Showing 1–50 of 727 results for author: Maiolino, R

Ionizing Photon Production Efficiencies and Chemical Abundances at Cosmic Dawn Revealed by Ultra-Deep Rest-Frame Optical Spectroscopy of JADES-GS-z14-0

Authors: Jakob M. Helton, Jane E. Morrison, Kevin N. Hainline, Francesco D'Eugenio, George H. Rieke, Stacey Alberts, Stefano Carniani, Joel Leja, Yijia Li, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Jan Scholtz, Meredith Stone, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Zihao Wu, William M. Baker, Andrew J. Bunker, Stephane Charlot, Jacopo Chevallard, Nikko J. Cleri, Mirko Curti, Emma Curtis-Lake, Eiichi Egami, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Peter Jakobsen, Zhiyuan Ji , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: JWST has discovered an early period of galaxy formation that was more vigorous than expected, which has challenged our understanding of the early Universe. In this work, we present the longest spectroscopic integration ever acquired by JWST/MIRI. This spectrum covers the brightest rest-frame optical nebular emission lines for the luminous galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 at $z > 14$. Most notably, we detect… ▽ More JWST has discovered an early period of galaxy formation that was more vigorous than expected, which has challenged our understanding of the early Universe. In this work, we present the longest spectroscopic integration ever acquired by JWST/MIRI. This spectrum covers the brightest rest-frame optical nebular emission lines for the luminous galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 at $z > 14$. Most notably, we detect $[\mathrm{OIII}] λλ4959,5007$ at $\approx 11 σ$ and $\mathrm{H}α$ at $\approx 4 σ$ with these ultra-deep observations. These lines reveal that JADES-GS-z14-0 has low dust attenuation with a recent star-formation rate of $\mathrm{SFR} \approx 10 \pm 2\ M_{\odot} / \mathrm{yr}$, star-formation rate surface density of $Σ_{\mathrm{SFR}} \approx 23 \pm 5\ M_{\odot}/\mathrm{yr}/\mathrm{kpc}^{2}$, and ionizing photon production efficiency of $ξ_{\mathrm{ion}} \approx 10^{25.3 \pm 0.1}\ \mathrm{Hz/erg}$. Using standard strong-line diagnostics, we infer a gas-phase oxygen abundance of $[\mathrm{O/H}] \approx -1.1 \pm 0.4$ ($\approx 10\%\ Z_{\odot}$), carbon-to-oxygen ratio of $[\mathrm{C/O}] \approx -0.4 \pm 0.4$, ionization parameter of $\mathrm{log}_{10}(U) \gtrsim -2.4$, and density of $n_{\mathrm{H}} \approx 720 \pm 210\ \mathrm{cm}^{-3}$. Using detailed photoionization modeling, we instead derive $[\mathrm{O/H}] \approx -0.3_{-0.4}^{+0.4}$ ($\approx 50\%\ Z_{\odot}$) and $\mathrm{log}_{10}(U) \approx -1.5_{-0.4}^{+0.3}$. The inferred properties of JADES-GS-z14-0 are similar to those measured for similarly luminous galaxies at $z > 10$ with previous MIRI/Spectroscopy, such as GHZ2/GLASSz12, GN-z11, and MACS0647-JD1. Existing simulations are unable to reproduce the empirical and inferred properties of JADES-GS-z14-0. This work demonstrates an important step toward understanding the formation of the first stars and heavy elements in the Universe. [Abridged] △ Less

Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: Submitted to ApJL; main text has 23 pages, 8 figures, and 2 tables; comments are welcome!

Galaxies as stochastic systems: why the next breakthrough in galaxy evolution requires one hundred million spectra

Authors: Sandro Tacchella, Vasily Belokurov, Harry T. J. Bevins, Roberto Maiolino, Hiranya V. Peiris, Lucia Pozzetti, Mark T. Sargent

Abstract: Each galaxy is observed only once along its life, making galaxy evolution fundamentally an inverse statistical problem: time-dependent physics must be inferred from ensembles of single-epoch snapshots. To move beyond descriptive scaling relations toward physical regulation mechanisms of star formation, quenching, chemical enrichment and black hole growth, galaxies must be treated as realizations o… ▽ More Each galaxy is observed only once along its life, making galaxy evolution fundamentally an inverse statistical problem: time-dependent physics must be inferred from ensembles of single-epoch snapshots. To move beyond descriptive scaling relations toward physical regulation mechanisms of star formation, quenching, chemical enrichment and black hole growth, galaxies must be treated as realizations of a stochastic process whose hyper-parameters (e.g., correlation timescales, burstiness, duty cycles) are inferred hierarchically. This demands both depth and scale: continuum S/N sufficient for absorption-line ages and chemistry, and samples far larger than those in SDSS, DESI, 4MOST or MOONS, which provide either depth or size but not both across $0<z<3$. Once the relevant axes of mass, redshift, environment, structure and evolutionary phase are populated, the requirement naturally rises from $10^7$ to $\sim10^8$ galaxies. This is the regime where stochastic hyper-parameters can be well constrained and where comparisons to simulations and cosmological forward models become limited by theory rather than observations. We outline the science enabled by such a programme and the corresponding requirements for a future ESO wide-field spectroscopic facility capable of delivering tens to hundreds of millions of rest-UV-optical spectra over $0\lesssim z\lesssim3$. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: White Paper - ESO 2040 Expanding Horizons, 3 pages, no figures

GA-NIFS: the highest-redshift ring galaxy candidate from a head-on collision

Authors: Michele Perna, Santiago Arribas, Luca Costantin, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Carlota Prieto-Jiménez, Bruno Rogríguez Del Pino, Francesco D'Eugenio, Isabella Lamperti, Filippo Mannucci, Hannah Übler, Torsten Böker, Andrew J. Bunker, Stefano Carniani, Stéphane Charlot, Roberto Maiolino, Elena Bertola, Daniel Ceverino, Chiara Circosta, Giovanni Cresci, Jan Scholtz, Giacomo Venturi

Abstract: Collisional ring galaxies are a rare class of interacting systems, making up only ~0.01% of galaxies in the local Universe. Their formation is typically attributed to a head-on collision of a massive galaxy with a compact satellite (intruder), triggering density waves that, propagating outward, produce the characteristic ring morphology. Here, we present the discovery and detailed analysis of GS18… ▽ More Collisional ring galaxies are a rare class of interacting systems, making up only ~0.01% of galaxies in the local Universe. Their formation is typically attributed to a head-on collision of a massive galaxy with a compact satellite (intruder), triggering density waves that, propagating outward, produce the characteristic ring morphology. Here, we present the discovery and detailed analysis of GS18660, the most distant ring galaxy known to date, at z=3.08, identified in JWST/NIRSpec IFS observations as part of the GA-NIFS programme. This work aims to characterise the physical and dynamical properties of GS18660 and shed light into the formation of its ring. Specifically, we analyse the ionized gas properties, stellar populations, and gas kinematics of the system, and use the observed geometry to constrain the timescale of the collision. Our analysis is based on NIRSpec IFS data, including low-resolution (R~100) spectroscopy covering ~0.2-1.3um rest-frame, and high-resolution (R~2700) spectroscopy covering 0.4-0.8um rest-frame. Multi-wavelength techniques are applied to derive nebular gas conditions and stellar population properties. Gas kinematic analysis reveals that GS18660 exhibits a rotating disk component with an additional radial expansion velocity of ~200 km/s, consistent with a propagating collisional wave. Nebular line diagnostics indicate intense star formation (SFR ~100 Msun/yr) along the ring and in the nucleus. Stellar population analysis shows that the most recent star formation episode, occurring within the last ~50 Myr, predominantly took place in the ring. We also identify a close companion, the intruder galaxy responsible for the collision, moving away with a relative velocity of ~425 km/s. The evidence strongly favours a collisional origin for the ring in GS18660, though the presence of a recently formed bar (and hence a resonance ring) cannot be completely excluded. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: submitted

Why the Northern Hemisphere Needs a 30-40 m Telescope and the Science at Stake: Cosmology and High-z Universe

Authors: Pablo G. Pérez-González, Roberto Maiolino, Pascal A. Oesch, Alvio Renzini, Tommaso Treu, Cristina Ramos Almeida, Sandra Faber, Luis Colina, Almudena Alonso-Herrero, Santiago Arribas, Guillermo Barro, Helmut Dannerbauer, Mark Dickinson, Mauro Giavalisco, Marc Huertas-Company, Göran Östlin, Giulia Rodighiero, Patricia Sánchez-Blázquez, Elisa Toloba

Abstract: Full sky coverage with 30-40 meter-class telescopes is essential to answer fundamental questions in Astrophysics, Cosmology, and Physics, such as the composition of the Universe and the formation of the first stars and supermassive black holes. An ELT/TMT-like telescope in the Northern Hemisphere is a fundamental and necessary facility to provide multiplexing of observing power, diversity of instr… ▽ More Full sky coverage with 30-40 meter-class telescopes is essential to answer fundamental questions in Astrophysics, Cosmology, and Physics, such as the composition of the Universe and the formation of the first stars and supermassive black holes. An ELT/TMT-like telescope in the Northern Hemisphere is a fundamental and necessary facility to provide multiplexing of observing power, diversity of instrumentation, rapid response, and statistical power required to address the questions and the problems, current and future, unveiled by full sky observatories such as JWST, Euclid, or Roman space telescopes. The Northern ELT/TMT will expedite the study of unique, extreme, rare, transient, and/or high-energy events which will give the most information about fundamental Physics problems in the era of multi-messenger and time-domain Astronomy. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: White Paper submitted to "ESO Expanding Horizons: Transforming Astronomy in the 2040s"

Signatures of star formation inside galactic outflows

Authors: Dily Duan Yi Ong, Francesco D'Eugenio, Roberto Maiolino, Santiago Arribas, Francesco Belfiore, Enrica Bellocchi, Stefano Carniani, Sara Cazzoli, Giovanni Cresci, Andrew Fabian, Wako Ishibashi, Filippo Mannucci, Alessandro Marconi, Helen Russell, Eckhard Sturm, Giacomo Venturi

Abstract: Observations have suggested that galactic outflows contain substantial amounts of dense and clumpy molecular gas, creating favourable conditions for igniting star formation. Indeed, theoretical models and hydrodynamical simulations have suggested that stars could form within galactic outflows, representing a new mode of star-formation that differs significantly from the typical star formation in s… ▽ More Observations have suggested that galactic outflows contain substantial amounts of dense and clumpy molecular gas, creating favourable conditions for igniting star formation. Indeed, theoretical models and hydrodynamical simulations have suggested that stars could form within galactic outflows, representing a new mode of star-formation that differs significantly from the typical star formation in star forming discs. In this paper, we examine 12 local galaxies with powerful Active Galactic Nuclei and high star-formation rate using spectroscopic data from the X-shooter spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope. We investigate the excitation mechanism and physical properties of these outflows via spatially resolved diagnostic diagrams (along with tests to rule out contribution by shocks and external photoionisation). Out of the seven galaxies with clearly detected outflows, we find robust evidence for star formation within the outflow of one galaxy (IRAS 20551-4250), with two additional galaxies showing tentative signs (IRAS 13120-5453 and F13229-2934). Therefore, our findings support previous results that star formation inside outflows can be a relatively common phenomenon among these active galaxies and may have played an important role in the formation and evolution of the spheroidal component of galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 26 pages

GA-NIFS: Powerful and frequent outflows in moderate-luminosity AGN at $z\sim3-6$

Authors: Giacomo Venturi, Stefano Carniani, Elena Bertola, Chiara Circosta, Eleonora Parlanti, Michele Perna, Santiago Arribas, Torsten Böker, Andrew Bunker, Stéphane Charlot, Francesco D'Eugenio, Roberto Maiolino, Bruno Rodríguez del Pino, Hannah Übler, Giovanni Cresci, Gareth C. Jones, Nimisha Kumari, Isabella Lamperti, Madeline A. Marshall, Jan Scholtz, Sandra Zamora

Abstract: The period between z ~ 3-6, a key transformational phase in galaxy evolution preceding `cosmic noon' (z ~ 1-3), is very poorly explored in terms of feedback from AGN acting through gas outflows. In this work, we study the properties of outflows in AGN (mostly X-ray-selected) from the GOODS-S field, exploiting JWST NIRSpec IFU observations as part of the GA-NIFS GTO survey. Together with its twin s… ▽ More The period between z ~ 3-6, a key transformational phase in galaxy evolution preceding `cosmic noon' (z ~ 1-3), is very poorly explored in terms of feedback from AGN acting through gas outflows. In this work, we study the properties of outflows in AGN (mostly X-ray-selected) from the GOODS-S field, exploiting JWST NIRSpec IFU observations as part of the GA-NIFS GTO survey. Together with its twin sub-sample from COSMOS reported in a previous GA-NIFS work, this constitutes the largest spatially resolved sample of AGN outflows at these redshifts to date, comprising 16 targets with outflows (out of a total of 19 AGN), and probes the unexplored regime of AGN at z ~ 3-6 with bolometric luminosities ~$10^{45-46}$ erg/s. We mapped the rest-optical ionised gas emission lines at sub-kpc scales and spectrally isolated the broad wings tracing fast outflows from the gas at rest in the host galaxies. The incidence of ionised outflows in the GOODS-S + COSMOS GA-NIFS sample is high (>75\%), among the highest at any redshift. We inferred outflow velocities between ~600-2000 km/s, maximum radii of <1-4 kpc, and ionised gas mass outflow rates of ~0.1-100 $M_\odot$/yr, which in some cases can exceed the host galaxy star formation rate (SFR). We find that the outflow properties inferred for the GOODS-S + COSMOS GA-NIFS AGN sample and their relations with $L_{\rm bol}$ and SFR generally align with those observed for other spatially resolved literature samples of AGN outflows across different redshifts and AGN luminosities. Nonetheless, after accounting for any luminosity bias, our analysis suggests a cosmic evolution of the outflow properties, with higher median mass outflow rates (and possibly also mass loading factors) at higher redshifts, especially at z>3, indicating that AGN outflows were stronger in the early Universe than at later times, and thus potentially more capable of affecting their host galaxy. △ Less

Submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 14 pages (+8 appendix); 5 figures (+9 in appendix); submitted to A&A

GA-NIFS: Understanding the ionization nature of EGSY8p7/CEERS-1019. Evidence for a star formation-driven outflow at z = 8.6

Authors: Sandra Zamora, Stefano Carniani, Elena Bertola, Eleonora Parlanti, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Santiago Arribas, Torsten Böker, Andrew J. Bunker, Francesco D'Eugenio, Roberto Maiolino, Michele Perna, Bruno Rodríguez Del Pino, Hannah Übler, Giovanni Cresci, Gareth C. Jones, Isabella Lamperti, Jan Scholtz, Bartolomeo Trefoloni, Giacomo Venturi

