We take up the challenge of developing an international network with capacity to survey the world’s scientists on an ongoing basis, providing rich datasets regarding the opinions of scientists and scientific sub-communities, both at a time and also over time. The novel methodology employed sees local coordinators, at each institution in the network, sending survey invitation emails internally to scientists at their home institution. The emails link to a ‘10 second survey’, where the participant is presented with a single statement (...) to consider, and a standard five-point Likert scale. In June 2023, a group of 30 philosophers and social scientists invited 20,085 scientists across 30 institutions in 12 countries to participate, gathering 6,807 responses to the statement Science has put it beyond reasonable doubt that COVID-19 is caused by a virus. The study demonstrates that it is possible to establish a global network to quickly ascertain scientific opinion on a large international scale, with high response rate, low opt-out rate, and in a way that allows for significant (perhaps indefinite) repeatability. Measuring scientific opinion in this new way would be a valuable complement to currently available approaches, potentially informing policy decisions and public understanding across diverse fields. (shrink)

We would like to thank an anonymous referee for his helpful comments on a previous version of this paper.

Nowadays, Electroencephalogram (EEG) devices that do not require invasive procedures get more attraction. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems use EEG analysis to identify users’ mental states, cognitive shifts, and stimuli-induced reactions. The Motor Execution (ME) paradigm is a vital control paradigm that holds great significance in this framework. In this manuscript, an Efficient Predefined Time Adaptive Neural Network for EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interaction in Motor Execution Classification (EPTNN-BCI-EEG) is proposed. Initially, the input signals are collected from EEG Dataset. The input signals are (...) preprocessed using Robust M- Type Error-State Kalman Filter (RMESKF) to remove the artifacts and baseline signals. Then, the pre-processed signals are given to Signed Cumulative Distribution Transform (SCDT) for feature extraction. SCDT is used to extract Spatial and temporal features. Afterward, Efficient Predefined Time Adaptive Neural Network (EPTNN) is used to classify the EEG gender and signal, such as Audio/Video and Male/Female. In General, EPTNN does not expose any adoption of optimization systems to determine optimal parameters to classify the EEG gender and signal. Hence, Bitwise Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (BAOA) is proposed to optimize the EPTNN. The proposed EPTNN-BCI-EEG approach is implemented in MATLAB and the performance metrics, such as Recall, Accuracy, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), F1-score, Specificity, ROC, Computation time are assessed. The performance of EPTNN-BCI-EEG approach provides 17.82 %, 28.95 %, and 19.2 % higher accuracy, 24.38 %, 34.53 %, and 18.78 % higher recall, 26.7 %, 24.2 %, and 32.7 % higher specificity when analysed with the existing methods. (shrink)

The paper describes the design of an intelligent tutoring system for teaching Introduction to Computer Science-a compulsory curriculum in Al-Azhar University of Gaza to students who attend the university. The basic idea of this system is a systematic introduction into computer science. The system presents topics with examples. The system is dynamically checks student's individual progress. An initial evaluation study was done to investigate the effect of using the intelligent tutoring system on the performance of students enrolled in computer science (...) curriculum at Al-Azhar University, Gaza. The results showed a positive impact on the evaluators. (shrink)

Real-time monitoring systems use surveillance videos to automatically detect motorcycle helmet requirements and triple-riding violations, which protect road safety. Deep learning methods currently show practical worth for addressing surveillance system constraints because they have developed superior capabilities in object detection and classification. The models deliver poor results repeatedly because they are limited by low-resolution video, together with adverse weather conditions, as well as problems from occlusions and deficient illumination conditions. The issue of recognizing multiple individuals riding together on one motorcycle (...) requires better solution methods because it remains unresolved. YOLOv8 operates in real-time to detect both helmet violations and multiple riders on vehicles using CCTV video and webcam feeds. The detection system reaches a 95% accuracy level, thereby establishing itself as an effective monitoring method in automated traffic control. A YOLOv8 detection model serves for detecting triple riders, along with YOLOv8-based detection of helmet violations. The model has tailored detection skills since its training with helmet-specific data enables it to monitor properly non-helmeted riders. The system supplies capabilities for processing video and image data, which helps it create visual violation marks for practical realworld applications. Quality evaluation of the system happens through precision and recall metrics, which measure its reliable operation functions. The method utilizes publicly available data and self-collected information to solve illumination conditions and issues that affect detection systems. The evolution of traffic rule enforcement systems has improved thanks to the resolution of implementation problems. The research application proves how deep learning transforms surveillance systems, which advances road safety through system improvements. Better traffic management possibilities, combined with improved efficiency and innovation, enable wider expansion of safety programs in urban areas. (shrink)

Ateistlerin teizmi reddetme gerekçeleri, genellikle kötülük sorununun teizme karşı en güçlü argüman olduğunu iddia etmelerinde yatmaktadır. Nitekim ateizme göre teizm, bu soruna başarılı bir şekilde cevap verememektedir. Bununla birlikte kötülük sorununun sadece teistler için bir problem olmadığı iddia edilebilir. Bizde bu makale içerisinde bu savdan yola çıkarak, yakın dönemde Yujin Nagasawa’nın geliştirdiği “sistematik kötülüğün varoluşsal sorunu” açısından bu iddiayı ele almaya çalıştık. Bu sorun, başlangıçta, yalnızca dünyadaki belirli olayların veya belirli olay türlerinin kötü olduğunu değil, aynı zamanda insan varoluşunun dayandığı (...) tüm biyolojik sistemlerin kötü olduğunu göstererek, teizm için bir meydan okuma yaratmaktadır. Ancak hem teistlerin hem de ateistlerin tipik olarak dünyanın genel olarak iyi olduğunu ve içinde yaşamaktan mutlu ve minnettar olmamız gerektiğini onaylayan varoluşsal iyimserliği benimsedikleri düşünüldüğünde, kötülüğün bu versiyonu, teizm için olduğu kadar, ateizm içinde bir problem olmaktadır. Makale içerisinde sorunun bu versiyonuna yanıt verirken ateizmin teizme kıyasla önemli bir dezavantajla karşı karşıya kalması nedeniyle, bunun ateizme karşı güçlü bir argüman olabileceğini iddia ediyoruz. (shrink)

This study of mine examines how India influenced East Asian Nations like Thailand, China, Korea and Japan through Socio-cultural exchanges by the origin and expansion of Buddhism. By doing this, I believe it will be easier for us to comprehend and study how and why Buddhism became so entrenched in these nations that it became their official religion. I strongly believe that this research will enable us to retain a bond that is stronger than it was in the beginning. I (...) believe we may march together into the future as partners to achieve universal well being by eradicating the dark age of racism and selfishness, enlighten humanity with the spirit of Non-violence and continuing to live as close cultural cousins by strengthening our shared spiritual resources. (shrink)

Modern webpages consist of many rich objects dynamically produced by servers and client terminals at diverse locations, so we face an increase in web response time. To reduce the time, edge computing, in which dynamic objects are generated and delivered from edge nodes, is effective. For ISPs and CDN providers, it is desirable to estimate the effect of reducing the web response time when introducing edge computing. Therefore, in this paper, we derive a simple formula that estimates the lower bound (...) of the reduction of the response time by modeling flows obtaining objects of webpages. We investigate the effect of edge computing in each webpage category, e.g., News and Sports, using data measured by browsing about 1,000 popular webpages from 12 locations in the world on PlanetLab. (shrink)

Using the perspective of situated cognition we studied how people interact with a physical map to help them navigate through an unfamiliar environment. The study used a mixture of cognitive ethnography and traditional experimental methods. We found that the difference between high and low performing navigators showed up in the speed they completed their task and also in the way they use maps. High performers plan routes using a survey method whereas low performers use a route strategy. We suggest that (...) when people are given a task that does not match their cognitive style they try to transform the task to better suit their cognitive abilities and cognitive style. (shrink)

RESUMO O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão de literatura que buscou reunir informações sobre o efeito da utilização da vagem de faveira sobre a qualidade da carne e características de carcaça de pequenos ruminantes. A faveira é uma leguminosa presente nos estados do Piauí e Maranhão. Suas vagens apresentam elevados teores nutricionais, com aproximadamente 11,18% de proteína bruta e 10,79% de compostos fenólicos, incluindo taninos. Embora estejam disponíveis apenas nos meses de setembro e outubro, podem ser secas e utilizadas (...) durante a estação seca, representando uma alternativa alimentar interessante para os animais. Os taninos presentes na composição da Parkia platycephala, quando inseridos na alimentação de cordeiros podem modular a biohidrogenação e, consequentemente, melhorar o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) da carne de cordeiros e minimizando a oxidação lipídica, ajudando a preservar o valor nutricional e as características sensoriais do produto cárneo. A utilização da vagem de faveira na alimentação de pequenos ruminantes, pode ser utilizada em até 100%, sem interferir nas características de carcaça e na qualidade da carne. Sendo considerado um alimento alternativo com potencial nutritivo e viável para produtores. Palavras-chave: proteína animal; valor nutricional; vagem de faveira. (shrink)

Güvenilirci (reliabilist) bilgi teorisi, çağdaş epistemik gerekçelendirme kuramları içerisinde, dışsalcı (externalist) kuramın bir türü olarak kendisine yer bulmaktadır. Kısaca, bir inancı gerekçelendiren şeyin o inancın oluşturulduğu sürecin güvenilirliği olduğunu öne süren bu yaklaşım, bu bilişsel süreçleri özne dışı unsurlara bağladığı içinde dışsalcı bir pozisyonda yer almaktadır. Bu bilgi teorisinin tam karşı konumunda yer alan içselci (internalist) bilgi teorisi ise, özne merkezli bir yaklaşımla, doğru inancı gerekçelendirecek yöntemin, kişinin kendi zihinsel yapısından yola çıkarak, belli kognitif süreçler sonucunda ulaşılabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Epistemik (...) gerekçelendirme kuramları içerisinde birçok tartışmada kendisine yer bulan bu iki bilgi teorisi, kendi içerisinde de birçok farklı kurama kapı aralamıştır. Burada içselci bilgi teorisinden ortaya çıkan erişim içselciliği, farkındalık içselciliği gibi kuramları ve dışsalcı bilgi teorisinden ortaya çıkan süreç güvenilirciliği, gösterge güvenilirciliği ve erdem güvenilirciliği gibi farklı türden kuramları örnek olarak verebiliriz. Öte yandan çağdaş epistemolojideki bu tartışmalar, dini epistemoloji içerisinde de kendisine yer bulmuştur. Özellikle Alvin Plantinga, kendi dini epistemolojisi içerisinde dışsalcı bir tutum sergilemiş ve son dönem çalışmaları içerisinde de güvenilirci bir anlayışla Tanrı inancının epistemik mahiyetini ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. Bu makalede öncelikle dışsalclık ve onun bir türü olan güvenilirci bilgi anlayışını ve bu kuramlara getirilen eleştirileri ele almaya çalışacağız, daha sonra A. Plantinga’nın son dönem dini epistemolojisinin de yönünü belirleyen güvence (warrant) kavramını açıklayıp, bu kavramın bütün teist dinlere uygulanabilirliğini sorgulayacağız. (shrink)

Hristiyan inancı içerisinde merkezi konuma sahip olan mevzulardan birisi de, İsa’nın ölümünden üç gün sonra diriltildiğine yönelik olan inançtır. Hristiyan eskatolojisinin de dayanak noktasını oluşturan bu mevzu, dinler tarihi ya da teoloji gibi disiplinlerin içerisinde tartışıldığı gibi, çeşitli Hristiyan düşünürlerce, din felsefesi disiplini içerisinde de tartışılmıştır. Din felsefesi açısından bakıldığında, konunun merkezi konumda olması, bu mevzunun rasyonel bir zeminde tartışılıp tartışılamayacağını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, özellikle din felsefesi içerisinde birçok Hristiyan düşünür tarafından konu ele alınmış ve farklı çevrelerce de (...) mevzuya yönelik karşı itirazlar dile getirilmiştir. Bu noktada yapılan tartışmaların içeriğine baktığımızda, mucize kavramı önem taşımakla birlikte, Hristiyan düşünürlerin argüman haline getirdikleri ve bir delil olarak öne sürdükleri “Boş mezar” ve “Tanıklıklar gibi birçok farklı husususun din felsefesi açısından tartışıldığını söyleyebiliriz. Ayrıca bazı ateist düşünürlerin bu delillere yönelik itirazları olmakla birlikte, bazı Hristiyan tarihçilerinde konuya ilişkin ciddi itirazları bulunmaktadır. Biz de bu makalemizde, İsa’nın ölümünden sonra dirilişinin rasyonel bir şekilde izahının nasıl olabileceği sorusunu merkeze alıp, konuyu Hristiyan düşünürlerin bakış açısından değerlendirmeye çalıştık. Bu noktada İslam gibi farklı dinlerde ve farklı anlatılarda karşımıza çıkan Hz. İsa figürünü konumuzun dışında tuttuğumuzu ayrıca belirtelim. Çünkü bizim yazımızın konusunu oluşturan kişi Hristiyan inancındaki İsa ve bu din içerisinde önem taşıyan kutsal metinler ve bu metinlerde geçen anlatılar oldu. Bu açıdan bakıldığında yazımız içerisinde, konuya ilişkin doğrudan bir teoloji ya da dinler tarihi çerçevesinde değerlendirme yapmaktan çok, din felsefesi içerisinde bize sunulan tartışmalardan yola çıkarak eleştirilerimizi ve tahlillerimizi dile getirmeye çalıştığımızı ifade edebiliriz. (shrink)

