Showing 1–50 of 258 results for author: Schreiber, N M F

Discovery of a star sensitive to the spin of Sgr A*

Authors: K. Abd El Dayem, R. Abuter, N. Aimar, P. Amaro-Seoane, A. Berdeu, J. -P. Berger, G. Bourdarot, W. Brandner, A. Burkert, D. Calderon, C. Correia, J. Cuadra, R. Davies, D. Defrere, L. Delit, A. Drescher, F. Eisenhauer, L. Esteras Otal, M. Fabricius, H. Feuchtgruber, N. M. Foerster Schreiber, A. Foschi, P. Garcia, R. Garcia Lopez, A. Generozov , et al. (63 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Residing in the center of the Milky Way, Sgr A* is the closest massive black hole (MBH). Its vicinity has allowed measuring individual stellar orbits around it. The stars act as test particles and probe the gravitational potential around the $4.3 \times 10^6 M_\odot$ MBH. These observations have determined the central mass to sub-percent precision, and the mildly relativistic motions of stars have… ▽ More Residing in the center of the Milky Way, Sgr A* is the closest massive black hole (MBH). Its vicinity has allowed measuring individual stellar orbits around it. The stars act as test particles and probe the gravitational potential around the $4.3 \times 10^6 M_\odot$ MBH. These observations have determined the central mass to sub-percent precision, and the mildly relativistic motions of stars have given access to the dominant relativistic corrections, the gravitational redshift, the transverse Doppler effect, and the prograde precession imposed by the Schwarzschild metric nature of the potential. These effects are of order $β^2 = (v/c)^2$ (for velocity $v$ and speed of light $c$). The Kerr metric for a rotating black hole leads to corrections of order $β^3$. Here, we report the discovery of a faint main-sequence star ($m_K = 19.3$), S301, on a 8.7-year orbit and with small enough a pericenter distance, such that the star's peak velocity reaches $25000\,$km/s. Within the measurement capabilities of current near-infrared interferometry and future spectroscopy on an extremely large telescope, S301's motion is directly sensitive to the spin of Sgr A*. The high eccentricity of S301 suggests that it is the captured component of a binary that was torn apart via the Hills mechanism. △ Less

Submitted 14 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: accepted for publication in Nature

BlackTHUNDER Reveals a Massive Filament around a Compact AGN at $z\simeq5.23$

Authors: Giulia Tozzi, Hannah Übler, Eleonora Parlanti, Roberto Maiolino, Claudia Pulsoni, Rachel Somerville, Mirko Curti, Giovanni Mazzolari, Capucine Barfety, Elena Bertola, Andrew J. Bunker, Stefano Carniani, Giovanni Cresci, Richard Davies, Francesco D'Eugenio, Frank Eisenhauer, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Reinhard Genzel, Lucy R. Ivey, Ignas Juodžbalis, Dieter Lutz, Cosimo Marconcini, Thorsten Naab, Meghana Pannikkote, Stavros Pastras , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Despite the growing number of compact active galactic nuclei (AGN) at $z>4$ discovered by JWST, their formation and evolution remain poorly understood. This paper investigates the large-scale environment of GN-77652, a compact AGN at $z=5.229$ observed as part of the JWST NIRSpec IFU Large Program BlackTHUNDER and complemented by deep multi-band NIRCam imaging. GN-77652 lies in close proximity to… ▽ More Despite the growing number of compact active galactic nuclei (AGN) at $z>4$ discovered by JWST, their formation and evolution remain poorly understood. This paper investigates the large-scale environment of GN-77652, a compact AGN at $z=5.229$ observed as part of the JWST NIRSpec IFU Large Program BlackTHUNDER and complemented by deep multi-band NIRCam imaging. GN-77652 lies in close proximity to a 12 kpc-long filament composed of multiple sources at $z\simeq5.23$, spanning a remarkable range in stellar masses ($M_{\star}=0.7-13 \times 10^8$ ${M_\odot}$), gas phase metallicities (12$+$log(O/H) $=$ 7.6-8.5) and star formation rates (SFR $=0.4-6$ ${M_\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$). The [OIII]$λ$5007 kinematics reveals a smooth large-scale velocity gradient centred on the central, massive ($M_{\star}\simeq1.1\times10^9$ ${M_\odot}$) and metal rich ($Z\sim0.6$ $Z_{\odot}$) system of the group. In this source, only 2.4 kpc (projected) from GN-77652, [OIII]$λ$4363 line diagnostics provide possible evidence for a second AGN. GN-77652 exhibits a shallow ($-30$ to $+20$ km s$^{-1}$) velocity gradient that is consistent with disk rotation according to dynamical modelling. The Lyman-Werner radiation field produced by the filament is too weak for the black hole (BH) in GN-77652 to have formed recently via direct collapse. However, the required conditions may have existed at earlier epochs, or alternative scenarios (e.g. a recoiling BH ejected from the filament) could also be plausible. The whole system is expected to coalesce in $150-440$ Myr, also motivating an exploration of its future evolution through toy-model extrapolations and numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that the compact AGN appearance of GN-77652 represents a transient evolutionary phase, consistent with the apparent decline with redshift in number density of compact AGN identified with JWST. △ Less

Submitted 6 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 16 pages and 8 figures (main text). Submitted to A&A. Comments are welcome

MSA-3D: Rotation Curves and Dark Matter Fractions at z~0.5-1.7 with JWST/NIRSpec

Authors: Juan M. Espejo Salcedo, Danail Obreschkow, Karl Glazebrook, Tucker Jones, Ivana Barišić, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Takafumi Tsukui, Xin Wang, Mengting Ju, Qianqiao Zhou, Amit Nestor-Schachar, Ryan L. Sanders, Stavros Pastras, Namrata Roy, Alaina Henry, Kyle Westfall, Themiya Nanayakkara, Matthew Malkan, Fahmi M. Al Farisy, Isaac Kanowski

Abstract: We present rotation curves and inner mass distributions for 30 star-forming galaxies at $0.5<z<1.7$, observed with JWST/NIRSpec as part of the MSA-3D Cycle 1 survey. Combining spatially resolved ionised-gas kinematics with JWST/NIRCam imaging, we constrain baryonic and dark matter contributions through forward dynamical modelling for galaxies extending down to stellar masses of… ▽ More We present rotation curves and inner mass distributions for 30 star-forming galaxies at $0.5<z<1.7$, observed with JWST/NIRSpec as part of the MSA-3D Cycle 1 survey. Combining spatially resolved ionised-gas kinematics with JWST/NIRCam imaging, we constrain baryonic and dark matter contributions through forward dynamical modelling for galaxies extending down to stellar masses of $\sim10^{9}M_\odot$. For the 23 galaxies in our primary statistical sample, we find predominantly rotationally supported disks with intrinsic dispersions $σ_0\sim31$-65 km s$^{-1}$ and a wide range of dark matter fractions, $f_{DM}(R_e)\sim0.1$-0.9, with a median of 0.63 and substantial galaxy-to-galaxy scatter of $\sim0.2$ dex. These results are supported by a complementary consistency check using stellar mass maps and SFR-derived gas profiles. Among the 19 galaxies reaching $\gtrsim2R_e$, we identify six rising, six flat, and seven falling rotation curves. These classes define an observed ordering from rotationally dominated, dark-matter-rich disks ($V_{rot}/σ_0\approx4$, $f_{DM}\gtrsim0.7$) to more dispersion-supported systems with centrally concentrated baryonic mass distributions ($V_{rot}/σ_0\approx2$, $f_{DM}\lesssim0.55$). The stellar Tully-Fisher relation lies close to the local relation evolved under the adopted self-similar $Λ$CDM scaling. A simplified seeing-degradation test shifts the inferred normalisation by ~0.2 dex at fixed $V_c$, suggesting that spatial resolution contributes to, but does not fully explain, differences among high-redshift Tully-Fisher measurements. Overall, MSA-3D provides a high-resolution extension of previous surveys toward lower stellar masses, spanning $9.0 < \log(M_\star/M_\odot) < 11.2$, and reinforces that star-forming disks near $z\sim1$ span a broad range of dynamical states and inner mass distributions. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 21 pages + 8 appendix + 15 supplementary material, 14 figures, submitted to A&A

Using VLTI/GRAVITY+ to determine the identity of a third planet candidate in the PDS 70 system

Authors: David Trevascus, Wolfgang Brandner, Olga Balsalobre-Ruza, Sylvestre Lacour, Karim Abd El Dayem, Nicolas Aimar, Anthony Berdeu, Jean-Philppe Berger, Guillaume Bourdarot, Valentin Christiaens, Carlos Correia, Richard Davies, Denis Defrère, Antonia Drescher, Andreas Eckart, Frank Eisenhauer, Maximilian Fabricius, Helmut Feuchtgruber, Simon Flesch, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Arianna Foschi, Quentin Fournier, Paulo Garcia, Rebeca Garcia Lopez, Reinhard Genzel , et al. (53 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Detections of protoplanets are rare and protoplanetary disk features mischaracterized as planets are common. PDS 70 is one of only two stars known to host multiple confirmed protoplanets, PDS 70 b and c, and repeat detections of a third point-like source in the system suggest the presence of third inner planet. However, previous observations of this third source are insufficient to distinguish whe… ▽ More Detections of protoplanets are rare and protoplanetary disk features mischaracterized as planets are common. PDS 70 is one of only two stars known to host multiple confirmed protoplanets, PDS 70 b and c, and repeat detections of a third point-like source in the system suggest the presence of third inner planet. However, previous observations of this third source are insufficient to distinguish whether it is a planet or a concentrated dust clump in Keplerian motion. Our observations with VLTI/GRAVITY+ did not re-detect this point-like source, suggesting that it is, in fact, a dust clump and not a planet. These observations demonstrate how the angular resolving power of VLTI/GRAVITY+ can be used to distinguish between protoplanets and protoplanetary disk features. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2026; v1 submitted 24 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: V2: Affiliations updated. Accepted for publication in A&A. 4 pages, 1 table, 2 figures

The first detection of dense gas in a massive main-sequence galaxy at cosmic noon

Authors: Jianhang Chen, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Rodrigo Herrera Camus, Lilian L. Lee, Minju M. Lee, Claudia Pulsoni, Daizhong Liu, Sebastián Arriagada-Neira, Capucine Barfety, Ric Davies, Frank Eisenhauer, Juan Manuel Espejo Salcedo, Reinhard Genzel, Jean-Baptiste Jolly, Dieter Lutz, Giovanni Mazzolari, Stavros Pastras, Alvio Renzini, Linda Tacconi, Giulia Tozzi, Hannah Übler

Abstract: Dense gas is the direct fuel for star formation, but measuring it has long been difficult at z>2, especially in typical star-forming main-sequence galaxies. In this work, we report the first detection of HNC (J = 5--4) and CN (N = 4--3) emission in a massive main-sequence galaxy, BX610, at z=2.21. The velocity integrated emission of HNC(5--4)+CN(4--3) is concentrated in the galactic centre, coinci… ▽ More Dense gas is the direct fuel for star formation, but measuring it has long been difficult at z>2, especially in typical star-forming main-sequence galaxies. In this work, we report the first detection of HNC (J = 5--4) and CN (N = 4--3) emission in a massive main-sequence galaxy, BX610, at z=2.21. The velocity integrated emission of HNC(5--4)+CN(4--3) is concentrated in the galactic centre, coincident with the region of ongoing intense star formation. Based on line decomposition, we measure a line flux ratio HNC(5--4)/CN(4--3) of $1.05\pm0.23$, similar to that of starburst galaxies at comparable redshifts but lower than that of quasar/AGN host galaxies. The comparatively fainter HNC(5--4) disfavours the presence of a strongly buried AGN in BX610, consistent with optical line diagnostics. The radiative transfer analysis favours the presence of dense gas with a density of $(2-4)\times10^{6}\,\text{cm}^{-3}$ and a kinetic temperature of 50-80 K. The derived abundance ratio between N(HNC) and N(CN) favours dense gas clouds near photodissociation regions, as commonly seen in typical starburst environments. The inferred dense-gas line luminosity closely follows the scaling relation between far-IR and dense-gas line luminosities established for local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). Our observations support the view that star formation in cosmic noon galaxies is primarily controlled by the availability of dense gas, which could be enhanced in central galactic regions with efficient cold gas inflows as observed in BX610 along the inner spiral arms and a possible stellar bar. △ Less

Submitted 17 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: Submitted to A&A, 7 pages, 4 figures, comments are welcome

Multiphase images of a powerful supernova-driven wind in the early Universe

Authors: Rebecca L. Davies, D. B. Fisher, R. Herrera-Camus, A. Faisst, J. Spilker, J. González-López, S. Fujimoto, R. Amorín, M. Aravena, R. J. Assef, L. Barcos-Muñoz, M. Boquien, M. Dessauges-Zavadsky, A. Ferrara, N. M. Förster Schreiber, M. Ginolfi, D. Gómez-Espinoza, E. Ibar, R. Ikeda, H. Inami, G. C. Jones, A. Koekemoer, L. L. Lee, J. Li, D. Liu , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Galactic winds are considered a likely driver of rapid quenching in early massive galaxies, but until now there has been no direct evidence that such systems drive winds powerful enough to meaningfully suppress their star-formation. We present resolved cold gas and ionized gas observations of a powerful supernova-driven wind in a massive galaxy 1.1 billion years after the Big Bang (at $z$=5.3). Th… ▽ More Galactic winds are considered a likely driver of rapid quenching in early massive galaxies, but until now there has been no direct evidence that such systems drive winds powerful enough to meaningfully suppress their star-formation. We present resolved cold gas and ionized gas observations of a powerful supernova-driven wind in a massive galaxy 1.1 billion years after the Big Bang (at $z$=5.3). The outflow, likely triggered by ongoing merger activity, is removing gas at twice the rate of star-formation and could plausibly eject all the cold gas from the galaxy within 100 Myr. Our results suggest that powerful merger-driven outflows may be a key mechanism to produce abundant massive quiescent galaxies in the early Universe when a large fraction of massive galaxies are interacting. The mass and energetics of this distant outflow are consistent with nearby starburst-driven superwinds, suggesting that the efficiency of stellar feedback has remained relatively constant over the last 12 billion years of cosmic history. △ Less

Submitted 8 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: Published in MNRAS Letters; 6 page main text + 7 page supplement

NOEMA$^\rm{3D}$: A deep view of cold gas flows in a barred spiral galaxy at $z\sim1$

