Showing 1–50 of 358 results for author: Bozzo, E

Euclid preparation. Review of forecast constraints on dark energy and modified gravity

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, N. Frusciante, M. Martinelli, L. Lombriser, A. Silvestri, M. Archidiacono, M. Baldi, M. Ballardini, N. Bartolo, E. Bellini, G. Benevento, D. Bertacca, C. Bonvin, B. Bose, P. Brax, V. F. Cardone, S. Casas, M. Y. Elkhashab, P. G. Ferreira, F. Finelli, F. Hassani, S. Ilić, K. Koyama, M. Kunz, F. Lepori , et al. (304 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid mission has been designed to provide, as one of its main deliverables, information on the nature of the gravitational interaction, which determines the expansion of the Universe and the formation of structures. Thus, Euclid has the potential to test deviations from general relativity that will allow us to shed light on long-lasting problems in the standard cosmological model, $Λ$CDM. Eu… ▽ More The Euclid mission has been designed to provide, as one of its main deliverables, information on the nature of the gravitational interaction, which determines the expansion of the Universe and the formation of structures. Thus, Euclid has the potential to test deviations from general relativity that will allow us to shed light on long-lasting problems in the standard cosmological model, $Λ$CDM. Euclid will mainly do this by using two complementary probes: weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering. In this paper we review pre-launch Euclid analyses for dark energy and modified gravity. These include forecast constraints with future Euclid data on cosmological parameters for different cosmological models, such as a time-varying dark energy component, phenomenological modifications of the perturbation sector and specific modified gravity models, with further extensions that include neutrino physics and the coupling to the electromagnetic sector through the fine-structure constant. We review the study of the impact of nonlinear clustering methods on beyond-$Λ$CDM constraints with Euclid. This is of fundamental importance to efficiently predict the large-scale clustering of matter and dark matter halos, given that we will have access to a wealth of information on scales beyond the linear regime. We inspect the extension of theoretical predictions for observable quantities in alternative cosmologies to $Λ$CDM at fully nonlinear scales by means of $N$-body simulations. We discuss the impact of relativistic corrections in extended cosmological models. Overall, this review highlights the significant potential of the Euclid mission to tightly constrain parameters of dark energy and modified gravity models, or perhaps to detect possible signatures of a $Λ$CDM failure. △ Less

Submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 28 pages, 3 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): Euclid spectroscopy of QSOs. 1. Identification and redshift determination of 3500 bright QSOs

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, Y. Fu, R. Bouwens, K. I. Caputi, D. Vergani, M. Scialpi, B. Margalef-Bentabol, L. Wang, M. Bolzonella, M. Banerji, E. Bañados, A. Feltre, Y. Toba, J. Calhau, F. Tarsitano, P. A. C. Cunha, A. Humphrey, G. Vietri, F. Mannucci, S. Bisogni, F. Ricci, H. Landt, L. Spinoglio, T. Matamoro Zatarain, D. Stern , et al. (331 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The slitless spectroscopy mode of the NISP onboard Euclid has enabled efficient spectroscopy of objects within a large FoV. We present a large and homogeneous sample of bright quasars identified from the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) by combining high-purity candidate selections from Gaia and WISE with the NISP spectra. Through visual inspection of the Euclid spectra of these quasar candidates, w… ▽ More The slitless spectroscopy mode of the NISP onboard Euclid has enabled efficient spectroscopy of objects within a large FoV. We present a large and homogeneous sample of bright quasars identified from the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) by combining high-purity candidate selections from Gaia and WISE with the NISP spectra. Through visual inspection of the Euclid spectra of these quasar candidates, we identify approximately 3500 quasars with reliable redshifts at $0<z\lesssim 4.8$. We generate the first Euclid composite spectrum of quasars covering rest-frame NUV to NIR wavelengths without telluric lines, which will be pivotal to NIR quasar spectral analysis. We obtain an empirical spectroscopic depth of $J_{\rm E}\lesssim 21.5$ and $H_{\rm E}\lesssim 21.3$ at the sensitivity of the Wide Field Survey, beyond which the number of securely identified quasars declines sharply. We analyse VIS morphologies using Sersic and CAS metrics, and a deep-learning PSF fraction to track nuclear dominance. At low redshift ($z<0.5$), obvious host structures are common and a single Sersic model fits about half of the sources; at intermediate redshift ($0.5<z<2$), the nuclear component dominates, with 90% of the Sersic fits saturating at the upper index limit. In this intermediate redshift regime, $f_{\rm PSF}$ is available, and we use it as a more reliable compactness measure than the single-Sersic and CAS parameters to quantify nuclear versus host emission. We also explore the novel Euclid NIR colour space and discuss the role of these quasars in refining AGN selection techniques for future Euclid data releases. Our results highlight the potential of Euclid spectroscopy to advance quasar surveys and enable the construction of more complete AGN catalogues. The spectroscopic bright quasar catalogue of this work, and the composite quasar spectrum, will be available at https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/. (abridged) △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 24 pages, 15 figures, 5 tables, submitted to A&A Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) special issue