The choice of this topic is determined by the importance of the intellectualization of agriculture in the current conditions. “Agrocyborg” is a scientific term, which meaning is formed at the junction of biological-technical and cultural- philosophical concepts of building and functioning of a biomach system. In the original version, agrocyborg is an agricultural worker, a bearer of soil traditions, and, due to symbiosis with high-tech tools, is also an electronic personality, a representative of eHomo, an electronic human. In various conditions (...) of ascribing vital, mental and personal private phenomena to the biomach of the agro-industrial complex (AIC), the cyborg self appears in the guise of a human cyborg, an animal cyborg and a plant cyborg. The agrocyborg project is included in the methodology for building and applying biomach systems and is funded by the triad “human-machine-living”. The authors suggest specific ways of constructing and using agrocyborg in animal husbandry and crop production. This allows highlighting the unsolvable, i.e., philosophical aspects of agrocyborg project, including the problems of causal informational interactions of bio- and techno-subsystems; of trusted attribution of cognitive phenomena to various classes of agrocyborgs; and of interdisciplinary coordination. (shrink)

Ateistler, kötülük probleminin Tanrı’nın varlığı aleyhine en güçlü argüman olduğu konusunda hâlâ ısrarcılar. Felsefe tarihine baktığımızda da Epikuros’tan Hume’a ve yakın dönemde Mackie’ye kadar uzanan bir yelpazede çeşitli düşünürler tarafından bu konuda birçok eleştirinin dile getirildiğini görmek mümkün. Plantinga bu çalışmasında felsefe tarihinin en köklü sorunlarından biri olan ‘Tanrı’nın varlığı sorusu’nu cevaplamaya çalışmakla kalmayıp felsefi bir yöntem ve soruşturmanın nasıl olması gerektiği konusunda muhteşem bir örnek de sunmaktadır. Plantinga, bu kitabıyla bizi, felsefe tarihinin en temel ilkelerinden birini hatırlamaya çağırıyor: var (...) olanın ardındakini anlamaya çalışmak. (shrink)

Mitos ve Logos kavramları Antik Yunan uygarlığında söz kavramına karşılık gelen sözcükleri karşılamak için kullanılmıştır. Felsefe tarihinin başlangıcı için yapılan tanımlamalarda ise mitos kavramının yerine logos kavramının tercih edilmesi iki kavram arasında bir farklılığı ortaya koymak için yapılmaktadır. Bu ayrımın nedeni ise mitos’un daha çok dinsel içerikle anılması logos’un ise içerisinde bir tür akılsallık barındırması şeklindeki yorumlarda kendini göstermektedir. Ancak söz konusu ayrımın ilk doğa filozofu/ilk felsefeci olarak nitelendirilen Thales için geçerli olup olmadığı geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de halen tartışılmaktadır. (...) Felsefe tarihi yazımlarında ilk sıraya konan Thales’in anılan kavramları gerçekten farklı şekilde yorumlayıp yorumlamadığı bizce de tartışmaya açık bir husustur. Bu açıdan bakıldığında Thales, söz konusu kavramları iki farklı problemler alanı olarak mı görmüştür? Onun düşüncelerinde kendinden önceki mitolojik mirasın izleri bulunabilir mi? O, katışıksız bir rasyonel midir, yoksa henüz felsefenin yeni filizlendiği bir toplumda bir ara basamağı mı temsil etmektedir? Bu makalenin içerisinde tartışacağımız bu sorular, felsefe tarihinin başlangıcına ilişkin kavramsal arka planın ne olduğu hakkında bize katkı sağlayacaktır. (shrink)

Shortages of new therapeutics to treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have forced clinicians, public health officials, and health systems to grapple with difficult questions about how to fairly allocate potentially life-saving treatments when there are not enough for all patients in need (1). Shortages have occurred with remdesivir, tocilizumab, monoclonal antibodies, and the oral antiviral Paxlovid (2) -/- Ensuring equitable allocation is especially important in light of the disproportionate burden experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic by disadvantaged groups, including Black, Hispanic/Latino and (...) Indigenous communities, individuals with certain disabilities, and low-income persons. However, many health systems have resorted to first-come, first-served approaches to allocation, which tend to disadvantage individuals with barriers in access to care (3). There is mounting evidence of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in access to medications for COVID-19 (4, 5). -/- One potential method to promote equitable allocation is to use a weighted lottery, which is an allocation strategy that gives all eligible patients a chance to receive the scarce treatment while also allowing the assignment of higher or lower chances according to other ethical considerations (6). We sought to assess the feasibility of implementing a weighted lottery to allocate scarce COVID-19 medications in a large U.S. health system and to determine whether the weighted lottery promotes equitable allocation. (shrink)

“1950’li yıllarda dönemin büyük felsefecileri arasında dinsel inancı savunan bir kişi bile yoktu. 1990’lı yıllarda Yale’den UCLA’ya, Oxford’dan Heidelberg’e kadar birçok yerde insanın manevi yanını savunan ve geliştiren yüzlerce kitap yazılacak, sel olup akacaktı. Aradaki 40 yıllık süre zarfındaysa sadece ve sadece Alvin Plantinga vardı.” Kelly James Clark Tanrı’nın veya tanrıların varlığı sorusu felsefenin ezeli sorularından biri olagelmişse de Nietzsche’nin Tanrı’nın ölümünü ilan ettiği günden bu yana onu doğrularcasına yaşanan acılar, savaşlar, kötülükler bu konudaki tartışmaların sesini uzun süre bastırdı. Ama (...) özellikle yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra palazlanan analitik felsefede meydana gelen “metafiziğe dönüş”, dine yakınlık duyan, en azından dinle ilgilenen filozofların tekrar Yahudi-Hıristiyan ve İslam geleneklerinde anlaşıldığı şekliyle Tanrı’nın varlığına duyulan inancın gerekçelerini yeniden değerlendirmelerine, konuya yeni bir bakış ve araçlarla bakmalarına vesile oldu. Alvin Plantinga’nın bu kitabı, yayımlandığı tarihten itibaren “analitik din felsefesi” alanının da en önemli ve sarsıcı eserlerinden biri hâline geldi ve Tanrı’nın ölmediğini ilan etti. Anselmus’tan Hume’a, Kant ve pozitivistlerden John Mackie gibi modern ateologlara kadar felsefe geleneğiyle hesaplaşan Plantinga, bu abidevi çalışmasında ontolojik, kozmolojik ve teleolojik tanrı kanıtlamalarının eski ve yeni biçimlerinin çıkmazlarını, meziyetlerini ve sunduğu imkânları değerlendiriyor. Tanrı’nın varlığına duyulan inanç ile diğer insanların varlığına ve zihinlerine duyulan inanç arasındaki şaşırtıcı ve sarsıcı bağlantıyı ortaya koyuyor. (shrink)

Researchers and practitioners are increasingly using machine‐generated synthetic data as a tool for advancing health science and practice, by expanding access to health data while—potentially—mitigating privacy and related ethical concerns around data sharing. While using synthetic data in this way holds promise, we argue that it also raises significant ethical, legal, and policy concerns, including persistent privacy and security problems, accuracy and reliability issues, worries about fairness and bias, and new regulatory challenges. The virtue of synthetic data is often understood (...) to be its detachment from the data subjects whose measurement data is used to generate it. However, we argue that addressing the ethical issues synthetic data raises might require bringing data subjects back into the picture, finding ways that researchers and data subjects can be more meaningfully engaged in the construction and evaluation of datasets and in the creation of institutional safeguards that promote responsible use. (shrink)

• Aggregates of previously isolated cells of Hydra are capable, under suitable solvant conditions, of regeneration forming complete animals. In a first stage, ecto- and endodermal cells sort out, producing the bilayered hollow structure characteristic of Hydra tissue; thereafter, heads are formed (even if the original cell preparation contained no head cells), eventually leading to the separation of normal animals with head, body column and foot. Hydra appears to be the highest type of organism that allows for regeneration of the (...) entire structure from random cell aggregates. The system is particularly useful for studying cell interactions, tissue polarity, pattern formation, and cell differentiation. (shrink)

Resumo: Este estudo tem como objetivo revisar a literatura acerca do cisto ovariano em vacas. O cisto ovariano em bovinos é um folículo anovulatório com diâmetro superior a 25 mm, que persiste nos ovários por mais de 10 dias sem a presença de um corpo lúteo funcional, causando infertilidade ao interromper os ciclos estrais. Os cistos podem ser classificados como foliculares ou lúteos, sendo difícil diferenciá-los pela palpação retal, mas a dosagem de progesterona (P4) no plasma ou leite e a (...) ultrassonografia podem ajudar no diagnóstico. A etiologia do cisto ainda não é totalmente compreendida, mas fatores como a condição corporal no pós-parto, número de lactações e desordens no período pós-parto são considerados fatores de risco. A principal causa está relacionada a desequilíbrios hormonais, especialmente na liberação de LH, prejudicando a ovulação. Palavras-chave: cisto ovariano; cistos lúteos; cistos foliculares; folículo anovulatório; reprodução. -/- Abstract: Ovarian cysts in cattle are characterized as an anovulatory follicle with a diameter greater than 25 mm, which persists in the ovaries for more than 10 days without the presence of a functional corpus luteum, causing infertility by interrupting the estrous cycles. Cysts can be classified as follicular or luteal, and while it is difficult to differentiate them through rectal palpation, the measurement of progesterone (P4) in plasma or milk and ultrasonography can aid in diagnosis. The etiology of the cyst is not fully understood, but factors such as body condition postpartum, number of lactations, and disorders in the postpartum period are considered risk factors. The main cause is related to hormonal imbalances, particularly in the release of LH, impairing ovulation Keywords: ovarian cyst; luteal cyst; follicular cyst; anovulatory follicle; reproduction. (shrink)

Epistemolojik olarak bilgiye başvuran ve bilme faaliyetinde bulunan insanın, Kur’an’da önemli bir yeri vardır. Buradaki bilme faaliyetini, salt teolojik bir buyruk olarak, yani Allah’ı bilmek olarak değil, doğru bilgi ile yanlış bilgi arasında hem teorik hem de ahlaki bir farklılık olarak anlamak ve Kur’an'da insana epistemik özellikler atfedildiğini ve böylece insanın epistemik başarılarından dolayı övüldüğünü söyleyebilmek mümkündür. Bu açıdan bakıldığında herhangi bir önermeye yönelik olarak rasyonel bir tutum benimseyen, yani bilen özne ile bu faaliyette isteyerek ve istemeyerek giren kişinin durumu (...) arasında bir fark olduğu açıktır. Doğrusu bu farkın epistemik önceliği kadar, ahlaki önceliği de dikkate değerdir. Nitekim buradaki ahlaki üstünlük, doğru bilgiyi hedefleme ve ona ulaşma noktasında ortaya çıkan erdemdir. Doğru bilgiye ulaşmanın entelektüel bir erdem olduğu düşünüldüğünde, Kur’an’ın Erdem epistemolojisi üzerinden değerlendirilmesi bu noktada önemlidir. Doğrusu erdemli bir bilişsel faaliyet, Kur'an’da açık bir şekilde ana fikir olarak ortaya konulur ve buna göre cehaletten kaçınmak ve doğru bilgiye ulaşmak için erdemli bir çaba göstermek önem taşır. Kur’an’daki ifadeleri bilgeliğe ulaşmak olarak anlayacak olursak, asıl hedef; bilgi ve anlayışımızın, entelektüel ve ahlaki vicdanımızı veya takvamızı güçlendirmesi için kullanılabileceği söylenilebilir ve bu inanç, erdem epistemolojisine dayalı bir yaklaşım içerisinde şekillendirilebilir. (shrink)

New trends in the economic systems management in the context of modern global challenges: collective monograph / scientific edited by M. Bezpartochnyi, in 2 Vol. // VUZF University of Finance, Business and Entrepreneurship. – Sofia: VUZF Publishing House “St. Grigorii Bogoslov”, 2020. – Vol. 1. – 309 p.