Authors: Stavros Pastras, Reinhard Genzel, Linda J. Tacconi, Thorsten Naab, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Karl Schuster, Roberto Neri, Jianhang Chen, Giulia Tozzi, Jean-Baptiste Jolly, Letizia Scaloni, Capucine Barfety, Andreas Burkert, Yixian Cao, Françoise Combes, Ric Davies, Frank Eisenhauer, Juan M. Espejo Salcedo, Simon Flesch, Santiago García-Burillo, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Lilian L. Lee, Minju M. Lee, Daizhong Liu, Dieter Lutz , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a deep, high-resolution CO(4-3) IRAM-NOEMA observation of a main sequence, barred, spiral galaxy at $z\approx1.12$, with an on-source integration time of $\approx37$ hours and a beam FWHM of $\approx0.\!\!^{\prime\prime}3$. We use the molecular gas data in conjunction with the available deep multi-band JWST and HST imaging, covering restframe UV to near-IR wavelengths, to quantitatively… ▽ More We present a deep, high-resolution CO(4-3) IRAM-NOEMA observation of a main sequence, barred, spiral galaxy at $z\approx1.12$, with an on-source integration time of $\approx37$ hours and a beam FWHM of $\approx0.\!\!^{\prime\prime}3$. We use the molecular gas data in conjunction with the available deep multi-band JWST and HST imaging, covering restframe UV to near-IR wavelengths, to quantitatively study the gas flows in the disk plane of this cosmic noon barred spiral. We find that this target is a massive ($\log(M_{\rm{baryons}}/M_\odot)\approx10.96$), baryon-dominated ($f_{\rm{dm}}(<R_e)=u^2_{\rm{circ,dm}}(R_e)/u^2_{\rm{circ}}(R_e)\sim4\%$), gas-rich ($f_{\rm{gas}}=M_{\rm{gas}}/(M_{\rm{\star}}+M_{\rm{gas}})\approx40\%$) disk, hosting a long ($a_{\rm{bar}}\approx4.2$ kpc), strong ($Q_{\rm{b}}\approx0.37$), and fast ($\mathcal{R}=R_{\rm{CR}}/a_{\rm{bar}}\approx1.05$) bar, which rotates at an angular speed of $Ω_{\rm{pattern}}\approx$ 50 km/s/kpc. This bar is driving molecular gas inflows with a net inflow rate of $\dot{M}\sim30$ $M_\odot$/yr, based on three estimates, which is of the same order as the galaxy-integrated star formation rate ($\rm{SFR}\approx36$ $M_\odot$/yr). We additionally identify evidence of a well-defined dust lane shock at the northwestern side of the bar, with gas motions parallel to this feature, in agreement with expectations for an established bar-driven flow. Our study highlights the possible role of bars as key drivers of galaxy evolution for a significant fraction of cosmic noon galaxies, offering a detailed picture of well-defined, bar-driven inflows in a high-$z$ barred spiral. △ Less

Submitted 1 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 32 pages, 30 figures, submitted to A&A

The AURORA Survey: Multiple Balmer and Paschen Emission Lines for Individual Star-forming Galaxies at z=1.5-4.4. II. Implications for Nebular Dust Corrections, Nebular SFRs, and Differential Reddening

Authors: Naveen A. Reddy, Alice E. Shapley, Ryan L. Sanders, Michael W. Topping, Max Pettini, Natascha M. Forster Schreiber, Charles C. Steidel, Leonardo Clarke, Richard S. Ellis, Anthony J. Pahl, Garth D. Illingworth, Mariska Kriek, Desika Narayanan

Abstract: We discuss the implications of the nebular dust attenuation curves derived for 24 galaxies at z=1.5-4.4 with multiple detections of HI Balmer and Paschen recombination emission lines from the JWST/AURORA survey. The total attenuation of Ha is ~0.20 dex larger on average than the values obtained with the commonly adopted combination of the Balmer decrement and the Galactic extinction curve. Nebular… ▽ More We discuss the implications of the nebular dust attenuation curves derived for 24 galaxies at z=1.5-4.4 with multiple detections of HI Balmer and Paschen recombination emission lines from the JWST/AURORA survey. The total attenuation of Ha is ~0.20 dex larger on average than the values obtained with the commonly adopted combination of the Balmer decrement and the Galactic extinction curve. Nebular-line SFRs and SED-based SFRs are consistent on average when using the MOSDEF attenuation or SMC extinction curves for the latter. The relation between nebular and stellar reddening is consistent with a scenario where the Paschen lines are sensitive to heavily reddened OB associations, while relatively unreddened OB associations contribute significantly to the Balmer line and UV continuum emission. There is a stark contrast between the low Rv (or steepness) of stellar dust attenuation curves and the high Rv (or flatness) of nebular dust attenuation curves. We suggest that the latter could be reflective of a more porous medium established by strong feedback from massive stars. For the youngest galaxy in the sample, the stellar reddening curve is identical to the nebular attenuation curve, in accordance with our expectation that OB associations dominate the stellar continuum emission at all wavelengths for this very young galaxy. Larger samples will be needed to determine whether this conclusion holds for young galaxies in general, and provide further insights into the dust and metals mixing timescale on the scale of HII regions. △ Less

Submitted 28 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 24 pages, 13 figures, submitted to ApJ, comments welcome

NOEMA3D: extended CO, [C I] and dust in massive star-forming main sequence galaxies at cosmic noon

Authors: Jianhang Chen, Linda J. Tacconi, Reinhard Genzel, Roberto Neri, Karl Schuster, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Jean-Baptiste Jolly, Stavros Pastras, Letizia Scaloni, Giulia Tozzi, Capucine Barféty, Alberto Bolatto, Andreas Burker, Françoise Combes, Pierre Cox, Ric Davies, Frank Eisenhauer, Juan Manuel Espejo Salcedo, Rodrigo Herrera-Camu, Santi García-Burillo, Tadayuki Kodama, Lilian Lee, Minju M. Lee, Daizhong Liu, Dieter Lutz , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a spatially resolved study of cold molecular gas and dust in ten main-sequence galaxies at z=1.1-1.6, using observations of CO(4-3), CO(3-2), [C I](1-0), and dust continuum from the NOEMA3D survey. We find a widely presence of spatially extended molecular gas and dust, with sizes comparable to those of the stellar disk, in contrast to those of central-dominated starburst galaxies at sim… ▽ More We present a spatially resolved study of cold molecular gas and dust in ten main-sequence galaxies at z=1.1-1.6, using observations of CO(4-3), CO(3-2), [C I](1-0), and dust continuum from the NOEMA3D survey. We find a widely presence of spatially extended molecular gas and dust, with sizes comparable to those of the stellar disk, in contrast to those of central-dominated starburst galaxies at similar redshifts. While various molecular gas tracers generally exhibit similar spatial distributions, the CO line (J=3-2 or J=4-3) remain the most effective for mapping molecular gas distribution and kinematics. In addition, the spatially resolved correlations between different molecular gas tracers exhibit about two times larger scatter than their galactic-integrated correlations, indicating that interstellar medium (ISM) conditions already deviate from global averages on scales of 3-6 kpc, likely reflecting the clumpy or inhomogeneous ISM in cosmic noon star-forming galaxies. Within our sample, both the molecular gas fraction and its depletion time are nearly constant across the galactic disks out to 2 Re, supporting a global linear Kennicutt-Schmidt law. The presence of extended molecular gas disks, along with regular stellar structures, small central bulges, and ordered cold gas kinematics, supports the idea that the evolution of main-sequence disk galaxies at cosmic noon is driven by steady gas accretion and transport through prominent spiral arms and/or bars. This process stands in contrast to the merger-driven stochastic gas accretion in compact starbursts. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2026; v1 submitted 20 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 16 pages, 12 figures, re-submitted to A&A after addressing referee's comments, see also a companion paper Jolly et al. 2026, arXiv:2604.18503

NOEMA3D: Resolving radial gas flows in disk galaxies at z~1.1-1.6 with high-resolution CO observations

Authors: Jean-Baptiste Jolly, Linda J. Tacconi, Reinhard Genzel, Roberto Neri, Karl Schuster, Jianhang Chen, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Stavros Pastras, Letizia Scaloni, Giulia Tozzi, Capucine Barféty, Alberto Bolatto, Andreas Burker, Françoise Combes, Pierre Cox, Ric Davies, Frank Eisenhauer, Juan Manuel Espejo Salcedo, Rodrigo Herrera-Camu, Santi García-Burillo, Tadayuki Kodama, Lilian Lee, Minju M. Lee, Daizhong Liu, Dieter Lutz , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present NOEMA3D, a unique high-resolution study of purely molecular gas kinematics at $z \sim 1.1$ to 1.6, providing a dedicated view of cold gas dynamics at the late stages of the peak epoch of cosmic star formation. Using deep ($> 20$ hr on source per target) IRAM-NOEMA CO observations of 10 massive ($10.45 < \log(M^*/M_\odot) < 11.43$)) main-sequence galaxies, complemented by high-resolution… ▽ More We present NOEMA3D, a unique high-resolution study of purely molecular gas kinematics at $z \sim 1.1$ to 1.6, providing a dedicated view of cold gas dynamics at the late stages of the peak epoch of cosmic star formation. Using deep ($> 20$ hr on source per target) IRAM-NOEMA CO observations of 10 massive ($10.45 < \log(M^*/M_\odot) < 11.43$)) main-sequence galaxies, complemented by high-resolution JWST imaging, we resolve the molecular gas kinematics and morphology on kiloparsec scales. We find that all galaxies exhibit ordered rotation with moderate intrinsic turbulence (median $σ_0 \sim 32 \pm 10$ km/s, median $V_c/σ_0 \sim 8.6 \pm 2.9$), consistent with dynamically turbulent disks at late cosmic noon. After modeling the axisymmetric rotation with the forward-modeling code DysmalPy, we reveal spatially coherent velocity residuals in all but one more inclined system. The inferred in-plane non circular motions reach amplitudes of $\sim 50$-100 km/s, significantly larger than typically observed in local disk galaxies. Interpreting these non-circular motions as radial flows we find that the velocity residuals spatially coincide with non-axisymmetric structures -- spiral arms and bars -- demonstrating a direct link between galaxy morphology and gas transport at $z \sim 1$-2. In spiral galaxies, the residual velocity patterns are typically dominated by inflows, while barred systems display an apparent inflow-outflow pattern, characteristic of in-plane bar-driven gas motions. We further find that the inferred molecular gas inflow rates are substantial, with a typical net inflow rate of the order of the star formation rate ($\dot M \sim -50 M_\odot$/yr). This implies that spiral arms and bars at cosmic noon are highly efficient at funneling cold gas toward galaxy centers, perhaps driving the buildup of bulges and feeding central star forming regions and supermassive black holes. △ Less

Submitted 21 April, 2026; v1 submitted 20 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Submitted to A&A, see also companion paper: Chen et al. 2026

Do galaxy mergers increase star formation and turbulence at cosmic noon?

Authors: I. Kanowski, J. T. Mendel, E. Wisnioski, N. M. Förster Schreiber, A. Marchal, T. Tsukui

Abstract: Mergers and interactions can significantly affect the morphological and dynamical properties of galaxies, however the impact of mergers on turbulence at $z > 1$ has not been observationally constrained. In this work we use the interaction strength parameter $Q_P$ to identify likely interacting and isolated galaxies at cosmic noon ($z \sim 1-2$) within the KMOS\textsuperscript{3D} integral field sp… ▽ More Mergers and interactions can significantly affect the morphological and dynamical properties of galaxies, however the impact of mergers on turbulence at $z > 1$ has not been observationally constrained. In this work we use the interaction strength parameter $Q_P$ to identify likely interacting and isolated galaxies at cosmic noon ($z \sim 1-2$) within the KMOS\textsuperscript{3D} integral field spectroscopy survey, utilising redshifts from the 3D-HST, CANDELS and UVCANDELS surveys. For $186$ galaxies, we measure deconvolved H$α$ kinematics, including velocity dispersion, using a spatially non-parametric approach to account for observational effects in the dynamically diverse range of galaxies. We compare offsets in H$α$ flux, star formation rate (SFR), dust attenuations, and velocity dispersion of likely interacting galaxies to isolated control galaxies matched in mass and lookback time. We find increased H$α$ fluxes and SFRs in the likely interacting sample at the level of $\sim 0.1$ dex, a similar enhancement to studies of local pairs. In contrast, we find no significant increase in the level of velocity dispersion in interacting galaxies compared to their controls. The lack of increase in dispersion may reflect a combination of physical and observational factors, including limits to increasing turbulent motions in an already turbulent medium and spectral resolution limits. △ Less

Submitted 16 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 15 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables, submitted to MNRAS

The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Gas-phase abundance gradients of main sequence star-forming galaxies and their kinematics at $4 < z < 6$

Authors: Lilian L. Lee, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Seiji Fujimoto, Andreas L. Faisst, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Reinhard Genzel, Linda J. Tacconi, Dieter Lutz, Alvio Renzini, Ryan Sanders, Emily Wisnioski, Stijn Wuyts, Eleonora Parlanti, Gareth Jones, Hannah Übler, Daizhong Liu, Jianhang Chen, Ric I. Davies, Giulia Tozzi, Andreas Burkert, Sedona H. Price, Manuel Aravena, Médéric Boquien, Matthieu Béthermin, Elisabete da Cunha , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present gas-phase radial metallicity profiles for 20 main-sequence galaxies at $4<z<6$, primarily based on JWST NIRSpec IFU observations obtained as part of the JWST-ALPINE-CRISTAL programme. Our study aims to connect the metallicity gradients of these galaxies with their kinematic properties from [CII]158$μ$m ALMA observations. We mapped the radial profiles of oxygen abundance using the strong… ▽ More We present gas-phase radial metallicity profiles for 20 main-sequence galaxies at $4<z<6$, primarily based on JWST NIRSpec IFU observations obtained as part of the JWST-ALPINE-CRISTAL programme. Our study aims to connect the metallicity gradients of these galaxies with their kinematic properties from [CII]158$μ$m ALMA observations. We mapped the radial profiles of oxygen abundance using the strong-line method leveraging the rich set of rest-frame optical emission lines. Linear fits to the annular-binned radial profiles show that, on average, the metallicity gradients are slightly positive with a median of $+0.039 \pm 0.010{\rm dexkpc^{-1}}$. There are no substantial systematic offsets in gradients when using different line diagnostics. However, only three galaxies show a gradient $>0.05{\rm dexkpc^{-1}}$ at $1σ$, and none have a significant negative gradient. We investigated the correlation between the metallicity gradients and the intrinsic gas velocity dispersion $σ_0$ as well as the $V_{\rm rot}/σ_0$ ratio of the disks. Combining our sample with mass-matched literature samples at $3<z<7$, we found a negative shallow correlation between $V_{\rm rot}/σ_0$ and the metallicity gradients, but no strong relationships with $σ_0$. As $V_{\rm rot}/σ_0$ increases towards later cosmic times, the observed negative trend with $V_{\rm rot}/σ_0$ is consistent with the overall cosmic evolution of metallicity gradients from high to low redshifts. This suggests that disk maturity plays a crucial role in shaping the radial metallicity gradients. [Abridged abstract] △ Less

Submitted 11 May, 2026; v1 submitted 13 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 24 pages, 15 figures, 8 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A, updated version after language editing

Journal ref: A&A 710, A310 (2026)

RotCurves: A PYTHON package for efficient modelling and fitting of galactic rotation curves at high-z

Authors: A. Nestor Shachar, A. Sternberg, S. H. Price, N. M. Förster Schreiber, R. Genzel, L. J. Tacconi, H. Übler, C. Barfety, A. Burkert, J. Chen, R. Davies, F. Eisenhauer, J. M. Espejo Salcedo, R. Herrera-Camus, J. B. Jolly, L. L. Lee, T. Naab, S. Pastras, C. Pulsoni, T. T. Shimizu, G. Tozzi

Abstract: Rotation curves are a fundamental tool in the study of galaxies across cosmic time, and with the advent of large integral field unit (IFU) kinematic surveys there is an increasing need for efficient and flexible modelling tools. We present RotCurves, a parametric forward-modeling tool designed for rotation curve analysis at high-z, correcting for ``beam smearing" by projecting and convolving the b… ▽ More Rotation curves are a fundamental tool in the study of galaxies across cosmic time, and with the advent of large integral field unit (IFU) kinematic surveys there is an increasing need for efficient and flexible modelling tools. We present RotCurves, a parametric forward-modeling tool designed for rotation curve analysis at high-z, correcting for ``beam smearing" by projecting and convolving the beam PSF in the plane of the galaxy. We benchmark RotCurves against the established parametric code dysmalpy using synthetic observations. The typical runtime with RotCurves is a few ~10ms, a factor 250 faster than dysmalpy for a single realization. For well-resolved systems (PSF FWHM < Reff), the mock observed rotation and dispersion curves agree to within 5% up to 3Reff, where most of the discrepancies are in the inner disk. whereas in marginally resolved systems (PSF FWHM > 1.5 Reff) discrepancies increase to up to 15%. Using a built-in MCMC fitting procedure, RotCurves recovers well the intrinsic model parameters across a wide range of galaxy properties and accounting for realistic noise patterns. Systematic biases emerge for the effective radius and for low disk masses (Mdisk < 3x10^9 Msun). We show excellent parameter recovery at high signal-to-noise ratios (S/N > 25), with increasing deviations in parameter recovery at lower S/N. RotCurves is best suited for inclinations of 10 < i < 80. RotCurves is built as an exploratory tool for rapid testing of mass model assumptions, parameter studies and for efficiently processing large samples of observational data from large IFU surveys. The code is publicly available on github. △ Less

Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 30 pages, 9 figures. Accepted to MNRAS

The AURORA Survey: The Mass -- Metallicity and Fundamental Metallicity Relations at $z \sim 2.3$ Based Purely on Direct $T_e$ Metallicities

Authors: Ali Ahmad Khostovan, Ryan L. Sanders, Alice E. Shapley, Michael W. Topping, Naveen A. Reddy, Alex M. Garcia, Danielle A. Berg, Leonardo Clarke, Fergus Cullen, Richard S. Ellis, N. M. Förster Schreiber, Karl Glazebrook, Tucker Jones, Derek J. McLeod, Anthony J. Pahl, Max Pettini, Paul Torrey

Abstract: We present new constraints on the Mass -- Metallicity (MZR) and Fundamental Metallicity Relations (FMR) using a sample of 34 galaxies at $1.38\leq~z\leq~3.5$ (median $z=2.28$). These galaxies have direct $T_e$ measurements from [O\sc{iii}]4363Å~and/or [O\sc{ii}]7320,7331Å~auroral emission lines detected with \textit{JWST}/NIRSpec as part of the AURORA survey. The detection of both oxygen auroral l… ▽ More We present new constraints on the Mass -- Metallicity (MZR) and Fundamental Metallicity Relations (FMR) using a sample of 34 galaxies at $1.38\leq~z\leq~3.5$ (median $z=2.28$). These galaxies have direct $T_e$ measurements from [O\sc{iii}]4363Å~and/or [O\sc{ii}]7320,7331Å~auroral emission lines detected with \textit{JWST}/NIRSpec as part of the AURORA survey. The detection of both oxygen auroral lines allows for dual-zone direct $T_e$ measurements and expands the dynamic range in $12+\log\mathrm{(O/H)}$ (7.68 to 8.65 dex), stellar mass ($10^{8}$ to $10^{10.4}$ M$_\odot$), and star-formation rate ($1$ to $100$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$) compared to previous direct $T_e$ studies of the high-redshift MZR and FMR. We characterize the $z\sim2$ MZR and find a slope of $0.27\pm0.04$ and normalization of $12+\log\mathrm{(O/H)} = 8.44\pm0.04$ at $10^{10}$ M$_\odot$ with an intrinsic scatter of 0.10 dex, consistent with past strong-line MZR measurements. Comparisons with $z\sim2$ predictions from six simulations reveal that none reproduce our observed MZR normalization evolution between $z\sim0$ and $z\sim2$. This discrepancy suggests current models do not fully capture the chemical enrichment and feedback processes occurring at cosmic noon. However, all 34 galaxies are on or above the star-forming main sequence such that our sample may be biased towards lower $12+\log\mathrm{(O/H)}$ if the FMR persists at $z\sim2$. Correcting for this selection effect would increase O/H by $\approx0.1$ dex at 10$^{9.3}$ M$_\odot$ (the median mass of our sample) bringing our MZR into better agreement with that of \texttt{TNG}. Lastly, we find our $z\sim2.3$ sample is consistent with the $z\sim0$ FMR within 0.1 dex in O/H, indicating that the smooth secular mechanisms regulating chemical enrichment, star formation, stellar mass, and outflows were in place at cosmic noon. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 4 figures, submitted to ApJL. We welcome any comments and feedback

The AURORA Survey: Constraining Chemical Enrichment Pathways at Cosmic Noon with Argon Abundances

Authors: Jack Foley, Alice Shapley, Ryan Sanders, Naveen A. Reddy, Michael W. Topping, Thomas M. Stanton, Max Pettini, Fergus Cullen, Richard S. Ellis, N. M. Förster Schreiber, Tucker Jones, Anthony J. Pahl, Leonardo Clarke, Natalie Lam

Abstract: We present argon abundances from a sample of 46 star-forming galaxies at $z=2-3.5$ from the Assembly of Ultradeep Rest-Optical Observations Revealing Astrophysics (AURORA) program. Although argon is an $α-$element produced by Core Collapse Supernovae (CCSNe), the latest supernova yield models suggest additional argon production and enrichment by Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), unlike other $α-$elemen… ▽ More We present argon abundances from a sample of 46 star-forming galaxies at $z=2-3.5$ from the Assembly of Ultradeep Rest-Optical Observations Revealing Astrophysics (AURORA) program. Although argon is an $α-$element produced by Core Collapse Supernovae (CCSNe), the latest supernova yield models suggest additional argon production and enrichment by Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), unlike other $α-$elements such as oxygen. To study the relationship between argon and oxygen abundances, we construct two median-stacked composite spectra for separate $z=2.0-2.6$ and $z=2.8-3.5$ redshift bins, presenting more representative measurements than previous samples that require individual detection of faint lines. Abundance ratios were determined using an empirical calibration based on the strength of the [ArIII]$\lambda7137$ emission line relative to the [OIII]$\lambda5008$ emission line. With this calibration, we estimate argon abundances (Ar/O) of $0.42^{+0.12}_{-0.10}\mbox{(Ar/O)}_{\odot}$ for the $\langle z \rangle = 2.26$ bin and $0.42^{+0.12}_{-0.11}\mbox{(Ar/O)}_{\odot}$ for the $\langle z \rangle = 3.15$ bin, suggesting minimal SNe Ia and dominant CCSNe enrichment in this sample. Comparison of our abundance measurements of $z\sim 2-3$ AURORA galaxies with chemical evolution modeling of Milky Way stars shows consistency with the Milky Way Bulge component, suggesting a rapid star-formation timescale. However, even larger samples of actively star-forming galaxies with available argon abundances, as well as comparisons between argon abundance and other critical galaxy properties (e.g., sSFR) and models (e.g., one tuned specifically to this redshift range) are needed to draw stronger conclusions on the role of argon in galactic chemical enrichment at Cosmic Noon. △ Less

Submitted 10 June, 2026; v1 submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted to ApJ

Exomoon search with VLTI/GRAVITY around the substellar companion HD 206893 B

Authors: Q. Kral, J. Wang, J. Kammerer, S. Lacour, M. Malin, T. Winterhalder, B. Charnay, C. Perrot, P. Huet, R. Abuter, A. Amorim, W. O. Balmer, M. Benisty, J. -P. Berger, H. Beust, S. Blunt, A. Boccaletti, M. Bonnefoy, H. Bonnet, M. S. Bordoni, G. Bourdarot, W. Brandner, F. Cantalloube, P. Caselli, G. Chauvin , et al. (108 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Direct astrometric detection of exomoons remains unexplored. This study presents the first application of high-precision astrometry to search for exomoons around substellar companions. We investigate whether the orbital motion of the companion HD 206893 B exhibits astrometric residuals consistent with the gravitational influence of an exomoon or binary planet. Using the VLTI/GRAVITY instrument, we… ▽ More Direct astrometric detection of exomoons remains unexplored. This study presents the first application of high-precision astrometry to search for exomoons around substellar companions. We investigate whether the orbital motion of the companion HD 206893 B exhibits astrometric residuals consistent with the gravitational influence of an exomoon or binary planet. Using the VLTI/GRAVITY instrument, we monitored the astrometric positions of HD 206893 B and c across both short (days to months) and long (yearly) timescales. This enabled us to isolate potential residual wobbles in the motion of component B attributable to an orbiting moon. Our analysis reveals tentative astrometric residuals in the HD 206893 B orbit. If interpreted as an exomoon signature, these residuals correspond to a candidate (HD 206893 B I) with an orbital period of approximately 0.76 years and a mass of $\sim$0.4 Jupiter masses. However, the origin of these residuals remains ambiguous and could be due to systematics. Complementing the astrometry, our analysis of GRAVITY $R=4000$ spectroscopy for HD 206893 B confirms a clear detection of water, but no CO is found using cross-correlation. We also find that AF Lep b, and $β$ Pic b are the best short-term candidates to look for moons with GRAVITY+. Our observations demonstrate the transformative potential of high-precision astrometry in the search for exomoons, and proves the feasibility of the technique to detect moons with masses lower than Jupiter and potentially down to less than Neptune in optimistic cases. Crucially, further high-precision astrometric observations with VLTI/GRAVITY are essential to verify the reality and nature of this signal and attempt this technique on a variety of planetary systems. △ Less

Submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 705, A217 (2026)

The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: NIRSpec IFU Data Processing and Spatially-resolved Views of Chemical Enrichment in Normal Galaxies at z=4-6

Authors: Seiji Fujimoto, Andreas L. Faisst, Akiyoshi Tsujita, Mahsa Kohandel, Lilian L. Lee, Hannah Übler, Federica Loiacono, Negin Nezhad, Andrea Pallottini, Manuel Aravena, Roberto J. Assef, Andrew J. Battisti, Matthieu Béthermin, Médéric Boquien, Elisabete da Cunha, Andrea Ferrara, Maximilien Franco, Michele Ginolfi, Ali Hadi, Aryana Haghjoo, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Hanae Inami, Anton M. Koekemoer, Brian C. Lemaux, Yuan Li , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a statistical study of spatially resolved chemical enrichment in 18 main-sequence galaxies at $z=4$--6, observed with \jwst/NIRSpec IFU as part of the ALPINE-CRISTAL-\jwst\ survey. Performing an optimized reduction and calibration procedure, including local background subtraction, light-leakage masking, stripe removal, and astrometry refinement, we achieve robust emission-line mapping o… ▽ More We present a statistical study of spatially resolved chemical enrichment in 18 main-sequence galaxies at $z=4$--6, observed with \jwst/NIRSpec IFU as part of the ALPINE-CRISTAL-\jwst\ survey. Performing an optimized reduction and calibration procedure, including local background subtraction, light-leakage masking, stripe removal, and astrometry refinement, we achieve robust emission-line mapping on kiloparsec scales. Although line-ratio distributions vary across galaxies in our sample, we generally find mild central enhancements in [O\,\textsc{iii}]/H$β$, [O\,\textsc{ii}]/[O\,\textsc{iii}], [S\,\textsc{ii}]$_{6732}$/[S\,\textsc{ii}]$_{6718}$, H$α$/H$β$, and $L_{\rm Hα}/L_{\rm UV}$, consistent with elevated electron density, dust obscuration, and bursty star formation accompanied by reduced metallicity and ionization parameter. These features point to inside-out growth fueled by recent inflows of pristine gas. Nevertheless, the median metallicity gradient is nearly flat over a few kpc scale, $Δ\log({\rm O/H}) = 0.02 \pm 0.01$ dex kpc$^{-1}$, implying efficient chemical mixing through inflows, outflows, and mergers. From pixel-by-pixel stellar and emission-line characterizations, we further investigate the resolved Fundamental Metallicity Relation (rFMR). Metallicity is described by a fundamental plane with stellar mass and SFR surface densities, but with a stronger dependence on $Σ_{\rm SFR}$ than seen in local galaxies. Our results indicate that the regulatory processes linking star formation, gas flows, and metal enrichment were already vigorous $\sim$1 Gyr after the Big Bang, producing the nearly flat metallicity gradient and a stronger coupling between star formation and metallicity than observed in evolved systems in the local universe. △ Less

Submitted 17 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 37 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables. Comments are welcome. Please also see coordinated papers on today's arxiv (Faisst et al; Tsujita et al.)

The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: JWST/IFU Optical Observations for 18 Main-Sequence Galaxies at z=4-6

Authors: A. L. Faisst, S. Fujimoto, A. Tsujita, W. Wang, N. Nezhad, F. Loiacono, H. Übler, M. Béthermin, P. Cassata, M. Dessauges-Zavadsky, R. Herrera-Camus, D. Schaerer, J. Silverman, L. Yan, M. Aravena, I. De Looze, N. M. Förster Schreiber, J. González-López, J. Spilker, K. Tadaki, C. M. Casey, M. Franco, S. Harish, H. J. McCracken, J. S. Kartaltepe , et al. (58 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: To fully characterize the formation and evolution of galaxies, we need to observe their stars, gas, and dust on resolved spatial scales. We present the ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST survey, which combines kpc-resolved imaging and spectroscopy from HST, JWST, and ALMA for 18 representative main-sequence galaxies at z=4-6 and log(M/$M_\odot$) > 9.5 to study their star formation, chemical properties, and exten… ▽ More To fully characterize the formation and evolution of galaxies, we need to observe their stars, gas, and dust on resolved spatial scales. We present the ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST survey, which combines kpc-resolved imaging and spectroscopy from HST, JWST, and ALMA for 18 representative main-sequence galaxies at z=4-6 and log(M/$M_\odot$) > 9.5 to study their star formation, chemical properties, and extended gas reservoirs. The co-spatial measurements resolving the ionized gas, molecular gas, stars, and dust on 1-2 kpc scales make this a unique benchmark sample for the study of galaxy formation and evolution at $z\sim5$, connecting the Epoch of Reionization with the cosmic noon. In this paper, we outline the survey goals and sample selection, and present a summary of the available data for the 18 galaxies. In addition, we measure spatially integrated quantities (such as global gas metallicity), test different star formation rate indicators, and quantify the presence of H$α$ halos. Our targeted galaxies are relatively metal rich (10-70% solar), complementary to JWST samples at lower stellar mass, and there is broad agreement between different star formation indicators. One galaxy has the signature of an active galactic nuclei (AGN) based on its emission line ratios. Six show broad H$α$~emission suggesting type 1 AGN candidates. We conclude with an outlook on the exciting science that will be pursued with this unique sample in forthcoming papers. △ Less

Submitted 29 December, 2025; v1 submitted 17 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 21 figures, 5 tables. Accepted by ApJS

The AURORA Survey: Ionizing Photon Production Efficiency with Minimal Nebular Dust Attenuation Systematics

Authors: Anthony J. Pahl, Alice Shapley, Naveen A. Reddy, Ryan Sanders, Michael W. Topping, Danielle A. Berg, Callum T. Donnan, James S. Dunlop, Richard S. Ellis, N. M. Förster Schreiber, K. Glazebrook, Derek J. McLeod, Max Pettini, Daniel Schaerer

Abstract: We present ionizing photon production efficiencies ($ξ_{\rm ion}$) for 63 z=1.5-6.9 star-forming galaxies using precise nebular dust attenuation corrections from the JWST/AURORA survey. A subset of objects within AURORA have individually-determined nebular dust attenuation curves, which vary significantly in shape and normalization, resulting in reduced systematic uncertainty when constraining the… ▽ More We present ionizing photon production efficiencies ($ξ_{\rm ion}$) for 63 z=1.5-6.9 star-forming galaxies using precise nebular dust attenuation corrections from the JWST/AURORA survey. A subset of objects within AURORA have individually-determined nebular dust attenuation curves, which vary significantly in shape and normalization, resulting in reduced systematic uncertainty when constraining the total attenuation of H$α$ luminosity, and thus the intrinsic ionizing output within our sample. We find evidence for positive correlations between $ξ_{\rm ion}$ and redshift, equivalent width of [OIII]$λ$5007, and O32=[OIII]$λ$5007/[OII]$λ$3726,3729, and negative correlations between $ξ_{\rm ion}$ and stellar attenuation, UV luminosity (L$_{\rm UV}$), stellar mass, and direct-method metallicity. We test alternate dust prescriptions within this sample, and find that the total attenuation is lower when using the commonly-assumed Galactic extinction curve or when assuming that stellar attenuation is equal to nebular attenuation. We also find that assuming either of these alternate dust prescriptions can change the slope of relationships between $ξ_{\rm ion}$ and galaxy property, notably inducing a flat trend between $ξ_{\rm ion}$ and L$_{\rm UV}$ within AURORA. While the novel nebular dust curves derived from AURORA spectroscopy reveal obscured ionizing photon production within star-forming galaxies at these redshifts, a more complete understanding of stellar attenuation is required to fully reduce dust systematics on $ξ_{\rm ion}$ for inclusion in reionization models. △ Less