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). From simulations to sky: Advancing machine-learning lens detection with real Euclid data

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, N. E. P. Lines, T. E. Collett, P. Holloway, K. Rojas, S. Schuldt, R. B. Metcalf, T. Li, A. Verma, G. Despali, F. Courbin, R. Gavazzi, C. Tortora, B. Clément, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, L. Amendola, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano , et al. (279 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In the era of large-scale surveys like Euclid, machine learning has become an essential tool for identifying rare yet scientifically valuable objects, such as strong gravitational lenses. However, supervised machine-learning approaches require large quantities of labelled examples to train on, and the limited number of known strong lenses has lead to a reliance on simulations for training. A well-… ▽ More In the era of large-scale surveys like Euclid, machine learning has become an essential tool for identifying rare yet scientifically valuable objects, such as strong gravitational lenses. However, supervised machine-learning approaches require large quantities of labelled examples to train on, and the limited number of known strong lenses has lead to a reliance on simulations for training. A well-known challenge is that machine-learning models trained on one data domain often underperform when applied to a different domain: in the context of lens finding, this means that strong performance on simulated lenses does not necessarily translate into equally good performance on real observations. In Euclid's Quick Data Release 1 (Q1), covering 63 deg2, 500 strong lens candidates were discovered through a synergy of machine learning, citizen science, and expert visual inspection. These discoveries now allow us to quantify this performance gap and investigate the impact of training on real data. We find that a network trained only on simulations recovers up to 92% of simulated lenses with 100% purity, but only achieves 50% completeness with 24% purity on real Euclid data. By augmenting training data with real Euclid lenses and non-lenses, completeness improves by 25-30% in terms of the expected yield of discoverable lenses in Euclid DR1 and the full Euclid Wide Survey. Roughly 20% of this improvement comes from the inclusion of real lenses in the training data, while 5-10% comes from exposure to a more diverse set of non-lenses and false-positives from Q1. We show that the most effective lens-finding strategy for real-world performance combines the diversity of simulations with the fidelity of real lenses. This hybrid approach establishes a clear methodology for maximising lens discoveries in future data releases from Euclid, and will likely also be applicable to other surveys such as LSST. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 16 pages