Skeptical theists are seeking for some reasonable solutions to the evidential problem of evil. One of the most fundamental responses of skeptical theism is that the concept of “gratuitous evil”, which cannot be a proof of the absence of God. Therefore, it is not the existence of God that skeptical theism suspects. Instead, skeptical theism contemplates whether the evil in the world really has a “gratuitous” basis. This paper focuses on Peter van Inwagen's “no-minimum claim”. No-minimum claim” stands in opposition (...) to the views that assume that God minimizes the evils that exist in the world in order to achieve justice. “No-minimum claim” acknowledges that these evils still have enormous amounts to people. Thus “no-minimum claim” suggests that the evils experienced in the world are incompatible with the “best of all possible worlds” views or the other explanations of classical theodicy. According to the “no minimum claim”, the reason why the amount of evil in the world still seems so high may be God’s deliberate calculations in effecting the distribution of these evils. In order to reach these calculations, it is not necessary for the amount of evil that God allowed to reflect on the world to be perfectly manifested at the minimum level. The purpose of this paper is to consider the skeptical theism approach within the framework of Peter van Inwagen's “no-minimum claim” and to limit his arguments to an alternative approach to skeptic theism. Our claim is that such view coincides with skeptical theism, but the “no- minimum claim” still has some ambiguities at the point of the limits of evil. From this, we can conclude that the “no minimum claim” has received many objections in the skeptical theism literature and these objections are justified at certain points. (shrink)

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of including forage palm in the diet of lambs finished in confinement on carcass characteristics. A total of 24 Santa Ines lambs were used, with an average age of 119 ± 30 days and an average initial weight of 14.64 ± 2.28 kg. All the animals were slaughtered after 89 days in confinement. Four diets were formulated, containing four inclusion levels of Palma Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck): 0, 6.5, 16.63, and (...) 35.10% as a substitute for Tifton-85 (Cynodon dactylon) hay. The design used was randomized blocks. The variables final live weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, hot carcass yield, cold carcass yield, biological yield, loin eye area, subcutaneous fat thickness, grid rule measurement, carcass compactness index, the weights of the neck, palette, loin, rib and leg cuts, and the yields of the loin and rib cuts, showed increasing linear behavior as the amount of Palma Miúda in the diet increased, but the yields of the neck, palette, and leg cuts decreased linearly. Diets with higher palm inclusion provide carcasses with better subcutaneous fat thickness, loin eye area, and carcass compactness index, while also providing higher weights of commercial cuts and lower yields of palette and leg cuts. (shrink)

Mindfulness training has been used to improve emotional wellbeing in early adolescents. However, little is known about treatment outcome moderators, or individual differences that may differentially impact responses to treatment. The current study focused on gender as a potential moderator for affective outcomes in response to school-based mindfulness training. Sixth grade students (N = 100) were randomly assigned to either the six weeks of mindfulness meditation or the active control group as part of a history class curriculum. Participants in the (...) mindfulness meditation group completed short mindfulness meditation sessions four to five times per week, in addition to didactic instruction (Asian history). The control group received matched experiential activity in addition to didactic instruction (African history) from the same teacher with no meditation component. Self-reported measures of emotional wellbeing/affect, mindfulness, and self-compassion were obtained at pre and post intervention. Meditators reported greater improvement in emotional wellbeing compared to those in the control group. Importantly, gender differences were detected, such that female meditators reported greater increases in positive affect compared to females in the control group, whereas male meditators and control males displayed equivalent gains. Uniquely among females but not males, increases in self-reported self-compassion were associated with improvements in affect. These findings support the efficacy of school-based mindfulness interventions, and interventions tailored to accommodate distinct developmental needs of female and male adolescents. (shrink)

Монографія "Проблеми та перспективи розвитку системи вищої освіти в сучасному суспільстві" присвячена висвітленню особливостей функціонування сучасної вищої освіти, що виникають під впливом сучасних викликів у VUCA-світі, а також – визначенню перспектив подальшого розвитку вищої освіти. Особливу увагу авторам монографії потрібно приділяти вивченню тих умов реформування вищої освіти, які забезпечать сталий та результативний розвиток майбутніх фахівців. Автори колективної монографії дослідили комплекс нагальних проблем вищої освіти в Україні та за кордоном; визначили шляхи їх вирішення в умовах сучасних викликів на тлі трансформаційних змін (...) у суспільстві. Це, у свою чергу, вплинуло на побудову логічної структури монографії. У першому розділі монографії "Врядування у системі вищої освіти України" висвітлено проблеми ефективного управління в сучасних університетах, а також перехід від управління до врядування у закладах вищої освіти та фактори, що сприяють цьому процесу. Розглянуто український досвід щодо участі студентів у діяльності університетів. У другому розділі "Розвиток потенціалу університетів: від теорії до практики" автори вивчають фактори, які впливають на розвиток ЗВО. Особлива увага приділяється вивченню розвитку наукового-педагогічного персоналу та впровадженню інноваційних технологій у розвиток працівників закладів вищої освіти. У третьому розділі «Забезпечення якості вищої освіти: європейський та український досвід» увагу авторів монографії зосереджено на вивченні сучасних підходів до оцінювання студентів та аналізі стейкхолдерів забезпечення якості системі вищої освіти в Україні та в ЄС. (shrink)

Dini epistemoloji, teistik inançların rasyonel zeminde gerekçelendirilme yollarını arayan, çağdaş epistemolojinin bir alt dalıdır. Musa Yanık, bu kitapta günümüzdeki en güçlü yaklaşım olan reform epistemolojisinden güvenilircilik bakış açısıyla yani “daha yüksek bir olasılıkla doğru olması yönünden” İslam inancının rasyonelliğini ortaya koymakta ve uygulamalı dini epistemolojinin sağlam ve cesur bir örneğini sergilemektedir. (Prof. Dr. Hasan Yücel Başdemir) -/- Epistemoloji topyekûn insan zihnini biçimlendirme ve inanç da dahil olmak üzere bilişsel faaliyetleri yönlendirme potansiyeline sahip bir alandır. Zira Allah’ın varlığı, birliği, nübüvvet ve (...) ahiretle ilişkili meseleler “nasıl bilebilirim, neleri bilebilirim, bildiğim şeyin kesinliğinden nasıl emin olabilirim?” gibi epistemik sorulardan bağımsız olamaz. Bu nedenle konu İslam düşüncesinde felsefecilerin olduğu kadar kelâmcıların da ilgisini çekmiştir.Bu bağlamda Musa Yanık tarafından modern teoriler de dikkate alınarak yazılan bu kitabın dini epistemoloji konusunda bir farkındalık oluşturmasını umuyorum. (Doç. Dr. Mehmet Bulgen) -/- Analitik felsefe ülkemizde yeni yeni tanınmaya başlanmış olmasına rağmen özellikle İslam entelektüel tarihindeki kelâm geleneği ile etkileşime geçme potansiyeli oldukça yüksek bir gelenektir. Musa Yanık, bu çalışmasıyla günümüzün en önemli analitik din felsefecilerinden AlvinPlantinga’nın dini epistemolojisini tanıtmakta ve kelâmla irtibatını eleştirel bir zeminde kurmaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışmanın güncel tartışmaları takip etmesi kadar bu tartışmalara farklı geleneklerden bakabilme becerisi felsefenin çok-yönlü bir çerçevede nasıl yapılabileceğine dair güzel bir örnek oluşturuyor. Musa Yanık’ın bu eseri, her şeyin birbiriyle etkileşime geçmeye başladığı global dünyada felsefe yapmanın olanaklarına dair yenilikçi bir yaklaşım ortaya koyuyor. -/- (Doç. Dr. Nazif Muhtaroğlu) -/- Elinizde tuttuğunuz bu kitap, dini epistemoloji ve erdem epistemolojisi kesişiminde yer almakla birlikte, inanç ve imanın epistemik statüsünü incelemek ve bunu yaparken ise İslam inancını merkeze almaktadır. Bu haliyle Türkçe literatür açısından önemli bir boşluğu doldurmaktadır. Okuyucunun bu kitap aracılığıyla karşılaşacağı bazı sorular şunlardır: İnanç ve bilgi nedir? Kanıt olmadan inanmak ahlaken yanlış mıdır? İnançlarımızı rasyonel olarak gerekçelendirmenin yolları nelerdir? İslam inancı reform ve erdem epistemolojisi açısından güvenilir bir temele sahip midir? Fakat belki de en büyük kadim soru şudur: Tanrı’nın varlığını bilmek mümkün müdür? -/- (Taner Beyter-Öncül Analitik Felsefe Dergisi). (shrink)

The issue of safety culture is one of the most important in a modern medical facility because any problems during the provision of services may lead to irreversible consequences. Not only the patient may suffer, but the doctor who assisted. Unfortunately, very little attention to this issue is paid in Ukraine. Based on this, we can say that the topic is relevant and requires studying. -/- The purpose of writing this article is the analysis of the ways of forming professional (...) safety culture in clinical medicine. The methods by which we carried out scientific research are observation, analysis, evaluation, comparison, generalization. -/- The work examined interpretation of the term "safety culture", types of innovation in which it belongs and the main methods of its creation in the medical field. -/- Safety culture in the medical field involves the right of all health care workers to use measures to prevent actions that can harm a patient or a colleague. Different approaches were considered in the interpretation of the term "safety culture" and we proposed our own: safety culture is a system of values, objectives, knowledge and skills, rules and procedures, convictions shared by representatives of a certain medical profession and supported by patients, creating a favourable working climate, atmosphere of trust and becoming an efficient tool for achieving the goals of the organization. -/- The main components of the safety culture were defined: responsibilities of managers, communication, performance, resources of safety, trust, the degree of job satisfaction, etc. Based on several studies, it was found that no country has a perfect medical system. Every system should be improved. -/- We proposed measures to fix the situation with the safety culture in health care facilities. The correct management of safety can eliminate or fix many medical errors. That is why the need for a clear program of implementation, execution and control of SC in the medical establishment is necessary. -/- Scientific novelty of this work lies in the interpretation of the term "safety culture" at medical institutions and in determining major steps towards its creation. Practical value of the work is the opportunity to implement these steps in medical institutions for improvement of the safety culture and, therefore, to reduce the risk of bad accidents during treatment. -/- Further research can address safety culture management in medical institutions on the examples from the experience of countries with effective systems of health care. (shrink)

Stať se snaží analyzovat myšlenky málo známého rukopisu Sigmunda Freuda z roku 1895, v němž usiloval o nalezení biologických základů lidské psychiky. Tato práce je pozoruhodná ze dvou důvodů. Jednak představuje úvahy, které se výrazně od- lišují od toho, co je pro Freuda v oblasti psychologie tak typické. Freud se zde, až na výjimky, nezabývá psychoanalýzou či studiemi o hysterii, nýbrž popisuje, co by mohlo být základem těchto psychologických jevů na neurofyziologické úrovni. Druhým pozoruhodným faktem je, že tento manuskript byl (...) pozapome- nut až do poloviny 20. století, kdy byl vytištěn pod názvem Projekt vědecké psychologie. A jak je známo, neurofyziologická studia lidské mysli spojená s analýzou kognitivních funkcí se v ri- gorózní podobě objevují až na počátku 60. let. Stať se proto pokouší ukázat základní principy Projektu a naznačit, v čem byl Freud inspirativním průkopníkem moderních neurofyziologických přístupů k lidské mysli. (shrink)

Fenomenologie není pouze specifická metoda filosofického zkoumání, ale též svébytná filosofická pozice. Husserl je znám a diskutován spíše jako autor právě zmíněné metody, ovšem ta přeci měla sloužit jakožto organon pro vytvoření samostatné filosofické nauky. Proto se bude v příspěvku věnovat pozornost Husserlovu chápání toho, co je to filosofie, a to v kontrastu proti dobově populárním filosofickým pozicím, jimiž byly naturalismus a filosofie světového názoru s jeho nejodpudivější podobou nazývanou Husserlem pejorativně „Tiefsinn“: důvtipná duchaplnost. Husserl zamýšlí odstranit oba zmíněné typy (...) filosofie skutečně přísně vědeckou filosofií, jež bude filosofií fenomenologickou. (shrink)

This study aims to discuss a preliminary analysis of responses by classical and contemporary Muslim scholars on Atheism and New Atheism and identify the approaches that have been taken by them. It also elucidates on type of arguments used by those scholars. While there are many studies about Atheism, New Atheism, and Islam, few or none of them preliminary analysed the works of classical and contemporary Muslim scholars. Selected books written by classical and contemporary Muslim scholars on Atheism and New (...) Atheism were preliminarily reviewed and examined. This study found that the critiques of classical and contemporary Muslim scholars are constructive, systemic, and systematic in upholding the ʿaqīdah. Five renowned and essential rational arguments that are frequently used by classical and contemporary Muslim scholars are the ontological argument, argument from contingency, kalām cosmological argument, teleological argument, and moral argument. The researcher also believes that these respective arguments must also undergo reform (islāh), renewal (tajdīd), and constant improvement in areas or matters that are subject to change over time (mutaghayyirāt). (shrink)

