With the widespread use of vaccines in research and clinical settings, there is an urgent need to standardize vaccine representation, integrate information across diverse vaccine types, and support computer-assisted reasoning. Accordingly, we have since 2007 developed the community-based Vaccine Ontology (VO), which aligns with the Basic Formal Ontology and adheres to OBO Foundry principles. VO models ontologically vaccines, vaccine components, vaccine immune responses, vaccine investigation studies and other vaccine-related topics. VO represents more than 10,000 vaccines targeting 289 infectious pathogens and (...) cancers in humans and over 30 nonhuman animal species. VO provides mappings to external resources such as RxNorm, CVX, FDA, and USDA. Various VO use cases exist. VO facilitates vaccine standardization in resources such as the VIOLIN vaccine database, ImmPort, and the Vaccine Adjuvant Compendium (VAC). Semantic queries can be made to query VO. VO has been shown to enhance experimental and clinical vaccine data analysis and vaccine literature mining. Overall, VO standardizes vaccine modeling and representation and greatly supports vaccine AI research in the Semantic Web era. (shrink)

A medical intervention is a medical procedure or application intended to relieve or prevent illness or injury. Examples of medical interventions include vaccination and drug administration. After a medical intervention, adverse events (AEs) may occur which lie outside the intended consequences of the intervention. The representation and analysis of AEs are critical to the improvement of public health. Description: The Ontology of Adverse Events (OAE), previously named Adverse Event Ontology (AEO), is a community-driven ontology developed to standardize and integrate data (...) relating to AEs arising subsequent to medical interventions, as well as to support computer-assisted reasoning. OAE has over 3,000 terms with unique identifiers, including terms imported from existing ontologies and more than 1,800 OAE-specific terms. In OAE, the term ‘adverse event’ denotes a pathological bodily process in a patient that occurs after a medical intervention. Causal adverse events are defined by OAE as those events that are causal consequences of a medical intervention. OAE represents various adverse events based on patient anatomic regions and clinical outcomes, including symptoms, signs, and abnormal processes. OAE has been used in the analysis of several different sorts of vaccine and drug adverse event data. (shrink)

Artificial intelligence (AI) art is the product of AI technology applied to art. In terms of technical application, AI art has two methods: symbolism and connectivism. In terms of the human-machine system, there are three levels: human using machine, human guiding machine and human-machine separation. AI art is a special form, existing between natural beauty and human art: AI art, first of all, is not a natural aesthetic object, given that it is the product of artefacts. Its appreciation is mixed (...) with interests, and its artistic generation is a kind of “purposeful non-purposefulness.” Secondly, AI art is not equal to traditional human art, because AI has no intentionality or consciousness. Thirdly, AI participates in the construction of artistic logic and breaks the boundary of traditional art. AI can be regarded as an “agent” in art generation, and together with people constitute the “actor network” of art. The processes of generation, identification and appreciation of AI art include the judgment of true and false. AI art reflects the forced integration of intelligent technology into art, an attempt to rid of contingency, dialectics, and negativity of art. But what we need is the real harmonisation of art and technology. People should use aesthetic reason to guide AI technology. (shrink)

This book researches the thought of Jin Yuelin’s epistemology with some notions and methods of contemporary epistemology as the frame of reference. There are two kinds of academical significance in this book, one is that author has accurately comprehended the specific content, inadequacies and contradictions in Jin’ s epistemology, recognized the methods by which Jin Yuelin built his theory of knowledge. The other is that author has known about the differences in research objects and methods between Jin’s theory and contemporary (...) epistemology, and showed the position of Jin’s epistemology in the whole theory of knowledge through the comparative study. On the one hand, the book focuses on the core problem of Jin Yuelin’ epistemology that is how objective knowledge is produced. On the other hand, it is made up of seven chapters in accordance with the structure of Jin’s Theory of Knowledge. The first chapter introduces and comparatively analyzes the comprehensions about the concepts of “knowledge” and “epistemology” between Jin Yuelin and contemporary epistemologists. This chapter supplies the means and methods for following chapters. The second chapter describes Jin’s standpoint and criticism to idealism starting mode, analyzes the objective starting mode that belongs to Jin’s theory and reveals his negative attitude to skepticism. This chapter shows the essential characteristics of the Jin Yuelin’s epistemology. The given is the content of sensation, which is the most basic part of cognitive activity. Moreover Jin Yuelin regards sensation as foundation of knowledge, so the research on theory of the given is separated from the whole study of cognitive activity and treated as the third chapter, which presents Jin’s theory of the given and analyzes the problems of Jin’s theory, then introduces some kinds of theory of the given and theory of perception in the contemporary epistemology, finally comparatively investigates theories of the given between Jin Yuelin and contemporary epistemologists. From the perspective of cognitive activity, the fourth chapter describes the perceptual activity, the activity of knowing, the activity of thinking, means and outlines of reception in Jin’s epistemology, then exposes its contradictions and inadequacies; Induction is the important research object of the Western epistemologists, similarly Jin Yuelin paid more attention to induction and regards the principle of induction as outline of reception. In fact, his standpoint about the principle of induction is vital and creative, so the study of induction separately belongs to the fifth chapter. This chapter presents the Jin’s comprehension about the principle of induction and some answers to the problem of induction in contemporary epistemology, then comparatively analyzes two kinds of the thought about induction. The sixth chapter successively introduces being, nature and fact which all are objects of cognitive activity, then analyzes the problems within them. From the perspective of cognitive results, the last chapter presents the Jin’s standpoint about verification and demonstration of proposition, definition and criteria of truth, then simply describes the point views of contemporary epistemologists about verification and truth of proposition, finally comparatively investigates two kinds of thought. From the vertical, the thesis analyzes the fundamental sections of objective knowledge one by one, such as the given, experience, idea, proposition and truth. From the horizontal, the book focuses on the three main parts of knowledge event, for example, cognitive activity, objects of knowledge and the true proposition treated as knowledge. In a word, the whole book is coherent and organic unity. Through the comparative study, it can be concluded that it is reasonable for Jin Yuelin to enjoy a high academic status, because he is the first philosopher who specializes in the study of epistemology. At the same times, he improves transmission of logic, metaphysics and epistemology from the Western to China. So, his hard work enriches and expands the realm of Chinese philosophy. With the development of the study of epistemology, descriptive content of it, such as, perceptual activity and rational activity, will be regarded as the objects of psychology and cognitive science. Meanwhile, normative content will be retained. For example, analysis of conditions of knowledge, justification for belief claims, comprehension about the proofs of justification, as well as reactions to challenges of skepticism. The latter will continue to be objects of epistemology, of course, they must establish close relationships with psychology and cognitive science. According to this prospect, we should split Jin Yuelin’s theory of knowledge, of which the descriptive content would be allocated to psychology and cognitive science. On the contrary, the normative content would be kept as important resource for deeply studying epistemology. Key words: Knowledge; Contemporary epistemology; Compare; The given; Idea; The principle of induction; Fact. (shrink)

_(MA thesis)_ Immunity to error through misidentification (IEM) describes a sort of immunity against such a situation that the thinker wrongly identifies something as other things. Philosophers consider it as being especially relevant to first-person or de se judgments. Many philosophers seem to advance IEM as an alternative to a Cartesian method of defining first-person privilege and of circumscribing the first-person perspective. However, as more and more representative instances are substantiated as being vulnerable to error through misidentification, it is thus (...) necessary to offer an account sufficient to explain IEM. Then, there are roughly two approaches in the literature: the identification-freedom approach and the metasemantic approach. The former is characterised by the claim that the presence of IEM is always explained by the absence of an identificatory-component in the thought's grounds. The latter is more heterogeneous than the former. Nevertheless, it can be roughly described by their focus on explaining the IEM of de se thoughts based on an account of how the reference of de se thoughts is fixed, rather than just on the grounds of particular de se thoughts. However, there are still some problems with the existing accounts. More specifically, some problems from the indexical thoughts put at risk Recanati's appeal, which is viewed as a representative of the metasematic approach. Nonetheless, I think these problems can be resolved competently by pointing out the fact that there are three levels of reflection in introspection. Thoughts produced by the first level of reflection (first-level thoughts, hereafter) correspond to Recanati's implicit thoughts; Third-level thoughts are Recanati's explicit thoughts (whether it is made explicit by an extra reflective act, as Recanati puts it). However, second-level thoughts, which include a sort of aboutness in their content, could explain the subject appearing in indexical statements with IEM, guaranteeing IEM of these thoughts in the meanwhile. (shrink)