Abstract: Understanding the physical conditions and feedback mechanisms in early massive galaxies is essential to uncover how they formed and evolved during the first billion years of the Universe. In this context, the galaxy EGSY8p7/CEERS-1019 at z=8.6 provides an excellent benchmark, given its stellar mass of $10^{9.3}M_\odot$ and elevated N/O abundance despite its sub-solar metallicity. In this study, we… ▽ More Understanding the physical conditions and feedback mechanisms in early massive galaxies is essential to uncover how they formed and evolved during the first billion years of the Universe. In this context, the galaxy EGSY8p7/CEERS-1019 at z=8.6 provides an excellent benchmark, given its stellar mass of $10^{9.3}M_\odot$ and elevated N/O abundance despite its sub-solar metallicity. In this study, we present new JWST/NIRSpec observations offering the first spatially resolved spectroscopy of this galaxy, with higher sensitivity and spectral resolution than previous studies. We identify broad (FWHM=650km/s) H$β$ and [OIII] emission components whose emission is located between the two rest-frame UV clumps of the galaxy and extended over a distance of $\sim1kpc$. The morphology and kinematics of these components indicate that the broad emission arises from outflowing gas rather than from an AGN broad-line region. The kinetic energy injection rate from stellar feedback is an order of magnitude higher than that of the outflow, while the radiation pressure rate is comparable to the outflow momentum rate. These results suggest that stellar feedback alone can drive the outflow, with radiation pressure potentially providing the required momentum transfer. We derive a low mass-loading factor ($η=0.16$) and ionizing photon escape fraction ($f_{esc}=0.021\pm0.014$). Together with the high electron density measured ($n_e=2200cm^{-3}$), these results support the interpretation that most of the gas remains confined within the galaxy. Comparisons of diagnostic emission-line ratios with photoionization and shock models support a star-formation-driven ionization scenario, ruling out any excitation by AGN radiation. Finally, the absence of detectable Wolf-Rayet features suggests that alternative mechanisms must be considered to explain the high N/O ratio in this galaxy. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 13 figures, Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics

Tracing Nitrogen Enrichment across Cosmic Time with JWST

Authors: E. Cataldi, F. Belfiore, M. Curti, B. Moreschini, A. Marconi, R. Maiolino, A. Feltre, M. Ginolfi, F. Mannucci, G. Cresci, X. Ji, A. Amiri, M. Arnaboldi, E. Bertola, C. Bracci, M. Ceci, A. Chakraborty, F. Cullen, Q. D'Amato, C. Kobayashi, I. Lamperti, C. Marconcini, M. Scialpi, L. Ulivi, M. V. Zanchettin

Abstract: We present a comprehensive analysis of the nitrogen-to-oxygen (N/O) abundance ratio in star-forming galaxies at redshift z~1-6, with a median redshift of z=2.7, using deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy. Leveraging detections of faint auroral emission lines in 76 galaxies at z>1 from both the MARTA survey and a large compilation of high-redshift literature objects, we derive direct electron temperature… ▽ More We present a comprehensive analysis of the nitrogen-to-oxygen (N/O) abundance ratio in star-forming galaxies at redshift z~1-6, with a median redshift of z=2.7, using deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy. Leveraging detections of faint auroral emission lines in 76 galaxies at z>1 from both the MARTA survey and a large compilation of high-redshift literature objects, we derive direct electron temperature-based abundances for nitrogen and oxygen using rest-frame optical lines. We establish the first high-redshift calibrations of strong-line N/O diagnostics based on direct abundance measurements, finding no significant evolution for either N2O2 = [NII]6585/[OII]3727,3729 and N2S2 = [NII]6585/[SII]6717,6731 diagnostics compared to local realisations. We then investigate the N/O-O/H relation across cosmic time using both direct abundances and strong-line based measurements (additional 430 galaxies). We find evidence for mild but systematic nitrogen enhancement at high redshift: galaxies at z>1 exhibit N/O ratios elevated by ~0.18 dex (median offset) at fixed O/H compared to the local relation, with a more pronounced enhancement at low metallicity (12+log(O/H) < 8.1) where the offset reaches up to ~0.3-0.4 dex. We consider several scenarios to explain the observed trends, including bursty star formation, differential metal loading, and inflows of pristine gas. Our results provide the most extensive confirmation of elevated N/O ratios at high-redshift to date based on rest-optical diagnostics and within a self-consistent frame. △ Less

Submitted 10 December, 2025; v1 submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 11 figures, submitted to A&A

GA-NIFS: A smouldering disk galaxy undergoing ordered rotation at z=4.26

Authors: Gareth C. Jones, Roberto Maiolino, Francesco D'Eugenio, Santiago Arribas, Andrew J. Bunker, Stephane Charlot, Michele Perna, Bruno Rodriguez del Pino, Hannah Übler, Torsten Böker, Giovanni Cresci, Isabella Lamperti, Eleonora Parlanti, Robert Pascalau, Jan Scholtz, Sandra Zamora

Abstract: Rotating galaxies with relaxed gaseous disks have been discovered across cosmic time, from the local Universe to high redshift (z>4). But few such sources have been confirmed at z>4, making them a precious sample to examine what conditions result in such ordered kinematics in an early, more chaotic Universe. One of the best examples of this sample is the galaxy DLA0817g1 (z=4.2603), which shows re… ▽ More Rotating galaxies with relaxed gaseous disks have been discovered across cosmic time, from the local Universe to high redshift (z>4). But few such sources have been confirmed at z>4, making them a precious sample to examine what conditions result in such ordered kinematics in an early, more chaotic Universe. One of the best examples of this sample is the galaxy DLA0817g1 (z=4.2603), which shows remarkably clear rotation in ALMA [CII] data. We present recent JWST/NIRSpec IFU data (R~2700) of DLA0817g1, which we combine with archival ALMA [CII] observations to place constraints on its ISM conditions and morpho-kinematics. From a combination of line ratios, we find a high gas-phase metallicity (~0.7 solar), high fraction of obscured star formation, low ionisation (compared to other high-redshift galaxies observed with JWST), and no significant evidence for AGN (based on the WHAN diagnostic). Dynamical modelling with 3DBarolo reveal nearly identical rotation in Halpha and [CII], but with a higher velocity dispersion in the former. Using our metallicity estimate and previous CO and [CII] detections, we derive a new estimate of the molecular gas mass, relieving a previous strain in the mass budget. Altogether, we suggest that this is a 'smouldering' galaxy, where past star formation resulted in significant chemical enrichment (i.e., Zgas and Mdust), but the current activity is low (i.e., lower ionisation parameter and electron temperature). These new observations have opened a window into questions regarding the interplay of gas, metallicity, star formation, and kinematics in a prototypical early disk galaxy. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 14 figures, submitted to MNRAS

Think inside the box: cosmic variance and large-scale conformity of high-redshift massive galaxies in the FLAMINGO simulations

Authors: Seunghwan Lim, Sandro Tacchella, Roberto Maiolino, Christopher C. Lovell, Joop Schaye

Abstract: We use the highest-resolution FLAMINGO hydrodynamical simulation to quantify cosmic variance and large-scale coherence in the evolution of massive galaxies at high redshift. FLAMINGO combines a $(1\,\mathrm{cGpc})^3$ volume with baryonic resolution sufficient to identify ${\gtrsim}\,10^3$ independent JWST-like survey volumes of $(100\,\mathrm{cMpc})^3$, providing unprecedented statistics to charac… ▽ More We use the highest-resolution FLAMINGO hydrodynamical simulation to quantify cosmic variance and large-scale coherence in the evolution of massive galaxies at high redshift. FLAMINGO combines a $(1\,\mathrm{cGpc})^3$ volume with baryonic resolution sufficient to identify ${\gtrsim}\,10^3$ independent JWST-like survey volumes of $(100\,\mathrm{cMpc})^3$, providing unprecedented statistics to characterize the extremes of cosmic variance. At $z\,{\simeq}\,6$, the total variance in the number of haloes with $M_{200}\,{\simeq}\,10^{11.5}\,\mathrm{M_\odot}$ (or $M_\ast\,{\simeq}\,10^{10}\,\mathrm{M_\odot}$) is 2--3 times the Poisson expectation, while this ratio decreases with redshift. Similarly, at $z\,{\gtrsim}\,4$, the variance in the most massive halo per JWST-like field is twice the Poisson prediction. We find a pronounced large-scale \emph{conformity}: in volumes ranked by the stellar mass of their most massive galaxy ($M_{\ast,\mathrm{max}}$), the stellar-to-halo mass relation and star-formation efficiency are coherently elevated or suppressed throughout the full $(100\,\mathrm{cMpc})^3$ volume. When accounting for galaxies outside the volume, this signal persists only to radii $\lesssim 50\,\mathrm{cMpc}$, demonstrating that the detectable conformity is enhanced by the survey footprint. Moreover, $M_{\ast,\mathrm{max}}$ is a better predictor of the volume-wide efficiency of massive galaxies than the total number counts, which mainly trace clustering. Finally, the stellar fraction of the most massive galaxies peaks at $f_\ast\,{=}\,M_\ast\,/\,(M_{200}f_{\rm b,cosmic})\,{\simeq}\,0.2$ at $z\,{\simeq}\,5$, with a narrower dispersion in $f_\ast$ at fixed redshift and stronger redshift evolution than commonly assumed. These results show that both cosmic variance and footprint-confined conformity must be modelled when interpreting early massive galaxy populations in JWST fields. △ Less

Submitted 12 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 12 figures, submitted to MNRAS, comments are welcome

A deep X-ray look to the most obscured quasar at z~3.6 and its environment

Authors: I. Villani, L. Zappacosta, E. Piconcelli, M. Ginolfi, F. Ricci, F. La Franca, F. Arrigoni-Battaia, A. Bongiorno, S. Cantalupo, S. Carniani, F. Civano, A. Comastri, F. Fiore, R. Maiolino, L. Pentericci, C. Ricci, R. Schneider, R. Valiante, C. Vignali, F. Vito

Abstract: The most luminous and obscured quasars (QSOs) detected in infrared all-sky surveys could represent a key co-evolutionary phase from nuclear to circum-galactic (CG) scales in the formation of massive galaxies. In this context, Hot Dust Obscured Galaxies (Hot DOGs) at z ~2-4 provide a unique opportunity to study the link between cosmic mass assembly and nuclear accretion in high-z luminous QSOs/gala… ▽ More The most luminous and obscured quasars (QSOs) detected in infrared all-sky surveys could represent a key co-evolutionary phase from nuclear to circum-galactic (CG) scales in the formation of massive galaxies. In this context, Hot Dust Obscured Galaxies (Hot DOGs) at z ~2-4 provide a unique opportunity to study the link between cosmic mass assembly and nuclear accretion in high-z luminous QSOs/galaxies. W0410-0913 (hereafter W0410-09) is a luminous ($\rm ~L_{\rm bol} \sim 6.4 \times10^{47} \rm erg\ s^{-1}$) obscured QSO at z = 3.631, with a 30 kpc CG Ly$α$ nebula (CGLAN), smaller than the ~ 100 kpc nebulae around unobscured Type-I QSOs, and an exceptional overdense environment of ~ 19 Ly$α$ emitters (LAEs) within 300 kpc and $\pm$ 200 $\rm km ~s^{-1}$ of the Hot DOG. We aim to detect and characterize nuclear accretion in W0410-09 and its environment. Exploiting a deep proprietary ~280 ks Chandra observation, using empirical and physically motivated models for obscured sources, we show that W0410-09 exhibits Compton-thick obscuration ($\rm~ N_H > 10^{24} \rm cm^{-2}$) and high intrinsic luminosity ($\rm ~L_{2-10} > 10^{45} \rm erg ~s^{-1}$), making it one of the most luminous obscured QSOs at z $>$ 3.5. With the exclusion of W0410-09 we do not detect X-ray emission from any of the 19 LAEs, except for a 3$σ$ signal in the 6-7 keV rest-frame band, interpreted as Fe K$α$ emission, suggesting the presence of heavily obscured yet undetected AGN emission in several LAEs. Including W0410-09, the estimated AGN fraction is $f_{\rm AGN}^{\rm LAE} = 5^{+12}_{-4}$%, potentially up to ~35% if unresolved obscured AGN are considered as suggested by the Fe K$α$ line detection. We conclude that W0410-09 is in a critical transitional blow-out phase, during which powerful QSO-driven outflows are clearing the nuclear obscuration, ultimately leading to an unobscured luminous quasar. △ Less

Submitted 7 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 11 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

The Challenge in Illuminating the Invisible: Constraining LyC Escape with Bayesian Modelling and Symbolic Regression

Authors: Amanda Stoffers, Sandro Tacchella, Charlotte Simmonds, Benjamin D. Johnson, Roberto Maiolino

Abstract: Direct observations of Lyman continuum (LyC) radiation from galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) are impeded by absorption in the intergalactic medium, requiring indirect methods to infer the escape fraction of ionizing photons ($f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$). One approach is to develop and validate such methods on local analogues of the high-redshift galaxies with directly detected LyC leaka… ▽ More Direct observations of Lyman continuum (LyC) radiation from galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) are impeded by absorption in the intergalactic medium, requiring indirect methods to infer the escape fraction of ionizing photons ($f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$). One approach is to develop and validate such methods on local analogues of the high-redshift galaxies with directly detected LyC leakage. In this work, we constrain $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$ using a Bayesian spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting framework built on Prospector, which incorporates a non-parametric star-formation history, a flexible dust attenuation curve, self-consistent nebular emission, and fiber aperture-loss corrections. Our methodology jointly fits broadband photometry and emission line fluxes. We apply six models to the Low-redshift LyC Survey (LzLCS), a sample of local galaxies with properties comparable to EoR galaxies, and evaluate them based on their ability to recover the observed LyC flux and their relative Bayesian evidence. The best-performing model is further assessed through a parameter recovery test, demonstrating that $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$can be recovered within uncertainties. Building on these results, we present updated $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$ estimates for the LzLCS sample, with a median of 0.3%, corresponding to very low leakage, and values reaching as high as 70%, with six of 64 galaxies having a cosmologically relevant $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$ ($>5%$). Additionally, we present a revised UV $β$-slope vs $\log_{10}(f_\mathrm{esc}^\mathrm{LyC})$ relation, derived using symbolic regression with PySR trained on a synthetic dataset generated from our best-performing model: $\log_{10}(f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}) = (-3.59β- 9.45) \, \pm \, 0.30$. The relation successfully reproduces the $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$ obtained from full SED fitting of the LzLCS sample within uncertainties. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables. Submitted to MNRAS. Comments are welcome

The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite Community Science Book

Authors: Michael Koss, Nafisa Aftab, Steven W. Allen, Roberta Amato, Hongjun An, Igor Andreoni, Timo Anguita, Riccardo Arcodia, Thomas Ayres, Matteo Bachetti, Maria Cristina Baglio, Arash Bahramian, Marco Balboni, Ranieri D. Baldi, Solen Balman, Aya Bamba, Eduardo Banados, Tong Bao, Iacopo Bartalucci, Antara Basu-Zych, Rebeca Batalha, Lorenzo Battistini, Franz Erik Bauer, Andy Beardmore, Werner Becker , et al. (373 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The AXIS Community Science Book represents the collective effort of more than 500 scientists worldwide to define the transformative science enabled by the Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS), a next-generation X-ray mission selected by NASA's Astrophysics Probe Program for Phase A study. AXIS will advance the legacy of high-angular-resolution X-ray astronomy with ~1.5'' imaging over a wide 24'… ▽ More The AXIS Community Science Book represents the collective effort of more than 500 scientists worldwide to define the transformative science enabled by the Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS), a next-generation X-ray mission selected by NASA's Astrophysics Probe Program for Phase A study. AXIS will advance the legacy of high-angular-resolution X-ray astronomy with ~1.5'' imaging over a wide 24' field of view and an order of magnitude greater collecting area than Chandra in the 0.3-12 keV band. Combining sharp imaging, high throughput, and rapid response capabilities, AXIS will open new windows on virtually every aspect of modern astrophysics, exploring the birth and growth of supermassive black holes, the feedback processes that shape galaxies, the life cycles of stars and exoplanet environments, and the nature of compact stellar remnants, supernova remnants, and explosive transients. This book compiles over 140 community-contributed science cases developed by five Science Working Groups focused on AGN and supermassive black holes, galaxy evolution and feedback, compact objects and supernova remnants, stellar physics and exoplanets, and time-domain and multi-messenger astrophysics. Together, these studies establish the scientific foundation for next-generation X-ray exploration in the 2030s and highlight strong synergies with facilities of the 2030s, such as JWST, Roman, Rubin/LSST, SKA, ALMA, ngVLA, and next-generation gravitational-wave and neutrino networks. △ Less