Submitted 14 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 20 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJ

Resolving stellar populations, star formation, and interstellar medium conditions with JWST in a large spiral galaxy at $z\approx2$

Authors: Eleonora Parlanti, Giulia Tozzi, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Claudia Pulsoni, Letizia Scaloni, Stavros Pastras, Pascal Oesch, Capucine Barfety, Francesco Belfiore, Jianhang Chen, Giovanni Cresci, Ric Davies, Frank Eisenhauer, Juan M. Espejo Salcedo, Reinhard Genzel, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Jean-Baptiste Jolly. Lilian L. Lee, Minju M. Lee, Daizhong Liu, Dieter Lutz, Filippo Mannucci, Giovanni Mazzolari, Thorsten Naab, Amit Nestor Shachar, Sedona H. Price , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Cosmic noon represents the prime epoch of galaxy assembly, and a sweet spot for observations with the James Webb Telescope (JWST) and ground-based near-IR integral-field unit (IFU) spectrographs. This work analyses JWST NIRSpec Micro Shutter Array (MSA), NIRCam Wide Field Slitless Spectroscopy (WFSS) of K20-ID7, a large spiral, star-forming (SF) galaxy at z=2.2, with evidence for radial gas inflow… ▽ More Cosmic noon represents the prime epoch of galaxy assembly, and a sweet spot for observations with the James Webb Telescope (JWST) and ground-based near-IR integral-field unit (IFU) spectrographs. This work analyses JWST NIRSpec Micro Shutter Array (MSA), NIRCam Wide Field Slitless Spectroscopy (WFSS) of K20-ID7, a large spiral, star-forming (SF) galaxy at z=2.2, with evidence for radial gas inflows. By exploiting the synergy with ground-based IFU ERIS observations, we conduct a comprehensive and resolved study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and stellar properties, from rest optical to near-IR, via emission-line diagnostics, resolved spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting of high-resolution imaging, and Pa$β$ line detection in NIRCam WFSS data. Our analysis reveals massive ($M_{\star}\simeq$(0.67-3.5)$\times$10$^{9}$ $M_{\odot}$) SF clumps with star formation rates (SFRs) ~3-24 $M_{\odot}$/yr, and quite low dust attenuation ($A_V\simeq$0.4), electron density ($n_{e}$<300 cm$^{-3}$), and ionisation (log(U)$\simeq -3.0$). The central bulge turns out to be modestly massive ($M_{\star}$=(7$\pm$3)$\times$10$^{9}$ M$_{\odot}$), heavily obscured ($A_V$=6.43$\pm$0.55), and likely to have formed most of its stellar mass in the past (SFR=82$\pm$42 $M_{\odot}$/yr over the last 100 Myr), yet still forming stars at a lower rate (SFR=12$\pm$8 M$_{\odot}$/yr over the last 10 Myr). We infer a metallicity 12+log(O/H)~8.54 and an apparent enhancement of the N/O abundance (log(N/O)$\simeq -1.0$) in all distinct galaxy regions, a likely consequence of dilution effects due to radial inflows of metal-poor gas. We measure a sub-solar sulfur abundance (log(S/O)$\simeq$-1.9). Finally, the radial stellar age profile reveals older stellar populations in the inner galaxy regions compared to the outskirts, pointing to an inside-out growth of K20-ID7. △ Less

Submitted 30 July, 2026; v1 submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 23 pages, 16 figures, submitted to A&A

The ExoGRAVITY survey: A K-band spectral library of giant exoplanet and brown dwarf companions

Authors: J. Kammerer, T. O. Winterhalder, S. Lacour, T. Stolker, G. -D. Marleau, W. O. Balmer, A. F. Moore, L. Piscarreta, C. Toci, A. Mérand, M. Nowak, E. L. Rickman, L. Pueyo, N. Pourré, E. Nasedkin, J. J. Wang, G. Bourdarot, F. Eisenhauer, Th. Henning, R. Garcia Lopez, E. F. van Dishoeck, T. Forveille, J. D. Monnier, R. Abuter, A. Amorim , et al. (84 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Direct observations of exoplanet and brown dwarf companions with near-infrared interferometry, first enabled by the dual-field mode of VLTI/GRAVITY, provide unique measurements of the objects' orbital motions and atmospheric compositions. Here, we compile a homogeneous library of all exoplanet and brown dwarf K-band spectra observed by GRAVITY thus far. We re-reduced all the available GRAVITY dual… ▽ More Direct observations of exoplanet and brown dwarf companions with near-infrared interferometry, first enabled by the dual-field mode of VLTI/GRAVITY, provide unique measurements of the objects' orbital motions and atmospheric compositions. Here, we compile a homogeneous library of all exoplanet and brown dwarf K-band spectra observed by GRAVITY thus far. We re-reduced all the available GRAVITY dual-field high-contrast data and, where companions are detected, extract their ~2.0-2.4 $μ$m K-band contrast spectra. We then derived stellar model atmospheres for all employed flux references, which we used to convert the companion contrast into companion flux spectra. Solely from the resulting GRAVITY spectra, we extracted spectral types, spectral indices, and bulk physical properties for all companions. Finally, and with the help of age constraints from the literature, we also derived isochronal masses for most companions using evolutionary models. The resulting library contains R ~ 500 GRAVITY spectra of 39 substellar companions from late M to late T spectral types, including the entire L-T transition. Throughout this transition, a shift from CO-dominated late M- and L-type dwarfs to CH4-dominated T-type dwarfs can be observed in the K-band. The GRAVITY spectra alone constrain the objects' bolometric luminosity to typically within $\pm$0.15 dex. The derived isochronal masses agree with dynamical masses from the literature where available, except for HD 4113 c for which we confirm its previously reported potential underluminosity. Medium-resolution spectroscopy of substellar companions with GRAVITY provides insight into the carbon chemistry and the cloudiness of these objects' atmospheres. It also constrains these objects' bolometric luminosities which can yield measurements of their formation entropy if combined with dynamical masses, for instance from Gaia and GRAVITY astrometry. △ Less

Submitted 16 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 11 figures, published in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 704, A318 (2025)

The gas streamer G1-2-3 in the Galactic Center

Authors: S. Gillessen, F. Eisenhauer, J. Cuadra, R. Genzel, D. Calderon, S. Joharle, T. Piran, D. C. Ribeiro, C. M. P. Russell, M. Sadun Bordoni, A. Burkert, G. Bourdarot, A. Drescher, F. Mang, T. Ott, G. Agapito, A. Agudo Berbel, A. Baruffolo, M. Bonaglia, M. Black, R. Briguglio, Y. Cao, L. Carbonaro, G. Cresci, Y. Dallilar , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The black hole in the Galactic Center, Sgr A*, is prototypical for ultra-low-fed galactic nuclei. The discovery of a hand-full of gas clumps in the realm of a few Earth masses in its immediate vicinity provides a gas reservoir sufficient to power Sgr A*. In particular, the gas cloud G2 is of interest due to its extreme orbit, on which it passed at a pericenter distance of around 100 AU and notably… ▽ More The black hole in the Galactic Center, Sgr A*, is prototypical for ultra-low-fed galactic nuclei. The discovery of a hand-full of gas clumps in the realm of a few Earth masses in its immediate vicinity provides a gas reservoir sufficient to power Sgr A*. In particular, the gas cloud G2 is of interest due to its extreme orbit, on which it passed at a pericenter distance of around 100 AU and notably lost kinetic energy during the fly-by due to the interaction with the black hole accretion flow. 13 years prior to G2, a resembling gas cloud called G1, passed Sgr A* on a similar orbit. The origin of G2 remained a topic of discussion, with models including a central (stellar) source still proposed as alternatives to pure gaseous clouds. Here, we report the orbit of a third gas clump moving again along (almost) the same orbital trace. Since the probability of finding three stars on close orbits is very small, this strongly argues against stellar-based source models. Instead, we show that the gas streamer G1-2-3 plausibly originates from the stellar wind of the massive binary star IRS16SW. This claim is substantiated by the fact that the small differences between the three orbits - the orientations of the orbital ellipses in their common plane as a function of time - are consistent with the orbital motion of IRS 16SW. △ Less

Submitted 1 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures, under review at A&A

Journal ref: A&A 707, A79 (2026)

BlackTHUNDER: Evidence of three massive black holes in a z~5 galaxy

Authors: Hannah Übler, Giovanni Mazzolari, Roberto Maiolino, Francesco D'Eugenio, Nazanin Davari, Ignas Juodžbalis, Michele Perna, Jorryt Matthee, Raffaella Schneider, Rosa Valiante, Santiago Arribas, Elena Bertola, Andrew J. Bunker, Volker Bromm, Stefano Carniani, Stéphane Charlot, Giovanni Cresci, Mirko Curti, Richard Davies, Frank Eisenhauer, Andrew Fabian, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Reinhard Genzel, Kohei Inayoshi, Lucy R. Ivey , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present observational evidence of three massive, accreting black holes (BHs) in the z=5.0167 galaxy J0148-4214 from JWST/NIRSpec-IFU spectroscopy. The BHs are revealed through broad H$α$ emission (FWHM=430-2920 km/s) without a forbidden-line counterpart in the bright [OIII] doublet. Channel maps of the asymmetric central H$α$ profile isolate two spatially distinct broad-line regions (BLRs), sep… ▽ More We present observational evidence of three massive, accreting black holes (BHs) in the z=5.0167 galaxy J0148-4214 from JWST/NIRSpec-IFU spectroscopy. The BHs are revealed through broad H$α$ emission (FWHM=430-2920 km/s) without a forbidden-line counterpart in the bright [OIII] doublet. Channel maps of the asymmetric central H$α$ profile isolate two spatially distinct broad-line regions (BLRs), separated by $190\pm40$ pc, while a third BLR is found in the galaxy outskirts with a projected separation of 1.7 kpc. We discuss whether this emission could be due to supernovae, shocks, winds, or massive stars, but find the BLR origin most likely. Using single-epoch virial relations, we estimated BH masses of $\log(M_\bullet/M_\odot)=7.9\pm0.4$ (primary), $5.8\pm0.5$ (secondary), and $6.3\pm0.5$ (third off-nuclear). We argue that the two central BHs will likely rapidly merge, with a simple dynamical friction time estimate of the order of $\lesssim700$ Myr. Assuming that the third off-nuclear BH is also in the process of sinking towards the centre, it will likely lead to a second merger, and we investigated the detection probability of such mergers with LISA. Alternatively, the third BH may be the result of a previous central three-body interaction or a gravitational recoil, where our observations would provide evidence that such BHs may retain their accretion discs and BLRs even in the aftermath of such extreme dynamical interactions. The possible discovery of a BH triplet at high z, together with other recent results on distant BH pairs, indicates that multiple massive BH systems were likely common in the early Universe. Our results highlight the importance of IFU observations for the detection of massive BH multiplets in distant galaxies, the progenitors of massive BH mergers that may be detected with next-generation gravitational wave observatories. △ Less

Submitted 31 May, 2026; v1 submitted 25 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 10 figures; accepted for publication by A&A

First Light for the GRAVITY+ Adaptive Optics: Extreme Adaptive Optics for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer

Authors: GRAVITY+ Collaboration, :, F. Allouche, C. Bailet, M. Benisty, A. Berdeu, J. -P. Berger, P. Berio, A. Bigioli, C. Blanchard, O. Boebion, H. Bonnet, G. Bourdarot, P. Bourget, W. Brandner, J. Brulé, P. Burgos, M. Carbillet, C. Correia, B. Courtney Barrer, S. Curaba, R. Davies, D. Defrère, A. Delboulbé, F. Delplancke , et al. (115 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: GRAVITY+ improves by orders of magnitude the sensitivity, sky-coverage and contrast of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). A central part of this project is the development of Gravity Plus Adaptive Optics (GPAO), a dedicated high-order and laser-guide star Adaptive Optics (AO) system for VLTI. GPAO consists of four state-of-the-art AO systems equipping all 8m-class Unit Telescopes (UTs… ▽ More GRAVITY+ improves by orders of magnitude the sensitivity, sky-coverage and contrast of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). A central part of this project is the development of Gravity Plus Adaptive Optics (GPAO), a dedicated high-order and laser-guide star Adaptive Optics (AO) system for VLTI. GPAO consists of four state-of-the-art AO systems equipping all 8m-class Unit Telescopes (UTs) for the wavefront correction of the VLTI instruments. It offers both visible and infrared Natural Guide Star (NGS) and Laser Guide Star (LGS) operations. The paper presents the design, operations and performances of GPAO. We illustrate the improvement brought by GPAO with interferometric observations obtained during the commissioning of the NGS mode end-2024. These science results include the first optical interferometry observations of a redshift $z\sim4$ quasar, the spectroscopy of a cool brown-dwarf with magnitude $K\sim 21.0$, the first observations of a Class I young star with GRAVITY, and the first sub-micro arcsecond differential astrometry in the optical. Together with the entire GRAVITY+ project, the implementation of GPAO is a true paradigm shift for observing the optical Universe at very high angular resolution. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 25 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Accepted in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 707, A115 (2026)

Constraints on the Orbit of the Young Substellar Companion GQ Lup B from High-Resolution Spectroscopy and VLTI/GRAVITY Astrometry

Authors: Vidya Venkatesan, S. Blunt, J. J. Wang, S. Lacour, G. -D. Marleau, G. A. L. Coleman, L. Guerrero, W. O. Balmer, L. Pueyo, T. Stolker, J. Kammerer, N. Pourré, M. Nowak, E. Rickman, A. Sivaramakrishnan, D. Sing, K. Wagner, A. -M. Lagrange, R. Abuter, A. Amorim, R. Asensio-Torres, J. -P. Berger, H. Beust, A. Boccaletti, M. Bonnefoy , et al. (77 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Understanding the orbits of giant planets is critical for testing planet formation models, particularly at wide separations greater than 10 au where traditional core accretion becomes inefficient. However, constraining orbits at these separations has been challenging because of sparse orbital coverage and degeneracies in the orbital parameters. We use existing high-resolution spectroscopic measure… ▽ More Understanding the orbits of giant planets is critical for testing planet formation models, particularly at wide separations greater than 10 au where traditional core accretion becomes inefficient. However, constraining orbits at these separations has been challenging because of sparse orbital coverage and degeneracies in the orbital parameters. We use existing high-resolution spectroscopic measurements from CRIRES+ (R ~ 100000), astrometric data from SPHERE, NACO, and ALMA, and new high-precision GRAVITY astrometry to refine the orbit of GQ Lup B, a ~30 M_J companion at ~100 au, in a system that also hosts a circumstellar disk and a wide companion, GQ Lup C. Including radial velocity data significantly improves orbital constraints by breaking the degeneracy between inclination and eccentricity that affects astrometry-only fits for long-period companions. This work is among the first to combine high-precision astrometry with the companion's relative radial velocity to achieve improved orbital constraints. The eccentricity is refined from e = 0.47 (+0.14, -0.16) with GRAVITY alone to e = 0.35 (+0.10, -0.09) when RVs and GRAVITY data are combined. The orbit is misaligned by 63 (+6, -14) deg relative to the circumstellar disk and 52 (+19, -24) deg relative to the host star spin axis, and is more consistent (34 (+6, -13) deg) with the inclination of the wide tertiary companion GQ Lup C disk. These results support a formation scenario for GQ Lup B consistent with cloud fragmentation and highlight the power of combining companion RV constraints with interferometric astrometry to probe the dynamics and formation of wide-orbit substellar companions. △ Less