Euclid Structural-Thermal-Optical Performance

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Anselmi, R. Laureijs, G. D. Racca, G. Costa, L. Courcould Mifsud, J. -C. Cuillandre, M. Gottero, H. Hoekstra, K. Kuijken, V. Mareschi, L. Miller, S. Mottini, D. Stramaccioni, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, R. Bender, A. Biviano, E. Branchini , et al. (268 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid system performance is defined in terms of image quality metrics tuned to the weak gravitational lensing (WL) cosmological probe. WL induces stringent requirements on the shape and stability of the VIS instrument system point spread function (PSF). The PSF is affected by error contributions from the telescope, the focal plane and image motion, and is controlled by a global error budget w… ▽ More The Euclid system performance is defined in terms of image quality metrics tuned to the weak gravitational lensing (WL) cosmological probe. WL induces stringent requirements on the shape and stability of the VIS instrument system point spread function (PSF). The PSF is affected by error contributions from the telescope, the focal plane and image motion, and is controlled by a global error budget with error allocations to each contributor. Aims. During spacecraft development, we verified through a structural-thermal-optical performance (STOP) analysis that the built and verified telescope with its spacecraft interface meets the in-orbit steady-state and transient image quality requirements. Methods. For the purposes of the STOP analysis, a detailed finite-element mathematical model was set up and a standard set of test cases, both steady-state and transient, was defined, comprising combinations of worst-case boundary conditions. Results. The STOP analysis addressed the interaction of all spacecraft components in transmitting temperature-induced loads that lead to optical train deformation. The results of the prelaunch analysis demonstrated that temperature-induced optical perturbations will be well below the allowable limits for all permitted observing conditions. During the first year in orbit, we used the STOP analysis predictions to help interpret the measured performance as a function of environmental variables. Unpredicted disturbances were discovered and unexpected sensitivities were revealed. In-orbit temperature variations are small (<300 mK) and so are their effects on the telescope structure, but they are detected in the time histories of the image quality metrics and are a non-negligible factor in the PSF stability budget demanded by the WL science. Taking everything into account, our analysis confirms the excellent overall performance of the telescope. △ Less

Submitted 30 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 15 figures, submitted to A&A

Euclid preparation: LXXXI. The impact of nonparametric star formation histories on spatially resolved galaxy property estimation using synthetic Euclid images

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Nersesian, Abdurro'uf, M. Baes, C. Tortora, I. Kovačić, L. Bisigello, P. Corcho-Caballero, E. Durán-Camacho, L. K. Hunt, P. Iglesias-Navarro, R. Ragusa, J. Román, F. Shankar, M. Siudek, J. G. Sorce, F. R. Marleau, N. Aghanim, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, E. Branchini , et al. (261 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We analyzed the spatially resolved and global star formation histories (SFHs) for a sample of 25 TNG50-SKIRT Atlas galaxies to assess the feasibility of reconstructing accurate SFHs from Euclid-like data. This study provides a proof of concept for extracting the spatially resolved SFHs of local galaxies with Euclid, highlighting the strengths and limitations of SFH modeling in the context of next-… ▽ More We analyzed the spatially resolved and global star formation histories (SFHs) for a sample of 25 TNG50-SKIRT Atlas galaxies to assess the feasibility of reconstructing accurate SFHs from Euclid-like data. This study provides a proof of concept for extracting the spatially resolved SFHs of local galaxies with Euclid, highlighting the strengths and limitations of SFH modeling in the context of next-generation galaxy surveys. We used the spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code Prospector to model both spatially resolved and global SFHs using parametric and nonparametric configurations. The input consisted of mock ultraviolet--near-infrared photometry derived from the TNG50 cosmological simulation and processed with the radiative transfer code SKIRT. We show that nonparametric SFHs provide a more effective approach to mitigating the outshining effect by recent star formation, offering improved accuracy in the determination of galaxy stellar properties. Also, we find that the nonparametric SFH model at resolved scales closely recovers the stellar mass formation times (within 0.1~dex) and the ground truth values from TNG50, with an absolute average bias of $0.03$~dex in stellar mass and $0.01$~dex in both specific star formation rate and mass-weighted age. In contrast, larger offsets are estimated for all stellar properties and formation times when using a simple $τ$-model SFH, at both resolved and global scales, highlighting its limitations. These results emphasize the critical role of nonparametric SFHs in both global and spatially resolved analyses, as they better capture the complex evolutionary pathways of galaxies and avoid the biases inherent in simple parametric models. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 23 pages, 12 figures, accepted