Submitted 31 October, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 595 pages, 225 figures

The dark side of early galaxies: $\texttt{geko}$ uncovers dark-matter fractions at $z\sim4-6$

Authors: A. Lola Danhaive, Sandro Tacchella, Andrew J. Bunker, Emma Curtis-Lake, Anna de Graaff, Francesco D'Eugenio, Qiao Duan, Eiichi Egami, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Benjamin D. Johnson, Roberto Maiolino, William McClymont, Marcia Rieke, Brant Robertson, Fengwu Sun, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Zihao Wu, Yongda Zhu

Abstract: JWST/NIRCam slitless spectroscopy enables dynamical mass measurements for typical star-forming galaxies only a billion years after the Big Bang. We model the H$α$ morpho-kinematics of 163 galaxies at redshift $z\approx4$-6 from FRESCO and CONGRESS (with JADES imaging), using the $\texttt{geko}$ code, and infer rotational velocities and dispersions within $r_{\rm e}$. Our sample spans… ▽ More JWST/NIRCam slitless spectroscopy enables dynamical mass measurements for typical star-forming galaxies only a billion years after the Big Bang. We model the H$α$ morpho-kinematics of 163 galaxies at redshift $z\approx4$-6 from FRESCO and CONGRESS (with JADES imaging), using the $\texttt{geko}$ code, and infer rotational velocities and dispersions within $r_{\rm e}$. Our sample spans $\log M_{\star}\approx7$-10 and $\log M_{\rm dyn}\approx9$-11. Gas masses are estimated via scaling relations, yielding baryonic masses and dark-matter (DM) fractions $f_{\rm DM}(r<r_{\rm e})$ within the H$α$ half-light radius. We find high median fractions of $\langle f_{\rm gas}\rangle=0.77$ and $\langle f_{\rm DM}\rangle=0.73$, where $f_{\rm gas}$ is measured with respect to the baryonic mass and $f_{\rm DM}$ with respect to the DM+baryonic mass. About two-thirds of systems are DM-dominated within $r_{\rm e}\sim0.5-1$ kpc. Both $f_{\rm gas}$ and $f_{\rm DM}$ decrease with stellar mass, consistent with simulations. The stellar Tully-Fisher relation shows a tentative offset to higher $v_{\rm circ}$ at fixed $M_{\star}$ and substantial intrinsic scatter, suggesting that the relation is only beginning to emerge at $z\sim5$. We measure a negative correlation between $f_{\rm DM}$ and baryonic surface density $Σ_{\rm bar}$, weaker but broadly consistent with trends at cosmic noon and at $z\sim0$. Qualitatively comparing with modified NFW profiles coupled to an empirical stellar-to-halo mass relation suggests that the lowest $f_{\rm DM}$ ($\lesssim0.4$) require cored inner DM profiles, while the highest fractions favour cuspier profiles, potentially reflecting adiabatic contraction. Overall, the elevated $f_{\rm gas}$ and $f_{\rm DM}$ at $z\gtrsim4$ are compatible with progenitors of baryon-dominated systems at $z\sim2$ and naturally anticipate overmassive black holes at fixed $M_{\star}$. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to MNRAS

Mergers lighting the early Universe: enhanced star formation, AGN triggering, and Ly$α$ emission in close pairs at $z=3-9$

Authors: Dávid Puskás, Sandro Tacchella, Charlotte Simmonds, Gareth C. Jones, Ignas Juodžbalis, Jan Scholtz, William M. Baker, Andrew J. Bunker, Stefano Carniani, Emma Curtis-Lake, Qiao Duan, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Kevin Hainline, Benjamin D. Johnson, Roberto Maiolino, Marcia Rieke, Brant Robertson, Christina C. Williams, Joris Witstok

Abstract: Galaxy mergers and interactions are often invoked to explain enhanced star formation, black hole growth, and mass build-up of galaxies at later cosmic times, but their effect is poorly understood at high redshift ($z>2$). We use JADES data to analyse a mass-complete sample of 2095 galaxies at $z=3-9$ with ${\rm log}(M_\star/{\rm M_\odot}) = [8, 10]$, identifying major merger pairs (projected separ… ▽ More Galaxy mergers and interactions are often invoked to explain enhanced star formation, black hole growth, and mass build-up of galaxies at later cosmic times, but their effect is poorly understood at high redshift ($z>2$). We use JADES data to analyse a mass-complete sample of 2095 galaxies at $z=3-9$ with ${\rm log}(M_\star/{\rm M_\odot}) = [8, 10]$, identifying major merger pairs (projected separation of $5-100$ pkpc, mass ratio $\geq 1/4$) using a probabilistic method. To look for signatures of enhancement in multiple physical properties, we carefully build a control sample of non-pairs that are simultaneously matched in redshift, stellar mass, isolation, and environment to the pair sample. We find a moderate enhancement in specific star formation rate (sSFR) of $1.12 \pm 0.05$ at separations $\lesssim 20$ kpc, which is weakly detectable out to $\sim50$ kpc. We find that at longer averaging timescales (50-100 Myr) the sSFR is more affected by interactions and environment, whereas at shorter timescales (5-10 Myr) it is dominated by internal feedback and burstiness. By averaging star formation histories, we find two distinct populations: pre-first passage/coalescence (monotonically rising SFR) and post-pericentre pairs (earlier peak in SFR). Finally, we find no significant excess of AGN in pairs, suggesting galaxy interactions are not effectively triggering black hole activity at separations $>5$ kpc. Similarly, we also do not detect an excess in the fraction of Lyman-$α$ emitters in pairs, implying that at the probed separations, galaxy interactions are not efficient at enhancing Lyman-$α$ photon production and escape, which may only become important at the smallest scales. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 11 figures, 1 table. Submitted to MNRAS. Comments are welcome

JADES Dark Horse: demonstrating high-multiplex observations with JWST/NIRSpec dense-shutter spectroscopy in the JADES Origins Field

Authors: Francesco D'Eugenio, Erica J. Nelson, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Roberto Maiolino, Stefano Carniani, Jan Scholtz, Mirko Curti, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Andrew J. Bunker, Jakob M. Helton, Ignas Juodžbalis, Fengwu Sun, Sandro Tacchella, Santiago Arribas, Alex J. Cameron, Stéphane Charlot, Emma Curtis-Lake, Kevin Hainline, Benjamin D. Johnson, Brant Robertson, Christina C. Williams, Chris Willott, William M. Baker, Jacopo Chevallard, A. Lola Danhaive , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present JWST/NIRSpec dense-shutter spectroscopy (DSS). This novel observing strategy with the NIRSpec micro-shutter assembly (MSA) deliberately permits a high number of controlled spectral overlaps to reach extreme multiplex while retaining the low background of slit spectroscopy. In a single configuration over the JADES Origins Field we opened shutters on all faint (F444W<30 mag) z… ▽ More We present JWST/NIRSpec dense-shutter spectroscopy (DSS). This novel observing strategy with the NIRSpec micro-shutter assembly (MSA) deliberately permits a high number of controlled spectral overlaps to reach extreme multiplex while retaining the low background of slit spectroscopy. In a single configuration over the JADES Origins Field we opened shutters on all faint (F444W<30 mag) z$_{\rm phot}$>3 candidates in the MSA, prioritising emission-line science and rejecting only bright continuum sources. Using 33.6 and 35.8 ks on-source in G235M and G395M, we observed a single mask with ~850 sources, obtaining secure spectroscopic redshifts for ~540 galaxies over 2.5<z<8.9. The per-configuration target density in DSS mode is 4-5x higher than standard no- and low-overlap MSA strategies (<200 sources), with no loss in redshift precision or accuracy. Line-flux sensitivities are 30 percent lower at fixed exposure time, matching the expected increase in background noise, but the gain in survey speed is 5x in our setup, more than justifying the penalty. The measured line sensitivity exceeds NIRCam WFSS by a minimum factor of ~5 (i.e. ~25 in exposure time) at $λ$~4 $μ$m, demonstrating that controlled overlap is a compelling method to gain deep, wide-band spectra for large samples. Crucially, we envisage the MSA could deliver even higher target allocation densities than what used here. We derive Balmer-line based SFRs, gas-phase metallicities (including a large sample suitable for strong-line calibrations), and identify rare sources (mini-quenched systems and broad-line AGN). This approach is immediately applicable wherever deep imaging enables robust pre-selection and astrometry, providing an efficient method to obtain large samples of faint emission-line galaxies, a compelling middle ground between the completeness of slitless surveys and the sensitivity and bandwidth of NIRSpec/MSA. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 21 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to MNRAS

Black Holes in the Shadow: The Missing High-Ionization Lines in the Earliest JWST AGNs

Authors: Greta Zucchi, Xihan Ji, Piero Madau, Roberto Maiolino, Ignas Juodžbalis, Francesco D'Eugenio, Sophia Geris, Yuki Isobe

Abstract: Observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have uncovered a substantial population of high-redshift, broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs), whose properties challenge standard models of black hole growth and AGN emission. We analyze a spectroscopic sample of 34 Type 1 AGNs from the JWST Advanced Deep Survey (JADES) survey, spanning redshifts 1.7 < z < 9, to constrain the physical n… ▽ More Observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have uncovered a substantial population of high-redshift, broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs), whose properties challenge standard models of black hole growth and AGN emission. We analyze a spectroscopic sample of 34 Type 1 AGNs from the JWST Advanced Deep Survey (JADES) survey, spanning redshifts 1.7 < z < 9, to constrain the physical nature of the accretion flows powering these sources with broad-line diagnostics statistically for the first time. At z > 5, we find a marked suppression of high-ionization emission lines (HeII, CIV, NV) relative to prominent broad Halpha and narrow [OIII] features. This contrast places strong constraints on the shape of the ionizing spectral energy distribution (SED) and on the physical conditions in the broad-line region (BLR). By comparing the observations to photoionization models based on SEDs of black holes accreting at sub-Eddington ratios, we show that standard AGN continua struggle to reproduce the observed broad line ratios and equivalent widths across a wide ionization parameter range. These results suggest the need for modified SEDs -- either intrinsically softened due to super-Eddington accretion or radiative inefficiencies in the innermost disk, or externally filtered by intervening optically thick gas that absorbs or scatters the highest-energy photons before they reach the BLR. △ Less

Submitted 15 December, 2025; v1 submitted 12 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

JADES Data Release 4 -- Paper II: Data reduction, analysis and emission-line fluxes of the complete spectroscopic sample

Authors: J. Scholtz, S. Carniani, E. Parlanti, F. D'Eugenio, E. Curtis-Lake, P. Jakobsen, A. J. Bunker, A. J. Cameron, S. Arribas, W. M. Baker, S. Charlot, J. Chevellard, C. Circosta, M. Curti, Q. Duan, D. J. Eisenstein, K. Hainline, Z. Ji, B. D. Johnson, G. C. Jones, N. Kumari, R. Maiolino, M. V. Maseda, M. Perna, P. G. Pérez-González , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the fourth data release of JADES, the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey, providing deep spectroscopic observations in the two GOODS fields. A companion paper presents the target selection, spectroscopic redshifts and success rates, and in this paper, we discuss the data reduction and present emission line flux measurements. The spectroscopy in this work consists of medium-depth, d… ▽ More We present the fourth data release of JADES, the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey, providing deep spectroscopic observations in the two GOODS fields. A companion paper presents the target selection, spectroscopic redshifts and success rates, and in this paper, we discuss the data reduction and present emission line flux measurements. The spectroscopy in this work consists of medium-depth, deep and ultradeep NIRSpec/MSA spectra of 5,190 targets, covering the spectral range $0.6\text{--}5.5$~\mum and observed with both the low-dispersion prism ($R=30\text{--}300$) and all three medium-resolution gratings ($R=500\text{--}1,500$). We describe the data reduction, analysis and description of the data products included in this data release. In total, we measured 3,297 robust redshifts out of 5,190 targets, spanning a redshift range from $z=0.5$ up to $z=14.2$, including 974 at $z>4$. This data release includes 1-d and 2-d fully reduced spectra with 3 and 5 pixel extractions, with slit-loss corrections and background subtraction optimized for point sources. Furthermore, we provide redshifts and $S/N>5$ emission-line flux catalogues for the prism and grating spectra, as well as new guidelines to use these data products. Lastly, we are launching a new JADES Online Database, designed to enable quick selection and browsing of this data release. Altogether, these data provide the largest statistical sample to date to characterise the properties of galaxy populations across Cosmic time. △ Less

Submitted 1 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Submitted to MNRAS. Data available to download at https://jades.herts.ac.uk/DR4/ with access to the JADES online database at https://jades.herts.ac.uk/search/. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2404.06531

JADES Data Release 4 Paper I: Sample Selection, Observing Strategy and Redshifts of the complete spectroscopic sample

Authors: Emma Curtis-Lake, Alex J. Cameron, Andrew J. Bunker, Jan Scholtz, Stefano Carniani, Eleonora Parlanti, Francesco D'Eugenio, Peter Jakobsen, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Santiago Arribas, William M. Baker, Stéphane Charlot, Jacopo Chevallard, Chiara Circosta, Mirko Curti, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Kevin Hainline, Zhiyuan Ji, Benjamin D. Johnson, Gareth C. Jones, Roberto Maiolino, Michael V. Maseda, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Tim Rawle, Marcia Rieke , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper accompanies Data Release 4 of the JWST Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), which presents the full NIRSpec spectroscopy of the survey. We provide spectra of 5190 targets across GOODS-North and GOODS-South (including the Hubble Ultra Deep Field), observed with the low-dispersion (R $\sim$ 30-300) prism and three medium-resolution (R $\sim$ 1000) gratings spanning 0.8 $< λ<$ 5.5 microns; 2… ▽ More This paper accompanies Data Release 4 of the JWST Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), which presents the full NIRSpec spectroscopy of the survey. We provide spectra of 5190 targets across GOODS-North and GOODS-South (including the Hubble Ultra Deep Field), observed with the low-dispersion (R $\sim$ 30-300) prism and three medium-resolution (R $\sim$ 1000) gratings spanning 0.8 $< λ<$ 5.5 microns; 2654 were also observed with the higher-resolution (R $\sim$ 2700) G395H grating. The tiered survey design obtained more than 20 hr exposures for $\sim$ 700 galaxies in the Deep and Ultra Deep tiers, and shallower observations ($\sim$ 1-3 hr per setting) of $>$ 4400 galaxies in the Medium tiers. Targets were selected from photometric redshifts or colours, with priority given to rest-UV-selected galaxies at $z > 5.7$ and F444W-selected galaxies at $1.5 < z < 5.7$. We describe the full target selection and present spectroscopic redshifts and success rates. In total we obtain robust redshifts for 3297 galaxies, including 396 at $z > 5.7$ and 2545 at $1.5 < z < 5.7$. To facilitate uniform analyses, we define 'gold' sub-samples based on UV- and F444W-selection. Using the parent samples and redshift success rates, we construct rest-UV luminosity functions at $6 \lesssim z \lesssim 9$ from the Medium- and Deep-JWST tiers. Our number densities agree well with previous determinations from both photometric and spectroscopic samples, with modest interloper fractions confirming the reliability of photometric UV-bright galaxy selections at these redshifts. △ Less