Submitted 24 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 5 figures, Accepted to ApJ

Spatially resolved broad line region in a quasar at z=4: Dynamical black hole mass and prominent outflow

Authors: GRAVITY+ Collaboration, K. Abd El Dayem, N. Aimar, A. Berdeu, J. -P. Berger, G. Bourdarot, P. Bourget, W. Brandner, Y. Cao, C. Correia, S. Cuevas Cardona, R. Davies, D. Defrère, A. Drescher, A. Eckart, F. Eisenhauer, M. Fabricius, A. Farah, H. Feuchtgruber, N. M. Förster Schreiber, A. Foschi, P. Garcia, R. Garcia Lopez, R. Genzel, S. Gillessen , et al. (70 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first near-infrared interferometric data of a QSO at z=4. The K-band observations were performed with GRAVITY+ on the VLTI using all four UTs, detecting a differential phase signal that traces the spatially resolved kinematics for both the \hb\ and \hg\ lines in the broad line region. We fit the two lines simultaneously with an updated model that includes distinct rotating and conic… ▽ More We present the first near-infrared interferometric data of a QSO at z=4. The K-band observations were performed with GRAVITY+ on the VLTI using all four UTs, detecting a differential phase signal that traces the spatially resolved kinematics for both the \hb\ and \hg\ lines in the broad line region. We fit the two lines simultaneously with an updated model that includes distinct rotating and conical outflowing components. For the best fit model, more than 80\% of the \hi\ line emission from the BLR originates in an outflow with a velocity up to $10^4$ km s$^{-1}$. This is oriented so that our line of sight is along an edge of the conical structure, which produces the prominent blue wing on the line profile. A combination of anisotropic line emission and mid-plane opacity lead to the single-sided phase signal. The model is able to qualitatively match both the outflowing \civ\ line profile and the systemic \oi\ fluorescent emission. The derived black hole mass of $8\times10^8$ M$_\odot$ is the highest redshift black hole mass measurement to date obtained directly from BLR dynamics. It is an order of magnitude lower than that inferred from various single epoch scaling relations, and implies that the accretion is highly super-Eddington. With reference to recent simulations, the data suggest that this QSO is emitting close to its radiative limit in a regime where strong outflows are expected around a polar conical region. △ Less

Submitted 12 December, 2025; v1 submitted 17 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: accepted by A&A (15 pages, 9 figures)

Journal ref: A&A 706, A99 (2026)

Clues to inside-out quenching in quiescent galaxies at $1.2\lesssim z\lesssim2.2$: Age, Fe-, and Mg-abundance gradients from JWST-SUSPENSE

Authors: Chloe M. Cheng, Martje Slob, Mariska Kriek, Aliza G. Beverage, Guillermo Barro, Rachel Bezanson, Anna de Graaff, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Brian Lorenz, Danilo Marchesini, Ignacio Martín-Navarro, Adam Muzzin, Andrew B. Newman, Sedona H. Price, Katherine A. Suess, Arjen van der Wel, Jesse van de Sande, Pieter G. van Dokkum, Daniel R. Weisz

Abstract: [Abridged] Spatially resolved stellar populations of massive quiescent galaxies at cosmic noon provide powerful insights into quenching and assembly mechanisms. Previous photometric studies have revealed that the cores of these galaxies are redder than their outskirts. However, spectroscopy is needed to break the age-metallicity degeneracy and uncover the driver of colour gradients. We derive age… ▽ More [Abridged] Spatially resolved stellar populations of massive quiescent galaxies at cosmic noon provide powerful insights into quenching and assembly mechanisms. Previous photometric studies have revealed that the cores of these galaxies are redder than their outskirts. However, spectroscopy is needed to break the age-metallicity degeneracy and uncover the driver of colour gradients. We derive age and elemental abundance gradients for eight distant ($1.2 \lesssim z \lesssim 2.2$), massive ($10.3\lesssim\log({\rm M}_*/{\rm M}_\odot)\lesssim 11.1$) quiescent galaxies by fitting full-spectrum models to ultra-deep NIRSpec-MSA spectroscopy from the JWST-SUSPENSE survey. We find that these galaxies have negative age and flat [Fe/H] gradients, and tentative indications of positive [Mg/H] and [Mg/Fe] gradients. These results suggest that galaxy cores are older and perhaps also Mg deficient compared to galaxy outskirts. The age gradients may indicate inside-out quenching, while Mg-deficient cores could suggest rapid gas expulsion as the central quenching mechanism. Thus, galaxy cores may have formed faster and quenched more efficiently than their outskirts. However, our [Fe/H] and [Mg/Fe] gradients are still puzzling, and further investigation is required to understand the nature of [Mg/H] gradients in massive galaxies at these redshifts. Our results contrast with those of lower-$z$ studies, which find flat age and [Mg/Fe] gradients and negative metallicity gradients. Additionally, we find a positive trend between age gradients and rotational support and marginal trends between [Fe/H] gradients and velocity dispersions and ages. We discuss our findings in the context of galaxy growth scenarios, including minor mergers and progenitor bias. With this work, we present the first stellar population gradients from NIRSpec-MSA spectroscopy in the current largest sample of distant quiescent galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 27 May, 2026; v1 submitted 15 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 6 figures (excluding appendices); accepted for publication in A&A; minor additional typesetting corrections after copyediting

Journal ref: A&A 710, A158 (2026)

The AURORA Survey: High-Redshift Empirical Metallicity Calibrations from Electron Temperature Measurements at z=2-10

Authors: Ryan L. Sanders, Alice E. Shapley, Michael W. Topping, Naveen A. Reddy, Danielle A. Berg, Ali Ahmad Khostovan, Rychard J. Bouwens, Gabriel Brammer, Adam C. Carnall, Fergus Cullen, Romeel Davé, James S. Dunlop, Richard S. Ellis, N. M. Förster Schreiber, Steven R. Furlanetto, Karl Glazebrook, Garth D. Illingworth, Tucker Jones, Mariska Kriek, Derek J. McLeod, Ross J. McLure, Desika Narayanan, Pascal A. Oesch, Anthony J. Pahl, Max Pettini , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present detections of auroral emission lines of [OIII], [OII], [SIII], and [SII] in deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy for 41 star-forming galaxies at $z=1.4-7.2$ from the AURORA survey. We combine these new observations with 98 star-forming galaxies at $z=1.3-10.6$ with detected auroral lines drawn from the literature to form a sample of 139 high-redshift galaxies with robust electron temperature… ▽ More We present detections of auroral emission lines of [OIII], [OII], [SIII], and [SII] in deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy for 41 star-forming galaxies at $z=1.4-7.2$ from the AURORA survey. We combine these new observations with 98 star-forming galaxies at $z=1.3-10.6$ with detected auroral lines drawn from the literature to form a sample of 139 high-redshift galaxies with robust electron temperature and direct-method oxygen abundance determinations. This sample notably covers a wider dynamic range in metallicity than previous work, spanning $0.02-0.9$~Z$_\odot$. We calibrate empirical relations between 19 emission-line ratios and oxygen abundance, providing a robust tool set to infer accurate gas-phase metallicities of high-redshift galaxies when auroral lines are not detected. While calibrations based on lines of $α$ elements (O, Ne, S, Ar) appear reliable, we find significant scatter in calibrations involving lines of N driven by a high dispersion in N/O at fixed O/H, suggesting that N-based line ratios are less reliable tracers of the oxygen abundance at high redshift. These new high-redshift calibrations are notably offset from those based on typical $z\sim0$ galaxy and HII region samples, and are better matched by samples of extreme local galaxies that are analogs of high-redshift sources. The new metallicity calibrations presented in this work pave the way for robust studies of galaxy chemical evolution in the early Universe, leading to a better understanding of baryon cycling and galaxy formation from Cosmic Noon through the Epoch of Reionization. △ Less

Submitted 19 May, 2026; v1 submitted 13 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 29 pages + 10 pages appendix/references, accepted to ApJ

The AURORA Survey: Robust Helium Abundances at High Redshift Reveal A Subpopulation of Helium-Enhanced Galaxies in the Early Universe

Authors: Danielle A. Berg, Ryan L. Sanders, Alice E. Shapley, Michael W. Topping, Naveen A. Reddy, Evan D. Skillman, Erik Aver, Fergus Cullen, Callum T. Donnan, James S. Dunlop, Tucker Jones, Ali Ahmad Khostovan, Derek J. McLeod, Desika Narayanan, Pascal A. Oesch, Anthony J. Pahl, Max Pettini, N. M. Förster Schreiber, Daniel P. Stark

Abstract: We present the first robust helium (He) abundance measurements in star-forming galaxies at redshifts $1.6\lesssim z\lesssim 3.3$ using deep, moderate-resolution JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy from the AURORA survey. We establish a High$-z$ HeI Sample consisting of 20 galaxies with multiple high-S/N ($>5σ$) HeI emission-line detections, including the critical near-infrared $λ$10833 line. This is the fir… ▽ More We present the first robust helium (He) abundance measurements in star-forming galaxies at redshifts $1.6\lesssim z\lesssim 3.3$ using deep, moderate-resolution JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy from the AURORA survey. We establish a High$-z$ HeI Sample consisting of 20 galaxies with multiple high-S/N ($>5σ$) HeI emission-line detections, including the critical near-infrared $λ$10833 line. This is the first study at high redshift leveraging $λ$10833 to break degeneracies between temperature, electron density, optical depth, and He$^+$/H$^+$, enabling reliable He abundance determinations in the early universe. We use a custom MCMC framework incorporating direct-method electron temperature priors, extended optical depth ($τ_{\lambda3890}$) model grids up to densities of $10^6$~cm$^{-3}$, and simultaneous fits of the physical conditions and HeI/HI line ratios to derive ionic He$^+$/H$^+$ abundances. Most of the AURORA galaxies follow the extrapolated $z\sim0$ He/H-O/H trend, indicating modest He enrichment by $z\sim2-3$. However, we identify a subpopulation of four galaxies that exhibit elevated He mass fractions ($ΔY>0.03$) without corresponding enhancements in N/O or $α$-elements ($\sim20$% of the sample). This abundance pattern is inconsistent with enrichment from asymptotic giant branch stars, but favors early He enrichment from very massive stars (VMSs; $M\gtrsim100\ M_\odot$), which can eject He-rich, N-poor material via stellar winds and binary stripping in young stellar populations. We speculate that these elevated-He systems may represent an early phase of globular cluster (GC) formation where N enrichment is still lagging behind He production. This work demonstrates the power of JWST multi-line HeI spectroscopy for tracing early stellar feedback, enrichment pathways, and GC progenitor signatures in the high-z universe. △ Less

Submitted 22 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 29 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables, submitted to ApJ

The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Resolved kinematic studies of main sequence star-forming galaxies at 4<z<6

Authors: Lilian L. Lee, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Daizhong Liu, Sedona H. Price, Reinhard Genzel, Linda J. Tacconi, Dieter Lutz, Ric Davies, Thorsten Naab, Hannah Übler, Manuel Aravena, Roberto J. Assef, Loreto Barcos-Muñoz, Rebecca A. A. Bowler, Andreas Burkert, Jianhang Chen, Rebecca L. Davies, Ilse De Looze, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Jorge González-López, Ryota Ikeda, Ikki Mitsuhashi, Ana Posses, Mónica Relaño Pastor , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a detailed kinematic study of a sample of 32 massive ($9.5\leqslant\log(M_*/{\rm M_{\odot}})\leqslant10.9$) main-sequence star-forming galaxies (MS SFGs) at $4<z<6$ from the ALMA-CRISTAL program. The data consist of deep (up to 15hr observing time per target), high-resolution ($\sim1$kpc) ALMA observations of the [CII]158$μ$m line emission. This data set enables the first systematic kpc… ▽ More We present a detailed kinematic study of a sample of 32 massive ($9.5\leqslant\log(M_*/{\rm M_{\odot}})\leqslant10.9$) main-sequence star-forming galaxies (MS SFGs) at $4<z<6$ from the ALMA-CRISTAL program. The data consist of deep (up to 15hr observing time per target), high-resolution ($\sim1$kpc) ALMA observations of the [CII]158$μ$m line emission. This data set enables the first systematic kpc-scale characterisation of the kinematics nature of typical massive SFGs at these epochs. We find that $\sim50\%$ of the sample are disk-like, with a number of galaxies located in systems of multiple components. Kinematic modelling reveals these main sequence disks exhibit high-velocity dispersions ($σ_0$), with a median disk velocity dispersion of $\sim70{\rm kms^{-1}}$ and $V_{\rm rot}/σ_0\sim2$, and consistent with dominant gravity driving. The elevated disk dispersions are in line with the predicted evolution based on Toomre theory and the extrapolated trends from $z\sim0$-$2.5$ MS star-forming disks. The inferred dark matter (DM) mass fraction within the effective radius $f_{\rm DM}(<R_{\rm e})$ for the disk systems decreases with the central baryonic mass surface density, and is consistent with the trend reported by kinematic studies at $z\lesssim3$; roughly half the disks have $f_{\rm DM}(<R_{\rm e})\lesssim30\%$. The CRISTAL sample of massive MS SFGs provides a reference of the kinematics of a representative population and extends the view onto typical galaxies beyond previous kpc-scale studies at $z\lesssim3$. △ Less

Submitted 15 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures, 7 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 701, A260 (2025)

Direct imaging discovery of a young giant planet orbiting on Solar System scales

Authors: T. Stolker, M. Samland, L. B. F. M. Waters, M. E. van den Ancker, W. O. Balmer, S. Lacour, M. L. Sitko, J. J. Wang, M. Nowak, A. -L. Maire, J. Kammerer, G. P. P. L. Otten, R. Abuter, A. Amorim, M. Benisty, J. -P. Berger, H. Beust, S. Blunt, A. Boccaletti, M. Bonnefoy, H. Bonnet, M. S. Bordoni, G. Bourdarot, W. Brandner, F. Cantalloube , et al. (80 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: HD 135344 AB is a young visual binary system that is best known for the protoplanetary disk around the secondary star. The circumstellar environment of the A0-type primary star, on the other hand, is already depleted. HD 135344 A is therefore an ideal target for the exploration of recently formed giant planets because it is not obscured by dust. We searched for and characterized substellar compani… ▽ More HD 135344 AB is a young visual binary system that is best known for the protoplanetary disk around the secondary star. The circumstellar environment of the A0-type primary star, on the other hand, is already depleted. HD 135344 A is therefore an ideal target for the exploration of recently formed giant planets because it is not obscured by dust. We searched for and characterized substellar companions to HD 135344 A down to separations of about 10 au. We observed HD 135344 A with VLT/SPHERE in the $H23$ and $K12$ bands and obtained $YJ$ and $YJH$ spectroscopy. In addition, we carried out VLTI/GRAVITY observations for the further astrometric and spectroscopic confirmation of a detected companion. We discovered a close-in young giant planet, HD 135344 Ab, with a mass of about 10 $M_\mathrm{J}$. The multi-epoch astrometry confirms the bound nature based on common parallax and common proper motion. This firmly rules out the scenario of a non-stationary background star. The semi-major axis of the planetary orbit is approximately 15-20 au, and the photometry is consistent with that of a mid L-type object. The inferred atmospheric and bulk parameters further confirm the young and planetary nature of the companion. HD 135344 Ab is one of the youngest directly imaged planets that has fully formed and orbits on Solar System scales. It is a valuable target for studying the early evolution and atmosphere of a giant planet that could have formed in the vicinity of the snowline. △ Less