“Doğal din” terimi, bazen doğanın kendisinin ilahi olduğu bir panteistik doktrine atıfta bulunur. “Doğal teoloji” terimi ise aksine, başlangıçta gözlemlenen doğal gerçekler temelinde (ve bazen) Tanrı’nın varlığını savunmaya yönelik projeye atıfta bulunur. Bununla birlikte çağdaş felsefede, hem “doğal din” hem de “doğal teoloji” genel olarak, dinî veya teolojik konuları araştırmak için insana, “doğal” olan bilişsel yetilerini – akıl, algı, içgözlem- kullanma projesini ifade eder. Doğal din veya teoloji, mevcut anlayış üzerine, doğayla ilgili ampirik araştırmalarla sınırlı olmamakla birlikte ayrıca panteistik bir (...) sonuçla da bağlantılı değildir. Bununla birlikte o, özel doğal olmayan yetilere (ESP, telepati, mistik deneyim) veya doğaüstü bilgi kaynaklarına (kutsal metinler, vahiy teolojisi, inanç otoriteleri, doğrudan doğaüstü iletişim) hitap etmekten kaçınır. Genel olarak, doğal din veya teoloji (bundan böyle “doğal teoloji” olarak anılacaktır), diğer felsefi ve bilimsel girişimlerle aynı rasyonel inceleme standartlarına uymayı amaçlamaktadır ve aynı değerlendirme ve eleştiri yöntemlerine tabidir. (shrink)

Alvin Plantinga, analitik felsefe düşüncesi içerisinde yetişmiş ve bu gelenek içinde teistik din felsefesinin oluşumuna katkıda bulunmuş bir filozoftur. Ayrıca teizmin savunusu için yaptığı çalışmalarla, çeşitli üniversitelerden aldığı onur ödülleri ve 2017 yılında kazandığı Templeton Prize ödülüyle, haklı bir üne kavuşmuş bir şahsiyettir. Bu çalışmayı yapmamızdaki en önemli amaç, Plantinga’nın dini epistemoloji üzerine yaptığı çalışmaları analiz edip bu düşüncelerinin ardalanına dair bir tespitte bulunmaktır. Bu çalışmada yararlandığımız öncelikli kaynaklar, Plantinga’nın Nicholas Wolterstorff ile birlikte kaleme aldığı “Faith and Rationality” adlı eser (...) ile birlikte son dönem epistemik fikirlerinin çerçevesini belirleyen üç ciltlik “Warrant and Proper Function”, “Warrant: The Current Debate”, “Warranted: Christian Belief” isimli eserler olmuştur. Plantinga’nın ilk dönem epistemoloji çalışmalarının gayesini bir tür olumsuzlama diyebileceğimiz klasik temelciliğin ve evidentializmin eleştirisi oluştururken, ikinci döneminde bu eleştirilerden yola çıkarak Tanrı inancının haklı bir temelde ve güvenceye sahip olduğunu gösterme amacına yönelmiştir. Plantinga’nın teolojik fikirlerini oluşturan Kalvinci ekol, onun dini epistemolojisinin de özünü oluşturmaktadır. Plantinga’nın dini epistemolojisini iki boyutlu olarak değerlendirdiğimizde, içe dönük olarak Hristiyan inancıyla ilgilense de çalışmalarının dışsal yönünü daha genel olarak teizmin Tanrı’sı ve onun rasyonelliği oluşturmaktadır. Açıkçası Plantinga’nın epistemolojik külliyatı bir tür kavram zenginliğini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Çalışmamız içerisinde ele aldığımız kadarıyla uygun işlevsellik, tasarım planı, güvence (warrant) gibi kavramlar onun Tanrı inancının epistemik mahiyetini ortaya koymak için ne derece kararlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Netice itibariyle Tanrı inancının ve onun bilgisinin rasyonel olabileceğini ifade eden Plantinga, her ne kadar Hristiyan inancının belli bir koluna mensup olsa da diğer mezhepleri dışlamaz. Ayrıca Plantinga, birçok çalışmasında belirttiği üzere projesinin Yahudilik, İslam gibi diğer teistik dinlere yönelik olduğunu da belirtmektedir. (shrink)

Bilgi ile iyilik arasında nasıl bir ilişki vardır? Doğruyu bilmek ile iyi olanı yapmak aynı entelektüel ve ahlaki kaynaktan mı beslenir? -/- Çağdaş analitik din ve ahlak felsefesinin tanınmış isimlerinden Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski, Tanrı, Bilgi ve İyi’de bilgi, erdem ve Tanrı kavramlarını birbirinden kopuk alanların unsurları olarak değil, aynı normatif düzenin farklı görünümleri olarak ele alarak çağdaş epistemoloji ile ahlak felsefesi arasındaki bağı yeniden düşünmeyi öneriyor. Erdem epistemolojisinin imkânlarını genişletmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışma, inanç, güven, haklılık, iyilik ve kötülük gibi kavramları (...) insanın bilişsel yaşamı ile ahlaki yönelimleri arasındaki güçlü ilişki üzerinden yeniden yorumlayarak teolojik düşünceyi de çağdaş felsefi tartışmaların merkezine taşıyor. (shrink)

Tarihte herhalde çok az soru Tanrı’nın varlığı sorusu kadar sık sorulmuş, çok yanıtlanmış ve verilen birbirinden farklı onca yanıta rağmen kesin bir sonuca ulaştırılamayıp tartışılmaya devam etmiştir. Yine de geçmişe dönüp baktığımızda bu soruya verilen farklı yanıtların farklı uygarlıkların inşa edilmesine, bazılarının yıkılmasına, acımasız çatışmalara ve her şeye rağmen kucaklaşmalara da vesile olduğunu görüyoruz. Tanrı var mı? Varsa onu nasıl bilebiliriz? Tanrı yoksa her şey mubah mı? İnsan aklı ilahi olanı kavrayabilir mi? Tanrı’nın varlığı ahlaklı olmanın şartı mı? Evren akıllı (...) bir tasarımcının imzasını taşıyor mu? Bu kitapta felsefeci William David Beck, bu sorulara tarihte verilen yanıtları ve bu konudaki tartışmaları ele alarak meselenin genel ve tarihsel bir tablosunu bize sunuyor. Platon, Aristoteles, Marcus Aurelius gibi Eski Yunan ve Roma düşünürlerinden Anselmus, Thomas Aquinas, Augustinus ve Yahudi-Hıristiyan geleneğine, Doğu’nun bilgelerine, İbni Rüşd, Fârâbî ve Gazzâlî gibi İslam düşünürlerinden Alvin Plantinga, Graham Oppy, Sam Harris, Richard Dawkins, Max Tegmark gibi Batılı modern ilahiyatçılara, bilim insanlarına ve Yeni Ateizm hareketine kadar uzanan bir çizgide “Tanrı var mı?” sorusuna verilen çeşitli yanıtları ve bu yanıtlara sunulan akılcı gerekçeleri ortaya koyarak soruya felsefece bir yanıt vermenin nasıl bir iş olduğunu da gösteriyor. (shrink)

Çağdaş epistemoloji içerisinde, dışsalcı, güvenilirci ve erdeme dayalı epistemolojik tartışmaların bir benzerini, dini epistemoloji içerisinde etkili bir şekilde yer edinen ve reformcu epistemoloji olarak bilinen yaklaşım üzerinden görebilmek mümkündür. Alvin Plantinga, Nicholas Wolterstorff ve William Alston gibi filozofların öne çıktığı bu yaklaşımın ana iddiası, kanıta ya da argümana dayanmaksızın, Tanrı’nın varlığına inanmanın bütünüyle doğru, rasyonel, makul ve güvenilir olacağı şeklindeki bir tezdir. Kanıtın, gerekçelendirme için zorunlu bir koşul olmadığı fikri, algısal deneyimlerin gerekçelendirilmesine benzer şekilde, dini deneyimlerin de öyle olduğu ve (...) dolayısıyla, aynı epistemik statüye sahip olması gerektiğini öne süren, eşitlik tezine dayanır. İlk ortaya çıktığı günden bugüne, üzerinde çokça konuşulan ve tartışılan bir yaklaşım olan reformcu epistemoloji, özellikle son beş yıl içerisinde, oldukça farklı bir hale gelmiştir. Zira bu yaklaşımı, kanıtsalcılıkla uyumlu, erdem epistemolojisiyle bağlantılı ve diğer teistik dinler üzerinden değerlendiren yeni çalışmalar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu nedenle, bu makalede, reformcu epistemoloji ana hatlarıyla ele alınmıştır. Beraberinde, ona yöneltilen itirazlara değinilmiş ve sonrasında, bahsi geçen yenilik iddiaları soruşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Son olarak, teistik inancın rasyonalitesiyle ilgili, farklı bir bakış açısı sunulmuştur. (shrink)

Modal ontolojik argüman, Tanrı’nın varlığını sadece bilfiil gerçek olan bu dünyada değil, bütün mümkün dünyalarda göstermeye yönelik bir argümandır. Anselm’in (1033-1109) Proslogion adlı eserinin 3. bölümünde “kendisinden daha büyüğü düşünülemeyen” şeklinde tanımlanan; Tanrı’nın var olmamasının da düşünülemeyeceğini, bu yüzden de varolmamasının imkansızlığı üzerinde kurulu yeni bir argüman bulunduğunu öne süren bazı araştırmacılar, bu argümanı mümkün dünyalar semantiği yardımıyla formüle edip, “modal ontolojik argüman” şeklinde adlandırmışlardır. Çok farklı şekillerde formüle edilmiş bu argüman kabaca Tanrı’nın mümkünse zorunlu olması, dolayısıyla bilfiil gerçek olan (...) bu dünyada da var olması gerektiğini savunur. (shrink)

Bir şey, Tanrı onu emrettiği için mi iyidir ya da kötüdür? sorusunu merkeze alarak oluşturulan ve yakın dönem içerisinde gerek din felsefesi ve gerekse ahlak felsefesi içerisinde tartışılan konulardan biriside “İlahi Buyruk Teorisi”dir. Bu teori kısaca, ahlaki değerlerin kaynağının, Tanrı’nın buyruklarında, yani onun emir ve yasaklarında belirlendiğini açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Eylemlerimizin iyi ya da kötü olarak nitelendirilmesinin Tanrı’nın buyruklarıyla mı, yoksa onların Tanrı’dan bağımsız, yani, kendi doğalarından mı kaynaklandığı tartışması, ilk olarak ahlak felsefesi içerisinde Platon’un “Euthyphro” diyaloğunda kendisine yer bulmuştur. Bununla (...) beraber Hristiyan teolojisi içerisinde Aziz Augustinus, Duns Scotus ve Thomas Aquinas isimler; İslam düşüncesi içerisinde ise, “Hüsün ve Kubuh” meselesi adı altında Mu’tezile, Eş’ariyye ve Matüridiyye gibi ekoller konuya dair yaklaşımlarını ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. Son olarak daha yakın dönemde din felsefesi içerisinde Philip L. Quinn, Robert M. Adams ve Janine Marie Idziak gibi birçok isim bu teoriye yönelik kapsamlı çalışmalar ve argümanlar geliştirmiştir. (shrink)

Gökhan Murteza, “Ahlak, İktisat ve Bilim: Adam Smith Felsefesine Giriş” isimli eserinde genellikle İktisat disiplininin birçok farklı konusunu felsefi açıdan tartışmaya açmıştır. Murteza’nın bu eseri, devleti ve toplumu ilgilendiren bu araştırma alanının, A. Smith ile birlikte bir bilim dalı olarak görülmeye başlanmasının sonucunda, gerçekten ahlaki olanı içerip içermediği problemi üzerinde durmaktadır.

Edmund Husserl obdržel v roce 1927 nabídku od Jamese Louise Garvina, britského editora Encyclopædia Britannica, ať napíše pro novou, tehdy čtrnáctou edici článek „Fenomenologie“. Garvin stanovil rozsah článku na 4000 slov a termín vydání na září roku 1929. Husserl pracoval na článku v časovém rozmezí mezi zářím a prosincem roku 1927, během kterého vyhotovil celkem čtyři verze. Husserl požádal o spolupráci na prvních třech verzích svého žáka Martina Heideggera, který toho času zastával profesorský stolec na univerzitě v Marburku. Heidegger strávil (...) v říjnu 1927 u Husserla několik dní, během kterých intenzivně pracovali na řečeném článku. Nicméně jejich spolupráce vedla ke vzájemnému profesnímu odcizení, protože práce na formulování článku dala vytanout nepřekonatelným obsahovým diferencím mezi oběma filosofy. Na základě Heideggerových nepřijatelných návrhů a připomínek Husserl nakonec sepsal finální, čtvrtou verzi článku již sám. Tuto poslední verzi čítající 7000 slov pak Husserl předal oxfordskému učenci Christopheru V. Salmonovi, který ji měl zkrátit a přeložit do angličtiny. Salmon sice v únoru roku 1928 opravdu dodal do redakce EB text čítající 3844 slov bez bibliografie, ovšem nejednalo se vpravdě o překlad, nýbrž dost svévolnou parafrázi. Tato podoba Husserlova článku se pak objevovala ve čtrnácté edici EB, jež se vydávala až do roku 1974, jen do roku 1956, kdy byla nahrazena článkem napsaným Johnem N. Findlayem. Původní podoba Husserlova článku byla poprvé zveřejněna až roku 1962 v rámci jeho sebraných spisů známých pod označením Husserliana, podle jejichž IX. svazku jsme vyhotovili předložený překlad z německého jazyka. Podle této edice rovněž uvádíme paginaci, která je uvedena v hranatých závorkách, přičemž stránkový přechod indikuje v textu umístěná značka |.U příležitosti 80. výročí Husserlova skonu, který připadl na rok 2018, bylo naším záměrem připomenout přínos a odkaz tohoto našeho krajana tím, že napravíme absenci překladu jeho patrně nejvíce instruktivního, přehledného a programového textu, který byť ve zkomolené podobě anglického „překladu“, po dlouhou dobu seznamoval učenou veřejnost s tím, co je to fenomenologie. (shrink)

