning framework to map the idealised mock observational data to the physical parameters on a pixel-by-pixel basis. We find that stellar mass surface density can be accurately recovered with a $\leq 0.130 {\rm \,dex}$ scatter. Conversely, stellar metallicity and age estimates are, as expected, less robust, but still contain significant information which originates from underlying correlations at a sub-kpc scale between stellar mass surface density and stellar population properties. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2025; v1 submitted 24 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Journal ref: A&A 695, A284 (2025)

BEACON: JWST NIRCam Pure-parallel Imaging Survey. I. Survey Design and Initial Results

Authors: Takahiro Morishita, Charlotte A. Mason, Kimi C. Kreilgaard, Michele Trenti, Tommaso Treu, Benedetta Vulcani, Yechi Zhang, Abdurro'uf, Anahita Alavi, Hakim Atek, Yannick Bahe, Marusa Bradac, Larry D. Bradley, Andrew J. Bunker, Dan Coe, James Colbert, Viola Gelli, Matthew J. Hayes, Tucker Jones, Tadayuki Kodama, Nicha Leethochawalit, Zhaoran Liu, Matthew A. Malkan, Vihang Mehta, Benjamin Metha , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We introduce the Bias-free Extragalactic Analysis for Cosmic Origins with NIRCam (BEACON) survey, a JWST Cycle2 program allocated up to 600 pure-parallel hours of observations. BEACON explores high-latitude areas of the sky with JWST/NIRCam over $\sim100$ independent sightlines, totaling $\sim0.3$deg$^2$, reaching a median F444W depth of $\approx28.2$AB mag (5$σ$). Based on existing JWST observati… ▽ More We introduce the Bias-free Extragalactic Analysis for Cosmic Origins with NIRCam (BEACON) survey, a JWST Cycle2 program allocated up to 600 pure-parallel hours of observations. BEACON explores high-latitude areas of the sky with JWST/NIRCam over $\sim100$ independent sightlines, totaling $\sim0.3$deg$^2$, reaching a median F444W depth of $\approx28.2$AB mag (5$σ$). Based on existing JWST observations in legacy fields, we estimate that BEACON will photometrically identify 25--150 galaxies at $z>10$ and 500--1000 at $z\sim7$--10 uniquely enabled by an efficient multiple filter configuration spanning $0.9$--5.0$μ$m. The expected sample size of $z>10$ galaxies will allow us to obtain robust number density estimates and to discriminate between different models of early star formation. In this paper, we present an overview of the survey design and initial results using the first 19 fields. We present 129 galaxy candidates at $z>7$ identified in those fields, including 11 galaxies at $z>10$ and several UV-luminous ($M_{\rm UV}<-21$mag) galaxies at $z\sim8$. The number densities of $z<13$ galaxies inferred from the initial fields are overall consistent with those in the literature. Despite reaching a considerably large volume ($\sim10^5$Mpc$^3$), however, we find no galaxy candidates at $z>13$, providing us with a complimentary insight into early galaxy evolution with minimal cosmic variance. We publish imaging and catalog data products for these initial fields. Upon survey completion, all BEACON data will be coherently processed and distributed to the community along with catalogs for redshift and other physical quantities. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2024; v1 submitted 5 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ; DR1 data release will be made on the team website (https://beacon-jwst.github.io); Fig. 8 has been updated

VST-SMASH: the VST Survey of Mass Assembly and Structural Hierarchy

Authors: Crescenzo Tortora, Rossella Ragusa, Massimiliano Gatto, Marilena Spavone, Leslie Hunt, Vincenzo Ripepi, Massimo Dall'Ora, Abdurro'uf, Francesca Annibali, Maarten Baes, Francesco Michel Concetto Belfiore, Nicola Bellucco, Micol Bolzonella, Michele Cantiello, Paola Dimauro, Mathias Kluge, Federico Lelli, Nicola R. Napolitano, Achille Nucita, Mario Radovich, Roberto Scaramella, Eva Schinnerer, Vincenzo Testa, Aiswarya Unni

Abstract: The VLT Survey Telescope Survey of Mass Assembly and Structural Hierarchy (VST-SMASH) aims to detect tidal features and remnants around very nearby galaxies, a unique and essential diagnostic of the hierarchical nature of galaxy formation. Leveraging optimal sky conditions at ESO's Paranal Observatory, combined with the VST's multi-band optical filters, VST-SMASH aims to be the definitive survey o… ▽ More The VLT Survey Telescope Survey of Mass Assembly and Structural Hierarchy (VST-SMASH) aims to detect tidal features and remnants around very nearby galaxies, a unique and essential diagnostic of the hierarchical nature of galaxy formation. Leveraging optimal sky conditions at ESO's Paranal Observatory, combined with the VST's multi-band optical filters, VST-SMASH aims to be the definitive survey of stellar streams and tidal remnants in the Local Volume, targeting a low surface-brightness limit of $μ\sim$ 30 mag arcsec$^{-2}$ in the g and r bands, and $μ\sim$ 28 mag arcsec$^{-2}$ in the i band, in a volume-limited sample of local galaxies within 11 Mpc and the Euclid footprint. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, published in the ESO Messenger 193

Journal ref: The Messenger 193, 31 (2024)

Implication of a galaxy-scale negative feedback by one of the most powerful multi-phase outflows in a hyper-luminous infrared galaxy at the intermediate redshift

Authors: Xiaoyang Chen, Masayuki Akiyama, Kohei Ichikawa, Yoshiki Toba, Toshihiro Kawaguchi, Takuma Izumi, Toshiki Saito, Daisuke Iono, Masatoshi Imanishi, Kianhong Lee, Hiroshi Nagai, Hirofumi Noda, Abdurro'uf, Mitsuru Kokubo, Naoki Matsumoto

Abstract: Powerful, galactic outflows driven by Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) are commonly considered as a main mechanism to regulate star formation in massive galaxies. Ultra- and hyper-luminous IR galaxies (U/HyLIRGs) are thought to represent a transition phase of galaxies from a rapidly growing period to a quiescent status as gas swept out by outflows, providing a laboratory to investigate outflows and t… ▽ More Powerful, galactic outflows driven by Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) are commonly considered as a main mechanism to regulate star formation in massive galaxies. Ultra- and hyper-luminous IR galaxies (U/HyLIRGs) are thought to represent a transition phase of galaxies from a rapidly growing period to a quiescent status as gas swept out by outflows, providing a laboratory to investigate outflows and their feedback effects on the hosts. In this paper we report recent Gemini and ALMA observations of a HyLIRG, J1126 at $z=0.46842$, which has been identified with a puzzling co-existence of a fast ionized outflow ($>2000$ km s$^{-1}$) and an intense starburst (star formation rate of 800 $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$). The Gemini observation shows the fast ionized outflow is extended to several kpc with a mass-loss rate of 180 $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. A massive molecular outflow with a high mass-loss rate (2500 $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$) is revealed by ALMA. The multi-phase outflows show large factors of momentum boost and loading of kinetic power, indicating a driving by thermal pressure of a nuclear hot wind and/or radiation pressure of a highly obscured AGN. In addition to ejection of kinetic energy, it is also found that the powerful outflow can induce an ionizing shock in the galaxy disk and enhance the excitation and dissociation of molecular gas. The powerful outflow probably results in an instantaneous negative feedback and shows potential to regulate the host growth in a long term. △ Less

Submitted 25 December, 2024; v1 submitted 28 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 35 pages, 26 figures, accepted to be published in ApJ

No Evidence of a Dichotomy in the Elliptical Galaxy Population

Authors: Rogério Monteiro-Oliveira, Yen-Ting Lin, Wei-Huai Chen, Chen-Yu Chuang, Abdurro'uf, Po-Feng Wu

Abstract: The advent of large integral field spectroscopic surveys has found that elliptical galaxies (EGs) can be classified into two classes: the fast rotators (whose kinematics are dominated by rotation) and the slow rotators (which exhibit slow or no rotation pattern). It is often suggested that while the slow rotators typically have boxy isophotal shapes, have a high $α$-to-iron abundance ratio, and ar… ▽ More The advent of large integral field spectroscopic surveys has found that elliptical galaxies (EGs) can be classified into two classes: the fast rotators (whose kinematics are dominated by rotation) and the slow rotators (which exhibit slow or no rotation pattern). It is often suggested that while the slow rotators typically have boxy isophotal shapes, have a high $α$-to-iron abundance ratio, and are quite massive, the fast rotators often exhibit the opposite properties (that is, having disky isophotes, lower $α$-to-iron ratio, and of typical masses). Whether the EGs consist of two distinct populations (i.e., a dichotomy exists), remains an unsolved issue. To examine the existence of the dichotomy, we used a sample of 1,895 EGs from the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey, and measured robustly the stellar kinematics, isophotal shapes, and [Mg/Fe] ratio. We confirmed the previous finding that the bulk of the EGs are disky (65%) and fast rotators (67%), but found no evidence supporting a dichotomy, based on a principal component analysis. The different classes (boxy/disky and slow/fast rotators) of EGs occupy slightly different loci in the principal component space. This may explain the observed trends that led to the premature support of a dichotomy based on small samples of galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 2025; v1 submitted 24 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 28 pages, 19 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ on June 2, 2025, after minor revision