Submitted 8 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Orbit and atmosphere of HIP 99770 b through the eyes of VLTI/GRAVITY

Authors: T. O. Winterhalder, J. Kammerer, S. Lacour, A. Mérand, M. Nowak, T. Stolker, W. O. Balmer, G. -D. Marleau, R. Abuter, A. Amorim, R. Asensio-Torres, J. -P. Berger, H. Beust, S. Blunt, M. Bonnefoy, H. Bonnet, M. S. Bordoni, G. Bourdarot, W. Brandner, F. Cantalloube, P. Caselli, B. Charnay, G. Chauvin, A. Chavez, E. Choquet , et al. (70 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Context: Inferring the likely formation channel of giant exoplanets and brown dwarf companions from orbital and atmospheric observables remains a formidable challenge. Further and more precise directly measured dynamical masses of these companions are required to inform and gauge formation, evolutionary, and atmospheric models. We present an updated study of HIP 99770 b based on observations condu… ▽ More Context: Inferring the likely formation channel of giant exoplanets and brown dwarf companions from orbital and atmospheric observables remains a formidable challenge. Further and more precise directly measured dynamical masses of these companions are required to inform and gauge formation, evolutionary, and atmospheric models. We present an updated study of HIP 99770 b based on observations conducted with VLTI/GRAVITY. Aims: Combining the new data with previous observations from the literature, we characterise HIP 99770 b to better constrain its orbit, dynamical mass, and atmospheric properties, as well as to shed light on its likely formation channel. Methods: We ran a renewed orbit fit to further constrain the dynamical mass of the companion and the orbit solution. We also analysed the GRAVITY K-band spectrum, placing it into context with literature data, and extracting magnitude, age, spectral type, bulk properties and atmospheric characteristics of HIP 99770 b. Results: We detected the companion at a radial separation of $417\,\mathrm{mas}$ from its host. The new orbit fit yields a dynamical mass of $17_{-5}^{+6}\,\mathrm{M}_\mathrm{Jup}$ and an eccentricity of $0.31_{-0.12}^{+0.06}$. We also find that additional relative astrometry epochs in the future will not enable further constraints on the dynamical mass due to the dominating relative uncertainty on the Hipparcos-Gaia proper motion anomaly. The publication of Gaia DR4 will likely ease this predicament. We find that the companion is consistent with spectral type L8 and exhibits a potential metal enrichment in its atmosphere. Conclusions: These results do not yet allow for a definite inference of the companion's formation channel. Nevertheless, the new constraints on its bulk properties and the additional GRAVITY spectrum presented here will aid future efforts to determine the formation history of HIP 99770 b. △ Less

Submitted 30 June, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

The JWST/AURORA Survey: Multiple Balmer and Paschen Emission Lines for Individual Star-forming Galaxies at z=1.5-4.4. I. A Diversity of Nebular Attenuation Curves and Evidence for Non-Unity Dust Covering Fractions

Authors: Naveen A. Reddy, Alice E. Shapley, Ryan L. Sanders, Michael W. Topping, Richard S. Ellis, Max Pettini, Gabriel Brammer, Fergus Cullen, Natascha M. Forster Schreiber, Ali A. Khostovan, Derek J. McLeod, Ross J. McLure, Desika Narayanan, Pascal A. Oesch, Anthony J. Pahl, Charles C. Steidel, Danielle A. Berg

Abstract: We present the nebular attenuation curves and dust covering fractions for 24 redshift z=1.5-4.4 star-forming galaxies using multiple Balmer and Paschen lines from the JWST/AURORA survey. Nebular reddening derived from Paschen lines exceeds that from Balmer lines for at least half the galaxies in the sample when assuming the commonly-adopted Galactic extinction curve, implying the presence of heavi… ▽ More We present the nebular attenuation curves and dust covering fractions for 24 redshift z=1.5-4.4 star-forming galaxies using multiple Balmer and Paschen lines from the JWST/AURORA survey. Nebular reddening derived from Paschen lines exceeds that from Balmer lines for at least half the galaxies in the sample when assuming the commonly-adopted Galactic extinction curve, implying the presence of heavily reddened star formation. The nebular attenuation curves exhibit a broad range of normalizations (Rv ~ 3.2-16.4). Motivated by the offsets in reddening deduced from the Balmer and Paschen lines, and the high Rv values for the individual nebular attenuation curves, both of which suggest variations in the dust-stars geometry, we propose a model with a subunity dust covering fraction (fcov). Fitting such a model to the HI recombination line ratios indicates fcov ~ 0.6-1.0. The normalizations of the nebular attenuation curves, Rv, are driven primarily by fcov and the mix of reddened and unreddened OB associations. Thus, the diversity of nebular attenuation curves can be accommodated by assuming dust grain properties similar to that of Milky Way sightlines but with a subunity covering fraction of dust. Integrated measurements of multiple Balmer and Paschen lines can be used to place novel constraints on the dust covering fraction towards OB associations. These, in turn, provide new avenues for exploring the role of dust and gas covering fraction in a number of relevant aspects of high-redshift galaxies, including the impact of stellar feedback on ISM porosity and the escape of Ly-alpha and Lyman continuum radiation. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2026; v1 submitted 20 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 30 pages, 28 figures, 1 table; published 2026 February 20

Journal ref: ApJ, 999, 15 (2026)

The AURORA Survey: Tracing Galactic Outflows at $z\gtrsim2.5$ with JWST/NIRSpec NUV Absorption Lines

Authors: Emily Kehoe, Alice E. Shapley, Ryan L. Sanders, Naveen A. Reddy, Natalie Lam, Leonardo Clarke, Fergus Cullen, Richard S. Ellis, N. M. Forster Schreiber, Tucker Jones, Ali Ahmad Khostovan, Derek J. McLeod, Ross J. McLure, Desika Narayanan, Pascal Oesch, Anthony J. Pahl

Abstract: We probe galactic-scale outflows in star-forming galaxies at $z\gtrsim2.5$ drawn from the \textit{JWST}/NIRSpec AURORA program. For the first time, we directly compare outflow properties from the early universe to the present day using near-UV absorption lines. We measure ISM kinematics from Fe\,{\sc ii} and Mg\,{\sc ii} absorption features in 41 and 43 galaxies, respectively, and examine how thes… ▽ More We probe galactic-scale outflows in star-forming galaxies at $z\gtrsim2.5$ drawn from the \textit{JWST}/NIRSpec AURORA program. For the first time, we directly compare outflow properties from the early universe to the present day using near-UV absorption lines. We measure ISM kinematics from Fe\,{\sc ii} and Mg\,{\sc ii} absorption features in 41 and 43 galaxies, respectively, and examine how these kinematics correlate with galaxy properties. We find that galaxies with outflows tend to have higher stellar masses, and that maximum outflow velocities increase with stellar mass, SFR, UV slope $β$, $E(B-V)$, and $A_V$. We also find that Mg\,{\sc ii} emission is more common in galaxies with lower masses, higher sSFRs, and less dust. These trends are consistent with those in star-forming galaxies at $z<2$ when using the same outflow tracers, suggesting that the feedback from star formation has played a persistent role in shaping galaxy evolution over cosmic time. We also directly compare near-UV and far-UV features in the same NIRSpec spectrum for a $z=5.19$ galaxy, finding consistent ISM kinematics and demonstrating that different tracers yield comparable measurements. We also detect Na\,D absorption in 10 galaxies, which have higher stellar mass, SFR, and dust attenuation compared to galaxies without Na\,D absorption, which is consistent with $z\sim0$ studies. The broad continuum coverage and sensitivity of NIRSpec will enable future studies with larger samples, allowing for robust tests of these trends across a wider dynamic range of galaxy properties. △ Less

Submitted 22 January, 2026; v1 submitted 20 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, accepted to ApJ

Fast Rotators at Cosmic Noon: Stellar Kinematics for 15 Quiescent Galaxies from JWST-SUSPENSE

Authors: Martje Slob, Mariska Kriek, Anna de Graaff, Chloe M. Cheng, Aliza G. Beverage, Rachel Bezanson, Natascha M. Forster Schreiber, Brian Lorenz, Pavel E. Mancera Piña, Danilo Marchesini, Adam Muzzin, Andrew B. Newman, Sedona H. Price, Katherine A. Suess, Jesse van de Sande, Pieter van Dokkum, Daniel R. Weisz

Abstract: We present spatially-resolved stellar kinematics of 15 massive ($M_*=10^{10.5-11.5}M_{\odot}$) quiescent galaxies at $z\sim1.2-2.3$ from the JWST-SUSPENSE program. This is the largest sample of spatially-resolved kinematic measurements of quiescent galaxies at cosmic noon to date. Our measurements are derived from ultra-deep NIRSpec/MSA stellar absorption line spectra, using a forward modelling ap… ▽ More We present spatially-resolved stellar kinematics of 15 massive ($M_*=10^{10.5-11.5}M_{\odot}$) quiescent galaxies at $z\sim1.2-2.3$ from the JWST-SUSPENSE program. This is the largest sample of spatially-resolved kinematic measurements of quiescent galaxies at cosmic noon to date. Our measurements are derived from ultra-deep NIRSpec/MSA stellar absorption line spectra, using a forward modelling approach that accounts for optics, source morphology, positioning, and data reduction effects. 10 out of 15 galaxies are orientated such that we can measure rotational support. Remarkably, all 10 galaxies show significant rotation ($V_{r_e}=117-345$km/s, $σ_0 = 180-387$km/s), and are classified as "fast rotators" from their spin parameter. The remaining galaxies are too misaligned with respect to the slit to constrain their rotational velocities. The widespread rotational support in our sample indicates that the process responsible for quenching star formation in early massive galaxies did not destroy rotating disc structures. When combined with other quiescent galaxy samples at $z\sim0.5-2.5$, we find a trend between rotational support and age, with younger quiescent galaxies being more rotationally supported. This age trend has also been found at $z\sim0$, and likely explains why our high-redshift galaxies show more rotational support compared to massive ETGs at $z\sim0$, which are, on average, older. Our kinematic modelling also enables us to calculate dynamical masses. These dynamical masses greatly exceed the stellar masses for our sample (median $M_{\text{dyn}}/M_*=2.7$); they even allow for the bottom-heavy IMF found in the cores of low-$z$ massive ellipticals. Altogether, our results support a scenario in which distant quiescent galaxies evolve into nearby massive ETGs, gradually building up their outskirts and simultaneously losing rotation, due to a series of (mostly minor) mergers. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2025; v1 submitted 4 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: Accepted in A&A; 15 pages, 10 figures (excluding appendices)

Journal ref: A&A 702, A110 (2025)

Evolution of Gas Velocity Dispersion in Discs from $z\sim8$ to $z\sim0.5$

Authors: E. Wisnioski, J. T. Mendel, R. Leaman, T. Tsukui, H. Übler, N. M. Förster Schreiber

Abstract: Together optical/near infrared integral field spectroscopy and resolved sub-millimetre interferometry data have mapped the ionised and molecular gas motions in nearly one thousand galaxies at redshifts $z>0.5$. While these measurements have revealed a number of key properties about the evolution of disc structure and kinematics, heterogenous techniques and samples have led to disparate findings -… ▽ More Together optical/near infrared integral field spectroscopy and resolved sub-millimetre interferometry data have mapped the ionised and molecular gas motions in nearly one thousand galaxies at redshifts $z>0.5$. While these measurements have revealed a number of key properties about the evolution of disc structure and kinematics, heterogenous techniques and samples have led to disparate findings - especially when comparing different dynamical tracers (e.g., H$α$, [C$\scriptstyle\rm~II$], CO). In this paper we present a literature compilation of 237 disc galaxies with measurements of velocity dispersion and rotational velocity between $z=0.5-8$, a subset of 63 galaxies have measurements of molecular gas fractions. We explore the connection between disc velocity dispersion measurements over 8 Gyrs as traced by multiple phases with the expectations from Toomre stability models. When sample properties are taken into account (e.g., stellar mass, tracer) there is little evolution in disc dispersions between $z\sim1.5-8$, consistent with expectations from model assumptions. We find ionised gas dispersions are higher by $\sim2\times$ from molecular gas dispersions at a fixed gas mass. These results are sensitive to the molecular gas tracer with results from [C$\scriptstyle\rm~II$] showing mixed behaviour indicative of its multi-phase origin. The [C$\scriptstyle\rm~II$] kinematics can be reconciled with molecular and ionised gas tracers when star-formation rates are taken into account. △ Less

Submitted 29 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 11 figures; Submitted to MNRAS

NOEMA$^{\rm 3D}$: A first kpc resolution study of a $z\sim1.5$ main sequence barred galaxy channeling gas into a growing bulge

Authors: Stavros Pastras, Reinhard Genzel, Linda J. Tacconi, Karl Schuster, Roberto Neri, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Thorsten Naab, Capucine Barfety, Andreas Burkert, Yixian Cao, Jianhang Chen, Françoise Combes, Ric Davies, Frank Eisenhauer, Juan M. Espejo Salcedo, Santiago García-Burillo, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Jean-Baptiste Jolly, Lilian L. Lee, Minju M. Lee, Daizhong Liu, Dieter Lutz, Amit Nestor Shachar, Eleonora Parlanti, Sedona H. Price , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a very deep CO(3-2) observation of a massive, gas-rich, main sequence, barred spiral galaxy at $z\approx1.52$. Our data were taken with the IRAM-NOEMA interferometer for a 12-antenna equivalent on-source integration time of $\sim$ 50 hours. We fit the major axis kinematics using forward modelling of a rotating disk, and then subtract the two-dimensional beam convolved best-fit model rev… ▽ More We present a very deep CO(3-2) observation of a massive, gas-rich, main sequence, barred spiral galaxy at $z\approx1.52$. Our data were taken with the IRAM-NOEMA interferometer for a 12-antenna equivalent on-source integration time of $\sim$ 50 hours. We fit the major axis kinematics using forward modelling of a rotating disk, and then subtract the two-dimensional beam convolved best-fit model revealing signatures of planar non-circular motions in the residuals. The inferred in-plane radial velocities are remarkably large, of the order of $\approx60$ km/s. Direct comparisons with a high-resolution, simulated, gas-rich, barred galaxy, obtained with the moving mesh code AREPO and the TNG sub-grid model, show that the observed non-circular gas flows can be explained as radial flows driven by the central bar, with an inferred net inflow rate of the order of the SFR. Given the recent evidence for a higher-than-expected fraction of barred disk galaxies at cosmic noon, our results suggest that rapid gas inflows due to bars could be important evolutionary drivers for the dominant population of star-forming galaxies at the peak epoch of star and galaxy formation. △ Less

Submitted 12 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 20 pages, 11 figures, submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 704, A329 (2025)