The behavior of macroeconomic indicators (reflecting the development of both the national economy as a whole and that of individual economic sectors) testifies to the low current efficiency of the functioning of economic entities in the context of economic activities. This in turn necessitates scientific substantiation of developing and introducing theoretical and methodological recommendations to ensure innovative development of the country. One of the most effective ways to practically implement this task is to substantiate methods for quantitative assessment of potential (...) in the context of economic activities. The practical value of applying these methods is that the results of the integrated assessment of potential can be used as a criterion for the priority development of certain economic sectors or economic activities. (shrink)

Catalan translation, introductory study and notes on W. K. Clifford’s “The Ethics of Belief”. Published in Clifford, W.K. “L’ètica de la creença”. Quaderns de Filosofia, vol. III, n. 2 (2016), pp. 129–150. // Catalan translation, introductory study and notes on William James’s “The Will to Believe”. Published in James, William. “La voluntat de creure”. Quaderns de Filosofia, vol. III, n. 2 (2016), pp. 151–172. [Introductory study published in Oya, Alberto. “Introducció. El debat entre W. K. Clifford i William James”. Quaderns (...) de Filosofia, vol. III, n. 2 (2016), pp. 123–127]. (shrink)

RETINA (Real-time Environmental Transcription and Interpretation for Navigation and Assistance for Visually Impaired) is an innovative project aimed at enhancing the navigation and environmental awareness of visually impaired individuals through advanced assistive technology. The system integrates a portable, headband-mounted camera with a Raspberry Pi, enabling real-time capture and interpretation of visual information from the user's surroundings. Utilizing cutting-edge computer vision and machine learning algorithms, along with the Google Coral Accelerator for rapid processing, RETINA facilitates swift object recognition and detailed auditory (...) feedback. The Mobilenet tflite model plays a crucial role in generating accurate, contextually relevant descriptions of identified objects, enhancing the quality of information provided to users. By continuously capturing video footage and processing it in real-time, RETINA delivers immediate audio cues about objects, obstacles, and environmental features through connected earphones. This innovative approach addresses key challenges faced by visually impaired individuals, such as limited environmental awareness and reliance on external assistance, ultimately promoting greater independence and safety. With a functional prototype already developed, RETINA stands at the forefront of assistive technology, potentially transforming the lives of visually impaired users by enabling more confident navigation and interaction with their surroundings. (shrink)

Jean-Luc Nancy takes the concept of "essence" in order to indicate its drawbacks on the singularity of being. The concept of essence is not a universal and necessary origin, but contingent and historical meanings for Nancy. This historicity in meaning leads Nancy to question the concept of the individual and the rules of the social/public sphere allocated through individuality. Nancy's argument on the ontological environment of finite beings aims to highlight those beings are mixed singular, not belonging to a universal (...) unit. This allows us to discover that being is singular and also singular-plural to the extent that it is with the other. Thus, essential historical concepts invalidate individual or social organizations at this point. Nancy calls this “finitude” which is the only transcendental concept that makes possible the “being with” (Mitsein). It is possible to think that finitude is the only property to make a community of singularities rather than ready-made concepts of social sciences. I argue that this position is methodological for an alternative socio-ontology. (shrink)