Submitted 1 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Submitted to MNRAS. Data available to download at https://jades.herts.ac.uk/DR4/ with access to the JADES online database at https://jades.herts.ac.uk/search/

JADES: The Star Formation and Dust Attenuation Properties of Galaxies at 3<z<7

Authors: Charity Woodrum, Irene Shivaei, Joris Witstok, Aayush Saxena, Charlotte Simmonds, Jan Scholtz, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Andrew J. Bunker, Stéfano Carniani, Stephane Charlot, Mirko Curti, Emma Curtis-Lake, Jacopo Chevallard, Francesco D'Eugenio, Kevin Hainline, Jakob M. Helton, Roberto Maiolino, Michele Perna, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Brant Robertson, Amber Straughn, Yang Sun, Sandro Tacchella, Christina C. Williams, Chris Willott , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the star formation and dust attenuation properties for a sample of 602 galaxies at redshifts $\rm{3<z<7}$, as part of the JADES survey. Our analysis is based on measurements of the $\rm{H}α/\rm{H}β$ Balmer Decrement using medium resolution (R$\sim$1000) spectroscopic observations with the JWST/NIRSpec Micro-Shutter Assembly. Stellar masses and star formation rates (SFRs) are inferred wi… ▽ More We present the star formation and dust attenuation properties for a sample of 602 galaxies at redshifts $\rm{3<z<7}$, as part of the JADES survey. Our analysis is based on measurements of the $\rm{H}α/\rm{H}β$ Balmer Decrement using medium resolution (R$\sim$1000) spectroscopic observations with the JWST/NIRSpec Micro-Shutter Assembly. Stellar masses and star formation rates (SFRs) are inferred with \texttt{Prospector} using deep multi-band imaging. We utilize the Balmer decrement to measure dust-corrected H$α$-based SFRs, taking into account the subsolar metallicities observed in galaxies at high redshift. We confirm, with our large sample size, that the correlation between the Balmer decrement and stellar mass is already established out to $z\sim7$. We find that the relation between the Balmer decrement and stellar mass does not significantly evolve from the local universe to $z\sim7$. We investigate the UV slope as a function of the Balmer optical depth and find that the best-fit correlation for our high redshift sample is sSFR dependent and significantly different at high redshift when compared to galaxies at $z\approx 0$ and $z \approx 2$. For the highest sSFR galaxies in our sample, there is no significant correlation between the UV slope and Balmer optical depth. This is evidence that the UV slope should be used with great caution to correct for dust in high redshift galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures, submitted to ApJ

JWST-discovered AGN: evidence for heavy obscuration in the type-2 sample from the first stacked X-ray detection

Authors: Andrea Comastri, Giorgio Lanzuisi, Fabio Vito, Stefano Marchesi, Marcella Brusa, Roberto Gilli, Ignas Juodzbalis, Roberto Maiolino, Giovanni Mazzolari, Guido Risaliti, Jan Scholtz, Cristian Vignali

Abstract: One of the most puzzling properties of the high-redshift AGN population recently discovered by JWST, including both broad-line and narrow-line sources, is their X-ray weakness. With very few exceptions, and regardless of the optical classification, they are undetected at the limits of the deepest Chandra fields, even when stacking signals from tens of sources in standard observed-frame energy inte… ▽ More One of the most puzzling properties of the high-redshift AGN population recently discovered by JWST, including both broad-line and narrow-line sources, is their X-ray weakness. With very few exceptions, and regardless of the optical classification, they are undetected at the limits of the deepest Chandra fields, even when stacking signals from tens of sources in standard observed-frame energy intervals (soft, hard, and full bands). It has been proposed that their elusive nature in the X-ray band is due to heavy absorption by dust-free gas or intrinsic weakness, possibly due to high, super-Eddington accretion. In this work, we perform X-ray stacking in three customized rest-frame energy ranges (1-4, 4-7.25, and 10-30 keV) of a sample of 50 Type 1 and 38 Type 2 AGN identified by JWST in the CDFS and CDFN fields. For the Type 2 sub-sample, we reach a total of about 210 Ms exposure, and we report a significant ($\sim 3σ$) detection in the hardest (10-30 keV rest frame) band, along with relatively tight upper limits in the rest frame softer energy bands. The most straightforward interpretation is in terms of heavy obscuration due to gas column densities well within the Compton thick regime ($> 2 \times 10^{24} $cm$^{-2}$) with a large covering factor, approaching 4$π$. The same procedure applied to the Type 1 sub-sample returns no evidence for a significant signal in about 140 Ms stacked data in any of the adopted bands, confirming their surprisingly elusive nature in the X-ray band obtained with previous stacking experiments. A brief comparison with the current observations and the implications for the evolution of AGN are discussed. △ Less

Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Submitted to A&A

JADES: An Abundance of Ultra-Distant T- and Y-Dwarfs in Deep Extragalactic Data

Authors: Kevin N. Hainline, Jakob M. Helton, Brittany E. Miles, Jarron Leisenring, Mark S. Marley, Sagnick Mukherjee, Nicholas F. Wogan, Andrew J. Bunker, Benjamin D. Johnson, Roberto Maiolino, Marcia Rieke, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Brant Robertson, Fengwu Sun, Sandro Tacchella, Christina C. Williams, Christopher N. A. Willmer

Abstract: Ultra-cool T- (T$_{\mathrm{eff}} \approx$ 500 - 1200 K) and Y-dwarfs (T$_{\mathrm{eff}}$ $\lessapprox 500$ K) have historically been found only a few hundred parsecs from the Sun. The sensitivity and wavelength coverage of the NIRCam instrument on board the James Webb Space Telescope offer a unique method for finding low-temperature brown dwarfs in deep extragalactic datasets out to multiple kilop… ▽ More Ultra-cool T- (T$_{\mathrm{eff}} \approx$ 500 - 1200 K) and Y-dwarfs (T$_{\mathrm{eff}}$ $\lessapprox 500$ K) have historically been found only a few hundred parsecs from the Sun. The sensitivity and wavelength coverage of the NIRCam instrument on board the James Webb Space Telescope offer a unique method for finding low-temperature brown dwarfs in deep extragalactic datasets out to multiple kiloparsecs. Here we report on the selection of a sample of 41 brown dwarf and brown dwarf candidates across the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) in the GOODS-S and GOODS-N regions. We introduce a new open-source Bayesian tool, the Near-Infrared Fitting for T and Y-dwarfs (\texttt{NIFTY}), to derive effective temperatures, metallicities, and distances from JWST photometry. We find that 31 candidates have fits consistent with T-dwarf temperatures out to 5 - 6 kpc, and 10 candidates have fits consistent with Y-dwarf temperatures out to 1 - 2 kpc. The majority of the sources are best fit with sub-solar metallicity models, consistent with them being subdwarfs in the Milky Way thick disk and halo. We report proper motions for nine brown dwarf candidates (three are newly presented), and calculate the number density of T- and Y-dwarfs as a function of temperature and distance above the Milky Way midplane. We further discuss how Y-dwarfs can serve as contaminants in the search for ultra-high-redshift galaxies. Together, these results demonstrate the power of deep JWST extragalactic imaging to probe the coldest substellar populations far beyond the solar neighborhood, providing new constraints on the Milky Way's structure and brown dwarf demographics. △ Less

Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 34 pages, 13 figures, Submitted to AAS Journals

Irony at z=6.68: a bright AGN with forbidden Fe emission and multi-component Balmer absorption

Authors: Francesco D'Eugenio, Erica Nelson, Xihan Ji, Josephine Baggen, Jenny Greene, Ivo Labbé, Gabriele Pezzulli, Vanessa Brown, Roberto Maiolino, Jorryt Matthee, Elena Terlevich, Roberto Terlevich, Alberto Torralba, Stefano Carniani

Abstract: We present the deepest medium-resolution JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy to date of a bright Little Red Dot (LRD) AGN, Irony at z=6.68. The data reveal broad Balmer emission from H$α$-H$δ$ and Balmer absorption in H$α$-H$ε$. The absorption lines are kinematically split: H$α$ is blueshifted while higher-order lines are redshifted suggesting complex gas kinematics; their relative ratios are inconsistent w… ▽ More We present the deepest medium-resolution JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy to date of a bright Little Red Dot (LRD) AGN, Irony at z=6.68. The data reveal broad Balmer emission from H$α$-H$δ$ and Balmer absorption in H$α$-H$ε$. The absorption lines are kinematically split: H$α$ is blueshifted while higher-order lines are redshifted suggesting complex gas kinematics; their relative ratios are inconsistent with a single, passive absorbing screen. The line depths require absorption of both the BLR and the continuum, ruling out a stellar origin, consistent with the smooth Balmer break. We fit the broad H$γ$-H$α$ lines and find the data favor a double-Gaussian effective profile, although exponential wings are evident. Depending on the adopted profile, single-epoch virial estimates give log(M$_\bullet$/M$_\odot$)=7.86-8.39 and $λ_{\rm Edd}$=1.7-0.4. The dynamical mass implied by the narrow lines is low log(Mdyn/M$_\odot$)=9.1, suggesting an overmassive black hole. The narrow lines display little attenuation, A$_V<0.5$ mag; while broad H$α$/H$β\sim9$ and the broad Balmer decrements are inconsistent with standard dust attenuation curves, suggesting collisional processes. The forbidden-line spectrum includes auroral [S II] and [N II], and a forest of [Fe II] lines. Line ratios and kinematics indicate a stratified narrow-line region with both low (n$_{\rm e}$=420 cm$^{-3}$) and high densities (n$_{\rm e}\gtrsim 6.3\times10^5$ cm$^{-3}$). We detect metal absorption lines in both the optical (Ca II and Na I) and UV range (Fe II UV1-UV3). Our results support a picture of a compact AGN embedded in a dense, high covering-factor and stratified cocoon, with complex neutral-gas kinematics. While the choice of broad-line profile affects the virial estimates of M$_\bullet$, we find the effect to be of order 0.6 dex between the different approaches. △ Less

Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 28 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to ApJ

BlackTHUNDER: evidence for three massive black holes in a z~5 galaxy

Authors: Hannah Übler, Giovanni Mazzolari, Roberto Maiolino, Francesco D'Eugenio, Nazanin Davari, Ignas Juodžbalis, Raffaella Schneider, Rosa Valiante, Santiago Arribas, Elena Bertola, Andrew J. Bunker, Volker Bromm, Stefano Carniani, Stéphane Charlot, Giovanni Cresci, Mirko Curti, Richard Davies, Frank Eisenhauer, Andrew Fabian, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Reinhard Genzel, Kohei Inayoshi, Lucy R. Ivey, Gareth C. Jones, Boyuan Liu , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present observational evidence for three massive, accreting black holes in the $z=5.0167$ galaxy J0148-4214 from JWST/NIRSpec-IFU spectroscopy. The black holes are revealed through broad H$α$ emission (FWHM = 430-2920 km/s) without a forbidden-line counterpart in the bright [O III] doublet. Channel maps of the asymmetric central H$α$ profile isolate two spatially distinct broad line regions (BL… ▽ More We present observational evidence for three massive, accreting black holes in the $z=5.0167$ galaxy J0148-4214 from JWST/NIRSpec-IFU spectroscopy. The black holes are revealed through broad H$α$ emission (FWHM = 430-2920 km/s) without a forbidden-line counterpart in the bright [O III] doublet. Channel maps of the asymmetric central H$α$ profile isolate two spatially distinct broad line regions (BLRs), separated by $190\pm40$ pc, while a third BLR is found in the galaxy outskirts with a projected separation of 1.7 kpc. Using single-epoch virial relations, we estimate black hole masses of $\log(M_\bullet/M_\odot)=7.9\pm0.4$ (primary central), $5.8\pm0.5$ (secondary central) and $6.3\pm0.5$ (third off-nuclear). We argue that the two central black holes will likely rapidly merge, with a simple dynamical friction time estimate of the order of 700 Myr. Assuming that also the off-nuclear black hole is in the process of sinking towards the centre, it will likely lead to a second merger, and we investigate the detection probability of such mergers with LISA. Alternatively, the third black hole may be the result of previous three-body interaction or a gravitational recoil, where our observations would provide evidence that such black holes may retain their accretion discs and BLRs even in the aftermath of such extreme dynamical interactions. The discovery of a black hole triplet at high redshift, together with other recent results on distant black hole pairs, indicates that multiple massive black hole systems were common in the early Universe. Our results highlight the importance of IFU observations for the detection of massive black hole multiplets in distant galaxies, the progenitors of massive black hole mergers that may be detected with next-generation gravitational wave observatories. △ Less

Submitted 25 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 9 figures; submitted to A&A; comments welcome

BlackTHUNDER: Shedding light on a dormant and extreme little red dot at z=8.50

Authors: Gareth C. Jones, Hannah Übler, Roberto Maiolino, Xihan Ji, Alessandro Marconi, Francesco D'Eugenio, Santiago Arribas, Andrew J. Bunker, Stefano Carniani, Stéphane Charlot, Giovanni Cresci, Kohei Inayoshi, Yuki Isobe, Ignas Juodžbalis, Giovanni Mazzolari, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Michele Perna, Raffaella Schneider, Jan Scholtz, Sandro Tacchella

Abstract: Recent photometric surveys with JWST have revealed a significant population of mysterious objects with red colours, compact morphologies, frequent signs of active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity, and negligible X-ray emission. These 'Little Red Dots' (LRDs) have been explored through spectral and photometric studies, but their nature is still under debate. As part of the BlackTHUNDER survey, we ha… ▽ More Recent photometric surveys with JWST have revealed a significant population of mysterious objects with red colours, compact morphologies, frequent signs of active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity, and negligible X-ray emission. These 'Little Red Dots' (LRDs) have been explored through spectral and photometric studies, but their nature is still under debate. As part of the BlackTHUNDER survey, we have observed UNCOVER_20466, the second most distant LRD known (z=8.5), with the JWST/NIRSpec IFU. Previous JWST/NIRCam and JWST/NIRSpec MSA observations of this source revealed its LRD nature, as well as the presence of an AGN. Using our NIRSpec IFU data, we confirm that UNCOVER_20466 contains an overmassive black hole. However, our observed Balmer decrements imply negligible dust attenuation, resulting in a much lower Hbeta-based bolometric luminosity and Eddington luminosity (~10%) than previously found. Lyman-alpha emission is strongly detected, implying f_esc,Lya~30%. The extremely high [OIII]4363/Hgamma ratio is indicative of not only AGN photoionization and heating, but also extremely high densities (ne~10^7cm-3), suggesting that this black hole at such high redshift may be forming in an ultra-dense protogalaxy. △ Less

Submitted 24 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 11 figures. Submitted to MNRAS