First direct carbon abundance measured at $z>10$ in the lensed galaxy MACS0647$-$JD

Authors: Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Michael W. Topping, Dan Coe, John Chisholm, Danielle A. Berg, Abdurro'uf, Javier Álvarez-Márquez, Roberto Maiolino, Pratika Dayal, Lukas J. Furtak

Abstract: Investigating the metal enrichment in the early universe helps us constrain theories about the first stars and study the ages of galaxies. The lensed galaxy MACS0647$-$JD at $z=10.17$ is the brightest galaxy known at $z > 10$. Previous work analyzing JWST NIRSpec and MIRI data yielded a direct metallicity $\rm{12+log(O/H)}=7.79\pm0.09$ ($\sim$ 0.13 $Z_\odot$) and electron density… ▽ More Investigating the metal enrichment in the early universe helps us constrain theories about the first stars and study the ages of galaxies. The lensed galaxy MACS0647$-$JD at $z=10.17$ is the brightest galaxy known at $z > 10$. Previous work analyzing JWST NIRSpec and MIRI data yielded a direct metallicity $\rm{12+log(O/H)}=7.79\pm0.09$ ($\sim$ 0.13 $Z_\odot$) and electron density $\rm{log}(n_e / \rm{cm^{-3}}) = 2.9 \pm 0.5$, the most distant such measurements to date. Here we estimate the direct C/O abundance for the first time at $z > 10$, finding a sub-solar ${\rm log(C/O)}=-0.44^{+0.06}_{-0.07}$. This is higher than other $z>6$ galaxies with direct C/O measurements, likely due to higher metallicity. It is also slightly higher than galaxies in the local universe with similar metallicity. This may suggest a very efficient and rapid burst of star formation, a low effective oxygen abundance yield, or the presence of unusual stellar populations including supermassive stars. Alternatively, the strong CIII]${\rm λλ}$1907,1909 emission ($14\pm 3\,{Å}$ rest-frame EW) may originate from just one of the two component star clusters JDB ($r \sim 20$ pc). Future NIRSpec IFU spectroscopic observations of MACS0647$-$JD will be promising for disentangling C/O in the two components to constrain the chemistry of individual star clusters just 460 Myr after the Big Bang. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2025; v1 submitted 6 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 9 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Euclid preparation. LVIII. Detecting globular clusters in the Euclid survey

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, K. Voggel, A. Lançon, T. Saifollahi, S. S. Larsen, M. Cantiello, M. Rejkuba, J. -C. Cuillandre, P. Hudelot, A. A. Nucita, M. Urbano, E. Romelli, M. A. Raj, M. Schirmer, C. Tortora, Abdurro'uf, F. Annibali, M. Baes, P. Boldrini, R. Cabanac, D. Carollo, C. J. Conselice, P. -A. Duc, A. M. N. Ferguson, L. K. Hunt , et al. (248 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Extragalactic globular clusters (EGCs) are an abundant and powerful tracer of galaxy dynamics and formation, and their own formation and evolution is also a matter of extensive debate. The compact nature of globular clusters means that they are hard to spatially resolve and thus study outside the Local Group. In this work we have examined how well EGCs will be detectable in images from the Euclid… ▽ More Extragalactic globular clusters (EGCs) are an abundant and powerful tracer of galaxy dynamics and formation, and their own formation and evolution is also a matter of extensive debate. The compact nature of globular clusters means that they are hard to spatially resolve and thus study outside the Local Group. In this work we have examined how well EGCs will be detectable in images from the Euclid telescope, using both simulated pre-launch images and the first early-release observations of the Fornax galaxy cluster. The Euclid Wide Survey will provide high-spatial resolution VIS imaging in the broad IE band as well as near-infrared photometry (YE, JE, and HE). We estimate that the galaxies within 100 Mpc in the footprint of the Euclid survey host around 830 000 EGCs of which about 350 000 are within the survey's detection limits. For about half of these EGCs, three infrared colours will be available as well. For any galaxy within 50Mpc the brighter half of its GC luminosity function will be detectable by the Euclid Wide Survey. The detectability of EGCs is mainly driven by the residual surface brightness of their host galaxy. We find that an automated machine-learning EGC-classification method based on real Euclid data of the Fornax galaxy cluster provides an efficient method to generate high purity and high completeness GC candidate catalogues. We confirm that EGCs are spatially resolved compared to pure point sources in VIS images of Fornax. Our analysis of both simulated and first on-sky data show that Euclid will increase the number of GCs accessible with high-resolution imaging substantially compared to previous surveys, and will permit the study of GCs in the outskirts of their hosts. Euclid is unique in enabling systematic studies of EGCs in a spatially unbiased and homogeneous manner and is primed to improve our understanding of many understudied aspects of GC astrophysics. △ Less

Submitted 19 December, 2024; v1 submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Accepted in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 693, A251 (2025)

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions

Authors: J. -C. Cuillandre, M. Bolzonella, A. Boselli, F. R. Marleau, M. Mondelin, J. G. Sorce, C. Stone, F. Buitrago, Michele Cantiello, K. George, N. A. Hatch, L. Quilley, F. Mannucci, T. Saifollahi, R. Sánchez-Janssen, F. Tarsitano, C. Tortora, X. Xu, H. Bouy, S. Gwyn, M. Kluge, A. Lançon, R. Laureijs, M. Schirmer, Abdurro'uf , et al. (177 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid ERO programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 square degree, corresponding to approximately 0.25 r_200. The data set reaches a point-source depth of IE=28.0 (YE, JE, HE = 25.3) AB magnitudes at 5 sigma with a 0.16" and 0.48" FWHM, and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag per square arcsec. The exception… ▽ More The Euclid ERO programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 square degree, corresponding to approximately 0.25 r_200. The data set reaches a point-source depth of IE=28.0 (YE, JE, HE = 25.3) AB magnitudes at 5 sigma with a 0.16" and 0.48" FWHM, and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag per square arcsec. The exceptional depth and spatial resolution of this wide-field multi-band data enable the simultaneous detection and characterisation of both bright and low surface brightness galaxies, along with their globular cluster systems, from the optical to the NIR. This study advances beyond previous analyses of the cluster and enables a range of scientific investigations summarised here. We derive the luminosity and stellar mass functions (LF and SMF) of the Perseus cluster in the Euclid IE band, thanks to supplementary u,g,r,i,z and Halpha data from the CFHT. We adopt a catalogue of 1100 dwarf galaxies, detailed in the corresponding ERO paper. We identify all other sources in the Euclid images and obtain accurate photometric measurements using AutoProf or AstroPhot for 138 bright cluster galaxies, and SourceExtractor for half a million compact sources. Cluster membership for the bright sample is determined by calculating photometric redshifts with Phosphoros. Our LF and SMF are the deepest recorded for the Perseus cluster, highlighting the groundbreaking capabilities of the Euclid telescope. Both the LF and SMF fit a Schechter plus Gaussian model. The LF features a dip at M(IE)=-19 and a faint-end slope of alpha_S = -1.2 to -1.3. The SMF displays a low-mass-end slope of alpha_S = -1.2 to -1.35. These observed slopes are flatter than those predicted for dark matter halos in cosmological simulations, offering significant insights for models of galaxy formation and evolution. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Submitted to A&A, 44 pages, 35 figures, Part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations

Journal ref: A&A 697, A11 (2025)

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Globular clusters in the Fornax galaxy cluster, from dwarf galaxies to the intracluster field

Authors: T. Saifollahi, K. Voggel, A. Lançon, Michele Cantiello, M. A. Raj, J. -C. Cuillandre, S. S. Larsen, F. R. Marleau, A. Venhola, M. Schirmer, D. Carollo, P. -A. Duc, A. M. N. Ferguson, L. K. Hunt, M. Kümmel, R. Laureijs, O. Marchal, A. A. Nucita, R. F. Peletier, M. Poulain, M. Rejkuba, R. Sánchez-Janssen, M. Urbano, Abdurro'uf, B. Altieri , et al. (174 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present an analysis of Euclid observations of a 0.5 deg$^2$ field in the central region of the Fornax galaxy cluster that were acquired during the performance verification phase. With these data, we investigate the potential of Euclid for identifying GCs at 20 Mpc, and validate the search methods using artificial GCs and known GCs within the field from the literature. Our analysis of artificial… ▽ More We present an analysis of Euclid observations of a 0.5 deg$^2$ field in the central region of the Fornax galaxy cluster that were acquired during the performance verification phase. With these data, we investigate the potential of Euclid for identifying GCs at 20 Mpc, and validate the search methods using artificial GCs and known GCs within the field from the literature. Our analysis of artificial GCs injected into the data shows that Euclid's data in $I_{\rm E}$ band is 80% complete at about $I_{\rm E} \sim 26.0$ mag ($M_{V\rm } \sim -5.0$ mag), and resolves GCs as small as $r_{\rm h} = 2.5$ pc. In the $I_{\rm E}$ band, we detect more than 95% of the known GCs from previous spectroscopic surveys and GC candidates of the ACS Fornax Cluster Survey, of which more than 80% are resolved. We identify more than 5000 new GC candidates within the field of view down to $I_{\rm E}$ mag, about 1.5 mag fainter than the typical GC luminosity function turn-over magnitude, and investigate their spatial distribution within the intracluster field. We then focus on the GC candidates around dwarf galaxies and investigate their numbers, stacked luminosity distribution and stacked radial distribution. While the overall GC properties are consistent with those in the literature, an interesting over-representation of relatively bright candidates is found within a small number of relatively GC-rich dwarf galaxies. Our work confirms the capabilities of Euclid data in detecting GCs and separating them from foreground and background contaminants at a distance of 20 Mpc, particularly for low-GC count systems such as dwarf galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations

Journal ref: A&A 697, A10 (2025)

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Programme overview and pipeline for compact- and diffuse-emission photometry

Authors: J. -C. Cuillandre, E. Bertin, M. Bolzonella, H. Bouy, S. Gwyn, S. Isani, M. Kluge, O. Lai, A. Lançon, D. A. Lang, R. Laureijs, T. Saifollahi, M. Schirmer, C. Stone, Abdurro'uf, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, F. Annibali, H. Atek, P. Awad, M. Baes, E. Bañados, D. Barrado, S. Belladitta, V. Belokurov , et al. (240 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid ERO showcase Euclid's capabilities in advance of its main mission, targeting 17 astronomical objects, from galaxy clusters, nearby galaxies, globular clusters, to star-forming regions. A total of 24 hours observing time was allocated in the early months of operation, engaging the scientific community through an early public data release. We describe the development of the ERO pipeline t… ▽ More The Euclid ERO showcase Euclid's capabilities in advance of its main mission, targeting 17 astronomical objects, from galaxy clusters, nearby galaxies, globular clusters, to star-forming regions. A total of 24 hours observing time was allocated in the early months of operation, engaging the scientific community through an early public data release. We describe the development of the ERO pipeline to create visually compelling images while simultaneously meeting the scientific demands within months of launch, leveraging a pragmatic, data-driven development strategy. The pipeline's key requirements are to preserve the image quality and to provide flux calibration and photometry for compact and extended sources. The pipeline's five pillars are: removal of instrumental signatures; astrometric calibration; photometric calibration; image stacking; and the production of science-ready catalogues for both the VIS and NISP instruments. We report a PSF with a full width at half maximum of 0.16" in the optical and 0.49" in the three NIR bands. Our VIS mean absolute flux calibration is accurate to about 1%, and 10% for NISP due to a limited calibration set; both instruments have considerable colour terms. The median depth is 25.3 and 23.2 AB mag with a SNR of 10 for galaxies, and 27.1 and 24.5 AB mag at an SNR of 5 for point sources for VIS and NISP, respectively. Euclid's ability to observe diffuse emission is exceptional due to its extended PSF nearly matching a pure diffraction halo, the best ever achieved by a wide-field, high-resolution imaging telescope. Euclid offers unparalleled capabilities for exploring the LSB Universe across all scales, also opening a new observational window in the NIR. Median surface-brightness levels of 29.9 and 28.3 AB mag per square arcsec are achieved for VIS and NISP, respectively, for detecting a 10 arcsec x 10 arcsec extended feature at the 1 sigma level. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Submitted to A&A, 44 pages, 36 figures - Part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations

Journal ref: A&A 697, A6 (2025)

Euclid. I. Overview of the Euclid mission

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, Y. Mellier, Abdurro'uf, J. A. Acevedo Barroso, A. Achúcarro, J. Adamek, R. Adam, G. E. Addison, N. Aghanim, M. Aguena, V. Ajani, Y. Akrami, A. Al-Bahlawan, A. Alavi, I. S. Albuquerque, G. Alestas, G. Alguero, A. Allaoui, S. W. Allen, V. Allevato, A. V. Alonso-Tetilla, B. Altieri, A. Alvarez-Candal, S. Alvi, A. Amara , et al. (1115 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The current standard model of cosmology successfully describes a variety of measurements, but the nature of its main ingredients, dark matter and dark energy, remains unknown. Euclid is a medium-class mission in the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) that will provide high-resolution optical imaging, as well as near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy, over about 14… ▽ More The current standard model of cosmology successfully describes a variety of measurements, but the nature of its main ingredients, dark matter and dark energy, remains unknown. Euclid is a medium-class mission in the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) that will provide high-resolution optical imaging, as well as near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy, over about 14,000 deg^2 of extragalactic sky. In addition to accurate weak lensing and clustering measurements that probe structure formation over half of the age of the Universe, its primary probes for cosmology, these exquisite data will enable a wide range of science. This paper provides a high-level overview of the mission, summarising the survey characteristics, the various data-processing steps, and data products. We also highlight the main science objectives and expected performance. △ Less

Submitted 24 September, 2024; v1 submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the A&A special issue`Euclid on Sky'

Journal ref: A&A 697, A1 (2025)

A closer look at the host-galaxy environment of high-velocity Type Ia supernovae

Authors: Han-Tang Lin, Yen-Chen Pan, Abdurro'uf

Abstract: Recent studies suggested that the ejecta velocity of Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) is a promising indicator in distinguishing the progenitor systems and explosion mechanisms. By classifying the SNe Ia based on their ejecta velocities, studies found SNe Ia with high Si II $λ$6355 velocities (HV SNe Ia; v>12000 km/s) tend to be physically different from their normal-velocity counterparts (NV SNe Ia). In… ▽ More Recent studies suggested that the ejecta velocity of Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) is a promising indicator in distinguishing the progenitor systems and explosion mechanisms. By classifying the SNe Ia based on their ejecta velocities, studies found SNe Ia with high Si II $λ$6355 velocities (HV SNe Ia; v>12000 km/s) tend to be physically different from their normal-velocity counterparts (NV SNe Ia). In this work, we revisit the low-$z$ sample studied in previous work and closely look into the spatially resolved environment local to the site of SN explosion. Our results reveal a possible trend (at $2.4σ$ significance) that HV SNe Ia are likely associated with older stellar populations than NV SNe Ia. While the trend is inconclusive, the local host-galaxy sample studied in this work is likely skewed toward massive galaxies, limiting the parameter space that we would like to investigate from the original parent sample. Nevertheless, our results do not rule out the possibility that parameters other than the host-galaxy age (such as metallicity) could be the underlying factors driving the differences between HV and NV SNe Ia due to the limitation of our dataset. △ Less

Submitted 15 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 13 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The miniJPAS Survey: The radial distribution of star formation rates in faint X-ray active galactic nuclei

Authors: Nischal Acharya, Silvia Bonoli, Mara Salvato, Ariana Cortesi, M. Rosa González Delgado, Ivan Ezequiel Lopez, Isabel Marquez, Ginés Martínez-Solaeche, Abdurro'uf, David Alexander, Marcella Brusa, Jonás Chaves-Montero, Juan Antonio Fernández Ontiveros, Brivael Laloux, Andrea Lapi, George Mountrichas, Cristina Ramos Almeida, Julio Esteban Rodríguez Martín, Francesco Shankar, Roberto Soria, M. José Vilchez, Raul Abramo, Jailson Alcaniz, Narciso Benitez, Saulo Carneiro , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We study the impact of black hole nuclear activity on both the global and radial star formation rate (SFR) profiles in X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the field of miniJPAS, the precursor of the much wider J-PAS project. Our sample includes 32 AGN with z < 0.3 detected via the XMM-Newton and Chandra surveys. For comparison, we assembled a control sample of 71 star-forming (SF) galax… ▽ More We study the impact of black hole nuclear activity on both the global and radial star formation rate (SFR) profiles in X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the field of miniJPAS, the precursor of the much wider J-PAS project. Our sample includes 32 AGN with z < 0.3 detected via the XMM-Newton and Chandra surveys. For comparison, we assembled a control sample of 71 star-forming (SF) galaxies with similar magnitudes, sizes, and redshifts. To derive the global properties of both the AGN and the control SF sample, we used CIGALE to fit the spectral energy distributions derived from the 56 narrowband and 4 broadband filters from miniJPAS. We find that AGN tend to reside in more massive galaxies than their SF counterparts. After matching samples based on stellar mass and comparing their SFRs and specific SFRs (sSFRs), no significant differences appear. This suggests that the presence of AGN does not strongly influence overall star formation. However, when we used miniJPAS as an integral field unit (IFU) to dissect galaxies along their position angle, a different picture emerges. We find that AGN tend to be more centrally concentrated in mass with respect to SF galaxies. Moreover, we find a suppression of the sSFR up to 1Re and then an enhancement beyond 1Re , strongly contrasting with the decreasing radial profile of sSFRs in SF galaxies. This could point to an inside-out quenching of AGN host galaxies. These findings suggest that the reason we do not see differences on a global scale is because star formation is suppressed in the central regions and enhanced in the outer regions of AGN host galaxies. While limited in terms of sample size, this work highlights the potential of the upcoming J-PAS as a wide-field low-resolution IFU for thousands of nearby galaxies and AGN. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2024; v1 submitted 9 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 21 pages, 20 figures, Accepted for Publication in A&A

JWST NIRSpec High-resolution Spectroscopy of MACS0647-JD at z=10.167: Resolved [OII] Doublet and Electron Density in an Early Galaxy