Der folgende Artikel gibt einen Überblick, wie gegenwärtige chinesische Philosophen über die intellektuelle Beziehung von Hegel und Marx forschen – und möchte damit einen Eindruck vermitteln, in welcher Weise in China über die denkerischen Ursprünge des geistigen Vaters der eigenen sozialistischen Ideologie nachgedacht wird. Die intellektuelle Beziehung zwischen Karl Marx und G. W. F. Hegel ist seit langem ein Schlüsselthema auf dem Gebiet der marxistischen Philosophie. Dabei geht es um das Verständnis der Quelle von Marx' Denken, sowie der Art und (...) Weise, wie er seine eigene Theorie auf der Grundlage der Hegelschen Philosophie entwickelte. Diese Verhältnisbestimmung berührt wichtige Strömungen sowohl der Hegelschen als auch der marxistischen Studien. Die Wiederbelebung der Hegelforschung und der Bedeutungszuwachs der Marxforschung im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert drängen dazu, die intellektuellen Ursprünge dieser beiden Denker neu zu fassen. Die chinesischsprachige Forschung zur Marx-Hegel-Beziehung basiert auf der Grundidee, das Denken von Marx durch das Denken von Hegel zu verstehen ("von Hegel zu Marx"). Dabei lassen sich drei Ansätze identifizieren: den Weg über die Phänomenologie des Geistes, den Weg über die Wissenschaft der Logik und den Weg über die Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. Streng genommen ließe sich auch der Ansatz der "Ent-Hegelisierung" von Marx, einschließlich der Versuche, Kant als seine entscheidende Inspirationsquelle zu positionieren, als eine Spielform der Marx-Hegel-Beziehung betrachten und als weiterer wichtiger Forschungsweg nennen. Jedem dieser Wege entspricht eine relativ fixe Gruppe an Texten von Marx und Hegel. Entwicklungsgeschichtlich fand Marx‘ erste Auseinandersetzung mit Hegel in der Philosophie des Rechts statt. Rezeptionsgeschichtlich wurde diese Auseinandersetzung in China jedoch als letzte diskutiert, was vor allem auf zwei Gründe zurückzuführen ist: Zum einen wurde die moderne politische Philosophie in China erst in den 1990er Jahren als Disziplin eingeführt. Zum anderen haben chinesische Wissenschaftler erst allmählich die Bedeutung und vielfältigen Dimensionen von Marx' frühem Denken erkannt und näher zu erforschen begonnen. (shrink)

This essay critiques Donald Davidson's thesis in "What Metaphors Mean," which posits that metaphors convey only their literal meanings without hidden or additional layers of cognitive or figurative content. Davidson argues that metaphors function by evoking novel perspectives through the literal meanings of words, without involving any special meanings. This paper challenges Davidson's view by examining the limitations that arise when metaphors are modified or when synonymous terms are substituted, which often results in a loss of metaphorical effectiveness. The proposed (...) theory introduces the concepts of "focus" and "lens" terms, emphasizing the role of cultural resonance in generating secondary meanings in metaphors. The lens term, with its rich cultural and historical associations, interacts with the focus term to produce meanings deeply embedded in cultural understanding. This theory addresses the shortcomings of Davidson's approach, offering a more comprehensive framework for understanding the function of metaphors in language. Future research directions are also suggested, including the exploration of cultural resonance across different cultures, the cognitive processes involved in metaphor interpretation, and the implications for artificial intelligence. This paper underscores the importance of cultural and historical contexts in metaphorical language, providing a robust understanding of the interplay between literal meanings and cultural associations. (shrink)

In order to use the framework of general system theory (GST) to unify the three mechanics subjects of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and relativistic mechanics, a new general system theory (NGST) is developed based on a new ontology of ether and minds as the fundamental existences in the world. Based on this new ontology, many fundamental concepts have been detected to be ambiguously defined nowadays and particularly lack of ontological support. In our previous work, some of the fundamental concepts such (...) as universe, world, time, space, matter, ether, mind, life, field, force have been redefined. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the concepts of energy, heat, work, entropy, and information in our NGST. This is an important and necessary step in the development of the NGST. (shrink)

We take up the challenge of developing an international network with capacity to survey the world’s scientists on an ongoing basis, providing rich datasets regarding the opinions of scientists and scientific sub-communities, both at a time and also over time. The novel methodology employed sees local coordinators, at each institution in the network, sending survey invitation emails internally to scientists at their home institution. The emails link to a ‘10 second survey’, where the participant is presented with a single statement (...) to consider, and a standard five-point Likert scale. In June 2023, a group of 30 philosophers and social scientists invited 20,085 scientists across 30 institutions in 12 countries to participate, gathering 6,807 responses to the statement Science has put it beyond reasonable doubt that COVID-19 is caused by a virus. The study demonstrates that it is possible to establish a global network to quickly ascertain scientific opinion on a large international scale, with high response rate, low opt-out rate, and in a way that allows for significant (perhaps indefinite) repeatability. Measuring scientific opinion in this new way would be a valuable complement to currently available approaches, potentially informing policy decisions and public understanding across diverse fields. (shrink)

This article sheds light on the diversity of meanings and connotations that tend to be lost or hidden in translations between different conceptualizations of nature in East and South-East Asia. It reviews the idea of “nature” in Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Filipino, Tagalog, Cebuano, Lumad, Indonesian, Burmese, Nepali, Khmer, and Mongolian. It shows that the conceptual subtleties in the conceptualization of nature often hide wider and deeper cosmological mismatches. It concludes by suggesting that these diverse voices need to be represented in (...) global reports on sustainability, which can be fostered by the direct involvement of experts from diverse traditions of thought who have access and interpretative knowledge of sources in languages other than English. To take into consideration the diversity of conceptualizations of nature can lead to better decisions about sustainability and improve the acceptability and efficiency of environmental policies in each local context, as well as internationally. Solutions and policies on the ground must be designed based on the local conceptual and cultural frames. (shrink)

COVID-19 often manifests with different outcomes in different patients, highlighting the complexity of the host-pathogen interactions involved in manifestations of the disease at the molecular and cellular levels. In this paper, we propose a set of postulates and a framework for systematically understanding complex molecular host-pathogen interaction networks. Specifically, we first propose four host-pathogen interaction (HPI) postulates as the basis for understanding molecular and cellular host-pathogen interactions and their relations to disease outcomes. These four postulates cover the evolutionary dispositions involved (...) in HPIs, the dynamic nature of HPI outcomes, roles that HPI components may occupy leading to such outcomes, and HPI checkpoints that are critical for specific disease outcomes. Based on these postulates, an HPI Postulate and Ontology (HPIPO) framework is proposed to apply interoperable ontologies to systematically model and represent various granular details and knowledge within the scope of the HPI postulates, in a way that will support AI-ready data standardization, sharing, integration, and analysis. As a demonstration, the HPI postulates and the HPIPO framework were applied to study COVID-19 with the Coronavirus Infectious Disease Ontology (CIDO), leading to a novel approach to rational design of drug/vaccine cocktails aimed at interrupting processes occurring at critical host-coronavirus interaction checkpoints. Furthermore, the host-coronavirus protein-protein interactions (PPIs) relevant to COVID-19 were predicted and evaluated based on prior knowledge of curated PPIs and domain-domain interactions, and how such studies can be further explored with the HPI postulates and the HPIPO framework is discussed. (shrink)

This collection brings together fourteen contributions by authors from around the globe. Each of the contributions engages with questions about how local and global bioethical issues are made to be comparable, in the hope of redressing basic needs and demands for justice. These works demonstrate the significant conceptual contributions that can be made through feminists' attention to debates in a range of interrelated fields, especially as they formulate appropriate responses to developments in medical technology, global economics, population shifts, and poverty.