Both Stellar Mass and Gravitational Potential Shape the Gas-Phase Metallicity

Authors: Maria Koller, Roberto Maiolino, William M. Baker

Abstract: The relation between metallicity and galaxy mass (the so-called mass-metallicity relation) is the strongest and most prominent among scaling relations between chemical enrichment and galactic properties. However, it is unclear whether this relation primarily traces metal retention or the integrated production of metals, as past studies have obtained contrasting results. We investigate this issue t… ▽ More The relation between metallicity and galaxy mass (the so-called mass-metallicity relation) is the strongest and most prominent among scaling relations between chemical enrichment and galactic properties. However, it is unclear whether this relation primarily traces metal retention or the integrated production of metals, as past studies have obtained contrasting results. We investigate this issue through an extensive Random Forest and Partial Correlations analysis of spectral cubes of 4,500 galaxies from the MaNGA survey. We find that stellar mass ($\rm M_*$) and baryonic gravitational potential ($\rm Φ_* = M_*/R_e$) are the two most important quantities determining gas metallicity in galaxies. However, their relative roles strongly depend on the galactocentric radius -- the metallicity within 0.7~$\rm R_e$ depends primarily on the stellar mass, while the metallicity at radii beyond 0.9~$\rm R_e$ depends primarily on the gravitational potential. This finding can be interpreted in terms of metals in the central region ($\rm R\leq 0.7~R_e$) being mostly bound, regardless of the global gravitational potential and, therefore, the metallicity is determined primarily by the cumulative production of metals (hence the integrated star formation history, i.e. $\rm M_*$); by contrast, in the galactic peripheries the retention of metals depends more critically on the gravitational potential, hence the stronger dependence of the metallicity on $\rm Φ_*$ at large radii. Our finding reconciles apparent discrepancies between previous results. Finally, we find that the Star Formation Rate is the third most important parameter (after $\rm M_*$ and $\rm Φ_*$) in determining the metallicity, as expected from the Fundamental Metallicity Relation. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2025; v1 submitted 23 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables. Accepted by MNRAS

Journal ref: Mon Not R Astron Soc (2025)

JADES: the chemical enrichment pattern of distant galaxies - silicon depletion and iron enhancement

Authors: Yuki Isobe, Roberto Maiolino, Xihan Ji, Francesco D'Eugenio, Charlotte Simmonds, Jan Scholtz, Ignas Juodžbalis, Aayush Saxena, Joris Witstok, Chiaki Kobayashi, Irene Vanni, Stefania Salvadori, Kuria Watanabe, Stephanie Monty, Vasily Belokurov, Anna Feltre, William McClymont, Sandro Tacchella, Mirko Curti, Hannah Übler, Stéphane Charlot, Andrew J. Bunker, Jacopo Chevallard, Emma Curtis-Lake, Nimisha Kumari , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present gas-phase abundances of carbon (C), $α$-elements (O, Ne, Si, and Ar) and iron (Fe) obtained from stacked spectra of high-$z$ star-forming galaxies with the deep Near Infrared Spectrograph medium-resolution data from the James Webb Space Telescope Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey. Our 564 sources at $z=4$--7 have a median stellar mass of $\log(M_{*}/M_{\odot})=8.46$ and a median star-f… ▽ More We present gas-phase abundances of carbon (C), $α$-elements (O, Ne, Si, and Ar) and iron (Fe) obtained from stacked spectra of high-$z$ star-forming galaxies with the deep Near Infrared Spectrograph medium-resolution data from the James Webb Space Telescope Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey. Our 564 sources at $z=4$--7 have a median stellar mass of $\log(M_{*}/M_{\odot})=8.46$ and a median star-formation rate of $\log(\mathrm{SFR}/M_{\odot}\,\mathrm{yr^{-1}})=0.30$, placing them close to the star-formation main sequence. We find that the stacked spectrum of all our 564 sources has relatively low [C/O]$=-0.70$, moderate [Ne/O]$=-0.09$, and low [Ar/O]$=-0.28$ values at a low gas-phase metallicity of $12+\log(\mathrm{O/H})=7.71$ ($Z\sim 0.1~Z_\odot$), suggesting dominant yields of core-collapse supernovae evolved from massive stars. The detection of a weak SiIII] emission line in our stacked spectrum provides a silicon-to-oxygen abundance ratio of [Si/O]$=-0.63$, which is lower than that of stars in the Milky Way disc and lower than expected by chemical evolution models, suggesting silicon depletion onto dust grains. Likewise, this Si/O value is lower than that we newly derive for two individual $z>6$ galaxies (GN-z11 and RXCJ2248) with negligible dust attenuation. By performing spectral stacking in bins of $M_{*}$, SFR, specific SFR (sSFR), and ultra-violet (UV) continuum slope $β_{\mathrm{UV}}$, we identify [FeIII] line detections in the high-sSFR bin and the blue-$β_{\mathrm{UV}}$ bin, both of which exhibit supersolar Fe/O ratios, while their C/O, Ar/O, and Si/O ratios are comparable to those of the all-sources stack. Our findings support a chemically young gas composition with rapid dust depletion in the general population of high-$z$ star-forming galaxies, while raising the possibility of anomalous, selective Fe/O enhancement at the very early epoch of star formation. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Sbmt. to MNRAS

Environmental vs. intrinsic quenching at cosmic noon: Predictions from cosmological hydrodynamical simulations for VLT-MOONRISE

Authors: Paul H. Goubert, Asa F. L. Bluck, Joanna M. Piotrowska, Paul Torrey, Roberto Maiolino, Thomas Pinto Franco, Camilo Casimiro, Nicolas Cea

Abstract: We present an investigation into the quenching of simulated galaxies across cosmic time, honing in on the role played by both intrinsic and environmental mechanisms at different epochs. In anticipation of VLT-MOONRISE, the first wide-field spectroscopic galaxy survey to target cosmic noon, this work provides clear predictions to compare to the future observations. We investigate the quenching of c… ▽ More We present an investigation into the quenching of simulated galaxies across cosmic time, honing in on the role played by both intrinsic and environmental mechanisms at different epochs. In anticipation of VLT-MOONRISE, the first wide-field spectroscopic galaxy survey to target cosmic noon, this work provides clear predictions to compare to the future observations. We investigate the quenching of centrals, high-mass satellites, and low-mass satellites from two cosmological hydrodynamical simulations: IllustrisTNG and EAGLE. Satellites are split according to bespoke mass thresholds, designed to separate environmental and intrinsic quenching mechanisms. To determine the best parameter for predicting quiescence, we apply a Random Forest classification analysis for each galaxy class at each epoch. The Random Forest classification determines supermassive black hole mass as the best predictor of quiescence in centrals and high-mass satellites. Alternatively, the quenching of low-mass satellites is best predicted by group halo mass, at all epochs. Additionally, we investigate the evolution in the dependence of the quenched fraction with various parameters, revealing a more complex picture. There is strong evidence for the rejuvenation of star formation from z = 2 to z = 0 in EAGLE, but not in IllustrisTNG. The starkest discrepancy between simulations rests in the mass threshold analysis. While IllustrisTNG predicts the existence of environmentally quenched satellites visible within the survey limits of MOONRISE, EAGLE does not. Hence, MOONRISE will provide critical data that is needed to evaluate current models, and constrain future models, of quenching processes. △ Less

Submitted 11 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Accepted to MNRAS; 31 pages; 17 figures

GA-NIFS: an extended [OIII] halo around the sub-Eddington quasar J1342+0928 at z=7.54

Authors: Bartolomeo Trefoloni, Stefano Carniani, Elena Bertola, Giacomo Venturi, Sandra Zamora, Eleonora Parlanti, Santiago Arribas, Andrew Bunker, Stéphane Charlot, Francesco D'Eugenio, Peter Jakobsen, Roberto Maiolino, Michele Perna, Bruno Rodríguez Del Pino, Hannah Übler, Chris J. Willott, Torsten Böker, Giovanni Cresci, Isabella Lamperti, Madeline Marshall, Pablo G. Pérez-González

Abstract: The James Webb Space Telescope (\textit{JWST}) opened a new observational window on the primordial Universe. Here we present new JWST NIRSpec integral field spectroscopy (IFS) observations of the $z=7.54$ quasar ULAS J1342+0928 obtained as part of the Galaxy Assembly with NIRSpec IFS (GA-NIFS) GTO programme. The new data-set obtained with both the prism ($R\sim100$) and the high-resolution grating… ▽ More The James Webb Space Telescope (\textit{JWST}) opened a new observational window on the primordial Universe. Here we present new JWST NIRSpec integral field spectroscopy (IFS) observations of the $z=7.54$ quasar ULAS J1342+0928 obtained as part of the Galaxy Assembly with NIRSpec IFS (GA-NIFS) GTO programme. The new data-set obtained with both the prism ($R\sim100$) and the high-resolution grating ($R\sim2700$) allow for a complete description of the quasar emission from the rest-frame UV to optical bands. The low-resolution data reveal the presence of [\ion{O}{iii}] emission on $\sim$7 kpc scales, well above the typical galaxy size at this redshift, likely associated with a past outflow event. Additionally, the high-resolution observations show a more energetic ionised outflow on nuclear scales ($\lesssim 0.6$ kpc). The total ionised mass outflow rate ranges between 50 and 300 $\rm M_{\odot} \, yr^{-1}$ where the significant spread is mostly due to the lack of tight constraints on the electron density. This range overlaps in part with the star formation rate range (85--545 $\rm M_{\odot} \, yr^{-1}$), implying that the nuclear outflow could ultimately lead to an early star formation quenching. By employing an accretion disc modelling, for the first time on \textit{JWST} data, we manage to robustly estimate the black hole mass and the bolometric luminosity, $\rm \log(M_{BH}/(M_{\odot}))=9.2\pm 0.2$ and $\rm \log(L_{bol}/(erg \, s^{-1}))=46.8\pm 0.1$, respectively. We derive an Eddington ratio of $\rm λ_{Edd}\sim 0.4$, challenging the paradigm of widespread super-Eddington accretion in quasars at the epoch of reionisation. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 13 figures, submitted to A&A

MARTA: The connection between chemical enrichment, feedback, and dust in a Wolf-Rayet galaxy at z${\sim}$2

Authors: Mirko Curti, Elisa Cataldi, Francesco Belfiore, Bianca Moreschini, Magda Arnaboldi, Martyna Chruślińska, Filippo Mannucci, Alessandro Marconi, Quirino D'Amato, Stefano Carniani, William M. Baker, Annalisa De Cia, Nimisha Kumari, Amirnezam Amiri, Giovanni Cresci, Chiaki Kobayashi, Fergus Cullen, Anna Feltre, Roberto Maiolino, Irene Shivaei

Abstract: We present the analysis of the stellar and interstellar medium (ISM) properties of MARTA-4327, a star-forming galaxy at z=2.224 observed by means of deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy in both medium- and high-resolution gratings as part of the "Measuring Abundances at high Redshift with the Te Approach" (MARTA) programme. We report one of the highest-redshift detections of the Wolf-Rayet (WR) blue and… ▽ More We present the analysis of the stellar and interstellar medium (ISM) properties of MARTA-4327, a star-forming galaxy at z=2.224 observed by means of deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy in both medium- and high-resolution gratings as part of the "Measuring Abundances at high Redshift with the Te Approach" (MARTA) programme. We report one of the highest-redshift detections of the Wolf-Rayet (WR) blue and red bumps in a non-lensed system. The broad He ii$λ$4686 feature is consistent with a young (${\sim 5-6}$ Myr) burst dominated by WN stars, although both SSP models and empirical templates struggle to reproduce the nitrogen stellar features at ${\approx}$ 4640 A. Based on the relative strength of the available optical stellar features, we disfavor the presence of very massive stars (VMS) in this system. Elemental abundance ratios such as Ne/O, N/O, and Ar/O align with observations of local star-forming galaxies (including WR galaxies), suggesting that any impact of the WR population on the chemical enrichment of the ISM is strongly localized. However, the gas-phase Fe/O ratio appears enhanced compared to local galaxies of similar metallicity, which we interpret as evidence for reduced Fe depletion onto dust grains, possibly linked to localized destruction in WR-driven wind environments. In addition, we detect a broad and blueshifted (~70 km/s) H$α$ component, revealing the presence of an ionized outflow with a mass loading factor ${η\sim 0.2}$. Finally, we report the robust detection of O I$λ$8446 emission (among the firsts at high redshift), which we interpret as originating from Ly$β$ fluorescence and/or collisional excitation in dense clumps. Overall, MARTA-4327 represents a unique system for studying the role of massive stars in shaping the ISM in galaxies at Cosmic Noon. △ Less

Submitted 17 November, 2025; v1 submitted 8 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Main body: 18 pages, 10 figures; Appendix: 5 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to A&A. Comments are welcome

The possible accretion discs of GN-z11 at redshift z = 10.6, MoM-z14 at z = 14.44 and other high redshift objects

Authors: A. C. Fabian, J. Jiang, W. M. Baker, R. Maiolino, X. Ji, I. Juodzbalis, J. Scholtz

Abstract: The JWST has enabled the discovery of Active Galactic Nuclei at high redshifts. The intrinsic UV spectrum of GN-z11 at redshift z = 10.6 has a spectral slope compatible with a standard accretion disc. By fitting a disc model to its spectrum, we find that the mass of the black hole must be above 1.6e7 Msun in order that it lies below the Eddington limit. We define this mass as the Eddington mass of… ▽ More The JWST has enabled the discovery of Active Galactic Nuclei at high redshifts. The intrinsic UV spectrum of GN-z11 at redshift z = 10.6 has a spectral slope compatible with a standard accretion disc. By fitting a disc model to its spectrum, we find that the mass of the black hole must be above 1.6e7 Msun in order that it lies below the Eddington limit. We define this mass as the Eddington mass of the black hole. We note that the spectral shape is consistent with that of accreting stellar mass black holes sources in their soft state, for which no variability is expected. Mom-z14 is a more distant object at z = 14.44 and has a similar UV slope. Disc model-fitting gives a similar result but lower mass accretion rate. We also examine 3 further high redshift objects: GS z14-1, GHZ2 and GS-z11-1 at z = 13.86, 12.34 and 11.28, again obtaining similar results. If sub-Eddington accretion discs are indeed the origin of much of the UV emission from these objects, then the existence of massive black holes less than 440 and 290 Myr after the Big Bang point either to exceptional black hole seeds or to primordial black holes. The observed spread of UV spectral slopes in high redshift objects suggests that our approach may be relevant to about half of that population. △ Less

Submitted 5 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures, submitted to MNRAS

Another view into JWST-discovered X-ray weak AGNs via radiative dusty feedback

Authors: W. Ishibashi, A. C. Fabian, R. Maiolino, Y. Gursahani, C. S. Reynolds

Abstract: JWST has revealed a previously unknown population of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the early Universe. These JWST-AGN at high redshifts are characterised by a set of peculiar properties, including unusually weak X-ray emission. Here we investigate the apparent lack of X-ray emission in the framework of the ``AGN radiative dusty feedback'' scenario based on the effective Eddington… ▽ More JWST has revealed a previously unknown population of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the early Universe. These JWST-AGN at high redshifts are characterised by a set of peculiar properties, including unusually weak X-ray emission. Here we investigate the apparent lack of X-ray emission in the framework of the ``AGN radiative dusty feedback'' scenario based on the effective Eddington limit for dust. We analyse how the boundary in the $N_\mathrm{H} - λ$ plane, defined by the column density versus the Eddington ratio, is modified as a function of the dusty gas parameters (metallicity, dust grain size and composition). Low metallicity gas with little dust content tends to survive against radiation pressure, and likely accumulates in the nuclear region. We suggest that such dust-poor gas can provide long-lived absorption and may lead to heavy X-ray obscuration, as observed in early JWST-AGN. The blowout vs. stalling condition of the obscuring clouds indicates that higher metallicities are required to eject heavier column densities, while large columns of gas can stall in low metallicity environments. Therefore the metallicity may play a key role in the AGN radiative dusty feedback scenario. We discuss how other peculiar properties of JWST-AGN -- such as Balmer absorption features and weak radio emission -- may be naturally interpreted within the same physical framework. △ Less