Euclid preparation. Controlling angular systematics in the Euclid spectroscopic galaxy sample

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, P. Monaco, M. Y. Elkhashab, B. R. Granett, J. Salvalaggio, E. Sefusatti, C. Scarlata, B. Zabelle, M. Bethermin, S. Bruton, C. Carbone, S. de la Torre, S. Dusini, A. Eggemeier, L. Guzzo, G. Lavaux, S. Lee, K. Markovic, K. S. McCarthy, M. Moresco, F. Passalacqua, W. J. Percival, I. Risso, A. G. Sánchez, D. Scott , et al. (276 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the strategy to identify and mitigate potential sources of angular systematics in the Euclid spectroscopic galaxy survey, and we quantify their impact on galaxy clustering measurements and cosmological parameter estimation. We first survey the Euclid processing pipeline to identify all evident, potential sources of systematics, and classify them into two broad classes: angular systemati… ▽ More We present the strategy to identify and mitigate potential sources of angular systematics in the Euclid spectroscopic galaxy survey, and we quantify their impact on galaxy clustering measurements and cosmological parameter estimation. We first survey the Euclid processing pipeline to identify all evident, potential sources of systematics, and classify them into two broad classes: angular systematics, which modulate the galaxy number density across the sky, and catastrophic redshift errors, which lead to interlopers in the galaxy sample. We then use simulated spectroscopic surveys to test our ability to mitigate angular systematics by constructing a random catalogue that represents the visibility mask of the survey; this is a dense set of intrinsically unclustered objects, subject to the same selection effects as the data catalogue. The construction of this random catalogue relies on a detection model, which gives the probability of reliably measuring the galaxy redshift as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of its emission lines. We demonstrate that, in the ideal case of a perfect knowledge of the visibility mask, the galaxy power spectrum in the presence of systematics is recovered, to within sub-percent accuracy, by convolving a theory power spectrum with a window function obtained from the random catalogue itself. In the case of only approximate knowledge of the visibility mask, we test the stability of power spectrum measurements and cosmological parameter posteriors by using perturbed versions of the random catalogue. We find that significant effects are limited to very large scales, and parameter estimation remains robust, with the most impacting effects being connected to the calibration of the detection model. △ Less

Submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: submitted to A&A; 34 pages, 18 figures, 4 appendices

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): Identification of massive galaxy candidates at the end of the Epoch of Reionisation

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, R. Navarro-Carrera, K. I. Caputi, C. J. R. McPartland, J. R. Weaver, D. B. Sanders, G. Desprez, A. A. Tumborang, A. Biviano, C. J. Conselice, Y. Fu, G. Girardi, V. Le Brun, C. C. Lovell, G. Rodighiero, J. Schaye, R. G. Varadaraj, S. M. Wilkins, G. Zamorani, K. Jahnke, D. Scott, M. Siudek, F. Shankar, J. G. Sorce, F. Tarsitano , et al. (273 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Probing the presence and properties of massive galaxies at high redshift is one of the most critical tests for galaxy formation models. In this work, we search for galaxies with stellar masses M* > 10^10.25 Msun at z in [5,7], i.e., towards the end of the Epoch of Reionisation, over a total of ~23 deg^2 in two of the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) fields: the Euclid Deep Field North and Fornax (ED… ▽ More Probing the presence and properties of massive galaxies at high redshift is one of the most critical tests for galaxy formation models. In this work, we search for galaxies with stellar masses M* > 10^10.25 Msun at z in [5,7], i.e., towards the end of the Epoch of Reionisation, over a total of ~23 deg^2 in two of the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) fields: the Euclid Deep Field North and Fornax (EDF-N and EDF-F). In addition to the Euclid photometry, we incorporate Spitzer Infrared Camera (IRAC) and ground-based optical data to perform spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting, obtaining photometric redshifts and derived physical parameters. After applying rigorous selection criteria, we identify a conservative sample of 145 candidate massive galaxies with M* > 10^10.25 Msun at z in [5,7], including 5 objects with M* > 10^11 Msun. This makes for a surface density of about 6.3 deg^-2 at z in [5,7], which should be considered a lower limit because of the current depth of the Euclid data (H_E < 24, 5 sigma in Q1). We find that the inferred stellar masses are consistent with galaxy formation models with standard star-formation efficiencies. These massive galaxies have colour excess E(B-V) values up to 0.75, indicating significant dust attenuation in some of them. In addition, half of the massive galaxies have best-fit ages comparable to the age of the Universe at those redshifts, which suggests that their progenitors were formed very early in cosmic time. About 78% of the massive galaxies lie on the star-forming main sequence (MS) in the SFR-M* plane, ~12% are found in the starburst region, and 10% in the transition zone between the MS and starbursts. We find no significant evidence for outshining or AGN contamination that could account for the elevated specific star-formation rates (sSFR) observed in the ~12% of galaxies classified as starbursts. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, including 6 figures and 3 tables; submitted to A&A