The Hydrogen Cosmos: Quantization, Resonance, and the Universal φ⁷ Symmetry -/- Creators Nowlin, Michael (Researcher) ORCID icon Description Authors note (January 2026) - I have consolidatated files/sections into one document. -/- FUNt_Hydrogen_Cosmos_Master_Thesis_Consolidated.pdf -/- I Also added some colab notebooks with intent to allow each reader to run their own math, -/- compare to the thesis words and test the conclusions. -/- Abstract: -/- The Hydrogen Cosmos serves as the empirical cornerstone of the -/- Fundamental Unification of Nature theory (FUNt). -/- (...) Across the included sections and empirical addenda, the work demonstrates that Hydrogen -/- — as both matter and harmonic field -/- — encodes the universal resonance law governing all scales of structure, -/- from atomic spin to galactic filament. -/- Using φ⁷-scaling and Fractaile Geometry (D ≈ 1.2), -/- this collection integrates theoretical, mathematical, and experimental foundations, forming the full Hydrogen–Cosmos Continuum: -/- Contained Sections -/- Section A: Hydrogen–Cosmos Definition and Test Protocol (Empirical Edition) Section B: Hydrogen, Cosmos, and Resonance Bands Section C: Proton Tunneling Continuum – Final Derivation Section D: Empirical Proof and Cross-Scale Correlations Section E: Errata, Empirical Corrections, and Expanded Scaling Proof Together these sections complete the first full-spectrum FUNt treatment of; -/- hydrogen as a cosmic harmonic. -/- Each accompanying image and dataset represents the resonance lattice visually, -/- — from lattice phase diagrams to spectrum overlays -/- — forming a cohesive empirical archive. -/- Core results: -/- • Quantization of hydrogen field resonance across φ⁷ harmonics. -/- • Coupling between magnetic phase coherence and cosmic scaling laws. -/- • Proof-of-alignment between subatomic, planetary, -/- and galactic φ-ratios. -/- note- this is one paper in the series: -/- Fundamental Unification of Nature theory (FUNt) Physmatics -/- Nowlin, Michael K. (Producer) -/- FUNt / Physmatics Hydrogen Cosmos — Master Thesis (Consolidated) -/- Version v1.0 — January 11, 2026 -/- Purpose and Scope -/- This document consolidates the current FUNt / Physmatics Hydrogen Cosmos thesis into a single, legible manuscript. It is assembled from the most recent section PDFs provided (Sections A–E, an addendum, and a peer-review response). The goal is readability and one-file integrity for archival and sharing. -/- Edits in this consolidation are limited to: (1) consistent section ordering, (2) removal of obvious duplicate headers/footers, (3) whitespace cleanup, and (4) short bridge text between sections. No new scientific claims are introduced. -/- Reader Guidance -/- If you are reading this for the first time, proceed in order: Sections A → E, then the Addendum and the Peer-Review Response. -/- If you are auditing: treat each equation and claim as a mathematical object with declared domains and boundaries; avoid interpretive leaps until after reproducibility is established. -/- Keywords -/- FUNt, Physmatics, hydrogen ground state, H=0, φ, phi^7, fractal/fractaile, resonance bands, recursion law, empirical scaling, proton tunneling, repeatability, simulation audit, mathematical admissibility, Diophantine approximation Section A — Recursion Governance and Nature’s Recursion Law -/- Section A: Recursion Governance + Nature’s Recursion Law Recursion Governance in FUNt Systems (SRC Protocol) To preserve coherence and prevent runaway recursion in theoretical or computational models, the Structured Recursion Control (SRC) protocol defines strict conservation rules for all FUNt systems. -/- 1. φ recursion is limited to n ≤ 7, representing the natural coherence boundary where φ⁷ ≈ -/- 13φ + 8. Beyond this threshold, recursion values are averaged to maintain harmonic equilibrium. -/- 2. The base hydrogen resonance frequency (ν₀) is invariant across all harmonic levels. All φscaling operations anchor to this fixed constant, ensuring stability of reference. -/- 3. The Reflection Layer—observer mode—records recursive interactions but does not compute or modify parameters once recursion depth exceeds n = 7. This provides a selfregulating boundary condition. -/- Mathematically expressed as: -/- dR/dt = 0 when n > 7 and ν₀ = constant This clause ensures conservation of coherence analogous to energy conservation in closed systems. -/- Nature’s Recursion Law (φ–Energy Scaling Principle) Nature organizes energy through recursive resonance rather than linear progression. Every stable resonance—atomic, molecular, or galactic—emerges as a φ-scaled overtone of a base hydrogen frequency (ν₀). -/- The fundamental expression of this law is: -/- Eₙ = h × ν₀ × φⁿ -/- Physical Interpretation This defines a universal energy ladder built on geometric resonance. Each energy state is a golden-ratio harmonic multiple of the base hydrogen resonance frequency. -/- • Quantum Domain: photon energy levels and electron orbitals follow φ-scaling. -/- • Biological Domain: DNA helices and biophotonic emissions resonate at φ-related intervals. -/- • Cosmic Domain: orbital spacing and galactic arms trace φ-curvature geometry. Mathematical Continuity Eₙ = hν₀φⁿ unifies Planck’s quantization with geometric scaling: -/- E = hν and ν ∝ φⁿ This bridges discrete and continuous forms of energy, showing quantization as a geometric consequence of resonance. -/- Conceptual Summary Nature’s Recursion Law defines how energy, form, and stability propagate through a single golden-ratio spectrum — from the proton’s vibration to the galaxy’s rotation. Section B — The Hydrogen Cosmos and Resonance Bands -/- Bridge note: Section B extends the governance concepts of Section A into the hydrogen-centric cosmos model and resonance-band framing. -/- FUNt Master Paper – Section B: The Hydrogen Cosmos and Resonance Bands 1. Hydrogen as the Universal Medium Hydrogen constitutes approximately 75% of all known matter and exists both as atom and field substrate. Every particle, molecule, and plasma state arises within hydrogen’s quantum lattice. The FUNt framework treats this lattice not as void but as a resonant continuum through which all coherence propagates. -/- Key Concept: -/- All protons are phase-locked nodes in a shared resonance web. No proton is isolated; each participates in the same standing-wave field that underlies atomic, molecular, and cosmic structures. -/- 2. Hydrogen Resonance Bands (HRBs) HRBs are quantized intervals of stable phase—recurrence harmonics of the φ-scaled law: -/- Eₙ = h ν₀ φⁿ -/- Each n denotes a stable “band of coherence” where hydrogen’s field supports constructive interference. At these nodes, energy transfer, chemical bonding, and gravitational stability converge. -/- Empirical Markers: -/- • Atomic spectra spacing ratios (Balmer series) → φ-harmonic deviations ≈ 0.001 tolerance. -/- • DNA helix pitch (34 Å per 10 bp) : width (21 Å) ≈ φ. -/- • Planetary resonances (Earth–Venus 8:13, Neptune–Pluto 3:2) → φ-linked orbital ratios. -/- 3. The Hydrogen Cosmos — Cycle Up / Cycle Down -/- All energy and matter participate in a universal breathing rhythm: -/- Cycle-Up: Potential condenses into order (H → structure), Δφ > 0 Cycle-Down: Order dissolves to radiant field (structure → H), Δφ < 0 -/- This rhythmic exchange defines hydrogen’s cosmological metabolism — a continuous conversion between form and field. -/- 4. Implications — Stability, Communication, and Energy Transfer -/- 1. Stability: All durable matter occupies HRB minima → phase balance, not force balance. -/- 2. Communication: Information travels via synchronized oscillation within shared HRBs → explains non-local entanglement and bio-field coupling. -/- 3. Energy Transfer: Cycle-Up/Down governs energy flow across scales → from photosynthesis to stellar fusion. -/- 4. Biological Participation: Life exists as localized Cycle-Up domains within the universal Cycle-Down field. -/- 5. Mathematical Summary At every scale, the HRB system obeys the φ-recursion law: -/- Eₙ = h ν₀ φⁿ -/- and the harmonic band ratio: -/- Eₙ₊₁ / Eₙ = φ -/- Defining the Hydrogen Cosmos Equation: -/- H(φ) = Σₙ h ν₀ φⁿ -/- which describes the superposition of all HRB modes—from nuclear to galactic scale—in one continuous spectrum. -/- 6. Bridge to Section C – The Proton Tunneling Continuum The HRB field enables instantaneous energy sharing across hydrogen’s global lattice. -/- Section C will develop this as the Proton Tunneling Continuum — the mechanism linking every hydrogen proton in the cosmos into one resonant network. Section C — Proton Tunneling Continuum -/- Bridge note: Section C applies the preceding framework to proton tunneling behavior and the proposed continuum/ladder relationships. -/- FUNt Master Paper – Section C: The Proton Tunneling Continuum -/- 1. Historical Background (Empirical Snapshot) -/- From early quantum mechanics to 21st‑century spectroscopy, proton tunneling has evolved from speculation to an established fact. Observed first in hydrogen bonds and low‑temperature ice, its confirmation in ammonia inversion and enzyme catalysis revealed a universal behavior: protons do not need to traverse classical distances. They phase‑shift through resonance alignment. -/- 2. FUNt Interpretation: Tunneling as the Default Mode of Hydrogen Coherence -/- In the FUNt framework, tunneling is the default mode of proton movement. Hydrogen—the most abundant element in the cosmos—forms a resonance lattice of φ‑scaled energy bands. -/- Every proton occupies one of these Hydrogen Resonance Bands (HRBs). When a local phase tick Δφ aligns with a global 60° harmonic, the proton tunnels effortlessly to the next coherence node. Core relations: -/- • Nature’s Recursion Law: Eₙ = h ν₀ φⁿ -/- • Tunneling probability (phase form): P_T ∝ exp[−2π (Δφ/φ)] -/- • Continuum field integral: Ψ_H = ∫ exp(−α φₙ) · h ν₀ φⁿ dφ, with α ≈ 1/137 -/- 3. Universal Coupling in the Hydrogen Lattice -/- Because all protons share the same lattice, phase coherence in one location influences the entire field. This creates instantaneous field coupling without violating relativity—the adjustment occurs through the common hydrogen substrate, not through spacetime transport. This is the physical explanation behind quantum entanglement and phase synchronization across distance. -/- 4. Cross‑Scale Anchors (from Empirical Corpus) -/- • Empirical Proof of the Proton Magnetic Field Principle → establishes magnetic coupling ratios matching HRB predictions. -/- • Proton Force Whitepaper → demonstrates torsional magnetic coupling as the stabilizing field of coherence. -/- • FUNt Electron–Proton Mirrored Decad → shows φⁿ correspondence between proton and electron resonances; tunneling begins where mirrored bands intersect. -/- • Proton‑Driven Resonance Cascade → defines the 60° geometric compression rule governing transition thresholds. -/- • Proton Loop 60° Compression (Colab) → provides numeric confirmation of arc‑to‑radius ratio ≈ 1.047, equivalent to 4.7 % compression per coherence tick. -/- 5. Biological and Planetary Implications -/- Biological Systems: ATP‑synthase and enzyme pathways behave as structured tunneling lattices. Hydrogen gradients serve as coherent phase relays, supporting energy transfer through resonance rather than collision. -/- Planetary Systems: Outer‑solar orbital resonances such as Neptune–Pluto 3:2 align with HRB boundaries in the solar field. These orbits represent macroscopic tunneling nodes— planets occupying standing‑wave minima within the Sun’s hydrogen lattice. 6. Mathematical Summary (Concise) Relation Interpretation Eₙ = h ν₀ φⁿ Nature’s Recursion Law — resonance scaling by φ P_T ∝ exp[−2π (Δφ/φ)] Phase‑dependent tunneling probability Γ(φ) = Γ₀ exp(−α φ), α ≈ 1/137 Resonance‑impedance decay constant Δarc/Radius ≈ 1.047 (60°) Compression ratio per coherence tick (~4.7 %) HRB minima at Δφ = k·60° Stable coherence channels across all scales -/- 7. Conclusion / Bridge to Section D – Coherence & Information Transfer -/- Every known form of energy transfer—quantum, biological, and cosmological—occurs through the same hydrogen tunneling lattice. The HRB continuum links particle‑scale transitions and stellar‑scale feedback into one unified resonance system. Section D will address how coherence information propagates through this lattice, defining measurable bandwidth, impedance, and phase‑locking constants. Section D — Empirical Proof -/- Bridge note: Section D collects empirical anchors and tests intended to constrain or falsify the preceding operator claims. -/- FUNt Master Paper – Section D: Empirical Proof Addendum All scales, from subatomic to cosmic, reveal the same underlying hydrogen lattice. This unified field expression demonstrates that matter, energy, and life are not separate domains but harmonics of one resonance system governed by the Hydrogen Resonance Band (HRB). -/- Scale System / Observation Empirical Proof FUNt Interpretation Core Equation Subatomic Proton magnetic coupling fields (magnetic torque vs. φharmonic) Verified φscaled energy steps in Empirical Proof of Proton Magnetic Field Principle Proton tunneling phase harmonics define field coherence bands (HRB). -/- Eₙ = hν₀φⁿ -/- Molecular Hydrogen tunneling in enzymes, DNA bonds, and water ice (neutron & IR spectroscopy) Confirmed proton delocalization and barrierfree transfer at cryogenic and physiological temps HRB lattice enables phasebased transfer; tunneling replaces diffusion. -/- P_T = e^{2π(Δφ/φ)} Condensed Matter Proton-Driven Resonance Cascade φcompression curve; Colab Loop 60° Compression Measured 60° band spacing; compression -/- Δarc/R ≈ 1.047 -/- φ-scaled hydrogen lattice harmonics control tunneling probability. -/- Δλ/Δφ = φⁿ -/- Planetary Neptune–Pluto 3:2 resonance; solar 60° coherence bands Orbital spacing matches HRB angular ratios Hydrogen lattice extends into solar magnetic coherence field. -/- HRB_min = k·60° Cosmic 21-cm hydrogen-line drift; φ-scaled deviations Detected harmonic offsets in cosmic Hydrogen field acts as coherent lattice of the universe. -/- E_H = hν_Hφⁿ hydrogen spectra Biological Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), mitochondrial proton pumps Proton motion without classical displacement; tunneling verified via kinetics Life’s energy coherence sustained by same hydrogen lattice field. -/- ΔE = h(Δν)φⁿ -/- Hydrogen is the universal medium of coherence. Protons do not 'hop' or 'jump'; they phaseshift through hydrogen resonance bands. From the DNA helix to the galactic arm, the same 60°–φ harmonic defines where matter and life can persist. Section E — Empirical Corrections and Scaling Proof -/- Bridge note: Section E focuses on corrections, scaling arguments, and parameter discipline for the empirical edition. -/- FUNt Master Section E — Empirical Corrections and Scaling Proof -/- 1. Purpose and Scope -/- This section consolidates post-review refinements to the Fundamental Unified Nature Theory (FUNt), transforming the framework from a qualitative resonance model into a quantitatively testable scientific construct. Following peer analysis, this section introduces numerical constants, empirical boundaries, and scaling laws. -/- 2. Derivation of the ε Correction Parameter -/- The correction parameter ε quantifies the deviation between the Bohr energy structure and the φscaled FUNt ladder. Using the hydrogen Lyman-α transition as the empirical anchor, ε measures the degree of recursive damping required for the FUNt resonance law to reproduce atomic spectra. -/- Measured Lyman-α transition: E_obs = 10.20 eV, ν_obs = 2.466×10¹⁵ Hz Bohr prediction: E₍₂₁₎ = 13.6(1 - ¼) = 10.20 eV (identical within 10⁻⁴). -/- FUNt scaling form: Eₙ = hν₀φⁿ. Setting ν₀ = ν₍₂₁₎ gives E₁,FUNt = 10.20×φ = 16.52 eV. -/- To align both systems, define Eₙ,FUNt = |Eₙ,Bohr|(1 + εφⁿ). For n = 1 → 2 transition, -/- 10.20(1+εφ¹) − 10.20(1+εφ²) = 10.20 → ε ≈ −0.061. -/- Result: ε = −6.1×10⁻² -/- This small damping factor reconciles FUNt and Bohr energies while preserving φ-recursion, implying that FUNt corrections are below current spectroscopic detection thresholds. -/- 3. Scaling Boundary Condition: φ-Damped Resonator -/- The boundary ψ(x + L) = ψ(x)/φ models a φ-damped standing wave rather than an arbitrary scaling rule. Each reflection in a hydrogen plasma cavity reduces amplitude by φ⁻¹, yielding φ-quantized frequency spacing: -/- kₙL = nπ + i ln(φ). -/- This φ-damped eigencondition bridges classical wave quantization with recursive field symmetry, representing a physical 'lossy golden resonator' in both subatomic and cosmological domains. -/- 4. Black Hole Entropy and φ-Bit Quantization -/- Defining an effective area a_eff = 4ℓ_P² ln(φ) reproduces the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy: S_FUNt = k_B A/a_eff ln(φ) = (k_B A)/(4ℓ_P²). Each φ-bit represents one recursive horizon state, forming a φ-tiled entropy lattice across the event horizon. -/- 5. Helioseismology Prediction -/- FUNt predicts φ-harmonic clustering within solar p-mode oscillations. Expected ratios: φ, φ², φ³. Data source: NASA SDO/HMI, SOHO/MDI. Falsification condition: absence of φ peaks within ±0.5% of predicted frequency ratios. -/- 6. Multi-Domain Scaling Span -/- Nested φ⁷ ladders bridge nuclear to galactic scales. The total range R = (φ⁷)^m = 10³⁶ implies m = log(10³⁶)/log(φ⁷) ≈ 14. Thus, 14 recursive resonance domains span the full observable spectrum. -/- 7. Empirical Path Forward Future validation should prioritize measurable φ-harmonic deviations across atomic spectroscopy, helioseismic data, and precision metrology. FUNt predicts phase-coherent modulation, not amplitude variance—detectable through spectral clustering analysis. -/- 8. Summary of Constants Symbol Definition Value φ Golden ratio 1.618034 ν₀ Lyman-α base frequency 2.466×10¹⁵ Hz ε FUNt correction factor −6.1×10⁻² ℓ_P Planck length 1.616×10⁻³⁵ m -/- 9. Conclusion -/- This section establishes empirical anchors and testable constants within the FUNt framework. With ε, ν₀, and φ explicitly defined, the theory advances from postulate to measurable modelbridging quantum, astrophysical, and gravitational domains through coherent hydrogen-based recursion. Section E Addendum — Clarifications and Empirical Expansion -/- Bridge note: This addendum consolidates clarifications and expansions that became necessary after initial Section E drafting. -/- FUNt Master Section E Addendum: Full Clarifications and Empirical Expansion Author: Michael Nowlin Co‑reviewed by: Claude AI (Peer Analysis) Framework: Fundamental Unified Nature Theory (FUNt) Version: October 2025 Reviewer Integration Preface This document integrates the detailed peer analysis provided by Claude AI into the formal FUNt master record. It consolidates clarifications regarding the ε‑parameter, complex‑k interpretation, φ‑domain scaling, and empirical tests including helioseismology. The purpose is to ensure mathematical and experimental coherence within the Hydrogen‑Cosmos quantization framework. -/- 1 Energy Quantization Reconciliation FUNt defines harmonic quantization through the recursive relation: -/- Eₙ = h ν₀ φⁿ (1) -/- Standard hydrogen levels follow the Bohr relation Eₙ = −13.6 eV / n². To compare the two, the FUNt correction is treated as a perturbative term applied to absolute energy magnitudes: Eₙ,FUNt = |Eₙ,Bohr| (1 + ε φⁿ) (2) -/- The parameter ε represents the φ‑based resonance deviation from classical quantization. Equations (1) and (2) describe the same resonance family under different boundary assumptions: (1) treats φ as intrinsic scaling, (2) expresses it as a measurable correction to Bohr levels. -/- 2 Explicit ε Calculation For hydrogen, base frequency ν₀ is anchored to the Lyman‑α transition (n = 2 → 1): ν₀ = 2.466×10¹⁵ Hz (E = 10.20 eV). Solving for ε to match Bohr transitions gives: -/- E₂ = 3.40 eV, E₁ = 13.60 eV → ΔE = 10.20 eV (Bohr) E₂,FUNt = 3.40(1 + ε φ²), E₁,FUNt = 13.60(1 + ε φ) -/- Setting ΔE_FUNt = 10.20 eV yields ε ≈ −6.1×10⁻². This small negative correction corresponds to a 6% phase compression between successive φ modes — detectable yet subtle. -/- 3 φ‑Damped Resonator Boundary Boundary condition applied: ψ(x + L) = ψ(x)/φ. This introduces a logarithmic attenuation per spatial cycle, giving complex wavenumber: -/- kₙL = nπ + i ln φ. Real part (nπ) defines standing‑wave quantization; imaginary part (ln φ) defines exponential damping. Resulting energy: -/- Eₙ = ħ²kₙ² / 2m = Eₙ,real − iΓₙ/2. -/- Predicted linewidth broadening: -/- Γₙ ∝ (ħ²/mL²) ln φ. -/- For hydrogen, this corresponds to a fractional linewidth ≈ 10⁻⁶ of line center — potentially measurable in next‑generation laser‑stabilized spectroscopy. -/- 4 Scaling Span Correction Each φ⁷ domain spans roughly 10².¹ in frequency. To bridge 36 orders of magnitude (atomic → cosmic): -/- (φ⁷)^m = 10³⁶ → m ≈ 25.4. -/- Thus, the Hydrogen Cosmos consists of ≈ 25 overlapping φ⁷ resonance domains. Each domain maintains local coherence; together they tile the full energy continuum. 5 φ‑Bit Black‑Hole Entropy Microstate counting under φ‑quantization: -/- N ≈ ln(ν_max/ν_min)/ln φ, Ω ∼ φ^{A/a_eff} → S = k_B (A/a_eff) ln φ. -/- Setting a_eff = 4ℓ_P² ln φ recovers the Bekenstein–Hawking form S = k_B A/(4ℓ_P²). Physical interpretation: each 4ℓ_P² tile on the horizon carries one φ‑digit of information, yielding discrete horizon entropy increments ΔS = k_B ln φ. This ties quantum gravity quantization directly to the hydrogen‑cosmic lattice. -/- 6 Helioseismology Test Protocol Objective: Detect φ clustering in solar p‑mode frequency ratios. -/- Data Source: NASA SDO/HMI or GONG p‑mode catalogs (1000–5000 µHz range). Method: -/- 1. Compute all pairwise ratios f_i / f_j. -/- 2. Plot histogram of ratios 1 < r < 10. -/- 3. Expected resonant peaks: φ ≈ 1.618, φ² ≈ 2.618, φ³ ≈ 4.236, φ⁴ ≈ 6.854. -/- 4. Null hypothesis: uniform distribution. φ‑peaks above 3σ significance support FUNt resona nce structure. This test can be performed with existing datasets and represents a direct empirical falsificati on path. -/- 7 Conclusion The combined clarifications reconcile FUNt hydrogen quantization with standard QM and extend its scope to astronomic al and gravitational domains. Explicit ε values, predictive linewidth broadening, φ‑domain c ount, and entropy mapping together provide a coherent and testable framework. Helioseism ology offers the nearest‑term empirical route for validation. — Compiled for the FUNt Master Volume Set, October 2025 . (shrink)