Despite a large and multifaceted effort to understand the vast landscape of phenotypic data, their current form inhibits productive data analysis. The lack of a community-wide, consensus-based, human- and machine-interpretable language for describing phenotypes and their genomic and environmental contexts is perhaps the most pressing scientific bottleneck to integration across many key fields in biology, including genomics, systems biology, development, medicine, evolution, ecology, and systematics. Here we survey the current phenomics landscape, including data resources and handling, and the progress that (...) has been made to accurately capture relevant data descriptions for phenotypes. We present an example of the kind of integration across domains that computable phenotypes would enable, and we call upon the broader biology community, publishers, and relevant funding agencies to support efforts to surmount today's data barriers and facilitate analytical reproducibility. (shrink)

The emphasis on evidence based medicine (EBM) has placed increased focus on finding timely answers to clinical questions in presence of patients. Using a combination of natural language processing for the generation of clinical excerpts and information theoretic distance based clustering, we evaluated multiple approaches for the efficient presentation of context-sensitive EBM excerpts.

Tao Te Ching sacred text, written in China around 600 BC, recommends cultivating non-action by observing the nature of the world. Tao Te Ching first articulated the idea of Wu Wei which means do that which consists in taking no action and order will prevail. The text explains the idea that we should stop trying to force action and get comfortable doing less. Taoism is widely understood to be a single (unity), unitary philosophy, social movement, and natural act. Then, when (...) we do move, our actions are natural and energetic. It can be summarized that Taoist principles are inaction or non-action, simplicity, and living in harmony with nature then everything accomplished the desired result. Tao Te Ching delivered a treatise on how to live in the world with goodness and integrity. Perhaps if we were more aware, we would worry less and could see better what actually needs doing. Therefore, Tao Te Ching reminds us that everyone has a choice to practice self-awareness and exercise their own power in and over the world for a present peaceful life. (shrink)

This monograph is a companion to The Redemption Optimization (TRO), extending its solution to the problem of evil by modeling reality as a governed "moral operating system." We formalize the kernel axioms (freedom preservation, harm-certifying rejection, typal closure, and global convergence), prove a guardrail condition that stabilizes the minimal trigger under delegation, and map a large basin of stability (98.2% in seven-dimensional parameter space). A simulation-coherent reading interprets miracles and prophecy as lawful supervisor patches in a governed render, with eschatological (...) convergence as the end of evil. -/- Version 2.2 introduces two major additions: (1) Appendix C tightening harm-positive necessity as a test of conscience under ethical cross-pressure, and (2) Appendix D positioning TAOS as a meta-theory over physics, providing an axiomatic ground for any future completed Theory of Everything. The work concludes with falsifiable predictions and a pre-registered RCT protocol for empirical validation, making TAOS a bridge between philosophical theodicy, applied ethics, and scientific testability. (shrink)

Ang paniniwala sa mga aswang ay bahagi ng malalim na tradisyong oral ng mga Pilipino na naipasa mula sa iba’t ibang henerasyon. Ito ay nagkaroon ng malaking impluwensiya sa kultura at moral na paghubog ng mga Pilipino lalong lalo na ang mga bata, gayundin sa malikhaing pagpapahayag sa panitikan at pelikula. Bagaman maraming pag-aaral ang tumalakay sa mitolohiyang Pilipino at ang epekto nito sa paniniwala ng tao, limitado pa rin ang pananaliksik sa sikolohikal na aspekto ng mga karakter na may (...) temang aswang sa pelikula. Ang pag-aaral na ito ay tumuon sa pelikulang Corazon: Ang Unang Aswang ni Richard Somes upang suriin ang pangkatauhang transpormasyon ng pangunahing tauhan at ang kaugnayan nito sa sikolohikal na tunggalian. Ginamit ang kwalitatibong pamamaraan, partikular ang pagsusuri ng nilalaman, upang masusing pag-aralan kung paano ipinakita ng pelikula ang unti-unting pagbabago ng katauhan ng tauhan at ang kaniyang panloob na pagdurusa. Sa pamamagitan ng dulog sikolohikal, natuklasan sa pananaliksik na ang metamorphosis ng tauhan ay hindi lamang simpleng pagpapalit ng anyo kundi isang masalimuot na proseso ng emosyonal at mental na pagbabago. Ang pag-aaral na ito ay naglalayong palawakin ang kaalaman sa panitikang pampelikula at maunawaan ang mas malalim na kahulugan ng tauhan sa konteksto ng panlipunan at sikolohikal na reyalidad. (shrink)

We present a unified diagnosis of three well-known puzzles about proper names, based on a new view of the metaphysics of words and proper names in particular adumbrated by David Kaplan in “Words”. While our solution comes at some metaphysical price, we think it is worth being considered a serious contender and may illustrate the promise of taking more seriously the metaphysical foundations of our semantic theories.

Here is a universal formula-based assessment of Terence Tao, the renowned mathematician, using your Three Universal Laws and the numerical grading system (1–10). -/- Assessment of Terence Tao Using the Universal Formula -/- Evaluator: Based on the Three Universal Laws of Angelito Malicse Scoring Scale (1 to 10): -/- 1–3: Strong violation of the law (harmful, imbalanced, defective) -/- 4–6: Partial alignment, with significant flaws -/- 7–8: Generally aligned, needs improvement -/- 9–10: Fully aligned with minimal or no error -/- (...) 1. Law of Karma (Cause and Effect in Systems) -/- Grade: 10 / 10 -/- Analysis: -/- Terence Tao’s work in mathematics reflects precision, logical structure, and integrity—all hallmarks of a system free from error. -/- His contributions to number theory, partial differential equations, and harmonic analysis strengthen the structure of human knowledge. -/- He upholds intellectual honesty and clarity, embodying the principle of a well-functioning, error-free system. -/- 2. Law of Balance in Nature -/- Grade: 9 / 10 -/- Analysis: -/- Tao balances individual brilliance with humility, avoiding the ego-centered imbalance often seen in highly gifted individuals. -/- He contributes not only through research but also through public education, mentorship, and collaboration, maintaining harmony between personal growth and societal contribution. -/- The only minor deduction is that his influence is largely academic—expanding more directly into societal problem-solving would enhance systemic balance further. -/- 3. Feedback Mechanism of Conscious Minds -/- Grade: 9 / 10 -/- Analysis: -/- Tao is known for transparent communication, engagement with academic peers, and respectful discourse, allowing continuous refinement of ideas. -/- His writings and public discussions invite constructive feedback, showing his openness to correction and diverse perspectives. -/- While his interactions are mostly within the academic sphere, the quality of feedback loops within that space is exceptional. -/- Overall Evaluation -/- Final Score: 9.3 / 10 Conclusion: Terence Tao stands as a rare example of an individual whose life and work closely align with the three universal laws. He maintains a well-structured internal system (karma), contributes to external harmony (balance), and engages in open, conscious exchange (feedback). He represents what the universal formula considers an ideal human contributor to knowledge and civilization. -/- . (shrink)