Submitted 5 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Quasar Radiative Feedback May Suppress Galaxy Growth on Intergalactic Scales at $z = 6.3$

Authors: Yongda Zhu, Eiichi Egami, Xiaohui Fan, Fengwu Sun, George D. Becker, Christopher Cain, Huanqing Chen, Anna-Christina Eilers, Yoshinobu Fudamoto, Jakob M. Helton, Xiangyu Jin, Maria Pudoka, Andrew J. Bunker, Zheng Cai, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Zhiyuan Ji, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Hai-Xia Ma, Zheng Ma, Roberto Maiolino, George H. Rieke, Marcia J. Rieke, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Yang Sun , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present observational evidence that intense ionizing radiation from a luminous quasar suppresses nebular emission in nearby galaxies on intergalactic scales at $z=6.3$. Using JWST/NIRCam grism spectroscopy from the SAPPHIRES and EIGER programs, we identify a moderate but statistically significant decline in [O\,\textsc{iii}]\,$\lambda5008$ luminosity relative to the UV continuum (… ▽ More We present observational evidence that intense ionizing radiation from a luminous quasar suppresses nebular emission in nearby galaxies on intergalactic scales at $z=6.3$. Using JWST/NIRCam grism spectroscopy from the SAPPHIRES and EIGER programs, we identify a moderate but statistically significant decline in [O\,\textsc{iii}]\,$\lambda5008$ luminosity relative to the UV continuum ($L_{5008}/L_{1500}$) among galaxies within $\sim$ 7 comoving Mpc (cMpc) of the quasar J0100$+$2802, the most UV-luminous quasar known at this epoch ($M_{1450}=-29.26$). While $L_{1500}$ remains roughly constant with transverse distance, $L_{5008}$ increases significantly, suggesting suppression of very recent star formation toward the quasar. The effect persists after controlling for completeness, local density, and UV luminosity, and correlates with the projected photoionization-rate profile $Γ_{\mathrm{qso}}$. A weaker but directionally consistent suppression in $L_{5008}/L_{1500}$ is also observed along the line of sight. The transverse suppression radius ($\sim$ 7 cMpc) implies a recent radiative episode with a cumulative duration $\sim$ 3.1 Myr, shorter than required for thermal photoheating to dominate and thus more naturally explained by rapid H$_2$ photodissociation and related radiative processes. Environmental effects alone appear insufficient to explain the signal. Our results provide direct, geometry-based constraints on large-scale quasar radiative feedback and recent quasar lifetimes. △ Less

Submitted 19 November, 2025; v1 submitted 29 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters (ApJL); to be presented at AAS 247

A direct black hole mass measurement in a Little Red Dot at the Epoch of Reionization

Authors: Ignas Juodžbalis, Cosimo Marconcini, Francesco D'Eugenio, Roberto Maiolino, Alessandro Marconi, Hannah Übler, Jan Scholtz, Xihan Ji, Santiago Arribas, Jake S. Bennett, Volker Bromm, Andrew J. Bunker, Stefano Carniani, Stéphane Charlot, Giovanni Cresci, Pratika Dayal, Eiichi Egami, Andrew Fabian, Kohei Inayoshi, Yuki Isobe, Lucy Ivey, Gareth C. Jones, Sophie Koudmani, Nicolas Laporte, Boyuan Liu , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Recent discoveries of faint active galactic nuclei (AGN) at the redshift frontier have revealed a plethora of broad \Halpha emitters with optically red continua, named Little Red Dots (LRDs), which comprise 15-30\% of the high redshift broad line AGN population. Due to their peculiar spectral properties and X-ray weakness, modeling LRDs with standard AGN templates has proven challenging. In partic… ▽ More Recent discoveries of faint active galactic nuclei (AGN) at the redshift frontier have revealed a plethora of broad \Halpha emitters with optically red continua, named Little Red Dots (LRDs), which comprise 15-30\% of the high redshift broad line AGN population. Due to their peculiar spectral properties and X-ray weakness, modeling LRDs with standard AGN templates has proven challenging. In particular, the validity of single-epoch virial mass estimates in determining the black hole (BH) masses of LRDs has been called into question, with some models claiming that masses might be overestimated by up to 2 orders of magnitude, and other models claiming that LRDs may be entirely stellar in nature. We report the direct, dynamical BH mass measurement in a strongly lensed LRD at $z = 7.04$. The combination of lensing with deep spectroscopic data reveals a rotation curve that is inconsistent with a nuclear star cluster, yet can be well explained by Keplerian rotation around a point mass of 50 million Solar masses, consistent with virial BH mass estimates from the Balmer lines. The Keplerian rotation leaves little room for any stellar component in a host galaxy, as we conservatively infer $M_{\rm BH}/M_{*}>2$. Such a ''naked'' black hole, together with its near-pristine environment, indicates that this LRD is a massive black hole seed caught in its earliest accretion phase. △ Less

Submitted 1 September, 2025; v1 submitted 29 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 11 figures. Submitted. Typos corrected

Bursting at the seams: the star-forming main sequence and its scatter at z=3-9 using NIRCam photometry from JADES

Authors: C. Simmonds, S. Tacchella, W. McClymont, E. Curtis-Lake, F. D'Eugenio, K. Hainline, B. D. Johnson, A. Kravtsov, D. Puskás, B. Robertson, A. Stoffers, C. Willott, W. M. Baker, V. A. Belokurov, R. Bhatawdekar, A. J. Bunker, S. Carniani, J. Chevallard, M. Curti, Q. Duan, J. M. Helton, Z. Ji, T. J. Looser, R. Maiolino, M. V. Maseda , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a comprehensive study of the star-forming main sequence (SFMS) and its scatter at redshifts $3 \leq z \leq 9$, using NIRCam photometry from the JADES survey in the GOODS-S and GOODS-N fields. Our analysis is based on a sample of galaxies that is stellar mass complete down to $\log \left(M_{\star}/M_{\odot}\right) \approx 8.1$. The redshift evolution of the SFMS at an averaging timescale… ▽ More We present a comprehensive study of the star-forming main sequence (SFMS) and its scatter at redshifts $3 \leq z \leq 9$, using NIRCam photometry from the JADES survey in the GOODS-S and GOODS-N fields. Our analysis is based on a sample of galaxies that is stellar mass complete down to $\log \left(M_{\star}/M_{\odot}\right) \approx 8.1$. The redshift evolution of the SFMS at an averaging timescale of 10 Myr follows a relation, quantified by the specific star-formation rates (sSFR$_{10}$), of $\mathrm{sSFR}\propto(1+z)^μ$ with $μ= 2.30^{+0.03}_{-0.01}$, in good agreement with theoretical predictions and the specific mass accretion rate of dark matter halos. We find that the SFMS normalisation varies in a complex way with the SFR averaging timescale, reflecting the combined effects of bursty star formation and rising star formation histories (SFHs). We quantify the scatter of the SFMS, revealing that it decreases with longer SFR averaging timescales, from $σ_{\rm{int}} \approx 0.4-0.5~\mathrm{dex}$ at 10 Myr to $σ_{\rm{int}} \approx 0.2~\mathrm{dex}$ at 100 Myr, indicating that shorter-term fluctuations dominate the scatter, although long-term variations in star formation activity are also present. Our findings suggest that bursty SFHs are more pronounced at lower stellar masses. Furthermore, we explore the implications of our results for the observed over-abundance of UV-bright galaxies at $z > 10$, concluding that additional mechanisms, such as top-heavy initial mass functions, increased star-formation efficiencies, or increased burstiness in star formation are needed to explain these observations. Finally, we emphasize the importance of accurate stellar mass completeness limits when fitting the SFMS, especially for galaxies with bursty SFHs. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2025; v1 submitted 6 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 18 pages and 15 figures in main paper

Lord of LRDs: Insights into a "Little Red Dot" with a low-ionization spectrum at z = 0.1

Authors: Xihan Ji, Francesco D'Eugenio, Ignas Juodžbalis, Dominic J. Walton, Andrew C. Fabian, Roberto Maiolino, Cristina Ramos Almeida, Jose A. Acosta Pulido, Vasily A. Belokurov, Yuki Isobe, Gareth Jones, Claudia Maraston, Jan Scholtz, Charlotte Simmonds, Sandro Tacchella, Elena Terlevich, Roberto Terlevich

Abstract: Recent observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed a puzzling population of optically red and compact galaxies with peculiar "V"-shaped spectra at high redshift, known as "Little Red Dots" (LRDs). Until now, most spectroscopically confirmed LRDs are found at $z>4$ and it has been speculated that LRDs are tracing the early stages of black hole evolution. We report an indepen… ▽ More Recent observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed a puzzling population of optically red and compact galaxies with peculiar "V"-shaped spectra at high redshift, known as "Little Red Dots" (LRDs). Until now, most spectroscopically confirmed LRDs are found at $z>4$ and it has been speculated that LRDs are tracing the early stages of black hole evolution. We report an independent rediscovery of a broad-line active galactic nucleus (AGN), SDSS J102530.29+140207.3, at $z=0.1$, which shows spectral features matching those of LRDs seen in the early Universe, including the V-shaped spectrum, broad Balmer lines (with widths of 1000-2000 km/s), and deep Balmer absorption. We present a new GTC observation of this LRD, which reveals an optical continuum similar to those of G-to-K giant stars including an unambiguous G-band absorption originating from the CH molecule. In addition, this local LRD shows a series of absorption lines potentially related to low-ionization ions or atoms but are deeper than what is observed in empirical stellar templates. We further identify a series of [FeII] emission lines indicative of low-ionization gas, which we find also present in a JWST-selected LRD at $z=2.26$. We find small but statistically significant variability in the H$α$ of SDSS J102530.29+140207.3 consistent with previous findings. Finally, we report new observations with NuSTAR. We confirm the extreme X-ray weakness of this LRD, which might imply Compton-thick gas obscuration with $N_{\rm H}>10^{24}~{\rm cm^{-2}}$. All evidence suggests SDSS J102530.29+140207.3 has a complex gaseous environment and the strong ionic, atomic, and molecular absorptions are hard to explain with typical stellar and AGN models. △ Less

Submitted 15 December, 2025; v1 submitted 31 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 33 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

On the origins of oxygen: ALMA and JWST characterise the multi-phase, metal-enriched, star-bursting medium within a 'normal' $z > 11$ galaxy

Authors: Joris Witstok, Renske Smit, William M. Baker, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Kevin N. Hainline, Hiddo S. B. Algera, Santiago Arribas, Tom J. L. C. Bakx, Andrew J. Bunker, Stefano Carniani, Stéphane Charlot, Jacopo Chevallard, Mirko Curti, Emma Curtis-Lake, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Kasper E. Heintz, Jakob M. Helton, Gareth C. Jones, Roberto Maiolino, Michael V. Maseda, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Clara L. Pollock, Brant E. Robertson, Aayush Saxena, Jan Scholtz , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The unexpectedly high abundance of galaxies at $z > 11$ revealed by JWST has sparked a debate on the nature of early galaxies and the physical mechanisms regulating their formation. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) has begun to provide vital insights on their gas and dust content, but so far only for extreme 'blue monsters'. Here we present new, deep ALMA observations of JAD… ▽ More The unexpectedly high abundance of galaxies at $z > 11$ revealed by JWST has sparked a debate on the nature of early galaxies and the physical mechanisms regulating their formation. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) has begun to provide vital insights on their gas and dust content, but so far only for extreme 'blue monsters'. Here we present new, deep ALMA observations of JADES-GS-z11-0, a more typical (sub-$L^*$) $z > 11$ galaxy that bridges the discovery space of JWST and the Hubble Space Telescope. These data confirm the presence of the [O III] 88 $μ$m line at $4.5σ$ significance, precisely at the redshift of several faint emission lines previously seen with JWST/NIRSpec, while the underlying dust continuum remains undetected ($F_ν< 9.0 \, \mathrm{μJy}$), implying an obscured star formation rate (SFR) of $\text{SFR}_\text{IR} \lesssim 6 \, \mathrm{M_\odot \, yr^{-1}}$ and dust mass of $M_\text{dust} \lesssim 1.0 \times 10^{6} \, \mathrm{M_\odot}$ (all $3σ$). The accurate ALMA redshift of $z_\text{[O III]} = 11.1221 \pm 0.0006$ ($\gtrsim \! 5\times$ refined over NIRSpec) helps confirm that redshifts measured purely from the Lyman-$α$ break, even spectroscopically, should properly take into account the effects of potential damped Lyman-$α$ absorption (DLA) systems to avoid systematic overestimates of up to $Δz \approx 0.5$. The [O III] 88 $μ$m luminosity of $L_\text{[O III]} = (1.1 \pm 0.3) \times 10^{8} \, \mathrm{L_\odot}$, meanwhile, agrees well with the scaling relation for local metal-poor dwarfs given the SFR measured by NIRCam, NIRSpec, and MIRI. The spatially resolved MIRI and ALMA emission also underscores that JADES-GS-z11-0 is likely to consist of two low-mass components that are undergoing strong bursts of star formation yet are already pre-enriched in oxygen (~20-30% solar), only 400 Myr after the Big Bang. △ Less

Submitted 7 December, 2025; v1 submitted 30 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 24 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables. Submitted to the Open Journal of Astrophysics

JADES: Carbon-enhanced, Nitrogen-normal compact galaxy at z=11.2

Authors: J. Scholtz, M. S. Silcock, E. Curtis-Lake, R. Maiolino, S. Carniani, F. D'Eugenio, X. Ji, P. Jakobsen, K. Hainline, S. Arribas, W. M. Baker, R. Bhatawdekar, A. J. Bunker, S. Charlot, J. Chevallard, M. Curti, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Y. Isobe, G. C. Jones, E. Parlanti, P. G. Pérez-González, P. Rinaldi, B. Robertson, S. Tacchella, H. Übler , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Over the past few years \textit{JWST} has been a major workhorse in detecting and constraining the metal enrichment of the first galaxies in the early Universe and finding the source of the ionisation of their interstellar medium. In this work, we present new deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy of GS-z11-1, a galaxy at z = 11.28, in which we report the detection of multiple rest-frame UV and optical em… ▽ More Over the past few years \textit{JWST} has been a major workhorse in detecting and constraining the metal enrichment of the first galaxies in the early Universe and finding the source of the ionisation of their interstellar medium. In this work, we present new deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy of GS-z11-1, a galaxy at z = 11.28, in which we report the detection of multiple rest-frame UV and optical emission lines: CIII]$λλ$1907,09, CIV]$λλ$1548,51, [OII]$λλ$3726,29, [NeIII]$λ$3869, H$γ$ and tentative evidence for HeII$λ$1640. The ionisation properties of GS-z11-1 are consistent with star formation, with potential contribution from an active galactic nucleus (AGN). We estimate a galaxy stellar mass of log(M$_{*}$/M$_{\odot}$) = 7.8$\pm$0.2 and log(SFR/(M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$))= 0.32$\pm$0.11 for the fiducial SF-only models. We measured C/O from the SED modelling of C/O = 1.20$\pm0.15 \times$ solar. This is one of the highest C/O abundances at z$>$10, and it is consistent with either PopII and PopIII enrichment paths. Despite this source being extremely compact, with a half-light radius of 73$\pm$10 pc, we see no increased equivalent width of NIV] and NIII] emission lines as seen in some other compact sources at similar redshifts, a potential signature of second-generation stars in GCs. Overall, this galaxy exhibits low metallicity and high ionisation parameter consistent with intense star-formation or AGN activity in the early Universe, possibly observed before the enrichment by the second generation of stars in proto-globular clusters in the core of the galaxy. △ Less