Authors: Abdurro'uf, Rebecca L. Larson, Dan Coe, Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Javier Álvarez-Márquez, Alejandro Crespo Gómez, Angela Adamo, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Arjan Bik, Larry D. Bradley, Christopher J. Conselice, Pratika Dayal, Jose M. Diego, Seiji Fujimoto, Lukas J. Furtak, Taylor A. Hutchison, Intae Jung, Meghana Killi, Vasily Kokorev, Matilde Mingozzi, Colin Norman, Tom Resseguier, Massimo Ricotti, Jane R. Rigby, Eros Vanzella , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present JWST/NIRSpec high-resolution spectroscopy G395H/F290LP of MACS0647-JD, a gravitationally lensed galaxy merger at $z=10.167$. The new spectroscopy, which is acquired for the two lensed images (JD1 and JD2), detects and resolves emission lines in the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) and blue optical, including the resolved [OII]3726,3729 doublet, [NeIII]3870, [HeI]3890, H$δ$, H$γ$, and [OIII]4… ▽ More We present JWST/NIRSpec high-resolution spectroscopy G395H/F290LP of MACS0647-JD, a gravitationally lensed galaxy merger at $z=10.167$. The new spectroscopy, which is acquired for the two lensed images (JD1 and JD2), detects and resolves emission lines in the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) and blue optical, including the resolved [OII]3726,3729 doublet, [NeIII]3870, [HeI]3890, H$δ$, H$γ$, and [OIII]4363. This is the first observation of the resolved [OII]3726,3729 doublet for a galaxy at $z>8$. We measure a line flux ratio [OII]3729/3726 $= 0.9 \pm 0.3$, which corresponds to an estimated electron density of $\log(n_{e} / \rm{cm}^{-3}) = 2.9 \pm 0.5$. This is significantly higher than the electron densities of local galaxies reported in the literature. We compile the measurements from the literature and further analyze the redshift evolution of $n_{e}$. We find that the redshift evolution follows the power-law form of $n_{e} = A\times (1+z)^{p}$ with $A=54^{+31}_{-23}$ cm$^{-3}$ and $p=1.2^{+0.4}_{-0.4}$. This power-law form may be explained by a combination of metallicity and morphological evolution of galaxies, which become, on average, more metal-poor and more compact with increasing redshift. △ Less

Submitted 4 July, 2024; v1 submitted 24 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 20 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

JWST MIRI detections of H$α$ and [O III] and direct metallicity measurement of the $z=10.17$ lensed galaxy MACS0647$-$JD

Authors: Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Javier Álvarez-Márquez, Dan Coe, Alejandro Crespo Gómez, Abdurro'uf, Pratika Dayal, Rebecca L. Larson, Arjan Bik, Carmen Blanco-Prieto, Luis Colina, Pablo Guillermo Pérez-González, Luca Costantin, Carlota Prieto-Jiménez, Angela Adamo, Larry D. Bradley, Christopher J. Conselice, Seiji Fujimoto, Lukas J. Furtak, Taylor A. Hutchison, Bethan L. James, Yolanda Jiménez-Teja, Intae Jung, Vasily Kokorev, Matilde Mingozzi, Colin Norman , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: JWST spectroscopy has revolutionized our understanding of galaxies in the early universe. Covering wavelengths up to $5.3\,{\rm μm}$, NIRSpec can detect rest-frame optical emission lines H$α$ out to $z = 7$ and [O III] to $z = 9.5$. Observing these lines in more distant galaxies requires longer wavelength spectroscopy with MIRI. Here we present MIRI MRS IFU observations of the lensed galaxy merger… ▽ More JWST spectroscopy has revolutionized our understanding of galaxies in the early universe. Covering wavelengths up to $5.3\,{\rm μm}$, NIRSpec can detect rest-frame optical emission lines H$α$ out to $z = 7$ and [O III] to $z = 9.5$. Observing these lines in more distant galaxies requires longer wavelength spectroscopy with MIRI. Here we present MIRI MRS IFU observations of the lensed galaxy merger MACS0647$-$JD at $z = 10.165$. With exposure times of 4.2 hours in each of two bands, we detect H$α$ at $9σ$, [O III]$\,\lambda5008$ at $11σ$, and [O III]$\,\lambda4960$ at $3σ$. Combined with previously reported NIRSpec spectroscopy that yields seven emission lines including the auroral line [O III]$\,\lambda4363$, we present the first direct metallicity measurement of a $z > 10$ galaxy: $12+{\rm log(O/H)}= 7.79\pm0.09$, or $0.13^{+0.02}_{-0.03}\,Z_{\odot}$. This is similar to galaxies at $z \sim 4 - 9$ with direct metallicity measurements, though higher than expected given the high specific star formation rate ${\rm log(sSFR / yr^{-1})} = -7.4 \pm 0.3$. We further constrain the ionization parameter ${\rm log}(U)$ = $-1.9 \pm 0.1$, ionizing photon production efficiency ${\rm log}(ξ_{\rm ion})$ = $25.3\pm0.1$, and star formation rate $5.0\pm0.6\,M_{\odot}/{\rm yr}$ within the past $10\,{\rm Myr}$. These observations demonstrate the combined power of JWST NIRSpec and MIRI for studying galaxies in the first $500$ million years. △ Less

Submitted 8 October, 2024; v1 submitted 24 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 16 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Unveiling the Cosmic Gems Arc at $z\sim10$ with JWST NIRCam

Authors: Larry D. Bradley, Angela Adamo, Eros Vanzella, Keren Sharon, Gabriel Brammer, Dan Coe, Jose M. Diego, Vasily Kokorev, Guillaume Mahler, Masamune Oguri, Abdurro'uf, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Lise Christensen, Seiji Fujimoto, Takuya Hashimoto, Tiger Y. -Y Hsiao, Akio K. Inoue, Yolanda Jiménez-Teja, Matteo Messa, Colin Norman, Massimo Ricotti, Yoichi Tamura, Rogier A. Windhorst, Xinfeng Xu, Adi Zitrin

Abstract: We present recent JWST NIRCam imaging observations of SPT0615-JD (also known as the Cosmic Gems Arc), lensed by the galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0615-5746. The 5 arcsec long arc is the most highly magnified $z>10$ galaxy known. It straddles the lensing critical curve and reveals five star clusters with radii of $\sim 1$ pc or less. We measure the full arc to have F200W 24.5 AB mag, consisting of two mir… ▽ More We present recent JWST NIRCam imaging observations of SPT0615-JD (also known as the Cosmic Gems Arc), lensed by the galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0615-5746. The 5 arcsec long arc is the most highly magnified $z>10$ galaxy known. It straddles the lensing critical curve and reveals five star clusters with radii of $\sim 1$ pc or less. We measure the full arc to have F200W 24.5 AB mag, consisting of two mirror images, each 25.3 AB mag with a median magnification of $μ\sim 60^{+17}_{-8}$ (delensed 29.7 AB mag, $M_{UV} = -17.8$). The galaxy has an extremely strong Lyman break F115W$-$F200W $>3.2$ mag ($2σ$ lower limit), is undetected in all bluer filters ($< 2σ$), and has a very blue continuum slope redward of the break ($β= -2.7 \pm 0.1$). This results in a photometric redshift $z_{phot} = 10.2 \pm 0.2$ (95% confidence) with no significant likelihood below $z<9.8$. Based on spectral energy distribution fitting to the total photometry, we estimate an intrinsic stellar mass of $M_{*} \sim 2.4 - 5.6 \times 10^{7} M_{\odot}$, young mass-weighted age of $\sim 21 - 79$ Myr, low dust content ($A_V < 0.15$), and a low metallicity of $\lesssim 1\%~Z_{\odot}$. We identify a fainter third counterimage candidate within 2.2 arcsec of the predicted position, lensed to AB mag 28.4 and magnified by $μ\sim 2$, suggesting the fold arc may only show $\sim 60$% of the galaxy. SPT0615-JD is a unique laboratory to study star clusters observed within a galaxy just 460 Myr after the Big Bang. △ Less

Submitted 10 October, 2025; v1 submitted 16 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 22 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, accepted by ApJ

Journal ref: 2025 ApJ 991 32

The JWST-PRIMAL Legacy Survey. A JWST/NIRSpec reference sample for the physical properties and Lyman-$α$ absorption and emission of $\sim 500$ galaxies at $z=5.5-13.4$