Exploring the presence of a fifth force at the Galactic Center

Authors: The GRAVITY Collaboration, K. Abd El Dayem, R. Abuter, N. Aimar, P. Amaro Seoane, A. Amorim, J. P. Berger, H. Bonnet, G. Bourdarot, W. Brandner, V. Cardoso, Y. Clénet, R. Davies, P. T. de Zeeuw, A. Drescher, A. Eckart, F. Eisenhauer, H. Feuchtgruber, G. Finger, N. M. Förster Schreiber, A. Foschi, P. Garcia, E. Gendron, R. Genzel, S. Gillessen , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Aims: The presence of a Yukawa-like correction to Newtonian gravity is investigated at the Galactic Center, leading to a new upper limit for the intensity of such a correction. Methods: We perform a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis using the astrometric and spectroscopic data of star S$2$ collected at the Very Large Telescope by GRAVITY, NACO and SINFONI instruments, covering the period from… ▽ More Aims: The presence of a Yukawa-like correction to Newtonian gravity is investigated at the Galactic Center, leading to a new upper limit for the intensity of such a correction. Methods: We perform a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis using the astrometric and spectroscopic data of star S$2$ collected at the Very Large Telescope by GRAVITY, NACO and SINFONI instruments, covering the period from $1992$ to $2022$. Results: The precision of the GRAVITY instrument allows us to derive the most stringent upper limit at the Galactic Center for the intensity of the Yukawa contribution ($\propto \, αe^{- λr}$) to be $|α| < 0.003$ for a scale length $λ= 3 \cdot 10^{13}\, \rm m\, (\sim 200 \, \rm AU)$. This improves by roughly one order of magnitude all estimates obtained in previous works. △ Less

Submitted 24 February, 2026; v1 submitted 3 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: Updated to match published version. Accepted on A&A

Journal ref: A&A 698, L15 (2025)

Galaxy morphologies at cosmic noon with JWST: A foundation for exploring gas transport with bars and spiral arms

Authors: Juan M. Espejo Salcedo, Stavros Pastras, Josef Vácha, Claudia Pulsoni, Reinhard Genzel, N. M. Förster Schreiber, Jean-Baptiste Jolly, Capucine Barfety, Jianhang Chen, Giulia Tozzi, Daizhong Liu, Lilian L. Lee, Stijn Wuyts, Linda J. Tacconi, Ric Davies, Hannah Übler, Dieter Lutz, Emily Wisnioski, Jinyi Shangguan, Minju Lee, Sedona H. Price, Frank Eisenhauer, Alvio Renzini, Amit Nestor Shachar, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus

Abstract: The way in which radial flows shape galaxy structure and evolution remains an open question. Internal drivers of such flows, such as bars and spiral arms, known to mediate gas flows in the local Universe, are now observable at high redshift thanks to JWST's unobscured view. We investigated the morphology of massive star-forming galaxies at 0.8<z<1.3 and 2.0<z<2.5, epochs marking the peak and decli… ▽ More The way in which radial flows shape galaxy structure and evolution remains an open question. Internal drivers of such flows, such as bars and spiral arms, known to mediate gas flows in the local Universe, are now observable at high redshift thanks to JWST's unobscured view. We investigated the morphology of massive star-forming galaxies at 0.8<z<1.3 and 2.0<z<2.5, epochs marking the peak and decline of cosmic star formation, both well covered by kinematic surveys. Using JWST/NIRCam imaging, we visually classified 1,451 galaxies, identified nonaxisymmetric features, counted the number of spiral arms, analyzed nonparametric morphological indicators, and studied the dynamical support of the sample covered by kinematics ($\approx$ 11% of the sample) as measured via $v/σ$. Disks dominate the sample (fraction $0.82 \pm 0.03$); among them, $0.48 \pm 0.04$ exhibit spiral structure and $0.11 \pm 0.03$ host bars. Both fractions decline with redshift, in agreement with previous studies. The proportion of two- and three-armed spirals remains largely unchanged across our redshift bins: approximately two-thirds show two arms and one-third show three arms in both bins. Notably, we find a higher incidence of three-armed spirals ($\approx 0.30$) than reported in the local Universe ($\approx 0.20$), suggesting a mild evolution in spiral arm multiplicity. Nonparametric morphological metrics strongly correlate with stellar mass but show no significant redshift evolution. Finally, kinematic analysis reveals a correlation between disk morphology and rotational support: most disks exhibit $v/σ> 3$ and median values of $v/σ> 7$ for spirals and $v/σ> 5$ for barred galaxies. This study establishes a population-wide framework for linking galaxy morphology and dynamics at cosmic noon, providing a key reference for future studies on the role of detailed structural features in galaxy evolution. △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2025; v1 submitted 27 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Accepted to Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 700, A42 (2025)

A large-scale ring galaxy at z = 2.2 revealed by JWST/NIRCam: kinematic observations and analytical modelling

Authors: A. Nestor Shachar, A. Sternberg, R. Genzel, D. Liu, S. H. Price, C. Pulsoni, L. J. Tacconi, R. Herrera-Camus, N. M. Forster Schreiber, A. Burkert, J. B. Jolly, D. Lutz, S. Wuyts, C. Barfety, Y. Cao, J. Chen, R. Davies, F. Eisenhauer, J. M. Espejo Salcedo, L. L. Lee, M. Lee, T. Naab, S. Pastras, T. T. Shimizu, E. Sturm , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A unique galaxy at z = 2.2, zC406690, has a striking clumpy large-scale ring structure that persists from rest UV to near-infrared, yet has an ordered rotation and lies on the star-formation main sequence. We combine new JWST/NIRCam and ALMA band 4 observations, together with previous VLT/SINFONI integral field spectroscopy and HST imaging to re-examine its nature. The high-resolution H$α$ kinemat… ▽ More A unique galaxy at z = 2.2, zC406690, has a striking clumpy large-scale ring structure that persists from rest UV to near-infrared, yet has an ordered rotation and lies on the star-formation main sequence. We combine new JWST/NIRCam and ALMA band 4 observations, together with previous VLT/SINFONI integral field spectroscopy and HST imaging to re-examine its nature. The high-resolution H$α$ kinematics are best fitted if the mass is distributed within a ring with total mass $M_{\rm{ring}} = 2 \times 10^{10} M_\odot$ and radius $R_{ring}$ = 4.6 kpc, together with a central undetected mass component (e.g., a "bulge") with a dynamical mass of $M_{bulge} = 8 \times 10^{10} M_\odot$. We also consider a purely flux emitting ring superposed over a faint exponential disk, or a highly "cuspy" dark matter halo, both disfavored against a massive ring model. The low-resolution CO(4-3) line and 142GHz continuum emission imply a total molecular and dust gas masses of $M_{mol,gas} = 7.1 \times 10^{10}M_\odot$ and $M_{dust} = 3 \times 10^8 M_\odot$ over the entire galaxy, giving a dust-to-mass ratio of 0.7%. We estimate that roughly half the gas and dust mass lie inside the ring, and that $\sim 10\%$ of the total dust is in a foreground screen that attenuates the stellar light of the bulge in the rest-UV to near-infrared. Sensitive high-resolution ALMA observations will be essential to confirm this scenario and study the gas and dust distribution. △ Less

Submitted 8 June, 2025; v1 submitted 2 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 20 figures

Spectroastrometry and Reverberation Mapping of Active Galactic Nuclei. II. Measuring Geometric Distances and Black Hole Masses of Four Nearby Quasars

Authors: Yan-Rong Li, Jinyi Shangguan, Jian-Min Wang, Ric Davies, Daryl J. Santos, Frank Eisenhauer, Yu-Yang Songsheng, Hartmut Winkler, Jesús Aceituno, Hua-Rui Bai, Jin-Ming Bai, Michael S. Brotherton, Yixian Cao, Yong-Jie Chen, Pu Du, Feng-Na Fang, Jia-Qi Feng, Helmut Feuchtgruber, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Yi-Xin Fu, Reinhard Genzel, Stefan Gillessen, Luis C. Ho, Chen Hu, Jun-Rong Liu , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The geometric distances of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are challenging to measure because of their exceptionally compact structure yet vast cosmic distances. A combination of spectroastrometry and reverberation mapping (SARM) of broad-line regions (BLRs) constitutes a novel means to probe the geometric distance of AGNs, which has recently become practically feasible owing to successful interfero… ▽ More The geometric distances of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are challenging to measure because of their exceptionally compact structure yet vast cosmic distances. A combination of spectroastrometry and reverberation mapping (SARM) of broad-line regions (BLRs) constitutes a novel means to probe the geometric distance of AGNs, which has recently become practically feasible owing to successful interferometric observations with VLTI/GRAVITY. Here, we perform SARM analysis of four nearby quasars: Mrk 509, PDS 456, 3C 273, and NGC 3783. Results for the former two are reported for the first time and the latter two are revisited using our improved BLR dynamical modeling that includes the radial-dependent responsivity of BLRs. This allows us to self-consistently account for the emissivity weighting of the BLR in spectroastrometry and responsivity weighting in reverberation mapping. We obtain angular-diameter distances of the four quasars, from which we derive a Hubble constant of $H_0=69_{-10}^{+12}\,\rm km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}$. Although this constitutes a large uncertainty for a measurement of $H_0$, it is anticipated that the precision will improve to a competitive level once a greater number of AGNs are accessible following the upgrade of GRAVITY in the near future. From SARM analysis, the black hole masses of the four quasars are also measured with the statistical uncertainty ranging from 0.06 to 0.23 dex, consistent with the correlations between black hole masses and properties of the host bulges. △ Less

Submitted 28 June, 2025; v1 submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 15 figures, 4 tables; ApJ in press

PHIBSS: Searching for Molecular Gas Outflows in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z =$ 0.5-2.6

Authors: Capucine Barfety, Jean-Baptiste Jolly, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Linda J. Tacconi, Reinhard Genzel, Giulia Tozzi, Andreas Burkert, Jianhang Chen, Françoise Combes, Ric Davies, Frank Eisenhauer, Juan M. Espejo Salcedo, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Lilian L. Lee, Minju M. Lee, Daizhong Liu, Roberto Neri, Amit Nestor Shachar, Sedona H. Price, Alvio Renzini, Amiel Sternberg, Eckhard Sturm, Dieter Lutz, Thorsten Naab, Stavros Pastras , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present an analysis of millimeter CO observations to search and quantify signatures of molecular gas outflows. We exploit the large sample of $0.5 < z < 2.6$ galaxies observed as part of the PHIBSS1/2 surveys with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer, focusing on the 154 typical massive star-forming galaxies with CO detections (mainly CO(3-2), but including also CO(2-1) and CO(6-5)) at signa… ▽ More We present an analysis of millimeter CO observations to search and quantify signatures of molecular gas outflows. We exploit the large sample of $0.5 < z < 2.6$ galaxies observed as part of the PHIBSS1/2 surveys with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer, focusing on the 154 typical massive star-forming galaxies with CO detections (mainly CO(3-2), but including also CO(2-1) and CO(6-5)) at signal-to-noise (SNR) > 1.5 and available properties (stellar mass, star formation rate, size) from ancillary data. None of the individual spectra exhibit a compelling signature of CO outflow emission even at high SNR > 7. To search for fainter outflow signatures, we carry out an analysis of stacked spectra, including the full sample, as well as subsets, split in terms of stellar mass, redshift, inclination, offset in star formation rate (SFR) from the main sequence, and AGN activity. None of the physically motivated subsamples show any outflow signature. We report a tentative detection in a subset statistically designed to maximize outflow signatures. We derive upper limits on molecular gas outflow rate and mass loading factors $η$ based on our results and find $η\leq$ 2.2-35.4, depending on the subsample. Much deeper CO data and observations of alternative tracers are needed to decisively constrain the importance of cold molecular gas component of outflows relative to other gas phases. △ Less

Submitted 10 June, 2025; v1 submitted 18 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

The AURORA Survey: The Evolution of Multi-phase Electron Densities at High Redshift

Authors: Michael W. Topping, Ryan L. Sanders, Alice E. Shapley, Anthony J. Pahl, Naveen A. Reddy, Daniel P. Stark, Danielle A. Berg, Leonardo Clarke, Fergus Cullen, James S. Dunlop, Richard S. Ellis, N. M. Förster Schreiber, Garth D. Illingworth, Tucker Jones, Desika Narayanan, Max Pettini, Daniel Schaerer

Abstract: We present an analysis of deep $\textit{JWST}$/NIRSpec spectra of star-forming galaxies at $z\simeq1.4-10$, observed as part of the AURORA survey. We infer median low-ionization electron densities of $268_{-49}^{+45}~\rm cm^{-3}$, $350_{-76}^{+140}~\rm cm^{-3}$, and $480_{-310}^{+390}~\rm cm^{-3}$ at redshifts z$=2.3$, $z=3.2$, and $z=5.3$, respectively, revealing an evolutionary trend following… ▽ More We present an analysis of deep $\textit{JWST}$/NIRSpec spectra of star-forming galaxies at $z\simeq1.4-10$, observed as part of the AURORA survey. We infer median low-ionization electron densities of $268_{-49}^{+45}~\rm cm^{-3}$, $350_{-76}^{+140}~\rm cm^{-3}$, and $480_{-310}^{+390}~\rm cm^{-3}$ at redshifts z$=2.3$, $z=3.2$, and $z=5.3$, respectively, revealing an evolutionary trend following $(1+z)^{1.5\pm0.6}$. We identify weak positive correlations between electron density and star formation rate (SFR) as well as SFR surface density, but no significant trends with stellar mass or specific SFR. Correlations with rest-optical emission line ratios show densities increasing with $\rm [NeIII]\lambda3869/[OII]\lambda3727$ and, potentially, $\rm [OIII]\lambda5007/[OII]\lambda3727$, although variations in dust attenuation complicate the latter. Additionally, electron density is more strongly correlated with distance from the local BPT sequence than can be explained by simple photoionization models. We further derive electron densities from the CIII] doublet probing higher-ionization gas, and find a median value of $1.4_{-0.5}^{+0.7}\times10^4~\rm cm^{-3}$, $\sim30$ times higher than densities inferred from [SII]. This comparison suggests a consistent HII region structure across cosmic time with dense, high-ionization interiors surrounded by less dense, low-ionization gas. We compare measurements of AURORA galaxies to predictions from the SPHINX galaxy formations, highlighting the interplay between residual molecular cloud pressure in young galaxies and feedback from stellar winds and supernovae as galaxies mature. △ Less

Submitted 12 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 8 figures; submitted

Assessing the dark matter content of two quasar host galaxies at z~6 through gas kinematics

Authors: Qinyue Fei, John D. Silverman, Seiji Fujimoto, Ran Wang, Luis C. Ho, Manuela Bischetti, Stefano Carniani, Michele Ginolfi, Gareth C. Jones, Roberto Maiolino, Wiphu Rujopakarn, N. M. Förster Schreiber, Juan M. Espejo Salcedo, Lilian L. Lee

Abstract: We conduct a study of the gas kinematics of two quasar host galaxies at $z\gtrsim6$ traced by the [CII] emission line using ALMA. By combining deep observations at both low and high resolution, we recover the diffuse emission, resolve its structure, and measure the rotation curves from the inner region of the galaxy to its outskirts using DysmalPy and 3DBarolo. Assuming that both galaxies exhibit… ▽ More We conduct a study of the gas kinematics of two quasar host galaxies at $z\gtrsim6$ traced by the [CII] emission line using ALMA. By combining deep observations at both low and high resolution, we recover the diffuse emission, resolve its structure, and measure the rotation curves from the inner region of the galaxy to its outskirts using DysmalPy and 3DBarolo. Assuming that both galaxies exhibit disk rotation driven by the gravitational potential of the galaxy, we find that the best-fit disk models have a $V_{\rm rot}/σ\approx 2$ and inferred circular velocities out to $\sim$6-8 kpc scales, well beyond the likely stellar distribution. We then determine the mass profiles of each component (stars, gas, dark matter) with priors on the baryon and dark matter properties. We find relatively large dark matter fractions within their effective radii ($f_{\rm DM}(R<R_e)$ = $0.61_{-0.08}^{+0.08}$ and $0.53_{-0.23}^{+0.21}$, respectively), which are significantly larger than those extrapolated from lower redshift studies and remain robust under different input parameters verified by Monte-Carlo simulations. The large $f_{\rm DM}(R<R_e)$ corresponds to halo masses of $\sim 10^{12.5}-10^{12.8}\, M_\odot$, thus representative of the most massive halos at these redshifts. Notably, while the masses of these SMBHs are approximately 1 dex higher than the low-redshift relationship with stellar mass, the closer alignment of SMBH and halo masses with a local relationship may indicate that the early formation of these SMBHs is linked to their dark matter halos, providing insights into the co-evolution of galaxies and black holes in the early universe. △ Less