Submitted 24 October, 2025; v1 submitted 23 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Submitted to MNRAS

Beyond the Dot: an LRD-like nucleus at the Heart of an IR-Bright Galaxy and its implications for high-redshift LRDs

Authors: Pierluigi Rinaldi, George H. Rieke, Zihao Wu, Carys J. E. Gilbert, Fabio Pacucci, Luigi Barchiesi, Stacey Alberts, Stefano Carniani, Andrew J. Bunker, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Francesco D'Eugenio, Zhiyuan Ji, Benjamin D. Johnson, Kevin Hainline, Vasily Kokorev, Nimisha Kumari, Edoardo Iani, Jianwei Lyu, Roberto Maiolino, Eleonora Parlanti, Brant E. Robertson, Yang Sun, Cristian Vignali, Christina C. Williams, Christopher N. A. Willmer , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Little Red Dots (LRDs) are compact, red sources discovered by JWST at high redshift ($z \gtrsim 4$), marked by distinctive "V-shaped" spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and often interpreted as rapidly accreting AGNs. Their evolution remains unclear, as identifying counterparts at lower redshifts is challenging. We present WISEA J123635.56+621424.2 (here dubbed {\it the Saguaro}), a $z=2.0145$ g… ▽ More Little Red Dots (LRDs) are compact, red sources discovered by JWST at high redshift ($z \gtrsim 4$), marked by distinctive "V-shaped" spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and often interpreted as rapidly accreting AGNs. Their evolution remains unclear, as identifying counterparts at lower redshifts is challenging. We present WISEA J123635.56+621424.2 (here dubbed {\it the Saguaro}), a $z=2.0145$ galaxy in GOODS-North, as a possible analog of high-redshift LRDs and a potential missing link in their evolutionary path toward lower-redshift systems. It features a compact LRD-like nucleus surrounded by a face-on spiral host. Its connection to LRDs includes that: (1) its nuclear spectrum shows a clear "V-shaped" SED; and (2) when redshifted to $z=7$, surface brightness dimming makes the host undetectable, thus mimicking an LRD. This suggests that high-redshift LRDs may be embedded in extended hosts. To test this, we stack rest-frame UV images of 99 photometrically selected LRDs, revealing faint, diffuse emission. Stacking in redshift bins reveals mild radial growth, consistent with the expected galaxy size evolution. A simple analytic model confirms that surface brightness dimming alone can explain their compact appearance. Lastly, we show that {\it the Saguaro} is not unique by describing similar objects from the literature at $z\lesssim3.5$. Taken together, our results support a scenario in which LRDs may not be a distinct population, but could be the visible nuclei of galaxies undergoing a short-lived, AGN-dominated evolutionary phase, with their compact, red appearance driven largely by observational biases. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 26 pages, 8 plots, and 2 tables. Sudmitted to ApJ. Comments are welcome!

Exploring Spatially-Resolved Metallicities, Dynamics and Outflows in Low-Mass Galaxies at $z \sim 7.6$

Authors: L. R. Ivey, J. Scholtz, A. L. Danhaive, S. Koudmani, G. C. Jones, R. Maiolino, M. Curti, F. D'Eugenio, S. Tacchella, W. M. Baker, S. Arribas, S. Charlot, D. Eisenstein, Z. Ji, M. Koller, N. Laporte, D. Puskás, B. Robertson, D. Sijacki, J. A. A. Trussler, C. Witten

Abstract: A majority of JWST/NIRSpec/IFU studies at high redshifts to date have focused on UV-bright or massive objects, while our understanding of low-mass galaxies at early cosmic times remains limited. In this work, we present NIRSpec/IFS high-resolution observations of two low-mass ($M_* < 10^9 \ M_\odot$), low-metallicity ($[12 + \log(\text{O/H})] < 8$) galaxies at $z \sim 7.66$, one of which we identi… ▽ More A majority of JWST/NIRSpec/IFU studies at high redshifts to date have focused on UV-bright or massive objects, while our understanding of low-mass galaxies at early cosmic times remains limited. In this work, we present NIRSpec/IFS high-resolution observations of two low-mass ($M_* < 10^9 \ M_\odot$), low-metallicity ($[12 + \log(\text{O/H})] < 8$) galaxies at $z \sim 7.66$, one of which we identify as hosting a Type-II AGN. We measure flat strong-line metallicity gradients, suggestive of ISM redistribution by outflows or past merging, but also identify tension with the direct-$T_\text{e}$ metallicity gradient in one galaxy. We measure $v_\text{rot}/σ< 1$ in both galaxies, consistent with observations of lower rotational support at early cosmic times. We identify broad kinematical components decoupled from galactic rotation with velocities of $\sim 250 - 500 \ \text{km} \ \text{s}^{-1}$ and argue these components trace outflows, for which we infer outflow rates of $\sim 8 - 14 \ M_\odot \ \text{yr}^{-1}$ with $v_\text{out}/v_\text{esc} \sim 1$. We compare our findings to results from the new large-volume AESOPICA simulations, which fully incorporate different models of black hole growth and AGN feedback. We find that our observational results of $v_\text{out}/v_\text{esc}$ are consistent with the simulated dwarf AGN population, hinting AGN-driven feedback may contribute to quenching both in our systems and in a wider population of low-mass galaxies in the early Universe. This novel study illustrates the necessity of deep IFU observations to decompose the complex kinematics and morphology of high-$z$ galaxies, trace outflows, and constrain the effect of feedback in the early Universe. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2025; v1 submitted 20 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Submitted to MNRAS. 28 pages, 18 figures, 5 tables

Ruling out dominant electron scattering in Little Red Dots' Rosetta Stone using multiple hydrogen lines

Authors: Matilde Brazzini, Francesco D'Eugenio, Roberto Maiolino, Ignas Juodžbalis, Xihan Ji, Jan Scholtz

Abstract: The majority of Little Red Dots (LRDs) hosting Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) exhibits broad H$α$ emission, which recent studies propose originates from scattering off free electrons within an ionized and dense medium embedding the Broad Line Region (BLR), rather than directly from the BLR itself. This model suggests that the observed broad lines may be intrinsically narrower than observed, which wo… ▽ More The majority of Little Red Dots (LRDs) hosting Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) exhibits broad H$α$ emission, which recent studies propose originates from scattering off free electrons within an ionized and dense medium embedding the Broad Line Region (BLR), rather than directly from the BLR itself. This model suggests that the observed broad lines may be intrinsically narrower than observed, which would lead to black hole masses that are up to two orders of magnitude smaller than what inferred when assuming that the whole broad line comes from the BLR. To test this model, we present a joint analysis of multiple hydrogen recombination lines in the ''Rosetta Stone''AGN, the brightest known LRD at $z$=2.26. We show that H$α$, H$β$ and Pa$β$ have different spectral profiles, which is inconsistent with the predictions of the simple electron scattering scenario. Additionally, we test a variety of exponential models and show that none of them can simultaneously reproduce all three line profiles with physically plausible parameters. The inadequacy of these models for the Rosetta Stone implies that the scenario of electron scattering by an ionized medium surrounding the BLR is not universally applicable to LRDs and AGN, and therefore provides a counterexample to the claim of a universal and systematic overestimation of black hole masses. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to MNRAS. Comments are welcome

Journal ref: Mon Not R Astron Soc Lett (2025) L167-L173

The THESAN-ZOOM project: Mystery N/O more -- uncovering the origin of peculiar chemical abundances and a not-so-fundamental metallicity relation at $3<z<12$

Authors: William McClymont, Sandro Tacchella, Aaron Smith, Rahul Kannan, Enrico Garaldi, Ewald Puchwein, Yuki Isobe, Xihan Ji, Xuejian Shen, Zihao Wang, Vasily Belokurov, Josh Borrow, Francesco D'Eugenio, Laura Keating, Roberto Maiolino, Stephanie Monty, Mark Vogelsberger, Oliver Zier

Abstract: We present an analysis of metallicities and chemical abundances at $3<z<12$ in the THESAN-ZOOM simulations. We find that smoothly curved gas-phase and stellar mass-metallicity relations (MZR) are already in place at $z\approx12$ and evolve slowly ($\sim$0.2 dex increase for gas, $\sim$0.4 dex increase for stars at a fixed stellar mass) down to $z=3$, governed largely by the efficiency with which g… ▽ More We present an analysis of metallicities and chemical abundances at $3<z<12$ in the THESAN-ZOOM simulations. We find that smoothly curved gas-phase and stellar mass-metallicity relations (MZR) are already in place at $z\approx12$ and evolve slowly ($\sim$0.2 dex increase for gas, $\sim$0.4 dex increase for stars at a fixed stellar mass) down to $z=3$, governed largely by the efficiency with which galaxies retain their metals, rather than gas fraction. The canonical fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) survives in stars but breaks down and inverts for gas in low-mass galaxies ($M_\ast\lesssim10^{9}\mathrm{M_\odot}$) due to regular dilution by low-metallicity gas inflow. We find broad agreement of gas-phase N/O, Fe/O, and C/O with high-redshift observations, including the presence of nitrogen-rich galaxies (NRGs; $\log(\mathrm{N/O})>-0.6$) without the need for exotic yields in our chemical network. Instead, bursty star formation naturally generates order-of-magnitude excursions in N/O on $\lesssim$100 Myr timescales due to temporally differential galactic winds; after a starburst, stellar feedback expels gas, leaving a large population of asymptotic-giant-branch stars to dominate the enrichment of the relatively low-mass interstellar medium. NRGs lie below the main sequence and typically exhibit $\mathrm{EW}[H$β$]\lesssim40$ Å, in apparent tension with observed high-EW NRGs. This tension is reconciled if observed NRGs are in the initial stages of a subsequent starburst, illuminating previously enriched gas, which is supported by the finding of high SFR surface density nitrogen-rich giant molecular clouds. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 17 figures, submitted to MNRAS

Dark from light (DfL): Inferring halo properties from luminous tracers with machine learning trained on cosmological simulations. I. Method, proof of concept & preliminary testing

Authors: Asa F. L. Bluck, Joanna M. Piotrowska, Paul Goubert, Roberto Maiolino, Camilo Casimiro, Thomas Pinto Franco, Nicolas Cea

Abstract: We present Dark from Light (DfL) - a novel method to infer the dark sector in wide-field galaxy surveys, leveraging a machine learning approach trained on contemporary cosmological simulations. The aim of this algorithm is to provide a fast, straightforward, and accurate route to estimating dark matter halo masses and group membership in wide-field spectroscopic galaxy surveys. This approach requi… ▽ More We present Dark from Light (DfL) - a novel method to infer the dark sector in wide-field galaxy surveys, leveraging a machine learning approach trained on contemporary cosmological simulations. The aim of this algorithm is to provide a fast, straightforward, and accurate route to estimating dark matter halo masses and group membership in wide-field spectroscopic galaxy surveys. This approach requires a highly limited number of input parameters and yields full probability distribution functions for the output halo masses. To achieve this, we train a series of Random Forest (RF) regression models on the IllustrisTNG and EAGLE simulations at z=0-3, which provide model-dependent mappings from luminous tracers to dark matter halo properties. We incorporate the individual regression models into a virial group-finding algorithm (DfL), which outputs halo properties for observational-like input data. We test the method at z=0-2 for both the EAGLE and IllustrisTNG models, as well as in a cross-validation mode. We demonstrate that known halo masses can be recovered with a mean systematic bias of $\langle b \rangle = \pm 0.10\,$dex (resulting from simulation choice), a mean statistical uncertainty of $\langle σ\rangle = 0.12 \,$dex across epochs, and a central - (core) satellite classification accuracy of 96%. We establish that this approach yields superior halo mass recovery to standard abundance matching applied to groups identified through a friends-of-friends algorithm. Additionally, we compare the outputs of DfL to observational constraints on the $M_* - M_{\rm Halo}$ relation from strong gravitational lensing at $z \sim 0$, demonstrating the promise of this novel approach. Finally, we systematically quantify how DfL performs on observational-like input data with varying stellar mass uncertainty and spectroscopic incompleteness, enabling robust error calibration. △ Less

Submitted 30 June, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Accepted to A&A. 37 pages, 18 figures

Journal ref: A&A 700, A272 (2025)

JADES reveals a large population of low mass black holes at high redshift

Authors: Sophia Geris, Roberto Maiolino, Yuki Isobe, Jan Scholtz, Francesco D'Eugenio, Xihan Ji, Ignas Juodzbalis, Charlotte Simmonds, Pratika Dayal, Alessandro Trinca, Raffaella Schneider, Santiago Arribas, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Andrew J. Bunker, Stefano Carniani, Stephane Charlot, Jacopo Chevallard, Emma Curtis-Lake, Benjamin D. Johnson, Eleonora Parlanti, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Brant Robertson, Sandro Tacchella, Hannah Uebler, Giacomo Venturi , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: JWST has revealed a large population of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the distant universe, which are challenging our understanding of early massive black hole seeding and growth. We expand the exploration of this population to lower luminosities by stacking $\sim 600$ NIRSpec grating spectra from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) at $3<z<7$, in bins of redshift, [OIII]5007 lum… ▽ More JWST has revealed a large population of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the distant universe, which are challenging our understanding of early massive black hole seeding and growth. We expand the exploration of this population to lower luminosities by stacking $\sim 600$ NIRSpec grating spectra from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) at $3<z<7$, in bins of redshift, [OIII]5007 luminosity and equivalent width, UV luminosity and stellar mass. In various stacks, we detect a broad component of H$α$ without a counterpart in [OIII], implying that it is not due to outflows but is tracing the Broad Line Region (BLR) of a large population of low-luminosity AGN not detected in individual spectra. We also consider the possible contribution from Supernovae (SNe) and Very Massive Stars and conclude that while this is very unlikely, we cannot exclude some potential contribution by SNe to some of the stacks. The detection, in some stacks, of high [OIII]4363/H$γ$, typical of AGN, further confirms that such stacks reveal a large population of AGN. We infer that the stacks probe black holes with masses of a few times $10^6~M_\odot$ accreting at rates $L/L_{Edd}\sim 0.02-0.1$, i.e. a low mass and dormant parameter space poorly explored by previous studies on individual targets. We identify populations of black holes that fall within the scatter of the local $M_{BH}-M_{*}$ scaling relation, indicating that there is a population of high-z BHs that are not overmassive relative to their host galaxies and which have been mostly missed in previous JWST observations. Yet, on average, the stacks are still overmassive relative the local relation, with some of them 1-2 dex above it. We infer that the BH mass function (BHMF) at $3<z<5$ rises steeply at low masses. The BHMF is consistent with models in which BHs evolve through short bursts of super-Eddington accretion. △ Less

Submitted 27 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: Submitted, 33 pages, 25 figures, 6 tables

Journal ref: Mon Not R Astron Soc (2025)

JADES and BlackTHUNDER: rest-frame Balmer-line absorption and the local environment in a Little Red Dot at z = 5