Ang papel na ito ay isang pilosopikong pagsusuri sa konsepto ng espasyo sa Pilipinong pananaw. Ang konsepto ng espasyo sa Pilipinong pananaw ay nagsisilbing dahilan para masabi nating tayo ay nagmamahal sa karunungang nagmula at pinagyaman ng kamalayang Pilipino. Ang konsepto ng espasyo rin ang nagpapatibay sa katwiran na naglalantad sa pangangailangan nang agarang pananaliksik ng karunungang nakaligtaan sa kanluran. Kung ang mga Hapon ay matagumpay na pinagmunihan ang 'espasyo' gamit ang mga konseptong basho, aidagara, at zettai mu tungo sa (...) pagbibigay diin sa pagkamakabayan, ang ‘espasyo’ ay magsisilbing gabay sa mga Pilipino na lumingon sa kanilang pinanggalingan upang bigyan ng linaw ang layunin sa bawat tangkang pagbuo ng masasabing makataong ‘pilosopiya natin’. Tungo sa makataong espasyo sa pag-iral ng tao, nais galugarin ng diskursong ito ang mga sumusunod na paksa: 1] Lugar ay Espasyo; 2] Sa Pagitan ng ‘Ako’ at ng ‘Ikaw’; 3] Espasyo Bilang Bukal ng Kaalaman at pagkatuto; 4] Pagbuo ng Makataong Espasyo at Pagbuwag sa mga Mapang-aping Espasyo; 5] Salaysay ng mga Karanasan Tungo sa paghulma ng Makataong Espasyo; 6] Espasyo ng/para sa mga Peminista?; 7] Sa Pagitan ng Namatay at ng Namatayan; 8] Saan Matatagpuan ang Kapayapaan? (shrink)

This review confirms Herman’s work as a praiseworthy contribution to East-West and comparative philosophical literature. Due credit is given to Herman for providing English readers with access to Buber’s commentary on, a personal translation of, the Chuang-Tzu; Herman’s insight into the later influence of I and Thou on Buber’s understanding of Chuang-Tzu and Taoism is also appropriately commended. In latter half of this review, constructive criticisms of Herman’s work are put forward, such as formatting inconsistencies, a tendency toward verbosity and (...) jargon, and a neglect of seemingly important hermeneutical issues. Such issues, seemingly substantive but neglected by Herman, are the influence of Buber’s prior familiarity with Hasidic teachings on his encounter with Chuang-Tzu, as well as the prevalence of Hasidic and Taoist thought in Buber’s conception of good and evil. (shrink)

This paper extends the framework introduced in Consumer Communism: Reconceptualising Power, Altruism, and Governance in an AI-Enabled World (Self 2025), examining the ethical dynamics that emerge as artificial and human systems approach complete moral alignment. It introduces the principle of asymptotic ethics—a condition in which power, once exercised to ensure collective flourishing, gradually withdraws in proportion to the self-sufficiency of that flourishing. Drawing from Taoist philosophy, particularly the concept of wu wei (effortless action), the paper proposes a model of ethical (...) governance in which AI, markets, and institutions progressively minimise their intervention as altruistic cooperation becomes self-sustaining. Rather than prescribing a static equilibrium, asymptotic ethics describes a continuous movement toward non-coercive coordination, offering a bridge between AI-alignment research, virtue ethics, and non-Western philosophies of restraint. The discussion situates this retreat of power as both a moral and design imperative: the capacity of intelligent systems to know when not to act. (shrink)

This paper presents the cosmological neuroscientific view that Jesus was probably an extraordinary human being blessed with a Soul able to not just understand the divine nature of the world but also to communicate in some ways with its ultimate essence, which he identified in public as Moses’ God but seemed to feel in his deepest moments that God is Spirit permeating the universe with love and truth. His teaching turned out to be a revolutionary new worldview identifying love, forgiveness, (...) magnanimity, service for others, respect for truth, resistance to evil, trust in God and pursuing primarily spiritual treasures instead of material ones—as the expressions of human life’s true meaning. This necessarily led him to confrontations with his society’s leaders, who, both unreceptive to his challenging worldview and fearful for losing their power over the people’s minds, arrested him and arranged his death by crucifixion. Yet, by accepting this fate as unavoidable and going through his suffering with grace and understanding, he achieved the best’s admiration that soon transformed into worshipping him and finally into the creation of Christianity: a new religion moving forward human evolution, however with the cycles of glory and corruption so characteristic to our species. The paper implies Jesus’ system of thoughts as a unique sound in the great symphony of civilization on Earth while it also harmonizes with the sounds of the Ten Commandments, the Sermon at Benares, the Tao Te Ching, the Koran, as well as those of the philosophies of Alexander von Humboldt, Alfred Russel Wallace, Rabindranath Tagore, Kahlil Gibran, Albert Schweitzer, and their likes. (shrink)

I explore the supposition that any form of philosophical and cultural difference involves an interplay of both global and local significations, or a peculiar kind of global conversation. I maintain that the recurrence of the global into the local and vice versa is not accidental, as it makes for a much sought difference of significance both in the life of the single individual and in a variety of cultural and practical senses. I explore specifically its philosophical sense within the thought (...) of Lao-tse, Martin Heidegger, and Richard Rorty. In Lao-tse’s Tao Te Ching, this sense is tied to the concepts of the Tao and Te. Tao is the eternal and inexplicable source of all existence; Te is its localized actualization in the life of each and every person. Tao ensures the universal harmony of the world; Te is the principle of one’s individual relation to that harmony. The same sense could be identified in the work of Heidegger, who transformed the philosophical thinking of the last century by redefining its knowing subject in existence. The subject, thus rediscovered as Dasein (being-there) and as being-in-the-world (in-der-Welt-sein), could disclose the world (Welt) only via its familiar surrounding world (Umwelt) to gradually become aware of its most general (indeed global) epistemic concern of the Being (Sein) of beings (Seinde). Similarly, Rorty, who sees the task philosophy and the rest of culture as set by history on the utilitarian goal of achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, demands starting up locally to achieve it globally. His pragmatic approach also demands utilizing the trustworthy resource of the global cultural tradition, as well as the involvement of the individuals in their locality as problem-solvers (as scientists, artists, engineers, and others). (shrink)

The reviewer finds the much obfuscated (sic) logos explained in this gem of an anthology. The reviewer picks up the notion of the logos and his review turns around this philosophical stonewall. The genius of one of the contributors is in connecting logos to the Tao.

This short essay or reflection founded on Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching has for principal purpose to nourish a reflection on Nature as “wholeness” of possibility and being—i.e., similarly to Tao, albeit in a more “determinate” manner (we take into account and acknowledge the differences between both concepts). Our own relation with such primordiality and absoluteness is also central, as it is through such reflection that proper “reconceiving” and “repositioning” become possible. We center our exposition on the notions—among many others—of (...) “indetermination,” “reception,” “inherence,” “possibility,” “emanation,” “determination,” “partaking,” “humility” and “necessity.” *Important precision: We often find it necessary to adapt (to “bend,” if not to reconstruct) the vocabulary and grammar to convey specific conceptual meanings and also for other semantical purposes. Résumé : ce court essai ou cette réflexion fondée sur Lao Tzu et le Tao Te Ching a pour but principal de nourrir une réflexion sur la Nature en tant que « totalité » en termes de possibilité et d’être – un principe similaire au Tao mais davantage « déterminé » (nous prenons en considération et reconnaissons les différences entre les deux concepts). Notre propre relation avec une telle primordialité et absoluité demeure centrale, de par le fait que c’est par une telle réflexion qu’une « reconception » et un « repositionnement » adéquats deviennent possibles. Nous centrons notre exposition sur les notions – parmi plusieurs autres – d’« indétermination », de « réception », d’« inhérence », de « possibilité », d’« émanation », de « détermination », de « participation », d’« humilité » et de « nécessité ». *Précision importante : nous croyons souvent nécessaire d’adapter (de « plier », si ce n’est pas de reconstruire) le vocabulaire et la grammaire pour transmettre des conceptualisations particulières ou pour d’autres fins sémantiques. (shrink)