Submitted 18 January, 2025; v1 submitted 15 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 32 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables. ApJ in press. Comments are welcome

Discovery of Ancient Globular Cluster Candidates in the Relic, a Quiescent Galaxy at $z=2.5$

Authors: Katherine E. Whitaker, Sam E. Cutler, Rupali Chandar, Richard Pan, David J. Setton, Lukas J. Furtak, Rachel Bezanson, Ivo Labbé, Joel Leja, Katherine A. Suess, Bingjie Wang, John R. Weaver, Hakim Atek, Gabriel B. Brammer, Robert Feldmann, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Karl Glazebrook, Anna de Graaff, Jenny E. Greene, Gourav Khullar, Danilo Marchesini, Michael V. Maseda, Tim B. Miller, Houjun Mo, Lamiya A. Mowla , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Globular clusters (GCs) are some of the oldest bound structures in the Universe, holding clues to the earliest epochs of star formation and galaxy assembly. However, accurate age measurements of ancient clusters are challenging due to the age-metallicity degeneracy. Here, we report the discovery of 36 compact stellar systems within the 'Relic', a massive, quiescent galaxy at $z=2.53$. The Relic re… ▽ More Globular clusters (GCs) are some of the oldest bound structures in the Universe, holding clues to the earliest epochs of star formation and galaxy assembly. However, accurate age measurements of ancient clusters are challenging due to the age-metallicity degeneracy. Here, we report the discovery of 36 compact stellar systems within the 'Relic', a massive, quiescent galaxy at $z=2.53$. The Relic resides in an overdensity behind the Abell~2744 cluster, with a prominent tidal tail extending towards two low-mass companions. Using deep data from the UNCOVER/MegaScience JWST Surveys, we find that clusters formed in age intervals ranging from 8~Myr up to $\sim2$~Gyr, suggesting a rich formation history starting at $z\sim10$. While the cluster-based star formation history is broadly consistent with the high past star formation rates derived from the diffuse host galaxy light, one potential discrepancy is a tentative $\sim2-3\times$ higher rate in the cluster population for the past Gyr. Taken together with the spatial distribution and low inferred metallicities of these young-to-intermediate age clusters, we may be seeing direct evidence for the accretion of star clusters in addition to their early in situ formation. The cluster masses are high, $\sim10^6-10^7~M_{\odot}$, which may explain why we are able to detect them around this likely post-merger galaxy. Overall, the Relic clusters are consistent with being precursors of the most-massive present-day GCs. This unique laboratory enables the first connection between long-lived, high-redshift clusters and local stellar populations, offering insights into the early stages of GC evolution and the broader processes of galaxy assembly. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 23 pages, 8 figures. ApJ, in press (minor updates to affiliations and copyediting)

A Shallow Slope for the Stellar Mass--Angular Momentum Relation of Star-Forming Galaxies at $1.5 < z < 2.5$

Authors: Juan M. Espejo Salcedo, Karl Glazebrook, Deanne B. Fisher, Sarah M. Sweet, Danail Obreschkow, N. M. Förster Schreiber

Abstract: We present measurements of the specific angular momentum $j_\star$ of 41 star-forming galaxies at $1.5<z<2.5$. These measurements are based on radial profiles inferred from near-IR \textit{HST} photometry, along with multi-resolution emission-line kinematic modelling using integral field spectroscopy (IFS) data from KMOS, SINFONI, and OSIRIS. We identified 24 disks (disk fraction of… ▽ More We present measurements of the specific angular momentum $j_\star$ of 41 star-forming galaxies at $1.5<z<2.5$. These measurements are based on radial profiles inferred from near-IR \textit{HST} photometry, along with multi-resolution emission-line kinematic modelling using integral field spectroscopy (IFS) data from KMOS, SINFONI, and OSIRIS. We identified 24 disks (disk fraction of $58.6\pm 7.7\%$) and used them to parametrize the $j_\star$ \textit{vs} stellar mass $M_\star$ relation (Fall relation) as $j_\star\propto M_\star^β$. We measure a power-law slope $β=0.25\pm0.15$, which deviates by approximately $3σ$ from the commonly adopted local value $β= 0.67$, indicating a statistically significant difference. We find that two key systematic effects could drive the steep slopes in previous high-redshift studies: first, including irregular (non-disk) systems due to limitations in spatial resolution and second, using the commonly used approximation $\tilde{j}_\star\approx k_n v_s r_\mathrm{eff}$, which depends on global unresolved quantities. In our sample, both effects lead to steeper slopes of $β=0.48\pm0.21$ and $β=0.61\pm0.21$, respectively. To understand the shallow slope, we discuss observational effects and systematic uncertainties and analyze the retention of $j_\star$ relative to the angular momentum of the halo $j_h$ (angular momentum retention factor $f_j =j_\star/j_h$). For the $M_\star$ range covered by the sample $9.5 <\log_{10} (M_\star/M_\odot) < 11.5$ (halo mass $11.5 < \log_{10} (M_h/M_\odot) < 14$), we find large $f_j$ values ($>1$ in some cases) in low-mass haloes that decrease with increasing mass, suggesting a significant role of efficient angular momentum transport in these gas-rich systems, aided by the removal of low-$j_\star$ gas via feedback-driven outflows in low-mass galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 26 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 29 pages, 18 figures, 24 appendix figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Journal ref: MNRAS 536, 1188-1216 (2025)

Disk kinematics at high redshift: DysmalPy's extension to 3D modeling and comparison with different approaches

Authors: Lilian L. Lee, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Sedona H. Price, Daizhong Liu, Reinhard Genzel, Richard I Davies, Linda J. Tacconi, Thomas T. Shimizu, Amit Nestor Shachar, Juan M. Espejo Salcedo, Stavros Pastras, Stijn Wuyts, Dieter Lutz, Alvio Renzini, Hannah D. Übler, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Amiel Sternberg

Abstract: Spatially-resolved emission line kinematics are invaluable to investigating fundamental galaxy properties and have become increasingly accessible for galaxies at $z\gtrsim0.5$ through sensitive near-infrared imaging spectroscopy and millimeter interferometry. Kinematic modeling is at the core of the analysis and interpretation of such data sets, which at high-z present challenges due to lower sign… ▽ More Spatially-resolved emission line kinematics are invaluable to investigating fundamental galaxy properties and have become increasingly accessible for galaxies at $z\gtrsim0.5$ through sensitive near-infrared imaging spectroscopy and millimeter interferometry. Kinematic modeling is at the core of the analysis and interpretation of such data sets, which at high-z present challenges due to lower signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and resolution compared to data of local galaxies. We present and test the 3D fitting functionality of DysmalPy, examining how well it recovers intrinsic disk rotation velocity and velocity dispersion, using a large suite of axisymmetric models, covering a range of galaxy properties and observational parameters typical of $z\sim1$-$3$ star-forming galaxies. We also compare DysmalPy's recovery performance to that of two other commonly used codes, GalPak3D and 3DBarolo, which we use in turn to create additional sets of models to benchmark DysmalPy. Over the ranges of S/N, resolution, mass, and velocity dispersion explored, the rotation velocity is accurately recovered by all tools. The velocity dispersion is recovered well at high S/N, but the impact of methodology differences is more apparent. In particular, template differences for parametric tools and S/N sensitivity for the non-parametric tool can lead to differences up to a factor of 2. Our tests highlight and the importance of deep, high-resolution data and the need for careful consideration of: (1) the choice of priors (parametric approaches), (2) the masking (all approaches) and, more generally, evaluating the suitability of each approach to the specific data at hand. This paper accompanies the public release of DysmalPy. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 38 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Deep kiloparsec view of the molecular gas in a massive star-forming galaxy at cosmic noon

Authors: Sebastián Arriagada-Neira, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Vicente Villanueva, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Minju Lee, Alberto Bolatto, Jianhang Chen, Reinhard Genzel, Daizhong Liu, Alvio Renzini, Linda J. Tacconi, Giulia Tozzi, Hannah Übler

Abstract: We present deep ($\sim$ 20 hr), high-angular resolution Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the $\rm CO ~ (4-3)$ and $\rm [CI] ~ (1-0)$ transitions, along with the rest-frame 630 $μ$m dust continuum, in BX610 --a massive, main-sequence galaxy at the peak epoch of cosmic star formation $(z = 2.21)$. Combined with deep Very Large Telescope (VLT) SINFONI observations o… ▽ More We present deep ($\sim$ 20 hr), high-angular resolution Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the $\rm CO ~ (4-3)$ and $\rm [CI] ~ (1-0)$ transitions, along with the rest-frame 630 $μ$m dust continuum, in BX610 --a massive, main-sequence galaxy at the peak epoch of cosmic star formation $(z = 2.21)$. Combined with deep Very Large Telescope (VLT) SINFONI observations of the H$α$ line, we characterize the molecular gas and star formation activity on kiloparsec scales. Our analysis reveals that the excitation of the molecular gas, as traced by the $L'_{\rm CO ~ (4-3)} / L'_{\rm [CI] ~ (1-0)}$ line luminosity ratio, decreases with increasing galactocentric radius. While the line luminosity ratios in the outskirts are similar to those typically found in main-sequence galaxies at $z \sim 1$, the ratios in the central regions of BX610 are comparable to those observed in local starbursts. There is also a giant extra-nuclear star-forming clump in the southwest of BX610 that exhibits high star formation activity, molecular gas abundance, and molecular gas excitation. Furthermore, the central region of BX610 is rich in molecular gas $(M_{\rm mol} / M_{\rm \star} \approx 1)$; however, at the current level of star formation activity, such molecular gas is expected to be depleted in $\sim$ 450 Myr. This, along with recent evidence for rapid inflow toward the center, suggests that BX610 may be experiencing an evolutionary phase often referred to as wet compaction, which is expected to lead to central gas depletion and subsequent inside-out quenching of star formation activity. △ Less

Submitted 22 October, 2024; v1 submitted 18 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics. 09 pages, 05 figures

Journal ref: A&A 696, A83 (2025)

The cool brown dwarf Gliese 229 B is a close binary

Authors: Jerry W. Xuan, A. Mérand, W. Thompson, Y. Zhang, S. Lacour, D. Blakely, D. Mawet, R. Oppenheimer, J. Kammerer, K. Batygin, A. Sanghi, J. Wang, J. -B. Ruffio, M. C. Liu, H. Knutson, W. Brandner, A. Burgasser, E. Rickman, R. Bowens-Rubin, M. Salama, W. Balmer, S. Blunt, G. Bourdarot, P. Caselli, G. Chauvin , et al. (54 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Owing to their similarities with giant exoplanets, brown dwarf companions of stars provide insights into the fundamental processes of planet formation and evolution. From their orbits, several brown dwarf companions are found to be more massive than theoretical predictions given their luminosities and the ages of their host stars (e.g. Brandt et al. 2021, Cheetham et al. 2018, Li et al. 2023). Eit… ▽ More Owing to their similarities with giant exoplanets, brown dwarf companions of stars provide insights into the fundamental processes of planet formation and evolution. From their orbits, several brown dwarf companions are found to be more massive than theoretical predictions given their luminosities and the ages of their host stars (e.g. Brandt et al. 2021, Cheetham et al. 2018, Li et al. 2023). Either the theory is incomplete or these objects are not single entities. For example, they could be two brown dwarfs each with a lower mass and intrinsic luminosity (Brandt et al. 2021, Howe et al. 2024). The most problematic example is Gliese 229 B (Nakajima et al. 1995, Oppenheimer et al. 1995), which is at least 2-6 times less luminous than model predictions given its dynamical mass of $71.4\pm0.6$ Jupiter masses ($M_{\rm Jup}$) (Brandt et al. 2021). We observed Gliese 229 B with the GRAVITY interferometer and, separately, the CRIRES+ spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope. Both sets of observations independently resolve Gliese 229 B into two components, Gliese 229 Ba and Bb, settling the conflict between theory and observations. The two objects have a flux ratio of $0.47\pm0.03$ at a wavelength of 2 $μ$m and masses of $38.1\pm1.0$ and $34.4\pm1.5$ $M_{\rm Jup}$, respectively. They orbit each other every 12.1 days with a semimajor axis of 0.042 astronomical units (AU). The discovery of Gliese 229 BaBb, each only a few times more massive than the most massive planets, and separated by 16 times the Earth-moon distance, raises new questions about the formation and prevalence of tight binary brown dwarfs around stars. △ Less

Submitted 15 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Published in Nature. The Version of Record of this article is located at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08064-x

The AURORA Survey: An Extraordinarily Mature, Star-forming Galaxy at $z\sim 7$

Authors: Alice E. Shapley, Ryan L. Sanders, Michael W. Topping, Naveen A. Reddy, Anthony J. Pahl, Pascal A. Oesch, Danielle A. Berg, Rychard J. Bouwens, Gabriel Brammer, Adam C. Carnall, Fergus Cullen, Romeel Davé, James S. Dunlop, Richard S. Ellis, N. M. Förster Schreiber, Steven R . Furlanetto, Karl Glazebrook, Garth D. Illingworth, Tucker Jones, Mariska Kriek, Derek J. McLeod, Ross J. McLure, Desika Narayanan, Max Pettini, Daniel Schaerer , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the properties of a massive, large, dusty, metal-rich, star-forming galaxy at z_spec=6.73. GOODSN-100182 was observed with JWST/NIRSpec as part of the AURORA survey, and is also covered by public multi-wavelength HST and JWST imaging. While the large stellar mass of GOODSN-100182 (~10^10 M_sun) was indicated prior to JWST, NIRCam rest-optical imaging now reveals the presence of an exten… ▽ More We present the properties of a massive, large, dusty, metal-rich, star-forming galaxy at z_spec=6.73. GOODSN-100182 was observed with JWST/NIRSpec as part of the AURORA survey, and is also covered by public multi-wavelength HST and JWST imaging. While the large stellar mass of GOODSN-100182 (~10^10 M_sun) was indicated prior to JWST, NIRCam rest-optical imaging now reveals the presence of an extended disk (r_eff~1.5 kpc). In addition, the NIRSpec R~1000 spectrum of GOODSN-100182 includes the detection of a large suite of rest-optical nebular emission lines ranging in wavelength from [OII]3727 up to [NII]6583. The ratios of Balmer lines suggest significant dust attenuation (E(B-V)_gas=0.40+0.10/-0.09), consistent with the red rest-UV slope inferred for GOODSN-100182 (beta=-0.50+/-0.09). The star-formation rate based on dust-corrected H-alpha emission is log(SFR(H-alpha)/ M_sun/yr)=2.02+0.13/-0.14, well above the z~7 star-forming main sequence in terms of specific SFR. Strikingly, the ratio of [NII]6583/H-alpha emission suggests almost solar metallicity, as does the ratio ([OIII]5007/H-beta)/([NII]6583/H-alpha) and the detection of the faint [FeII]4360 emission feature. Overall, the excitation and ionization properties of GOODSN-100182 more closely resemble those of typical star-forming galaxies at z~2-3 rather than z~7. Based on public spectroscopy of the GOODS-N field, we find that GOODSN-100182 resides within a significant galaxy overdensity, and is accompanied by a spectroscopically-confirmed neighbor galaxy. GOODSN-100182 demonstrates the existence of mature, chemically-enriched galaxies within the first billion years of cosmic time, whose properties must be explained by galaxy formation models. △ Less

Submitted 31 January, 2025; v1 submitted 30 September, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 16 pages, 13 figures, accepted to ApJ