Authors: K. E. Heintz, G. B. Brammer, D. Watson, P. A. Oesch, L. C. Keating, M. J. Hayes, Abdurro'uf, K. Z. Arellano-Córdova, A. C. Carnall, C. R. Christiansen, F. Cullen, R. Davé, P. Dayal, A. Ferrara, K. Finlator, J. P. U. Fynbo, S. R. Flury, V. Gelli, S. Gillman, R. Gottumukkala, K. Gould, T. R. Greve, S. E. Hardin, T. Y. -Y Hsiao, A. Hutter , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: One of the surprising early findings with JWST has been the discovery of a strong "roll-over" or a softening of the absorption edge of Ly$α$ in a large number of galaxies at ($z\gtrsim 6$), in addition to systematic offsets from photometric redshift estimates and fundamental galaxy scaling relations. This has been interpreted as damped Ly$α$ absorption (DLA) wings from high column densities of neu… ▽ More One of the surprising early findings with JWST has been the discovery of a strong "roll-over" or a softening of the absorption edge of Ly$α$ in a large number of galaxies at ($z\gtrsim 6$), in addition to systematic offsets from photometric redshift estimates and fundamental galaxy scaling relations. This has been interpreted as damped Ly$α$ absorption (DLA) wings from high column densities of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI), signifying major gas accretion events in the formation of these galaxies. To explore this new phenomenon systematically, we assemble the JWST/NIRSpec PRImordial gas Mass AssembLy (PRIMAL) legacy survey of 494 galaxies at $z=5.5-13.4$. We characterize this benchmark sample in full and spectroscopically derive the galaxy redshifts, metallicities, star-formation rates, and ultraviolet slopes. We define a new diagnostic, the Ly$α$ damping parameter $D_{\rm Lyα}$ to measure and quantify the Ly$α$ emission strength, HI fraction in the IGM, or local HI column density for each source. The JWST-PRIMAL survey is based on the spectroscopic DAWN JWST Archive (DJA-Spec). All the software, reduced spectra, and spectroscopically derived quantities and catalogs are made publicly available in dedicated repositories. The fraction of strong galaxy DLAs are found to be in the range $65-95\%$ at $z>5.5$. The fraction of strong Ly$α$ emitters (LAEs) is found to increase with decreasing redshift, in qualitative agreement with previous observational results, and are predominantly associated with low-metallicity and UV faint galaxies. By contrast, strong DLAs are observed in galaxies with a variety of intrinsic physical properties. Our results indicate that strong DLAs likely reflect a particular early assembly phase of reionization-era galaxies, at which point they are largely dominated by pristine HI gas accretion. [abridged] △ Less

Submitted 2 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 20 pages, 18 figures, 3 tables. Submitted to A&A. Comments welcome! All data and catalogs are available through the DAWN JWST Archive (DJA): https://dawn-cph.github.io/dja/ and https://github.com/keheintz/jwst-primal

Journal ref: A&A 693, A60 (2025)

The TNG50-SKIRT Atlas: wavelength dependence of the effective radius

Authors: Maarten Baes, Aleksandr Mosenkov, Raymond Kelly, Abdurro'uf, Nick Andreadis, Sena Bokona Tulu, Peter Camps, Abdissa Tassama Emana, Jacopo Fritz, Andrea Gebek, Inja Kovacic, Antonio La Marca, Marco Martorano, Angelos Nersesian, Vicente Rodriguez-Gomez, Crescenzo Tortora, Ana Trcka, Bert Vander Meulen, Arjen van der Wel, Lingyu Wang

Abstract: Galaxy sizes correlate with many other important properties of galaxies, and the cosmic evolution of galaxy sizes is an important observational diagnostic for constraining galaxy evolution models. The effective radius is probably the most widely used indicator of galaxy size. We used the TNG50-SKIRT Atlas to investigate the wavelength dependence of the effective radius of galaxies at optical and n… ▽ More Galaxy sizes correlate with many other important properties of galaxies, and the cosmic evolution of galaxy sizes is an important observational diagnostic for constraining galaxy evolution models. The effective radius is probably the most widely used indicator of galaxy size. We used the TNG50-SKIRT Atlas to investigate the wavelength dependence of the effective radius of galaxies at optical and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. We find that, on average, the effective radius in every band exceeds the stellar mass effective radius, and that this excess systematically decreases with increasing wavelength. The optical g-band (NIR Ks-band) effective radius is on average 58% (13%) larger than the stellar mass effective radius. Effective radii measured from dust-obscured images are systematically larger than those measured from dust-free images, although the effect is limited (8.7% in the g-band, 2.1% in the Ks-band). We find that stellar population gradients are the dominant factor (about 80%) in driving the wavelength dependence of the effective radius, and that differential dust attenuation is a secondary factor (20%). Comparing our results to recent observational data, we find offsets in the absolute values of the median effective radii, up to 50% for the population of blue galaxies. We find better agreement in the slope of the wavelength dependence of the effective radius, with red galaxies having a slightly steeper slope than green-blue galaxies. Comparing our effective radii with those of galaxies from the Siena Galaxy Atlas in separate bins in z-band absolute magnitude and g-z colour, we find excellent agreement for the reddest galaxies, but again significant offsets for the blue populations: up to 70% for galaxies around Mz=-21.5. This difference in median effective radius for the bluer galaxies is most probably due to (abridged...). △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 11 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

The TNG50-SKIRT Atlas: post-processing methodology and first data release

Authors: Maarten Baes, Andrea Gebek, Ana Trcka, Peter Camps, Arjen van der Wel, Abdurro'uf, Nick Andreadis, Sena Bokona Tulu, Abdissa Tassama Emana, Jacopo Fritz, Raymond Kelly, Inja Kovacic, Antonio La Marca, Marco Martorano, Aleksandr Mosenkov, Angelos Nersesian, Vicente Rodriguez-Gomez, Crescenzo Tortora, Bert Vander Meulen, Lingyu Wang

Abstract: Galaxy morphology is a powerful diagnostic to assess the realism of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. Determining the morphology of simulated galaxies requires the generation of synthetic images through 3D radiative transfer post-processing that properly accounts for different stellar populations and interstellar dust attenuation. We use the SKIRT code to generate the TNG50-SKIRT Atlas, a s… ▽ More Galaxy morphology is a powerful diagnostic to assess the realism of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. Determining the morphology of simulated galaxies requires the generation of synthetic images through 3D radiative transfer post-processing that properly accounts for different stellar populations and interstellar dust attenuation. We use the SKIRT code to generate the TNG50-SKIRT Atlas, a synthetic UV to near-infrared broadband image atlas for a complete stellar-mass selected sample of 1154 galaxies extracted from the TNG50 cosmological simulation at $z=0$. The images have a high spatial resolution (100 pc) and a wide field of view (160 kpc). In addition to the dust-obscured images, we also release dust-free images and physical parameter property maps with matching characteristics. As a sanity check and preview application we discuss the UVJ diagram of the galaxy sample. We investigate the effect of dust attenuation on the UVJ diagram and find that it affects both the star-forming and the quiescent galaxy populations. The quiescent galaxy region is polluted by younger and star-forming highly inclined galaxies, while dust attenuation induces a separation in inclination of the star-forming galaxy population, with low-inclination galaxies remaining at the blue side of the diagram and high-inclination galaxies systematically moving towards the red side. This image atlas can be used for a variety of other applications, including galaxy morphology studies and the investigation of local scaling relations. We publicly release the images and parameter maps, and we invite the community to use them. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Bound star clusters observed in a lensed galaxy 460 Myr after the Big Bang

Authors: Angela Adamo, Larry D. Bradley, Eros Vanzella, Adélaïde Claeyssens, Brian Welch, Jose M Diego, Guillaume Mahler, Masamune Oguri, Keren Sharon, Abdurro'uf, Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Xinfeng Xu, Matteo Messa, Augusto E. Lassen, Erik Zackrisson, Gabriel Brammer, Dan Coe, Vasily Kokorev, Massimo Ricotti, Adi Zitrin, Seiji Fujimoto, Akio K. Inoue, Tom Resseguier, Jane R. Rigby, Yolanda Jiménez-Teja , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Cosmic Gems arc is among the brightest and highly magnified galaxies observed at redshift $z\sim10.2$. However, it is an intrinsically UV faint galaxy, in the range of those now thought to drive the reionization of the Universe. Hitherto the smallest features resolved in a galaxy at a comparable redshift are between a few hundreds and a few tens of parsecs. Here we report JWST observations of… ▽ More The Cosmic Gems arc is among the brightest and highly magnified galaxies observed at redshift $z\sim10.2$. However, it is an intrinsically UV faint galaxy, in the range of those now thought to drive the reionization of the Universe. Hitherto the smallest features resolved in a galaxy at a comparable redshift are between a few hundreds and a few tens of parsecs. Here we report JWST observations of the Cosmic Gems. The light of the galaxy is resolved into five star clusters located in a region smaller than 70 parsec. They exhibit minimal dust attenuation and low metallicity, ages younger than 50 Myr and intrinsic masses of $\sim10^6$ M$_{\odot}$. Their lensing-corrected sizes are approximately 1 pc, resulting in stellar surface densities near $10^5$~M$_{\odot}$/pc$^2$, three orders of magnitude higher than typical young star clusters in the local universe. Despite the uncertainties inherent to the lensing model, they are consistent with being gravitationally bound stellar systems, i.e., proto-globular clusters. We conclude that star cluster formation and feedback likely contributed to shape the properties of galaxies during the epoch of reionization. [Abridged] △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2024; v1 submitted 6 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication

Reaching for the stars -- JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy of a lensed star candidate at $z=4.76$