Authors: Francesco D'Eugenio, Ignas Juodžbalis, Xihan Ji, Jan Scholtz, Roberto Maiolino, Stefano Carniani, Michele Perna, Giovanni Mazzolari, Hannah Übler, Santiago Arribas, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Andrew J. Bunker, Giovanni Cresci, Emma Curtis-Lake, Kevin Hainline, Kohei Inayoshi, Yuki Isobe, Benjamin D. Johnson, Gareth C. Jones, Tobias J. Looser, Erica J. Nelson, Eleonora Parlanti, Dávid Puskás, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Brant Robertson , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a broad-line AGN at z=5.077, observed with both NIRSpec/MSA and NIRSpec/IFU by the JADES and BlackTHUNDER surveys. The target exhibits all the hallmark features of a 'Little Red Dot' (LRD) AGN. The combination of spatially resolved and high-resolution spectroscopy offers deeper insight into its nature. The H$α$ line has multiple components, including two broad Gaussians, yielding a blac… ▽ More We present a broad-line AGN at z=5.077, observed with both NIRSpec/MSA and NIRSpec/IFU by the JADES and BlackTHUNDER surveys. The target exhibits all the hallmark features of a 'Little Red Dot' (LRD) AGN. The combination of spatially resolved and high-resolution spectroscopy offers deeper insight into its nature. The H$α$ line has multiple components, including two broad Gaussians, yielding a black-hole mass of $\log(M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot)=7.65$, while the narrow [O III]$λ$5007 gives a galaxy dynamical mass of $\log(M_{\rm dyn}/M_\odot)=9.1$ suggesting a dynamically overmassive black hole relative to the host galaxy. The target is immersed in a 7-kpc wide pool of ionized gas and has three neighbours: a satellite galaxy, a possible satellite/gas cloud and a tentatively detected spatially detached outflow. H$α$ shows strong absorption, deeper than the continuum, thus ruling out a stellar origin, and with velocity and velocity dispersion of v=-13 km s$^{-1}$ and $σ$=120 km s$^{-1}$. There is tentative evidence (2.6 $σ$) of temporal variability in the EW of the H$α$ absorber over two rest-frame months. If confirmed, this would suggest a highly dynamic environment. Notably, while the H$α$ absorber is clearly visible and even dominant in the high-resolution G395H observations, it is not detected in the medium-resolution G395M data of the same epoch. This implies that the current incidence rate of absorbers in LRDs - and especially of rest-frame absorbers - may be severely underestimated, because most LRDs rely on lower-resolution spectroscopy. In this context, the high incidence rate of rest-frame absorbers in LRDs may indicate a configuration that is either intrinsically stationary, such as a rotating disc, or that exhibits time-averaged stability, such as an oscillatory 'breathing mode' accretion of cyclic expansion and contraction of the gas around the SMBH. △ Less

Submitted 22 November, 2025; v1 submitted 17 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 29 pages, 22 figures, 2 tables. Published in MNRAS

Overmassive black holes in the early Universe can be explained by gas-rich, dark matter-dominated galaxies

Authors: William McClymont, Sandro Tacchella, Xihan Ji, Rahul Kannan, Roberto Maiolino, Charlotte Simmonds, Aaron Smith, Ewald Puchwein, Enrico Garaldi, Mark Vogelsberger, Francesco D'Eugenio, Laura Keating, Xuejian Shen, Bartolomeo Trefoloni, Oliver Zier

Abstract: JWST has revealed the apparent evolution of the black hole (BH)-stellar mass ($M_\mathrm{BH}$-$M_\rm{\ast}$) relation in the early Universe, while remaining consistent the BH-dynamical mass ($M_\mathrm{BH}$-$M_\mathrm{dyn}$) relation. We predict BH masses for $z>3$ galaxies in the high-resolution THESAN-ZOOM simulations by assuming the $M_\mathrm{BH}$-$M_\mathrm{dyn}$ relation is fundamental. Even… ▽ More JWST has revealed the apparent evolution of the black hole (BH)-stellar mass ($M_\mathrm{BH}$-$M_\rm{\ast}$) relation in the early Universe, while remaining consistent the BH-dynamical mass ($M_\mathrm{BH}$-$M_\mathrm{dyn}$) relation. We predict BH masses for $z>3$ galaxies in the high-resolution THESAN-ZOOM simulations by assuming the $M_\mathrm{BH}$-$M_\mathrm{dyn}$ relation is fundamental. Even without live BH modelling, our approach reproduces the JWST-observed $M_\mathrm{BH}$ distribution, including overmassive BHs relative to the local $M_\mathrm{BH}$-$M_\mathrm{\ast}$ relation. We find that $M_\mathrm{BH}/M_\mathrm{\ast}$ declines with $M_\mathrm{\ast}$, evolving from $\sim$0.1 at $M_\mathrm{\ast}=10^6\,\mathrm{M_\odot}$ to $\sim$0.01 at $M_\mathrm{\ast}=10^{10.5}\,\mathrm{M_\odot}$. This trend reflects the dark matter ($f_\mathrm{DM}$) and gas fractions ($f_\mathrm{gas}$), which decrease with $M_\mathrm{\ast}$ but show little redshift evolution down to $z=3$, resulting in small $M_\mathrm{\ast}/M_\mathrm{dyn}$ ratios and thus overmassive BHs in low-mass galaxies. We use $\texttt{Prospector}$-derived stellar masses and star-formation rates to infer $f_\mathrm{gas}$ across 48,022 galaxies in JADES at $3<z<9$, finding excellent agreement with our simulation. Our results demonstrate that overmassive BHs would naturally result from a fundamental $M_\mathrm{BH}$-$M_\mathrm{dyn}$ relation and be typical of the gas-rich, dark matter-dominated nature of low-mass, high-redshift galaxies. Such overmassive, rapidly growing BHs may strongly influence the earliest stages of galaxy formation. △ Less

Submitted 16 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures, submitted to MNRAS

A big red dot at cosmic noon

Authors: Federica Loiacono, Roberto Gilli, Marco Mignoli, Giovanni Mazzolari, Roberto Decarli, Marcella Brusa, Francesco Calura, Marco Chiaberge, Andrea Comastri, Quirino D'Amato, Kazushi Iwasawa, Ignas Juodžbalis, Giorgio Lanzuisi, Roberto Maiolino, Stefano Marchesi, Colin Norman, Alessandro Peca, Isabella Prandoni, Matteo Sapori, Matilde Signorini, Paolo Tozzi, Eros Vanzella, Cristian Vignali, Fabio Vito, Gianni Zamorani

Abstract: We report the discovery of a little red dot (LRD), dubbed BiRD ('big red dot'), at $z=2.33$ in the field around the $z=6.3$ quasar SDSSJ1030+0524. Using NIRCam images, we identified it as a bright outlier in the $F200W-F356W$ color vs $F356W$ magnitude diagram of point sources in the field. The NIRCam/WFSS spectrum reveals the emission from HeI$λ10830$ and PaG line, both showing a narrow and a bro… ▽ More We report the discovery of a little red dot (LRD), dubbed BiRD ('big red dot'), at $z=2.33$ in the field around the $z=6.3$ quasar SDSSJ1030+0524. Using NIRCam images, we identified it as a bright outlier in the $F200W-F356W$ color vs $F356W$ magnitude diagram of point sources in the field. The NIRCam/WFSS spectrum reveals the emission from HeI$λ10830$ and PaG line, both showing a narrow and a broad ($FWHM\gtrsim 2000\ \rm kms^{-1}$) component. The HeI line is affected by an absorption feature, tracing dense gas with HeI column density in the $2^3S$ level $N\sim 0.5-1.2\times 10^{14}\rm cm^{-2}$, depending on the location of the absorber, which is outflowing at the speed of $Δv \sim -830\ \rm kms^{-1}$. As observed in the majority of LRDs, BiRD does not show X-ray or radio emission. The BH mass and the bolometric luminosity, both inferred from the PaG broad component, amount to $M_{\rm BH}\sim 10^8\rm M_{\odot}$ and $L_{\rm bol}\sim 2.9\times 10^{45}\rm ergs^{-1}$, respectively. Intriguingly, BiRD presents strict analogies with other two LRDs spectroscopically confirmed at cosmic noon, GN-28074 ("Rosetta Stone") at $z=2.26$ and RUBIES-BLAGN-1 at $z=3.1$. The blueshifted HeI absorption detected in all three sources suggests that gas outflows may be common in LRDs. We derive a first estimate of the space density of LRDs at $z<3$ based on JWST data, as a function of $L_{\rm bol}$ and BH mass. The space density is only a factor of $\sim 2-3$ lower than that of UV-selected quasars with comparable $L_{\rm bol}$ and $z$, meaning that the contribution of LRDs to the broader AGN population is also relevant at cosmic noon. A similar trend is also observed in terms of BH masses. If, as suggested by recent theories, LRDs probe the very first and rapid growth of black hole seeds, our finding may suggest that the formation of black hole seeds remains efficient at least up to cosmic noon. △ Less

Submitted 9 September, 2025; v1 submitted 13 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 703, A36 (2025)

The properties of primordially-seeded black holes and their hosts in the first billion years: implications for JWST

Authors: Pratika Dayal, Roberto maiolino

Abstract: James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations have opened a tantalising new window onto possible black holes as early as redshifts of $z \sim 10.4$. These show a number of puzzling properties including unexpectedly massive black holes in place by $z \sim 10$ and inexplicably high black hole-to-stellar mass ratios of $M_{\rm BH}/M_*\geq 0.1$. These pose a serious challenge for "astrophysical" seed… ▽ More James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations have opened a tantalising new window onto possible black holes as early as redshifts of $z \sim 10.4$. These show a number of puzzling properties including unexpectedly massive black holes in place by $z \sim 10$ and inexplicably high black hole-to-stellar mass ratios of $M_{\rm BH}/M_*\geq 0.1$. These pose a serious challenge for "astrophysical" seeding and growth models that we aim to explain with ``cosmological" primordial black holes (PBHs) in this work. We present PHANES, an analytic framework that follows the evolution of dark matter halos, and their baryons in the first billion years, seeded by a population of PBHs with seed masses between $10^{0.5}-10^6 M_\odot$. PBH seeded models yield a black hole mass function that extends between $10^{1.25-11.25} ~(10^{0.75-7.25})M_\odot$ at $z \sim 5 (15)$ for the different models considered in this work. Interestingly, PBH-seeded models (with spin $s=0$ or $-1$) naturally result in extremely high values of $M_{\rm BH}/M_*\geq 0.25$ at $z \sim 5-15$. For a typical stellar mass of $M_* =10^9 M_\odot$, we find an average value of $M_{\rm BH}/M_* \sim 0.4~ (1.6)$ for $s=0~(-1)$ at $z=5$, providing a smoking gun for PBH-seeded models. Another particularity of PBH-seeded models is their ability of producing systems with high black hole-to-stellar mass ratios that are extremely metal poor ($Z \leq 10^{-2}~Z_\odot$). Yielding a PBH-to-dark matter fraction $\leq 10^{-9}$ and a stellar mass function that lies four orders of magnitude below observations, our model is in accord with all current cosmological and astrophysical bounds. △ Less

Submitted 21 November, 2025; v1 submitted 9 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: Accepted to A&A

The Pandora project. II: how non-thermal physics drives bursty star formation and temperate mass-loaded outflows in dwarf galaxies

Authors: Sergio Martin-Alvarez, Debora Sijacki, Martin G. Haehnelt, Alice Concas, Yuxuan Yuan, Roberto Maiolino, Risa H. Wechsler, Francisco Rodríguez Montero, Marion Farcy, Mahsa Sanati, Yohan Dubois, Joki Rosdahl, Enrique Lopez-Rodriguez, Susan E. Clark

Abstract: Dwarf galaxies provide powerful laboratories for studying galaxy formation physics. Their early assembly, shallow gravitational potentials, and bursty, clustered star formation histories make them especially sensitive to the processes that regulate baryons through multi-phase outflows. Using high-resolution, cosmological zoom-in simulations of a dwarf galaxy from \textit{the Pandora suite}, we exp… ▽ More Dwarf galaxies provide powerful laboratories for studying galaxy formation physics. Their early assembly, shallow gravitational potentials, and bursty, clustered star formation histories make them especially sensitive to the processes that regulate baryons through multi-phase outflows. Using high-resolution, cosmological zoom-in simulations of a dwarf galaxy from \textit{the Pandora suite}, we explore the impact of stellar radiation, magnetic fields, and cosmic ray feedback on star formation, outflows, and metal retention. We find that our purely hydrodynamical model without non-thermal physics - in which supernova feedback is boosted to reproduce realistic stellar mass assembly - drives violent, overly enriched outflows that suppress the metal content of the host galaxy. Including radiation reduces the clustering of star formation and weakens feedback. However, the additional incorporation of cosmic rays produces fast, mass-loaded, multi-phase outflows consisting of both ionized and neutral gas components, in better agreement with observations. These outflows, which entrain a denser, more temperate ISM, exhibit broad metallicity distributions while preserving metals within the galaxy. Furthermore, the star formation history becomes more bursty, in agreement with recent JWST findings. These results highlight the essential role of non-thermal physics in galaxy evolution and the need to incorporate it in future galaxy formation models. △ Less

Submitted 22 November, 2025; v1 submitted 3 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: Updated to match accepted version at MNRAS

The Stellar Populations and Rest-Frame Colors of Star-Forming Galaxies at $z \approx 8$: Exploring the Impact of Filter Choice and Star Formation History Assumption with JADES

Authors: Jakob M. Helton, Stacey Alberts, George H. Rieke, Kevin N. Hainline, Zhiyuan Ji, Marcia J. Rieke, Benjamin D. Johnson, Brant Robertson, Sandro Tacchella, Lily Whitler, William M. Baker, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Kristan Boyett, Andrew J. Bunker, Phillip A. Cargile, Stefano Carniani, Stephane Charlot, Jacopo Chevallard, Emma Curtis-Lake, Eiichi Egami, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Ryan Hausen, Jianwei Lyu, Roberto Maiolino, Erica Nelson , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Our understanding of the physical properties of star-forming galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR, at $z > 6$) suffers from degeneracies among the apparent properties of the stars, the nebular gas, and the dust. These degeneracies are most prominent with photometry, which has insufficient (1) spectral resolution and (2) rest-frame spectral coverage. We explore ways to break these degener… ▽ More Our understanding of the physical properties of star-forming galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR, at $z > 6$) suffers from degeneracies among the apparent properties of the stars, the nebular gas, and the dust. These degeneracies are most prominent with photometry, which has insufficient (1) spectral resolution and (2) rest-frame spectral coverage. We explore ways to break these degeneracies with a sample of $N = 22$ high-redshift star-forming galaxies at $7 < z_{\mathrm{phot}} \leq 9$, using some of the deepest existing imaging from JWST/NIRCam and JWST/MIRI with JADES. Key to this study is the imaging from JWST/MIRI at $7.7\ μ\mathrm{m}$, which provides coverage of the rest-frame $I$-band at the observed redshifts. We infer stellar population properties and rest-frame colors using a variety of filter sets and star formation history assumptions to explore the impact of these choices. Evaluating these quantities both with and without the $7.7\ μ\mathrm{m}$ data point shows that dense spectral coverage with JWST/NIRCam (eight or more filters, including at least one medium-band) can compensate for lacking the rest-frame $I$-band coverage for the vast majority ($\approx 80\%$) of our sample. Furthermore, these galaxy properties are most consistently determined by assuming the delayed-tau star formation history, which provides the smallest offsets and scatters around these offsets when including JWST/MIRI. Within extragalactic surveys like JADES and CEERS, our findings suggest that robust characterization of the stellar population properties and rest-frame colors for high-redshift star-forming galaxies is possible with JWST/NIRCam alone at $z \approx 8$. △ Less

Submitted 2 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ; main text has 22 pages, 8 figures (including 2 figure sets) and 4 tables; appendix has 2 pages, 2 figures (including 2 figure sets), and 5 tables