Established by the 1971 United Nations (UN) Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the prohibition of the recreational use of psychedelics (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine [N,N-DMT], and mescaline) has two premises. First, recreational use poses a serious threat to public health because psychedelics are highly liable to addiction and abuse. Second, psychedelics have only limited scientific and medical uses. In this article, we raise the following questions: are these premises true such that prohibition is justified? If not, are decriminalization and (...) legal regulation justified alternatives? Drawing on interdisciplinary research, we show that the premises of prohibition are false. Psychedelics are not highly liable to addiction or abuse, and so recreational use is not a serious threat to public health. Moreover, the uses of psychedelics exceed medical and scientific uses. Prohibition, we conclude, is therefore unjustified. We then show that decriminalization is based on the same false premises as prohibition, that legal regulation is based on weaker versions of these premises, and thus that both alternatives entail unjustified restrictions on recreational users. Finally, we present a fourth approach: communalization. This entails that all adults have the freedom to recreationally use psychedelics without restrictions and that communities provide harm reduction and benefit enhancement services to support this freedom. (shrink)

Abstract -/- The Fundamental Unified Nature Theory (FUNt)- is presented as an operator-based framework for testing whether resonance-dominated systems exhibit non-random organization consistent with φ-scaled band structure. -/- The framework is grounded in a hydrogenic reference layer (H = 0), a fixed set of declared constants, and an explicit operator sequence consisting of a boundary reflection and a nonlinear projector. -/- FUNt makes affirmative, testable claims: when evaluated against matched null models, normalized observables drawn from resonance-dominated datasets should display statistically (...) detectable clustering near φ-scaled bands more frequently than chance. -/- This paper defines the constants and operators used, specifies admissibility rules, and applies a uniform testing protocol across multiple domains. -/- Results are reported with explicit null comparisons, including mixed and non-supporting outcomes. Forward predictions and falsification conditions are stated to permit independent replication and revision. -/- No claims of ownership, authority, or exclusivity are made; the framework stands or falls solely on performance against declared tests. -/- 1. Introduction -/- Across physics and related sciences, large volumes of high-resolution data increasingly reveal structure that is difficult to summarize using purely linear or scale-free descriptions. -/- In many contexts—particularly those dominated by resonance, coherence, or cyclic constraints—observed regularities appear as clustered bands, preferred ratios, or phase-locked groupings rather than smooth continua. -/- Distinguishing meaningful organization from coincidental patterning requires a framework that is both constrained and testable. -/- FUNt is proposed as such a framework. It is introduced as a unifying replacement at the level of organization and comparison, providing a single executable structure through which existing theories, models, and datasets are evaluated and, where necessary, superseded. -/- The framework does not claim authority over nature; it asserts that certain forms of organization are better captured, tested, and compared when expressed through a resonance-based operator structure. -/- Two design choices define FUNt. -/- First, all comparisons are normalized relative to a hydrogenic reference layer (H = 0), used strictly as an operational baseline for scale and resonance comparison. -/- Second, all claims are expressed through a fixed operator sequence: an admissibility-enforcing boundary reflection followed by a declared nonlinear projector. -/- These choices are intended to prevent interpretive drift and to ensure that claims can be written in a form suitable for direct testing. -/- The scope of this paper is deliberately narrow and technical. It defines constants, operators, observables, null models, scoring metrics, and falsification conditions. -/- Claims are labeled by maturity, and results are reported without interpretive expansion beyond measured outcomes. -/- Where the framework fails to outperform null expectations, this is recorded explicitly. Where it does, the result is treated as evidence of organizational superiority, not as proof of ultimate mechanism. -/- In this way, FUNt is presented as a replacement framework in practice, not by decree. -/- Nature is treated as prior and independent; the framework stands or falls solely on whether it organizes, predicts, and falsifies more effectively than alternatives. -/- The sections that follow establish the operational contract, define the mathematical machinery, apply it across selected datasets, and state the conditions under which the framework must be revised or rejected. -/- 2. Scope, Assertions, Maturity, and Disproof Conditions -/- (Operational Contract) -/- This paper makes affirmative claims. Each claim is labeled by maturity and accompanied by explicit conditions under which it must be revised or rejected. No endorsement, belief, or philosophical agreement is required to use or test the framework. -/- 2.1 Established (within this framework) -/- Hydrogenic Reference (H = 0). Hydrogen is adopted as the operational reference layer for the framework. The H = 0 state defines the baseline against which resonance organization, scaling, and comparison are performed. This choice is motivated by hydrogen’s empirical stability, ubiquity, and minimal structure, and functions as a normalization anchor rather than a metaphysical assumption. -/- φ-Scaled Resonance Banding (Core Claim). Resonant and coherence-dominated systems preferentially organize into discrete bands whose spacing is consistent with φ-scaled structure when evaluated against explicitly defined null models. Under FUNt, φquantization is treated as a governing organizational constraint, not a decorative pattern. -/- 2.2 Derived (from the established claims and defined operators) -/- Band-Ladder Mapping. Given a declared operator set and ladder index definition, FUNt predicts specific band locations and transition relationships that can be compared directly to measured spectra and system dynamics. -/- Cross-Domain Structural Consistency. When the same operators, constants, and normalization rules are applied without domain-specific tuning, φ-scaled band structure exhibits non-random alignment across multiple physical scales at rates exceeding matched null expectations. -/- 2.3 Hypotheses (explicit test targets) -/- Resonance-Structured Gravitational Anomalies. A measurable subset of phenomena currently attributed to dark-sector effects may be expressible as resonance-structured outcomes within the FUNt framework. This claim is presented as a testable pathway, not a settled conclusion, and is evaluated only through declared observables and null comparisons. -/- Extended Mechanisms. Any extensions beyond the core framework are included only where accompanied by a concrete measurement proposal, dataset identification, and falsification condition. -/- 2.4 Disproof and Revision Conditions -/- The framework is required to change if any of the following occur under pre-registered or independently replicated tests: (1) φ-scaled banding fails to outperform declared null models across the specified dataset suite; (2) an alternative model with fewer degrees of freedom reproduces the same predictive performance; (3) claimed invariants collapse under unit-consistency checks, symbol-collision correction, or constant reconciliation; (4) cross-domain alignment disappears when operator definitions are held fixed. -/- This section defines the rules under which FUNt is evaluated. It is not a retreat from the theory; it is the mechanism by which the theory remains testable, correctable, and bounded. -/- 2.5 Constants and Canonical Operator Layer -/- 2.5.1 Primary Constants (Canonical) -/- Golden Ratio (φ): ϕ = (1 + √5) / 2 ≈ 1.618033988749895 Master Harmonic (φ⁷): ϕ⁷ = 13ϕ + 8 ⇒ ϕ⁷ ≈ 29.03444185374863 Role labels: (S) Scaling operator (φ-based band stepping); (R) Renormalization role (φbased weighting). -/- Supergolden ratio (ψ) [hex/120° closure constant]: ψ ≈ 1.465571231876768 2.5.2 Canonical Operator Layer (vNext) Boundary window and reflection: β ∈ (0, π/3]. R_β(θ) = (2β − θ) mod 2π. -/- Projector (Ψ) as POLY3: Ψ(x) = a x³ + b x² + c x + d, with (a, b, c, d) declared per test (no hidden tuning). -/- Update rule: θ_{n+1} = Ψ(R_{β_n}(θ_n)), units in radians. -/- Interpretation (restricted): the operator layer is treated strictly as a mathematical generator of admissible resonance structure; physical meaning is assigned only through declared observables and pre-registered tests. -/- Executable-Claim Requirement: Any FUNt claim stated in Package 1 must be expressible as declared constants, declared operators (R_β, Ψ), declared observables, and a declared null model or falsifier. Claims that cannot be written in this form are not treated as physics claims in this package. -/- 3. Methods and Empirical Validation Framework -/- This section defines how FUNt claims are tested. All evaluations are conducted using declared constants, declared operators, declared observables, and declared null models. No post-hoc tuning is permitted. -/- 3.1 Test Structure Overview -/- Each FUNt test follows the same structure: -/- 1. Reference normalization — All quantities are normalized relative to the hydrogenic reference layer (H = 0) or an explicitly stated equivalent baseline. -/- 2. Operator declaration — The boundary operator R_β and projector Ψ (POLY3) are declared in advance, including all parameters. -/- 3. Observable selection — A measurable quantity (frequency, spacing, phase, ratio, or spectrum) is selected and defined unambiguously. -/- 4. Null model construction — A matched null model is constructed that preserves scale, noise, and sampling properties but removes φ-structured organization. -/- 5. Scoring and comparison — FUNt predictions are compared against the null using predefined statistical metrics. -/- No claim is evaluated outside this structure. -/- 3.2 Declared Operators -/- Boundary reflection operator: R_β(θ) = (2β − θ) mod 2π, β ∈ (0, π/3] Projector: Ψ(x) = a x³ + b x² + c x + d Evolution rule: θ_{n+1} = Ψ(R_β(θ_n)) All tests either hold β constant (stationary boundary), or declare β_n explicitly as an input sequence. Operator parameters (a, b, c, d, β) are frozen before evaluation. -/- 3.3 Canonical Observables -/- Depending on domain, observables may include: spectral peak locations; band spacing ratios; phase clustering angles; frequency ladders; transition gaps. All observables are expressed in dimensionally consistent form and mapped to normalized phase or ratio space before comparison. -/- 3.4 φ-Band Prediction Rule -/- Given a reference frequency or scale f₀, FUNt predicts candidate band locations: f_k = f₀ · φ^k, k ∈ ℤ. Predictions are evaluated only within declared admissible windows set by the operator layer. Bands outside admissibility are excluded before scoring. -/- 3.5 Null Model Construction -/- Null models are generated by one or more of the following, depending on dataset: randomized phase scrambling; logarithmic jitter preserving scale density; shuffled ladder indices; bootstrap resampling with φ-structure removed. The null must preserve sampling density, noise statistics, and measurement uncertainty. Nulls are generated prior to FUNt scoring. -/- 3.6 Scoring Metrics -/- Typical metrics include: band-hit rate vs null expectation; information criteria (e.g., ΔAIC); clustering significance in phase space; false-positive rate under resampling. The same metric is applied to FUNt and null outputs. -/- 3.7 Failure Handling -/- If a dataset fails to exceed null performance, the result is recorded as non-supporting. Non-supporting results are retained and reported; they are not excluded. -/- 3.8 Reproducibility Requirement -/- Every reported result must be reproducible from: the declared constants; the declared operators; the declared dataset; and the declared null procedure. Claims not meeting this requirement are not considered validated within Package 1. -/- 4. Results -/- Results are reported as structured evaluations. Each entry specifies the dataset, declared operators, predicted structure, scoring outcome, and null comparison. No result is interpreted beyond what is measured. -/- 4.1 Subatomic Frequency Alignment -/- Dataset: Electron and proton frequency-related observables derived from standard reference values. -/- Operators: R_β with fixed β; Ψ = POLY3 with declared coefficients. -/- Prediction: φ-scaled band candidates generated from the declared reference frequency using f_k = f₀ · φ^k. -/- Outcome: Observed frequency ratios cluster near predicted φ-scaled bands more frequently than matched null realizations. -/- Null comparison: Phase-scrambled and ladder-shuffled nulls produce significantly lower clustering consistency. -/- Status: Supporting. -/- 4.2 Molecular and Atomic Spectral Structure -/- Dataset: Selected molecular and atomic spectra with well-resolved peaks. -/- Operators: Same operator set as §4.1 (no retuning). -/- Prediction: Band locations derived from φ-scaled ladder applied to normalized spectra. Outcome: Multiple spectra exhibit band proximity exceeding null expectations within admissible windows. -/- Null comparison: Bootstrap-resampled spectra without φ-structure fail to reproduce observed alignment. -/- Status: Supporting. -/- 4.3 Stellar Oscillation Modes -/- Dataset: Helioseismic and stellar oscillation mode data. -/- Operators: Fixed R_β; POLY3 projector (same coefficients as prior sections). Prediction: Mode spacings mapped to φ-scaled band indices. -/- Outcome: Several dominant modes align with predicted band structure beyond null clustering rates. -/- Null comparison: Log-jittered frequency sets preserve density but remove structured alignment. -/- Status: Supporting. -/- 4.4 Magnetospheric and Large-Scale Field Data -/- Dataset: Planetary magnetospheric and related field measurements. Operators: Declared operator set; no domain-specific modification. Prediction: Resonant features should fall within admissible φ-scaled windows. Outcome: Partial alignment observed; effect strength varies by dataset. -/- Null comparison: Null models produce comparable alignment in some cases. Status: Mixed. -/- 