Euclid preparation. Non-Gaussianity of 2-point statistics likelihood: Precise analysis of the matter power spectrum distribution

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, J. Bel, S. Gouyou Beauchamps, P. Baratta, L. Blot, C. Carbone, P. -S. Corasaniti, E. Sefusatti, S. Escoffier, W. Gillard, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, V. F. Cardone , et al. (259 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the non-Gaussian features in the distribution of the matter power spectrum multipoles. Using the COVMOS method, we generate 100\,000 mock realisations of dark matter density fields in both real and redshift space across multiple redshifts and cosmological models. We derive an analytical framework linking the non-Gaussianity of the power spectrum distribution to higher-order statisti… ▽ More We investigate the non-Gaussian features in the distribution of the matter power spectrum multipoles. Using the COVMOS method, we generate 100\,000 mock realisations of dark matter density fields in both real and redshift space across multiple redshifts and cosmological models. We derive an analytical framework linking the non-Gaussianity of the power spectrum distribution to higher-order statistics of the density field, including the trispectrum and pentaspectrum. We explore the effect of redshift-space distortions, the geometry of the survey, the Fourier binning, the integral constraint, and the shot noise on the skewness of the distribution of the power spectrum measurements. Our results demonstrate that the likelihood of the estimated matter power spectrum deviates significantly from a Gaussian assumption on nonlinear scales, particularly at low redshift. This departure is primarily driven by the pentaspectrum contribution, which dominates over the trispectrum at intermediate scales. We also examine the impact of the finiteness of the survey geometry in the context of the Euclid mission and find that both the shape of the survey and the integral constraint amplify the skewness. △ Less

Submitted 12 November, 2025; v1 submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Searching for giant gravitational arcs in galaxy clusters with mask region-based convolutional neural networks