Authors: Lukas J. Furtak, Ashish K. Meena, Erik Zackrisson, Adi Zitrin, Gabriel B. Brammer, Dan Coe, José M. Diego, Jan J. Eldridge, Yolanda Jiménez-Teja, Vasily Kokorev, Massimo Ricotti, Brian Welch, Rogier A. Windhorst, Abdurro'uf, Felipe Andrade-Santos, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Larry D. Bradley, Tom Broadhurst, Wenlei Chen, Christopher J. Conselice, Pratika Dayal, Brenda L. Frye, Seiji Fujimoto, Tiger Y. -Y. Hsiao, Patrick L. Kelly , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present JWST/NIRSpec observations of a highly magnified star candidate at a photometric redshift of $z_{\mathrm{phot}}\simeq4.8$, previously detected in JWST/NIRCam imaging of the strong lensing (SL) cluster MACS J0647+7015 ($z=0.591$). The spectroscopic observation allows us to precisely measure the redshift of the host arc at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}=4.758\pm0.004$, and the star's spectrum displays… ▽ More We present JWST/NIRSpec observations of a highly magnified star candidate at a photometric redshift of $z_{\mathrm{phot}}\simeq4.8$, previously detected in JWST/NIRCam imaging of the strong lensing (SL) cluster MACS J0647+7015 ($z=0.591$). The spectroscopic observation allows us to precisely measure the redshift of the host arc at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}=4.758\pm0.004$, and the star's spectrum displays clear Lyman- and Balmer-breaks commensurate with this redshift. A fit to the spectrum suggests a B-type super-giant star of surface temperature $T_{\mathrm{eff,B}}\simeq15000$ K with either a redder F-type companion ($T_{\mathrm{eff,F}}\simeq6250$K) or significant dust attenuation ($A_V\simeq0.82$) along the line of sight. We also investigate the possibility that this object is a magnified young globular cluster rather than a single star. We show that the spectrum is in principle consistent with a star cluster, which could also accommodate the lack of flux variability between the two epochs. However, the lack of a counter image and the strong upper limit on the size of the object from lensing symmetry, $r\lesssim0.5$ pc, could indicate that this scenario is somewhat less likely -- albeit not completely ruled out by the current data. The presented spectrum seen at a time when the Universe was only $\sim1.2$ Gyr old showcases the ability of JWST to study early stars through extreme lensing. △ Less

Submitted 25 September, 2023; v1 submitted 31 July, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS letters. v2 updated to match the published version

Extreme damped Lyman-$α$ absorption in young star-forming galaxies at $z=9-11$

Authors: Kasper E. Heintz, Darach Watson, Gabriel Brammer, Simone Vejlgaard, Anne Hutter, Victoria B. Strait, Jorryt Matthee, Pascal A. Oesch, Páll Jakobsson, Nial R. Tanvir, Peter Laursen, Rohan P. Naidu, Charlotte A. Mason, Meghana Killi, Intae Jung, Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Abdurro'uf, Dan Coe, Pablo Arrabal Haro, Steven L. Finkelstein, Sune Toft

Abstract: The onset of galaxy formation is thought to be initiated by the infall of neutral, pristine gas onto the first protogalactic halos. However, direct constraints on the abundance of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) in galaxies have been difficult to obtain at early cosmic times. Here we present spectroscopic observations with JWST of three galaxies at redshifts $z=8.8 - 11.4$, about $400-600$ Myr after… ▽ More The onset of galaxy formation is thought to be initiated by the infall of neutral, pristine gas onto the first protogalactic halos. However, direct constraints on the abundance of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) in galaxies have been difficult to obtain at early cosmic times. Here we present spectroscopic observations with JWST of three galaxies at redshifts $z=8.8 - 11.4$, about $400-600$ Myr after the Big Bang, that show strong damped Lyman-$α$ absorption ($N_{\rm HI} > 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$) from HI in their local surroundings, an order of magnitude in excess of the Lyman-$α$ absorption caused by the neutral intergalactic medium at these redshifts. Consequently, these early galaxies cannot be contributing significantly to reionization, at least at their current evolutionary stages. Simulations of galaxy formation show that such massive gas reservoirs surrounding young galaxies so early in the history of the universe is a signature of galaxy formation in progress. △ Less

Submitted 1 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: Submitted

JWST NIRSpec spectroscopy of the triply-lensed $z = 10.17$ galaxy MACS0647$-$JD

Authors: Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Abdurro'uf, Dan Coe, Rebecca L. Larson, Intae Jung, Matilde Mingozzi, Pratika Dayal, Nimisha Kumari, Vasily Kokorev, Anton Vikaeus, Gabriel Brammer, Lukas J. Furtak, Angela Adamo, Felipe Andrade-Santos, Jacqueline Antwi-Danso, Marusa Bradac, Larry D. Bradley, Tom Broadhurst, Adam C. Carnall, Christopher J. Conselice, Jose M. Diego, Megan Donahue, Jan J. Eldridge, Seiji Fujimoto, Alaina Henry , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present JWST/NIRSpec prism spectroscopy of MACS0647-JD, the triply-lensed $z \sim 11$ candidate discovered in HST imaging and spatially resolved by JWST imaging into two components A and B. Spectroscopy of component A yields a spectroscopic redshift $z=10.17$ based on 7 detected emission lines: CIII] $λλ$1907,1909, [OII] $λ$3727, [NeIII] $λ$3869, [NeIII] $λ$3968, H$δ$ $λ$4101, H$γ$ $λ$4340, and… ▽ More We present JWST/NIRSpec prism spectroscopy of MACS0647-JD, the triply-lensed $z \sim 11$ candidate discovered in HST imaging and spatially resolved by JWST imaging into two components A and B. Spectroscopy of component A yields a spectroscopic redshift $z=10.17$ based on 7 detected emission lines: CIII] $λλ$1907,1909, [OII] $λ$3727, [NeIII] $λ$3869, [NeIII] $λ$3968, H$δ$ $λ$4101, H$γ$ $λ$4340, and [OIII] $λ$4363. These are the second-most distant detections of these emission lines to date, in a galaxy observed just 460 million years after the Big Bang. Based on observed and extrapolated line flux ratios we derive a gas-phase metallicity $Z =$ log(O/H) = $7.5 - 8.0$, or $(0.06 - 0.2)$ $Z_\odot$, ionization parameter log($U$) $\sim -1.9\pm0.2$, and an ionizing photon production efficiency ${\rm log}(ξ_{\rm ion})=25.2\pm0.2\,$erg$^{-1}$ Hz. The spectrum has a softened Lyman-$α$ break, evidence for a strong Ly$α$ damping wing, suggesting that MACS0647-JD was unable to ionize its surroundings beyond its immediate vicinity ($R_{\text{HII}} \ll 1$ pMpc). The Ly$α$ damping wing also suppresses the F150W photometry, explaining the slightly overestimated photometric redshift $z = 10.6 \pm 0.3$. MACS0647-JD has a stellar mass log($M/M_\odot$) = $8.1 \pm 0.3$, including $\sim$ 6$\times 10^7 M_\odot$ in component A, most of which formed recently (within $\sim$ 20 Myr) with a star formation rate $2\pm1 M_\odot$ / yr, all within an effective radius $70\pm24\,$pc. The smaller component B ($r \sim 20$) pc is likely older ($\sim$100 Myr) with more dust ($A_V \sim 0.1$ mag), as found previously. Spectroscopy of a fainter companion galaxy C separated by a distance of \about\ 3$\,$kpc reveals a Lyman break consistent with $z = 10.17$. MACS0647-JD is likely the most distant galaxy merger known. △ Less

Submitted 20 August, 2024; v1 submitted 4 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: 22 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Spatially Resolved Stellar Populations of $0.3<z<6.0$ Galaxies in WHL0137-08 and MACS0647+70 Clusters as Revealed by JWST: How do Galaxies Grow and Quench Over Cosmic Time?

Authors: Abdurro'uf, Dan Coe, Intae Jung, Henry C. Ferguson, Gabriel Brammer, Kartheik G. Iyer, Larry D. Bradley, Pratika Dayal, Rogier A. Windhorst, Adi Zitrin, Ashish Kumar Meena, Masamune Oguri, Jose M. Diego, Vasily Kokorev, Paola Dimauro, Angela Adamo, Christopher J. Conselice, Brian Welch, Eros Vanzella, Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Xinfeng Xu, Namrata Roy, Celia R. Mulcahey

Abstract: We study the spatially resolved stellar populations of 444 galaxies at $0.3<z<6.0$ in two clusters (WHL0137-08 and MACS0647+70) and a blank field, combining imaging data from HST and JWST to perform spatially resolved spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling using pixedfit. The high spatial resolution of the imaging data combined with magnification from gravitational lensing in the cluster fiel… ▽ More We study the spatially resolved stellar populations of 444 galaxies at $0.3<z<6.0$ in two clusters (WHL0137-08 and MACS0647+70) and a blank field, combining imaging data from HST and JWST to perform spatially resolved spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling using pixedfit. The high spatial resolution of the imaging data combined with magnification from gravitational lensing in the cluster fields allows us to resolve some galaxies to sub-kpc scales (for 109 of our galaxies). At redshifts around cosmic noon and higher ($2.5\lesssim z\lesssim 6.0$), we find mass doubling times to be independent of radius, inferred from flat specific star formation rate (sSFR) radial profiles and similarities between the half-mass and half-SFR radii. At lower redshifts ($1.5\lesssim z\lesssim 2.5$), a significant fraction of our star-forming galaxies show evidence for nuclear starbursts, inferred from centrally elevated sSFR, and a much smaller half-SFR radius compared to the half-mass radius. At later epochs, we find more galaxies suppress star formation in their center but are still actively forming stars in the disk. Overall, these trends point toward a picture of inside-out galaxy growth consistent with theoretical models and simulations. We also observe a tight relationship between the central mass surface density and global stellar mass with $\sim 0.38$ dex scatter. Our analysis demonstrates the potential of spatially resolved SED analysis with JWST data. Future analysis with larger samples will be able to further explore the assembly of galaxy mass and the growth of their structures △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2023; v1 submitted 5 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 31 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ. Some examples and tutorials of spatially resolved SED analysis will be available at https://github.com/aabdurrouf/JWST-HST_resolvedSEDfits