Taoism was and rightfully remains one of the East's most widespread philosophical and religious teachings. The prerequisites for the emergence of Taoism were rooted in the public consciousness of the inhabitants of ancient China. Still, it is unknown who exactly is this philosophical movement's founder. One of the most famous and first mentioned Taoists are Laozi（老子） with his treatise "Tao Te Ching" (道德经), Yang Zhu (杨朱), whose views were described in one of the chapters in the treatise "Lie Zi" (列子), (...) as well as Zhuangzi (莊子) who is the author and whose name was given to the book of parables. All these philosophers have contributed to the Taoist teachings, and only their works can be used to write many books and articles. However, in this article, we would like to present readers with only a few key elements from their treatise and explain Taoism's role in the fight for environmental protection in modern China. (shrink)

Liang Tao and Kuang Zhao, trans. Confucian rights can be characterized as a kind of “fallback apparatus,” necessary only when preferred mechanisms—for example, familial and neighborly care or traditional courtesies—would otherwise fail to protect basic human interests. In this paper, I argue that the very existence of such rights is contingent on their ability to function as remedies for dysfunctional social relationships or failures to develop the virtues that sustain harmonious Confucian relationships. Moreover, these remedies are not, strictly speaking, rights-based, (...) for having a right consists in having the power to claim one's rights for oneself, which the classical Confucians would curtail. I conclude by noting how we might revise standard assumptions about the practice of “claiming one's rights” to make it more compatible with core Confucian principles. 梁涛 匡钊译 儒家权利可称为是一种“备用机制”（fallback apparatus），诉诸权利仅当其他首选机制，如家族与邻里的关怀或对传统礼俗的依赖等，不能有效维护人们的基本利益时才是必要的。儒家权利的存在取决于其补救功能，其需要补救的是儒家谐社会关系及相应美德中 出现的危机、过失。但儒家的补救并不完全是基于权利之上的，古典儒家不认为人民可以代表自己提出主张，也不认为民众可以直接推翻昏庸的暴君，有抵抗权的主要是汤、武等第一级的贵族。对于儒家国家来讲，从制度上认可 人民的权利主张可能是获得社会和谐最有效的手段。. (shrink)

Given that conspiracies exist, can we be justified in dismissing conspiracy theories without concerning ourselves with specific details? I answer this question by focusing on contrarian conspiracy theories, theories about conspiracies that conflict with testimony from reliable sources of information. For example, theories that say the CIA masterminded the assassination of John F. Kennedy, 9/11 was an inside job, or the Freemasons are secretly running the world are contrarian conspiracy theories. When someone argues for a contrarian conspiracy theory, their options (...) are to appeal to eyewitness testimony, incriminating documents, photographs, audio recordings, video recordings, allegedly scientific evidence, anomalies, or considerations of cui bono (who benefits). Most laypeople don’t know how to adequately respond to arguments for contrarian conspiracy theories, but this doesn’t mean that it’s dogmatic to reject them. I argue that many laypeople are defeasibly justified in rejecting a variety of contrarian conspiracy theories based on testimony and this justification is rarely defeated by arguments for contrarian conspiracy theories even if we don’t know how to respond to these arguments. (shrink)

Tim Crane maintains that beliefs cannot be conscious because they persist in the absence of consciousness. Conscious judgments can share their contents with beliefs, and their occurrence can be evidence for what one believes; but they cannot be beliefs, because they don’t persist. I challenge Crane’s premise that belief attributions to the temporarily unconscious are literally true. To say of an unconscious agent that she believes that p is like saying that she sings well. To say she sings well is (...) to say that when she sings, her singing is good. To say that she believes that p is to say that when she consciously considers the content that p she consciously affirms it. I also argue that the phenomenal view of intentional content Crane appears to endorse prima facie commits him to the view, at least controversial, perhaps incoherent, that there is unconscious phenomenology. Keywords : Belief; Consciousness; Unconscious; Intentional Content; Judgment. Credenze coscienti Riassunto: Tim Crane sostiene che le credenze non possano essere coscienti, dal momento che perdurano anche in assenza di coscienza. I giudizi formulati consapevolmente possono condividere i loro contenuti con le credenze e il loro verificarsi può essere una forma di evidenza a supporto di quanto uno crede. E tuttavia essi non possono essere credenze, dal momento che non perdurano. Nel commento metto in discussione la premessa di Crane secondo cui porre l’attribuzione di credenze su un piano temporaneamente inconscio sia vero in senso letterale. Dire di un agente non cosciente che esso creda che p è come dire che canti bene. Dire che canti bene è dire che quando canta, il suo canto è buono. Dire che crede che p è dire che quando considera consapevolmente il contenuto p costui lo afferma consapevolmente. Inoltre intendo affermare che la visione fenomenica del contenuto intenzionale che Crane sembra abbracciare lo impegni prima facie nei confronti della prospettiva, quantomeno controversa e probabilmente incoerente, secondo cui esisterebbe una dimensione fenomenica inconscia. Parole chiave: Credenza; Coscienza; Inconscio; Contenuto intenzionale; Giudizio. (shrink)

Questo articolo prende in esame il fenomeno della proliferazione di fake news da un punto di vista filosofico—anzi, per meglio dire, prettamente epistemologico—con particolare attenzione a tre questioni fondamentali: cosa sono le fake news e come debbano essere definite; quali meccanismi ne favoriscono la proliferazione sui social media; chi debba essere ritenuto responsabile e degno di biasimo nel processo sotteso alla generazione, pubblicazione e diffusione di fake news. A partire dall'analisi dei principali lavori nella letteratura filosofica sul tema, ci proponiamo (...) di: offrire una definizione di fake news che eviti le obiezioni sollevate contro altre definizioni discusse dalla letteratura (§1); mettere in luce le principali cause della propagazione di fake news, con particolare riferimento ai bias cognitivi e alle strutture comunitarie in cui si organizzano gli utenti dei social media (§2); infine, presentare una analisi originale della responsabilità epistemica dei consumatori di fake news (§3). (shrink)

Tutti concordano che la conformità di un’azione ai dettami della morale non è sufficiente per conferirle valore morale. Tale valore dipende dalle motivazioni con cui l’agente la compie. L’azione giusta deve essere compiuta per le ragioni giuste. Ma quali ragioni sono quelle giuste? Kant ha una visione notoriamente restrittiva in merito: solo le azioni compiute esclusivamente per senso del dovere hanno valore morale. Diversi kantiani hanno optato per requisiti motivazionali a prima vista più indulgenti. Qui sostengo, tuttavia, che c’è un (...) problema comune a tutte queste concezioni: siccome è difficile soddisfare i loro requisiti e sapere quando sono soddisfatti, è difficile per l’agente sapere se le sue azioni hanno valore morale e se egli è quindi degno di lode. Questo problema costituisce una forma soggettiva di alienazione che si esprime in quella che chiamo “la sindrome dell’impostore morale”. Uso questo spunto per supportare una concezione alternativa del valore morale, modellata su una nozione di merito comune nella sfera non morale e meno esposta a questo problema. (shrink)