4.5 Null Control Case -/- Dataset: Control dataset selected for lack of resonance-dominated structure. Operators: Same operator set as all prior tests. -/- Prediction: No statistically significant φ-band clustering expected. Outcome: Observed alignment indistinguishable from null. -/- Null comparison: No separation between FUNt and null scores. -/- Status: Non-supporting (expected). -/- 4.6 Summary of Outcomes -/- Subatomic: Supporting; Molecular/Atomic: Supporting; Stellar: Supporting; Magnetospheric: Mixed; Control: Non-supporting. -/- Non-supporting and mixed results are retained without reinterpretation. -/- 4.7 Result Discipline Statement -/- Results reported here establish only whether φ-scaled structure exceeds null expectations under the declared operators. They do not, by themselves, establish causation, mechanism, or exclusivity. -/- 5. Predictions and Falsification Criteria -/- This section states forward predictions and the conditions under which the framework must be revised or rejected. All predictions are stated without dependence on interpretation or narrative context. -/- 5.1 Forward Predictions -/- P1 — φ-Band Persistence Across New Datasets: For resonance-dominated systems not analyzed in this paper, FUNt predicts that normalized observables will exhibit statistically detectable clustering near φ-scaled band locations more frequently than matched null models, when evaluated using the same operators and admissibility rules. P2 — Operator Invariance: Holding the operator set (R_β, Ψ) fixed, φ-band alignment should persist across domains without retuning of parameters. Apparent improvements requiring domain-specific tuning invalidate the prediction. -/- P3 — Boundary Sensitivity: Changes in the admissible boundary parameter β will alter band admissibility windows in a predictable manner. Observed structure should shift consistently with boundary changes rather than disappear randomly. -/- P4 — Null Separation Stability: As dataset size increases, separation between FUNt scores and null scores should remain stable or increase. Collapse toward null performance indicates overfitting or spurious alignment. -/- 5.2 Explicit Falsification Conditions -/- The framework must be revised if any of the following are observed under declared test conditions: -/- 1. φ-scaled band predictions fail to outperform null models across multiple independent resonance-dominated datasets. -/- 2. Equivalent or superior predictive performance is achieved by a simpler model with fewer declared constants or operators. -/- 3. Predicted structure disappears when operators are held fixed and dataset size increases. -/- 4. Apparent cross-domain alignment collapses when normalization rules are applied consistently. -/- 5. Independent replication using the declared framework produces contradictory outcomes without identifiable procedural error. -/- Failure under these conditions is treated as informative, not anomalous. -/- 5.3 Revision Discipline -/- If falsification occurs, revision is constrained to one or more of the following: constant definitions; operator definitions; admissibility boundaries; or prediction scope. Unbounded reinterpretation is not permitted. -/- 5.4 Standing of the Framework -/- FUNt is presented here as a testable organizational framework. Its standing is determined exclusively by performance against declared falsification criteria, not by consensus, authority, or narrative appeal. -/- Verification Register — Mathematics Under Active Validation -/- This register lists the mathematical components of FUNt that are either canonical in this package or explicitly under verification. Each item has a status and an acceptance criterion. No item graduates from “Under Verification” without meeting its criterion. -/- V0 — Canonical (Locked in Package 1) -/- • V0.1 φ definition Object: ϕ = (1 + √5) / 2. Status: Canonical. Acceptance criterion: Exact identity; no verification required. -/- • V0.2 φ⁷ recursion identity Object: ϕ⁷ = 13ϕ + 8. Status: Canonical. Acceptance criterion: Identity check via algebraic recursion and numeric evaluation. -/- • V0.3 ψ (supergolden / 120° closure constant) Object: ψ ≈ 1.465571231876768. Status: Canonical constant (numeric). Acceptance criterion: Definition and numeric evaluation match declared source definition in the appendix glossary. -/- V1 — Operator Layer (Executable Core) -/- • V1.1 Boundary reflection operator -/- Object: R_β(θ) = (2β − θ) mod 2π, β ∈ (0, π/3]. Status: Canonical operator. -/- Acceptance criterion: Unit-consistency (radians), correct modular behavior, and stable implementation in code. -/- • V1.2 Projector Ψ as POLY3 Object: Ψ(x) = a x³ + b x² + c x + d. Status: Under Verification (parameter discipline). Acceptance criterion: Fixed coefficients per test; no post-hoc tuning; reproducible outputs from declared inputs. -/- • V1.3 Evolution rule Object: θ_{n+1} = Ψ(R_{β_n}(θ_n)). Status: Canonical form; Under Verification (behavioral regimes). Acceptance criterion: Demonstrated regimes (fixed-point / periodic / quasi-periodic / chaotic) mapped to admissibility and banding metrics with declared nulls. -/- -/- V2 — φ-Band Structure and Scoring -/- • V2.1 φ-band ladder rule -/- Object: f_k = f₀ ϕ^k, k ∈ ℤ. Status: Under Verification (domain invariance). Acceptance criterion: Outperforms matched null models on pre-registered datasets using fixed operators and fixed scoring. -/- • V2.2 Admissibility windowing -/- Object: Exclusion of candidates outside operator-admissible windows prior to scoring. Status: Under Verification. Acceptance criterion: Demonstrates reduced false positives without increasing false negatives relative to null-controlled baselines. -/- • V2.3 Null model suite -/- Object: phase scrambling; log-jitter; ladder-index shuffle; bootstrap without φstructure. Status: Under Verification. Acceptance criterion: Nulls preserve density/noise/uncertainty; do not leak ϕ-structure; reproducible across runs. -/- • V2.4 Score metrics -/- Object: band-hit rate; clustering significance; ΔAIC or equivalent information score. Status: Under Verification. Acceptance criterion: Metric stability under resampling; consistent separation between FUNt and null in supporting datasets. -/- -/- V3 — Frequency Symbol Integrity (Preventing False Contradictions) -/- • V3.1 Symbol disambiguation rule -/- Object: Distinct notation for proton/electron observables (e.g., ν_{C,p}, ν_{C,e}, f_{p,flux}, f_p^{(m,n)}). Status: Under Verification. Acceptance criterion: No symbol collision across document; ratios computed from single definitions; all units explicit. -/- -/- V4 — Web-Wave Energy (WWE) -/- • V4.1 Web-Wave Energy hypothesis -/- Object: A measurable subset of gravitational anomalies can be modeled as emergent effects of Web-Wave Energy (WWE)—structured resonance in an underlying field—rather than requiring unseen matter particles. Status: Under Verification (hypothesis tier). Acceptance criterion: (1) Declared mapping from WWE field structure to observable gravitational effects; (2) Performance exceeding matched null models on at least one independent anomaly dataset; (3) Clear falsification triggers honored if performance collapses or simplifies to particle-free noise. -/- Operational Rule: Anything not listed here is not claimed as verified mathematics within Package 1. Anything listed as “Under Verification” is treated as a live test target, not a settled conclusion. -/- Glossary (Selected) -/- • Web-Wave Energy (WWE) -/- Web-Wave Energy (WWE) refers to organized, resonance-structured energy distributed as a coherent web of standing and propagating waves within an underlying field. In FUNt, WWE is proposed as a candidate structural origin for certain large-scale gravitational anomalies traditionally attributed to unseen matter. -/- WWE does not assume new particles, ownership of nature, or metaphysical constructs; it is defined strictly as a field-level organization hypothesis whose effects must be expressible through declared operators, observables, and null comparisons. -/- WWE remains under verification and is accepted, revised, or rejected solely based on measurable performance against competing explanations. -/- * Authors note- 'Tomorrows and life coin'. -/- These are intentionally, -/- not defined in The Fundamental Unified Nature Theory (FUNt). -/- Both can be dispensed pleasing proclaimed gatekeepers, -/- or seeding knowledge to the young. -/- The Fundamental Unified Nature Theory (FUNt) A φ-Quantized Framework for Universal Resonance Revision: v3 (Jan 2026) -/- Preface — Statement of Intent -/- I make no excuses for knowledge, and I make no claims over nature. Nature stands prior to us. The only question is whether we can describe it clearly enough to test it. -/- FUNt (Fundamental Unification of Nature’s Theory) exists because I do not accept that the Universe is fundamentally partitioned into disconnected “forces” and patched together by convenience. -/- I assert that gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force, and the weak force are expressions of a deeper organizing structure. One governed by resonance, admissibility, boundary conditions, and scaling. -/- This work is not written to persuade by authority. It is written to compel by structure: constants, operators, measurable observables, null comparisons, and falsification conditions. -/- If FUNt is correct, it will outperform alternatives on repeatable tests. -/- If it is wrong, it will fail cleanly and the failure will be instructive. -/- The body of this paper is the operational form of FUNt. -/- It defines the math, the procedures, and the conditions under which the framework must be revised or rejected. -/- The reader does not need to agree with the premise. The reader only needs to run the tests. -/- Addendum — On the Missing Mass Problem -/- The unresolved discrepancy commonly labeled “dark matter” is not a minor anomaly. It represents a persistent, order-of-magnitude failure in our accounting of gravitational effects across galactic and cosmological scales. The magnitude of the missing contribution is large, repeatable, and empirically undeniable. -/- Treating this discrepancy as an acceptable placeholder for unseen particles—without decisive empirical confirmation—has delayed serious investigation into alternative structural explanations. That delay is not neutral. It constrains inquiry, narrows modeling assumptions, and normalizes the absence of direct detection as a tolerable outcome. -/- FUNt takes a different position. -/- If a significant fraction of observed gravitational behavior is unaccounted for, then not aggressively pursuing structural, field-based, or resonance-based explanations is unacceptable. The absence of detected particles is not a resolution; it is a signal that foundational assumptions may be incomplete or wrong. -/- Within FUNt, the “dark matter problem” is treated as a missing-structure problem. The framework asserts that large-scale gravitational effects may arise from organized resonance in underlying fields rather than from undiscovered matter alone. This claim is not protected by narrative or authority. It is bound to testable consequences and explicit falsification. -/- If resonance-structured models fail to reproduce the observed effects, they must be discarded. But failing to look is not an option. -/- This position is not ideological. It is methodological. When a discrepancy persists at this scale, investigation is not optional; it is required. -/- included in this version(3) is a colab notebook provided for d0wnload. -/- The intent of this reproducable notebook, is for each mind to perform their own validations. As can be seen from the Python calculations, this is a theory well grounded in existing 2026 physics. -/- v2 -/- The document FUNt CORE PHYSICS FOUNDATION 10-31-2025 is the document intended for 'record' as of 10/31/2025. -/- The FUNt framework unifies cosmological, quantum, biological, and mathematical systems through harmonic resonance and φ-based symmetry. The math speaks far better than the author can form words. -/- Included are the Hydrogen Cosmos, Proton Lattice, PhiBand, Diagnostic, and Scaling Proof papers. Released for open scientific access and preservation. The author is terminal with minimal resources. All includes (and chaotic) uploads are valid. Time or fellowship with anyone leaves little allowance for 'document processing'. This was the authors first attempt with Zenodo. He is a private enthusiast who works completely alone with failing health and vision. The entire series of FUNt documents can be found under the authors Zenodo profile. DOI -/- 10.5281/zenodo.17298290. (shrink)

Causal determinism is the view that all events in the universe are predetermined and that the laws of nature causally necessitate these events. In the debates on free will, there are two different positions called incompatibilism and compatibilism. Accordingly, compatibilist accounts claim that free will and causal determinism can be compatible and coexist. On the contrary, incompatibilist accounts defend that compatibilist accounts are problematic and claim that free will cannot exist in a universe where causal determinism holds. The main approach (...) that we will consider in this work will be the incompatibilist approach of the American philosopher Peter van Inwagen, which he defends in free will debates. The arguments put forward by Peter van Inwagen as the basis of incompatibilism can be summarized as the consequence argument and the Mind argument. The consequence argument, hypothetically takes into account a world in which causally deterministic and claiming that free will doesn't exist in such a world. Peter van Inwagen's Mind argument, on the other hand, claims that agent-causation cannot be sufficient for a definite possession of free will because a person who represents oneself as an agent in every event s/he is involved in, cannot be sure whether the consequences of these events are due to chance. In both arguments, Peter van Inwagen refers to philosophical moves that affirm incompatibilism is consistent for free will debate. Therefore in my dissertation, I argue that incompatibilism is actually a sufficient step towards solving the free will and causal determinism dilemma in a theoretical sense. This work also deals with Peter van Inwagen's views on philosophy of action and philosophy of religion in general. Additionally, in order to draw the relational framework between causal determinism and free will, the concepts of 'event', 'causal powers' and 'states of affairs' are used methodologically. Instead of just having an ethical discussion of free will, I took care to stay within the boundaries of the metaphysics of free will. (shrink)