Two lensed star candidates at $z\simeq4.8$ behind the galaxy cluster MACS J0647.7+7015

Authors: Ashish Kumar Meena, Adi Zitrin, Yolanda Jiménez-Teja, Erik Zackrisson, Wenlei Chen, Dan Coe, Jose M. Diego, Paola Dimauro, Lukas J. Furtak, Patrick L. Kelly, Masamune Oguri, Brian Welch, Abdurro'uf, Felipe Andrade-Santos, Angela Adamo, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Maruša Bradač, Larry D. Bradley, Pratika Dayal, Megan Donahue, Brenda L. Frye, Seiji Fujimoto, Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Vasily Kokorev, Guillaume Mahler , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of two extremely magnified lensed star candidates behind the galaxy cluster MACS J0647.7+7015, in recent multi-band James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRCam observations. The candidates are seen in a previously known, $z_{phot}\simeq4.8$ dropout giant arc that straddles the critical curve. The candidates lie near the expected critical curve position but lack clear counter i… ▽ More We report the discovery of two extremely magnified lensed star candidates behind the galaxy cluster MACS J0647.7+7015, in recent multi-band James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRCam observations. The candidates are seen in a previously known, $z_{phot}\simeq4.8$ dropout giant arc that straddles the critical curve. The candidates lie near the expected critical curve position but lack clear counter images on the other side of it, suggesting these are possibly stars undergoing caustic crossings. We present revised lensing models for the cluster, including multiply imaged galaxies newly identified in the JWST data, and use them to estimate a background macro-magnification of at least $\gtrsim90$ and $\gtrsim50$ at the positions of the two candidates, respectively. With these values, we expect effective, caustic-crossing magnifications of $10^4-10^5$ for the two star candidates. The Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) of the two candidates match well spectra of B-type stars with best-fit surface temperatures of $\sim10,000$ K, and $\sim12,000$ K, respectively, and we show that such stars with masses $\gtrsim20$ M$_{\odot}$ and $\gtrsim50$ M$_{\odot}$, respectively, can become sufficiently magnified to be observed. We briefly discuss other alternative explanations and conclude these are likely lensed stars, but also acknowledge that the less magnified candidate may instead be or reside in a star cluster. These star candidates constitute the second highest-redshift examples to date after Earendel at $z_{phot}\simeq6.2$, establishing further the potential of studying extremely magnified stars to high redshifts with the JWST. Planned visits including NIRSpec observations will enable a more detailed view of the candidates already in the near future. △ Less

Submitted 10 February, 2023; v1 submitted 23 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables. Accepted in ApJL

JWST/NIRCam Probes Young Star Clusters in the Reionization Era Sunrise Arc

Authors: E. Vanzella, A. Claeyssens, B. Welch, A. Adamo, D. Coe, J. M. Diego, G. Mahler, G. Khullar, V. Kokorev, M. Oguri, S. Ravindranath, L. J. Furtak, T. Yu-Yang Hsiao, Abdurro'uf, N. Mandelker, G. Brammer, L. D. Bradley, M. Bradac, C. J. Conselice, P. Dayal, M. Nonino, F. Andrade-Santos, R. A. Windhorst, N. Pirzkal, K. Sharon , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Star cluster formation in the early universe and their contribution to reionization remains to date largely unconstrained. Here we present JWST/NIRCam imaging of the most highly magnified galaxy known at z ~ 6, the Sunrise arc. We identify six young massive star clusters (YMCs) with measured radii spanning ~ 20 pc down to ~ 1 pc (corrected for lensing magnification), estimated stellar masses of ~… ▽ More Star cluster formation in the early universe and their contribution to reionization remains to date largely unconstrained. Here we present JWST/NIRCam imaging of the most highly magnified galaxy known at z ~ 6, the Sunrise arc. We identify six young massive star clusters (YMCs) with measured radii spanning ~ 20 pc down to ~ 1 pc (corrected for lensing magnification), estimated stellar masses of ~ $10^{(6-7)}$ Msun, and with ages 1-30 Myr based on SED fitting to photometry measured in 8 filters extending to rest-frame 7000A. The resulting stellar mass surface densities are higher than 1000 Msun pc$^{-2}$ (up to a few $10^5$ Msun pc$^{-2}$) and their inferred dynamical ages qualify the majority of these systems as gravitationally-bound stellar clusters. The star cluster ages map the progression of star formation along the arc, with to evolved systems (>~ 10 Myr old) followed by very young clusters. The youngest stellar clusters (< 5 Myr) show evidence of prominent Hbeta + [OIII]4959,5007 emission, based on photometry, with equivalent widths larger than 1000 A rest-frame, and are hosted in a 200 pc sized star-forming complex. Such a region dominates the ionizing photon production, with a high efficiency log($ξ_{ion}$ [Hz erg$^{-1}$]) ~ 25.7. A significant fraction of the recently formed stellar mass of the galaxy (> 10-30 %) occurred in these YMCs. We speculate that such sources of ionizing radiation boost the ionizing photon production efficiency which eventually carve ionized channels that might favor the escape of Lyman continuum radiation. The survival of some of the clusters would make them the progenitors of massive and relatively metal-poor globular clusters in the local Universe. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2023; v1 submitted 17 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 18 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables. ApJ, Accepted

JWST reveals a possible $z \sim 11$ galaxy merger in triply-lensed MACS0647$-$JD

Authors: Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Dan Coe, Abdurro'uf, Lily Whitler, Intae Jung, Gourav Khullar, Ashish Kumar Meena, Pratika Dayal, Kirk S. S. Barrow, Lillian Santos-Olmsted, Adam Casselman, Eros Vanzella, Mario Nonino, Yolanda Jimenez-Teja, Masamune Oguri, Daniel P. Stark, Lukas J. Furtak, Adi Zitrin, Angela Adamo, Gabriel Brammer, Larry Bradley, Jose M. Diego, Erik Zackrisson, Steven L. Finkelstein, Rogier A. Windhorst , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: MACS0647$-$JD is a triply-lensed $z\sim11$ galaxy originally discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope. Here we report new JWST imaging, which clearly resolves MACS0647$-$JD as having two components that are either merging galaxies or stellar complexes within a single galaxy. Both are very small, with stellar masses $\sim10^8\,M_\odot$ and radii $r<100\,\rm pc$. The brighter larger component "A"… ▽ More MACS0647$-$JD is a triply-lensed $z\sim11$ galaxy originally discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope. Here we report new JWST imaging, which clearly resolves MACS0647$-$JD as having two components that are either merging galaxies or stellar complexes within a single galaxy. Both are very small, with stellar masses $\sim10^8\,M_\odot$ and radii $r<100\,\rm pc$. The brighter larger component "A" is intrinsically very blue ($β\sim-2.6$), likely due to very recent star formation and no dust, and is spatially extended with an effective radius $\sim70\,\rm pc$. The smaller component "B" appears redder ($β\sim-2$), likely because it is older ($100-200\,\rm Myr$) with mild dust extinction ($A_V\sim0.1\,\rm mag$), and a smaller radius $\sim20\,\rm pc$. We identify galaxies with similar colors in a high-redshift simulation, finding their star formation histories to be out of phase. With an estimated stellar mass ratio of roughly 2:1 and physical projected separation $\sim400\,\rm pc$, we may be witnessing a galaxy merger 400 million years after the Big Bang. We also identify a candidate companion galaxy C $\sim3\,{\rm kpc}$ away, likely destined to merge with galaxies A and B. The combined light from galaxies A+B is magnified by factors of $\sim$8, 5, and 2 in three lensed images JD1, 2, and 3 with F356W fluxes $\sim322$, $203$, $86\,\rm nJy$ (AB mag 25.1, 25.6, 26.6). MACS0647$-$JD is significantly brighter than other galaxies recently discovered at similar redshifts with JWST. Without magnification, it would have AB mag 27.3 ($M_{UV}=-20.4$). With a high confidence level, we obtain a photometric redshift of $z=10.6\pm0.3$ based on photometry measured in 6 NIRCam filters spanning $1-5\rmμm$, out to $4300\,Å$ rest-frame. JWST NIRSpec observations planned for January 2023 will deliver a spectroscopic redshift and a more detailed study of the physical properties of MACS0647$-$JD. △ Less

Submitted 31 May, 2023; v1 submitted 25 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 27 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL

Compact dust emission in a gravitationally lensed massive quiescent galaxy at z = 2.15 revealed in ~130 pc-resolution observations by ALMA