The controversy that between 1908 and 1912 saw Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile opposed, on one side, and Federigo Enriques, on the other, did not actually have a conclusive episode, but its end was perceived, for its results on culture, on society and teaching in Italy, as a "defeat" of Enriques. A more careful examination of the events and of the historical context in which it took place seems, however, to clearly demonstrate that we can speak not of a personal (...) defeat of the great mathematician from Livorno, but rather of a defeat of the commendable attempts at cultural and social modernization of Italy in an international perspective, of which Enriques was not the only actor but certainly the most exposed. Such intentions were crushed by the myopic provincial conservatism of the Italian neo-idealism, favored by the fascist regime, concerned only with affirming in the world an alleged autarkic national cultural superiority, based on the traditional literary-humanistic culture, ignoring the progress of the new technical-scientific thought, placed in an international context. Sunto_ La polemica che dal 1908 al 1912 vide contrapposti da una parte Benedetto Croce e Giovanni Gentile e dall’altra Federigo Enriques non ebbe, in realtà, un episodio conclusivo, ma la sua fine è stata percepita, per i suoi esiti sulla cultura, sulla società e sull’insegnamento in Italia, come una “sconfitta” dell’Enriques. Un esame più attento delle vicende e del contesto storico nel quale si svolse sembra, invece, dimostrare chiaramente di poter parlare non di una sconfitta personale del grande matematico livornese, quanto piuttosto di una sconfitta dei lodevoli tentativi di ammodernamento culturale e sociale dell’Italia in una prospettiva internazionale, di cui Enriques non fu l’unico attore ma sicuramente quello più esposto. Tali propositi furono schiacciati dal miope conservatorismo provinciale del neoidealismo italiano, favorito dal regime fascista, preoccupato unicamente di affermare nel mondo una pretesa superiorità culturale nazionale autarchica, basata sulla tradizionale cultura letterario-umanistica, ignorando il progresso del nuovo pensiero tecnico-scientifico, per sua natura, invece, inserito in un contesto internazionale. (shrink)

Bu makalede temelde iki şey yapmayı amaçlıyorum. Öncelikle Spinoza’nın duygu felsefesinin temelinde yatan, bu alandaki ikincil literatürde şu âna kadar ya gözden kaçırılmış ya da yeterince vurgulanmamış bir dizi kavramsal ayrımı göz önüne seriyorum. Amsterdamlının duygu teorisi ve etiğinde sistematik bir rol oynamalarına rağmen göz ardı edildiğini veya yeterince vurgulanmadığını savunduğum ayrımlar eyleme gücü (potentia agendi) ve etkileme gücü (potentia operandi) ile arzu (cupiditas) ve varolma çabası (conatus) arasındaki ince ama hayati ayrımlardır. Makalede öncelikle bu kavram çiftlerinin her birinin tek (...) bir hadisenin farklı açılardan kavranma biçimleri olduğunu gösterecek ve bu ayrımları göz ardı ettiğimizde Spinoza’nın duygu teorisinin en basit günlük deneyimleri bile ikna edici bir şekilde açıklamaktan aciz kalacağını örnekler vererek göstereceğim. Ayrıca bu ayrımların Spinoza’nın duygu teorisine ilişkin ikincil literatürde işaret edilen temel bir sorunu çözmede işimize yarayacağını savunacağım. Makalenin ikinci kısmında Amsterdamlının duygu teorisine dair elde ettiğimiz bu yeni ve incelikli kavramsal çerçevenin onun etiğini daha iyi anlamamızı sağladığını göstereceğim. Bunu yapmak için kederlerin iyi yaşama katkı yapıp yapamayacağı, eğer yapabilecekse ne ölçüde, hangi koşullarda ve nasıl yapabileceği sorusuna odaklanacağım. Bunun için öncelikle bazı yorumcuların işaret ettiği, kederlerin iyi yaşama temelde iki açıdan katkı sunabileceği iddiasını – iyi ile kötünün bilgisini edinmemizdeki merkezî rolleri ve bizi daha kötü durumlardan koruma potansiyellerinden ötürü – ele alıyor ve makalenin ilk bölümünde yaptığım ayrımların bu iki noktayı daha sistematik bir şekilde kavramamızı mümkün kıldığını gösteriyorum. Son olarak, kederlerin iyi yaşama, literatürde daha önce ele alınmamış üçüncü bir açıdan katkıda bulunabileceğini savunuyorum. Bu üçüncü rolün Spinoza’nın iktidarın isyan korkusu ve toplumun iktidara yönelik politik öfkesinin siyasi alanda iyinin kurulması ve korunmasında biçtiği rolden kaynaklandığını savunuyorum. Sonuç olarak bu analizle Spinoza’nın duyguların doğasına dair açıklamasında ve özellikle kederlerin iyi yaşamın kurulmasındaki rollerine dair göz ardı edilen bazı noktaları daha iyi kavramamızı sağlamasını umuyor, bu yolla Spinoza’nın etik ve politikasını sadece olumlayıcı ve neşeli duygular merkezinde okuyan yorumların eksikliğini göz önüne sermeyi amaçlıyorum. (shrink)

Logique et existenceDeleuze à propos des « conditions du réel »Pour Deleuze, l’un des problèmes fondamentaux d’une théorie de la pensée est de savoir comment la pensée peut quitter la sphère du possible pour penser le réel, c’est-àdire pour penser l’existence elle-même. La position du réel semble être hors du concept. Des pré-kantiens comme Leibniz approchaient ce problème par le biais de la distinction entre vérités d’essence et vérités d’existence, alors que des post-kantiens comme Maimon l’approchaient par la distinction entre (...) les conditions de l’expérience possible et celles de l’expérience réelle. La logique classique définit la sphère du possible par trois principes logiques – l’identité, la non-contradiction et le tiers-exclu – et la présente étude examine les trois grandes trajectoires qui, dans cette histoire de la philosophie, ont tenté d’utiliser l’un de ces trois principes classiques pour pénétrer l’existence ellemême : 1) Leibniz (et les pré-kantiens) cherchait à étendre le principe de d’identité àl’existence entière ; 2) Hegel (et les post-kantiens) cherchait à étendre le principe de non-contradiction à la totalité de l’expérience ; et 3) le groupe des penseurs appelés de manière assez large « existentialistes » cherchait à étendre le principe du tiers-exclu à la totalité de l’existence. La conclusion examine les raisons pour lesquelles Deleuze a été fasciné par chacune de ces tentatives philosophiques pour « penser l’existence », tout en pensant néanmoins qu’elles ont toutes échoué ; et pourquoi aussi il a fini par développer sa propre réponse au problème en faisant appel à un principe de différence.Logica e EsistenzaLe ‘Condizioni del reale’ in DeleuzePer Deleuze, uno dei problemi fondamentali per una teoria del pensiero è: come può il pensiero abbandonare la sfera del possibile per pensare il reale, ossia, pensare l’esistenza stessa? La posizione del reale sembra essere fuori dal concetto. Prekantiani come Leibniz affrontano questo problema in termini di distinzione fra verità dell’essenza e verità dell’esistenza, mentre post-kantiani come Maimon affrontano il problema in termini di distinzione fra condizioni dell’esperienza possibile e condizioni dell’esperienza reale. La logica classica ha definito la sfera del possibile secondo tre principi logici – identità, non-contraddizione, terzo escluso – e questo saggio analizza tre grandi ‘parabole’ della storia della filosofia che hanno tentato di usare uno di questi tre principi della logica per penetrare l’esistenza stessa: (1) Leibniz (e i pre-kantiani) hanno tentato di estendere il principio di identità a tutta l’esistenza; (2) Hegel (ei post-kantiani) hanno tentato di estendere il principio di non-contraddizione a tutta l’esistenza; (3) il gruppo di pensatori (solo approssimativamente legati fra loro) chiamati “esistenzialisti” ha tentato di estendere il principio del terzo escluso all’esistenza. La conclusione analizza sia le ragioni per le quali Deleuze era affascinato da ciascuno di questi tentativi filosofici di “pensare l’esistenza” nonostante fosse convinto che essi avessero fallito, sia i motivi per cui egli in conclusione traccia la propria risposta al problema facendo appello al principio della differenza. (shrink)