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, L. Bazzanini, G. Angora, P. Bergamini, M. Meneghetti, P. Rosati, A. Acebron, C. Grillo, M. Lombardi, R. Ratta, M. Fogliardi, G. Di Rosa, D. Abriola, M. D'Addona, G. Granata, L. Leuzzi, A. Mercurio, S. Schuldt, E. Vanzella, INAF--OAS, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, via Gobetti 93/3, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, C. Tortora , et al. (289 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Strong gravitational lensing (SL) by galaxy clusters is a powerful probe of their inner mass distribution and a key test bed for cosmological models. However, the detection of SL events in wide-field surveys such as Euclid requires robust, automated methods capable of handling the immense data volume generated. In this work, we present an advanced deep learning (DL) framework based on mask region-… ▽ More Strong gravitational lensing (SL) by galaxy clusters is a powerful probe of their inner mass distribution and a key test bed for cosmological models. However, the detection of SL events in wide-field surveys such as Euclid requires robust, automated methods capable of handling the immense data volume generated. In this work, we present an advanced deep learning (DL) framework based on mask region-based convolutional neural networks (Mask R-CNNs), designed to autonomously detect and segment bright, strongly-lensed arcs in Euclid's multi-band imaging of galaxy clusters. The model is trained on a realistic simulated data set of cluster-scale SL events, constructed by injecting mock background sources into Euclidised Hubble Space Telescope images of 10 massive lensing clusters, exploiting their high-precision mass models constructed with extensive spectroscopic data. The network is trained and validated on over 4500 simulated images, and tested on an independent set of 500 simulations, as well as real Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) observations. The trained network achieves high performance in identifying gravitational arcs in the test set, with a precision and recall of 76% and 58%, respectively, processing 2'x2' images in a fraction of a second. When applied to a sample of visually confirmed Euclid Q1 cluster-scale lenses, our model recovers 66% of gravitational arcs above the area threshold used during training. While the model shows promising results, limitations include the production of some false positives and challenges in detecting smaller, fainter arcs. Our results demonstrate the potential of advanced DL computer vision techniques for efficient and scalable arc detection, enabling the automated analysis of SL systems in current and future wide-field surveys. The code, ARTEMIDE, is open source and will be available at github.com/LBasz/ARTEMIDE. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Spectroscopic unveiling of highly ionised lines at z = 2.48-3.88

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, D. Vergani, S. Quai, F. Ricci, Y. Fu, S. Serjeant, M. Salvato, W. Roster, M. Mezcua, M. Siudek, A. Enia, G. Zamorani, L. Bisigello, A. Feltre, S. Fotopoulou, T. Matamoro Zatarain, L. Pozzetti, D. Scott, B. Laloux, J. G. Sorce, P. A. C. Cunha, A. Viitanen, C. Saulder, E. Rossetti, M. Moresco , et al. (294 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This study explores a rare population of sources in a currently uncharted region of spectroscopic redshift space in the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1), and is intended potentially to support upcoming spectroscopic studies. Our goal is to identify and investigate a population of sources characterised by highly ionised emission lines in their spectra, which are indicative of active galactic nucleus… ▽ More This study explores a rare population of sources in a currently uncharted region of spectroscopic redshift space in the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1), and is intended potentially to support upcoming spectroscopic studies. Our goal is to identify and investigate a population of sources characterised by highly ionised emission lines in their spectra, which are indicative of active galactic nucleus activity, extreme shock phenomena, or Wolf--Rayet stars. A comprehensive visual inspection of spectra is conducted to ensure the reliability of the sample, focusing on the simultaneous detection of both NeV and OII emission-line measurements, a condition that restricts the Euclid spectroscopic redshift range to z=2.48--3.88. To characterise this population, we analysed the morpho-spectrophotometric properties of their host galaxies. This allowed for a direct comparison with control sources that exhibit similar OII properties and spectroscopic redshifts, but not NeV lines. We identify sources solely based on spectroscopic criteria in the redshift range beyond the Halpha regime. Encompassing 65 potential NeV candidates, the resulting sample delivers the first systematic probe of these NeV candidate emitters at high redshift. We found a good agreement, within 1$σ$, between the spectral measurements calculated using both direct integration and Gaussian fitting methodologies. The NeV candidates exhibit colours similar to bright QSOs, with only a few in the tail of very red quasars. We observed a higher stellar mass content, a lower continuum around the 4000A break, and a similar Sérsic index distribution compared to the control sample. This unique sample paves the way for a wide range of scientific investigations, which will be pursued in the forthcoming data releases. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The average far-infrared properties of Euclid-selected star-forming galaxies