Authors: Takahiro Morishita, Abdurro'uf, Hiroyuki Hirashita, Andrew B. Newman, Massimo Stiavelli, Marco Chiaberge

Abstract: We present new observations of MRG-M2129, a quiescent galaxy at z = 2.15 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). With the combination of the gravitational lensing effect by the foreground cluster and the angular resolution provided by ALMA, our data reveal 1.2 mm continuum emission at $\sim130$ pc angular resolution. Compact dust continuum is detected at 7.9 $σ$ in the target… ▽ More We present new observations of MRG-M2129, a quiescent galaxy at z = 2.15 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). With the combination of the gravitational lensing effect by the foreground cluster and the angular resolution provided by ALMA, our data reveal 1.2 mm continuum emission at $\sim130$ pc angular resolution. Compact dust continuum is detected at 7.9 $σ$ in the target but displaced from its stellar peak position by $62 \pm 38$ mas, or $\sim169 \pm 105$ pc in the source plane. We find considerably high dust-to-stellar mass ratio, $4 \times 10^{-4}$. From non-detection of the [C i] 3P2 -> 3P1 line, we then derive $3 σ$ upper limits on the molecular gas-to-dust mass ratio $δ_\mathrm{GDR} < 60$ and the molecular gas-to-stellar mass ratio fH2 < 2.3%. The derived $δ_\mathrm{GDR}$ is $>2\times$ smaller than the typical value assumed for quiescent galaxies in the literature. Our study supports that there exists a broad range of $δ_\mathrm{GDR}$ and urges submillimeter follow-up observations of quenching/recently quenched galaxies at similar redshifts. Based on the derived low $δ_\mathrm{GDR}$ and other observed dust properties, we argue that the central black hole is still active and regulates star formation in the system. Our study exhibits a rare case of a gravitationally lensed type 2 QSO harbored by a quiescent galaxy. △ Less

Submitted 7 September, 2022; v1 submitted 22 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

JWST Imaging of Earendel, the Extremely Magnified Star at Redshift $z=6.2$

Authors: Brian Welch, Dan Coe, Erik Zackrisson, S. E. de Mink, Swara Ravindranath, Jay Anderson, Gabriel Brammer, Larry Bradley, Jinmi Yoon, Patrick Kelly, Jose M. Diego, Rogier Windhorst, Adi Zitrin, Paola Dimauro, Yolanda Jimenez-Teja, Abdurro'uf, Mario Nonino, Ana Acebron, Felipe Andrade-Santos, Roberto J. Avila, Matthew B. Bayliss, Alex Benitez, Tom Broadhurst, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Marusa Bradac , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The gravitationally lensed star WHL0137-LS, nicknamed Earendel, was identified with a photometric redshift $z_{phot} = 6.2 \pm 0.1$ based on images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. Here we present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) images of Earendel in 8 filters spanning 0.8--5.0$μ$m. In these higher resolution images, Earendel remains a single unresolved point… ▽ More The gravitationally lensed star WHL0137-LS, nicknamed Earendel, was identified with a photometric redshift $z_{phot} = 6.2 \pm 0.1$ based on images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. Here we present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) images of Earendel in 8 filters spanning 0.8--5.0$μ$m. In these higher resolution images, Earendel remains a single unresolved point source on the lensing critical curve, increasing the lower limit on the lensing magnification to $μ> 4000$ and restricting the source plane radius further to $r < 0.02$ pc, or $\sim 4000$ AU. These new observations strengthen the conclusion that Earendel is best explained by an individual star or multiple star system, and support the previous photometric redshift estimate. Fitting grids of stellar spectra to our photometry yields a stellar temperature of $T_{\mathrm{eff}} \simeq 13000$--16000 K assuming the light is dominated by a single star. The delensed bolometric luminosity in this case ranges from $\log(L) = 5.8$--6.6 $L_{\odot}$, which is in the range where one expects luminous blue variable stars. Follow-up observations, including JWST NIRSpec scheduled for late 2022, are needed to further unravel the nature of this object, which presents a unique opportunity to study massive stars in the first billion years of the universe. △ Less

Submitted 9 November, 2022; v1 submitted 18 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: Accepted to ApJL. Data products, lens models, and analysis code will be available online at https://cosmic-spring.github.io

A Multiwavelength view of IC 860: What Is in Action inside Quenching Galaxies

Authors: Yuanze Luo, Kate Rowlands, Katherine Alatalo, Elizaveta Sazonova, Abdurro'uf, Timothy Heckman, Anne M. Medling, Susana E. Deustua, Kristina Nyland, Lauranne Lanz, Andreea O. Petric, Justin A. Otter, Susanne Aalto, Sabrina Dimassimo, K. Decker French, John S. Gallagher III, Joel C. Roediger, Sofia Stepanoff

Abstract: We present a multiwavelength study of IC 860, a nearby post-starburst galaxy at the early stage of transitioning from blue and star-forming to red and quiescent. Optical images reveal a galaxy-wide, dusty outflow originating from a compact core. We find evidence for a multiphase outflow in the molecular and neutral gas phase from the CO position-velocity diagram and NaD absorption features. We con… ▽ More We present a multiwavelength study of IC 860, a nearby post-starburst galaxy at the early stage of transitioning from blue and star-forming to red and quiescent. Optical images reveal a galaxy-wide, dusty outflow originating from a compact core. We find evidence for a multiphase outflow in the molecular and neutral gas phase from the CO position-velocity diagram and NaD absorption features. We constrain the neutral mass outflow rate to be ~0.5 M$_{\odot}/$yr, and the total hydrogen mass outflow rate to be ~12 M$_{\odot}$/yr. Neither outflow component seems able to escape the galaxy. We also find evidence for a recent merger in the optical images, CO spatial distribution, and kinematics, and evidence for a buried AGN in the optical emission line ratios, mid-IR properties, and radio spectral shape. The depletion time of the molecular gas reservoir under the current star formation rate is ~7 Gyr, indicating that the galaxy could stay at the intermediate stage between the blue and red sequence for a long time. Thus the timescales for a significant decline in star formation rate ("quenching") and gas depletion are not necessarily the same. Our analysis supports the quenching picture where outflows help suppress star formation by disturbing rather than expelling the gas and shed light on possible ongoing activities in similar quenching galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 17 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 31 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. Online material will be available from the publisher

Dissecting Nearby Galaxies with piXedfit: II. Spatially Resolved Scaling Relations Among Stars, Dust, and Gas

Authors: Abdurro'uf, Yen-Ting Lin, Hiroyuki Hirashita, Takahiro Morishita, Sandro Tacchella, Po-Feng Wu, Masayuki Akiyama, Tsutomu T. Takeuchi

Abstract: We study spatially resolved scaling relations among stars, dust, and gas in ten nearby spiral galaxies. In a preceding paper Abdurro'uf et al. (2022), we have derived spatially resolved properties of the stellar population and dust by panchromatic spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting using piXedfit. Now, we investigate resolved star formation ($Σ_{\rm H_{2}}$--$Σ_{\rm SFR}$--$Σ_{*}$) and dus… ▽ More We study spatially resolved scaling relations among stars, dust, and gas in ten nearby spiral galaxies. In a preceding paper Abdurro'uf et al. (2022), we have derived spatially resolved properties of the stellar population and dust by panchromatic spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting using piXedfit. Now, we investigate resolved star formation ($Σ_{\rm H_{2}}$--$Σ_{\rm SFR}$--$Σ_{*}$) and dust scaling relations. While the relations with all sub-galactic regions of the galaxies are reasonably tight ($σ\lesssim 0.3$ dex), we find that most of the scaling relations exhibit galaxy-to-galaxy variations in normalization and shape. Only two relations of $Σ_{\rm dust}$--$Σ_{\rm gas}$ and $Σ_{\rm dust}$--$Σ_{\rm H_{2}}$ do not show noticeable galaxy-to-galaxy variations among our sample galaxies. We further investigate correlations among the scaling relations. We find significant correlations among the normalization of the $Σ_{\rm H_{2}}$--$Σ_{\rm SFR}$--$Σ_{*}$ relations, which suggest that galaxies with higher levels of resolved $\text{H}_{2}$ fraction ($f_{\rm H_{2}}$) tend to have higher levels of resolved star formation efficiency (SFE) and specific star formation rate (sSFR). We also observe that galaxies with higher levels of resolved dust-to-stellar mass ratios tend to have higher levels of resolved sSFR, SFE, and $f_{\rm H_{2}}$. Moreover, we find that galaxies with higher global sSFR and less compact morphology tend to have higher levels of the resolved sSFR, SFE, and $f_{\rm H_{2}}$, which can explain the variations in the normalization of the $Σ_{\rm H_{2}}$--$Σ_{\rm SFR}$--$Σ_{*}$ relationships. Overall, we observe indications of the contributions of both global and local factors in governing the star formation process in galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 18 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 28 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ. piXedfit v1.0 is publicly available at https://github.com/aabdurrouf/piXedfit. Documentation is available at https://pixedfit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/. Some tutorials of practical usages in jupyter notebooks can be found at https://github.com/aabdurrouf/piXedfit/tree/main/examples