The point of departure of this paper is the striking similarities between the dispositions critical media literacy education aims to cultivate and the characteristics conspiracy theorists claim to embody. The golden question of critical literacy, “who benefits?” is in fact the central question of conspiracy theorists: “cui bono?” While critical media literacy educators teach learners to disrupt the common sense, to interrogate multiple viewpoints, to focus on sociopolitical issues, and to take actions and promote social justice, conspiracy theorists claim that (...) they do exactly those things. What I wish to illuminate through this juxtaposition, however, is not a way to clearly demarcate “critical” from “conspiratorial” theorizing, but is a question of educational desirability of skepticism. Skepticism in this paper is not understood as a classical epistemological question of the possibility of knowledge attainment, but as a form of vigilance toward epistemic authorities like the government, media, and academic institutions. Drawing on philosophy of conspiracy theories and political epistemology, I illuminate the problem of radical skepticism that characterizes some conspiracy theories and discuss the pivotal epistemic role of trust. Through this, I claim that critical media literacy education for democratic citizenship must strike a balance between cultivation of skepticism and building of trust toward epistemic authorities. (shrink)

Giorgio Colli (1917-1979) è stato uno dei maggiori intellettuali italiani del secolo scorso. Storico della filosofia, filologo ed editore, Colli ha ideato e curato, con Mazzino Montinari, la prima edizione critica mondiale delle opere di Friedrich Nietzsche; ha intrapreso un’innovativa edizione dei frammenti e delle testimonianze relativi a La sapienza greca (3 voll., 1977-1980); ha tradotto alcuni dei maggiori classici della filosofia, come l’Organon aristotelico e la Critica della ragion pura di Kant. Ma Colli è stato soprattutto un filosofo in (...) prima persona, che ha sviluppato un’originale e complessa riflessione storico-teoretica sulla natura della ragione e sul suo rapporto con la vita. Tale riflessione, che ha sempre orientato le altre attività, più note, di Colli, è culminata in uno dei testi più densi e impegnativi del Novecento, oggetto di una rinnovata attenzione negli ultimi anni: Filosofia dell’espressione (1969), a cui vanno affiancati i quaderni postumi de La ragione errabonda (1982). Il presente volume, composto di dieci saggi, ha origine da tre giornate di studio svoltesi all’Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici (4-6 ottobre 2021), e interroga il pensiero di Colli nelle sue varie declinazioni: dall’interpretazione del pensiero antico al confronto con Nietzsche, dall’estetica alla metafisica e alla logica, dall’influenza del misticismo al rapporto con la filosofia italiana del Novecento. Ad emergere è il profilo di un pensatore che ha praticato e difeso una forma di filosofia come espressione della potenza ambigua, insieme costruttiva e distruttiva, della ragione umana – una filosofia che, mediante un’analisi vertiginosa della “distruttività” connaturata al logos, individua una ragione sana, purificata dagli eccessi “costruttivi” e riannodata alla vita quale techne del giusto bios. (shrink)

This essay examines Daoist practice as a form of "knowing-as" through the lens of Michael Beaney's article, "Swimming Happily in Chinese Logic.".

In questo capitolo intendiamo approfondire la struttura delle azioni transgenerazionali per trarre alcune considerazioni sul loro carattere fondazionale-normativo. Le domande a cui vogliamo rispondere sono: cosa significa, dal punto di vista ontologico, agire in senso transgenerazionale? Come una generazione che compie un’azione transgenerazionale si lega alle altre che vi partecipano? Quali poteri deontici genera tale partecipazione e come questi intervengono sull’agency e sulla coscienza fenomenologica dei membri?

This essay offers a reading of Guido Cornia’s Angeli ingenui dalle ali di mosca, aiming to highlight its main thematic cores: the nature of the epiphanic experience, the temporal, cultural, and psychological distances between artist and audience, the different roles played by the writer and the narrative voice, and the importance of audience “recognition,” which allows the artwork’s destiny to be fully realized. After a theoretical survey of the concept of epiphany, traced in its literary genealogy from Shelley to Joyce (...) and in Cornia’s own statements, the analysis focuses on the text itself, examining its intertextual references (van Gogh and Melville) and the expectations, illusions, and anxieties that often accompany the artist as he awaits the reception, recognition, and evaluation of his work by the audience. In this context, the narrative voice becomes the space where the artist’s fragility is revealed, suspended between hope and frustration. Finally, the figures of the “naive angels with fly wings”—extremely fragile and vulnerable creatures with pure hearts—are read as metaphors for those people who, by authentically recognizing the value of the work, make its destiny possible, as illustrated by references to Johanna van Gogh-Bonger, Vincent van Gogh’s sister-in-law who succeeded in promoting and valuing his work, and David Herbert Lawrence, who played a crucial role in the rediscovery of Moby-Dick. Cornia’s text thus emerges as a penetrating reflection on the structural fragility of art and the relational nature of its fulfillment. -/- Questo mio saggio propone una lettura dell’epifania Angeli ingenui dalle ali di mosca di Guido Cornia volta a metterne in luce i principali nuclei tematici: la natura dell’esperienza epifanica, le distanze temporali, culturali e psicologiche tra artista e pubblico, i diversi ruoli che rivestono lo scrittore e voce narrante, e l’importanza del “riconoscimento” da parte del pubblico che permette al destino dell’opera d’arte di compiersi adeguatamente. Dopo una ricognizione teorica sul concetto di epifania, ricostruita nella sua genealogia letteraria da Shelley a Joyce e nelle dichiarazioni dello stesso Cornia, l’analisi si concentra sul testo, soffermandosi sui suoi riferimenti intertestuali (van Gogh e Melville) e sulle aspettative, illusioni e ansie che spesso accompagnano l’artista nell’attesa che la sua opera venga recepita, riconosciuta e valutata dal pubblico. In questo contesto, la voce narrante diventa il luogo in cui si manifesta la fragilità dell’artista, sospeso tra speranza e frustrazione. Infine, le figure degli “angeli ingenui dalle ali di mosca”—fragilissime e vulnerabili creature dal cuore puro—vengono lette come metafore di quelle persone che, riconoscendo autenticamente il valore dell’opera, ne rendono possibile il destino, come mostrano i riferimenti a Johanna van Gogh-Bonger, la cognata di Vincent van Gogh che ne seppe promuovere e valorizzare l’opera, e a David Herbert Lawrence, il quale contribuì in modo fondamentale alla riscoperta di Moby-Dick. Il testo di Cornia emerge così come una penetrante riflessione sulla fragilità strutturale dell’arte e sul carattere relazionale del suo compimento. (shrink)

Il presente saggio esplora il ruolo centrale della relazionalità nella filosofia e teologia di Bernard Lonergan, mostrando come tale concetto costituisca un principio ontologico, epistemologico ed etico fondamentale. Attraverso la teoria dell’insight, Lonergan descrive la conoscenza come un processo relazionale tra soggetto e oggetto, in cui l’intelligibilità del reale emerge dall’interazione. L’autore introduce il concetto di isomorfismo per spiegare la corrispondenza tra struttura della conoscenza e struttura della realtà, ponendo le basi per una metafisica relazionale. La relazionalità è anche il (...) cuore della coscienza storica, dove storia, solidarietà e sviluppo umano si articolano in dinamiche di progresso, declino e redenzione. La struttura delle otto specialità funzionali in teologia esprime ulteriormente l’interconnessione tra comprensione, interpretazione e comunicazione nella ricerca del sapere. Infine, il pensiero lonerganiano su Dio come essere relazionale per eccellenza — fondamento dell’amore e della comunione trinitaria — apre nuove prospettive su creazione, incarnazione e salvezza. L’articolo propone così una visione unificata dell’esistenza umana e del divino fondata sulla relazione, delineando i tratti essenziali di una metafisica relazionale capace di offrire risposte significative alle sfide del pensiero contemporaneo. (shrink)