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, R. Hill, A. Abghari, D. Scott, M. Bethermin, S. C. Chapman, D. L. Clements, S. Eales, A. Enia, B. Jego, A. Parmar, P. Tanouri, L. Wang, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera , et al. (280 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The first Euclid Quick Data Release contains millions of galaxies with excellent optical and near-infrared (IR) coverage. To complement this dataset, we investigate the average far-IR properties of Euclid-selected main sequence (MS) galaxies using existing Herschel and SCUBA-2 data. We use 17.6deg$^2$ (2.4deg$^2$) of overlapping Herschel (SCUBA-2) data, containing 2.6 million (240000) MS galaxies.… ▽ More The first Euclid Quick Data Release contains millions of galaxies with excellent optical and near-infrared (IR) coverage. To complement this dataset, we investigate the average far-IR properties of Euclid-selected main sequence (MS) galaxies using existing Herschel and SCUBA-2 data. We use 17.6deg$^2$ (2.4deg$^2$) of overlapping Herschel (SCUBA-2) data, containing 2.6 million (240000) MS galaxies. We bin the Euclid catalogue by stellar mass and photometric redshift and perform a stacking analysis following SimStack, which takes into account galaxy clustering and bin-to-bin correlations. We detect stacked far-IR flux densities across a significant fraction of the bins. We fit modified blackbody spectral energy distributions in each bin and derive mean dust temperatures, dust masses, and star-formation rates (SFRs). We find similar mean SFRs compared to the Euclid catalogue, and we show that the average dust-to-stellar mass ratios decreased from z$\simeq$1 to the present day. Average dust temperatures are largely independent of stellar mass and are well-described by the function $T_2+(T_1-T_2){\rm e}^{-t/τ}$, where $t$ is the age of the Universe, $T_1=79.7\pm7.4$K, $T_2=23.2\pm0.1$K, and $τ=1.6\pm0.1$Gyr. We argue that since the dust temperatures are converging to a non-zero value below $z=1$, the dust is now primarily heated by the existing cooler and older stellar population, as opposed to hot young stars in star-forming regions at higher redshift. We show that since the dust temperatures are independent of stellar mass, the correlation between dust temperature and SFR depends on stellar mass. Lastly, we estimate the contribution of the Euclid catalogue to the cosmic IR background (CIB), finding that it accounts for >60% of the CIB at 250, 350, and 500$μ$m. Forthcoming Euclid data will extend these results to higher redshifts, lower stellar masses, and recover more of the CIB. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2025; v1 submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: Submitted to A&A as part of the second Euclid Q1 paper splash. V2 fixed typo in title

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Quenching precedes bulge formation in dense environments but follows it in the field

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, F. Gentile, E. Daddi, D. Elbaz, A. Enia, B. Magnelli, J-B. Billand, P. Corcho-Caballero, C. Cleland, G. De Lucia, C. D'Eugenio, M. Fossati, M. Franco, C. Lobo, Y. Lyu, M. Magliocchetti, G. A. Mamon, L. Quilley, J. G. Sorce, M. Tarrasse, M. Bolzonella, F. Durret, L. Gabarra, S. Guo, L. Pozzetti , et al. (299 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: (Abridged) The bimodality between star-forming discs and quiescent spheroids requires the existence of two main processes: the galaxy quenching and the morphological transformation. In this paper, we aim to understand the link between these processes and their relation with the stellar mass of galaxies and their local environment. Taking advantage of the first data released by the Euclid Collabora… ▽ More (Abridged) The bimodality between star-forming discs and quiescent spheroids requires the existence of two main processes: the galaxy quenching and the morphological transformation. In this paper, we aim to understand the link between these processes and their relation with the stellar mass of galaxies and their local environment. Taking advantage of the first data released by the Euclid Collaboration, covering more than 60 deg2 with space-based imaging and photometry, we analyse a mass-complete sample of nearly one million galaxies in the range 0.25<z<1 with $M_\ast>10^{9.5} M_\odot$. We divide the sample into four sub-populations of galaxies, based on their star-formation activity and morphology. We then analyse the physical properties of these populations and their relative abundances in the stellar mass vs. local density plane. Together with confirming the passivity-density relation and the morphology-density relation, we find that quiescent discy galaxies are more abundant in the low-mass regime of high-density environment. At the same time, star-forming bulge-dominated galaxies are more common in field regions, preferentially at high masses. Building on these results and interpreting them through comparison with simulations, we propose a scenario where the evolution of galaxies in the field significantly differs from that in higher-density environments. The morphological transformation in the majority of field galaxies takes place before the onset of quenching and is mainly driven by secular processes taking place within the main sequence, leading to the formation of star-forming bulge-dominated galaxies as intermediate-stage galaxies. Conversely, quenching of star formation precedes morphological transformation for most galaxies in higher-density environments. This causes the formation of quiescent disc-dominated galaxies before their transition into bulge-dominated ones. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 16 pages, 7 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): Hunting for luminous z > 6 galaxies in the Euclid Deep Fields -- forecasts and first bright detections