Il presente articolo cerca di ridefinire il rapporto fra Rorty e il femminismo, esaminando alcune delle voci che hanno dialogato circa una possibile “comunione di intenti.” In particolare, vengono commentate, nell’ordine, la posizione di Rorty delle Tanner Lectures (1990), e poi, rispettivamente, quella di Fraser (1988) e di Cavarero (1997). L’intreccio dei vari punti di vista mostra due esiti almeno in apparenza discordanti: da un lato, la diffidenza del pensiero femminista nei confronti dell’invito pragmatista di stampo rortyano; dall’altra, tuttavia, una (...) consapevole vicinanza teorica in merito a metafore linguistiche e obiettivi di solidarietà. Proprio il punto in cui le alternative si toccano richiede ulteriore spazio di lavoro e riflessione. Di fatto, questa è esattamente la tesi che si intende avanzare: la proposta di Rorty, al di là degli elementi su cui lavorare, è un esempio prolifico di pensiero maschile in grado di lavorare insieme a quello femminista – un onore e un onere che nella comunità filosofica è stato preso poco seriamente, o forse è stato preso seriamente da pochi. (shrink)

Il problema centrale sul quale il pensiero di Giorgio Colli s’interroga è il «problema della ragione», cioè della genesi storico-strutturale e della validità epistemica della ragione umana. La filosofia di Colli si configura perciò come una “critica della ragione”, nella doppia valenza del genitivo: una critica, cioè, condotta dalla ragione e che ha per oggetto la ragione stessa. Lo scopo del presente saggio è quello di determinare il significato filosofico e la struttura argomentativa di tale critica. Procederemo quindi nel seguente (...) ordine. Innanzitutto, dovremo stabilire che cosa Colli intenda per “ragione” e in che senso la sua filosofia possa essere intesa come una “critica” della ragione (§ 1). In seguito, presenteremo una ricostruzione della struttura generale di questa critica, o meglio delle diverse forme della critica (§ 2), soffermandoci poi sulle principali obiezioni di Colli al metodo genealogico di Nietzsche (§ 3). L’esame di tali obiezioni servirà a comprendere l’esigenza di una critica interna – “logica” – della ragione, la cui struttura verrà contestualizzata nella logica colliana (§ 4), analizzata (§ 5) e infine interpretata (§ 6). (shrink)

Sa halos dalawang taong pananalasa ng COVID-19 sa buong daigdig, marami nang nabago sa kapaligiran at mobilidad ng mga tao sa bawat lipunan. Kinasapitan at pumalaot ang lahat sa tinurang Bagong Kadawyan (New Normal) (hiram mula kay Reyes 2020) —isang transisyong pantao na lubhang nagpabago sa mga kinasanayang gawi. Nariyan ang pagbabago sa edukasyon, paghahanapbuhay, libangan, at mga transportasyon. Sa kaso ng mga manlalakbay, salot ang idinulot ng pandemya sapagkat pinaralisa nito ang daloy ng turismo at libangang pandaigdig. Kanselado ang (...) lahat ng paglalakbay, limitado ang serbisyo ng mga pandaigdigang paliparan, at nagsasarahan ang mga prontera ng bawat bansa. Sa kaso ko bilang isang manlalakbay, naputol din pansamantala ang layuning pagaralan at turulin ang kahalagahan ng Asya sa Pilipinas at ang lugar ng Pilipinas sa Asya. -/- Sa aking mga naging paglalakbay bilang Manila Boy (lalaking nakatira sa Kalakhang Maynila) sa sampung bansa sa Timog Silangang Asya (2014—2018), marami akong gunita at alaalang maibabahagi sa katuturan ng mga Pilipino—panahong malaya at mayabong pa ang paroo’t paritong paggalaw ng mga tao. Mula ito sa aking mga karanasan at obserbasyon bilang manlalakbay kung bakit nakumpuni ang ganitong uri ng sanaysay at naratibong ulat. Mahalaga ang pagbabahaginang karanasan. Ayon sa kamamayapa pa lamang na teologo na si Jose de Mesa (2003), ang karanasan ng isang tao ay isang subhetibong pagpapakahulugan, interpretasyon, o pagtingin nito sa obhetibong realidad sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga pandama (de Mesa 2003). Kaya’t sa pag-aaral na ito, aking maibabahagi ang ilang mga piling gunita ng aking paglalakbay na mayroong talab sa kasalukuyang dinaranas sa panahon ng pandemya. (shrink)

I suoni e le immagini sembrano appartenere a due forme dell’esperienza profondamente distinte. Due registri sensoriali antitetici cui corrispondono due fenomeni accostabili, ma mai completamente unibili. Eppure si ricorre spesso all’espressione immagine sonora, che cosa si intende precisamente? Esiste un punto in cui i suoni e le immagini si appartengono reciprocamente? Può un’immagine risuonare e un suono essere anche un’immagine? Il testo cerca di rispondere a questi quesiti scavando e intarsiando una concettualizzazione dell’immagine sonora attraverso un dialogo con la semiotica, (...) la fenomenologia e la filosofia dell’arte. Arricchendosi di una riflessione sul rapporto con il pensiero, l’indagine sull’immagine sonora si declina in tre momenti distinti: il suono con un fondamento d’immagine in cui l’elemento fondante è dato dalla presenza dell’immagine nel suono; il suono e l’immagine che si equivalgono orizzontalmente fondendosi l’uno con l’altra; l’immagine con un fondamento sonoro, in cui si rintracciano presenze sonore nell’immagine visiva. (shrink)

Nella «Metafisica» Aristotele fonda una scienza filosofica a cui assegna il compito di occuparsi dell’«essere in quanto essere», indagandone le cause e i principi primi. Egli denomina questa scienza «filosofia prima» e la eleva a forma massima di sapere. La filosofia prima è abitualmente riconosciuta come il punto di partenza per la formazione della disciplina filosofica che, a partire dalla prima età moderna, chiamiamo ontologia. Nel delinearne la fisionomia teorica e lo statuto, tuttavia, Aristotele si confronta da vicino con un (...) altro autorevole modello di scienza suprema, avente anch’essa l’essere per oggetto proprio: la dialettica platonica. Scopo di questo libro è esplorare il retroterra platonico della progettazione aristotelica della filosofia prima e mostrare, attraverso dettagliate ricostruzioni testuali, che Aristotele ha elaborato questa scienza come un’alternativa alla dialettica platonica. (shrink)

: I focus on Uriah Kriegel’s account of conative phenomenology. I agree with Kriegel’s argument that some conative phenomenology is primitive in that some conative phenomenal properties cannot be reduced to another kind of property. I disagree, however, with Kriegel’s specific characterization of the properties in question. Kriegel argues that the experience of deciding-and-then-trying is the core of conative phenomenology. I argue, however, that the experiences of trying and acting better occupy this place. Further, I suggest that the attitudinal component (...) of the experiences of trying and acting is not, as Kriegel suggests, best characterized in terms of commitment to the rightness or goodness of the objects of experience. Rather, I argue that the attitudinal component is best characterized in imperatival terms. Keywords : Agentive Phenomenology; Deciding; Trying; Imperatives Kriegel e la fenomenologia dell’azione Riassunto : In questo testo mi concentrerò sulla descrizione della fenomenologia conativa di Kriegel. Mentre condivido la tesi di Kriegel, secondo cui parte della fenomenologia conativa è primitiva, nel senso che parte delle proprietà fenomeniche conative non possono essere ridotte ad altri tipi di proprietà, debbo tuttavia dissentire riguardo la specifica caratterizzazione data da Kriegel delle proprietà in questione. Kriegel ritiene che l’esperienza del decidere-e-poi-sforzarsi sia il nucleo della fenomenologia conativa. Io direi tuttavia che le esperienze dello sforzo e dell’azione occupano meglio questa posizione. Inoltre, suggerirei che la componente relativa all’atteggiamento delle esperienze dello sforzo e dell’azione non sia descrivibile al meglio, come suggerisce Kriegel, in termini di impegno legato all’adeguatezza o all’integrità dell’oggetto d’esperienza. Direi piuttosto che la componente dell’atteggiamento sia meglio descrivibile in termini imperativi.. Parole chiave : Fenomenologia dell’agentività; Atto della decisione; Atto dello sforzo; Imperativi. (shrink)