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, N. Allen, P. A. Oesch, R. A. A. Bowler, S. Toft, J. Matharu, J. R. Weaver, C. J. R. McPartland, M. Shuntov, D. B. Sanders, B. Mobasher, H. J. McCracken, H. Atek, E. Bañados, S. W. J. Barrow, S. Belladitta, D. Carollo, M. Castellano, C. J. Conselice, P. R. M. Eisenhardt, Y. Harikane, G. Murphree, M. Stefanon, S. M. Wilkins, A. Amara , et al. (287 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The evolution of the rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity function (UV LF) is a powerful probe of early star formation and stellar mass build-up. At z > 6, its bright end (MUV < -21) remains poorly constrained due to the small volumes of existing near-infrared (NIR) space-based surveys. The Euclid Deep Fields (EDFs) will cover 53 deg^2 with NIR imaging down to 26.5 AB, increasing area by a factor of… ▽ More The evolution of the rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity function (UV LF) is a powerful probe of early star formation and stellar mass build-up. At z > 6, its bright end (MUV < -21) remains poorly constrained due to the small volumes of existing near-infrared (NIR) space-based surveys. The Euclid Deep Fields (EDFs) will cover 53 deg^2 with NIR imaging down to 26.5 AB, increasing area by a factor of 100 over previous space-based surveys. They thus offer an unprecedented opportunity to select bright z > 6 Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) and constrain the UV LF's bright end. With NIR coverage extending to 2um, Euclid can detect galaxies out to z = 13. We present forecasts for the number densities of z > 6 galaxies expected in the final EDF dataset. Using synthetic photometry from spectral energy distribution (SED) templates of z = 5--15 galaxies, z = 1--4 interlopers, and Milky Way MLT dwarfs, we explore optimal selection methods for high-z LBGs. A combination of S/N cuts with SED fitting (from optical to MIR) yields the highest-fidelity sample, recovering >76% of input z > 6 LBGs while keeping low-z contamination <10%. This excludes instrumental artefacts, which will affect early Euclid releases. Auxiliary data are critical: optical imaging from the Hyper Suprime-Cam and Vera C. Rubin Observatory distinguishes genuine Lyman breaks, while Spitzer/IRAC data help recover z > 10 sources. Based on empirical double power-law LF models, we expect >100,000 LBGs at z = 6-12 and >100 at z > 12 in the final Euclid release. In contrast, steeper Schechter models predict no z > 12 detections. We also present two ultra-luminous (MUV < -23.5) candidates from the EDF-N Q1 dataset. If their redshifts are confirmed, their magnitudes support a DPL LF model at z > 9, highlighting Euclid's power to constrain the UV LF's bright end and identify the most luminous early galaxies for follow-up. △ Less

Submitted 23 November, 2025; v1 submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite Community Science Book

Authors: Michael Koss, Nafisa Aftab, Steven W. Allen, Roberta Amato, Hongjun An, Igor Andreoni, Timo Anguita, Riccardo Arcodia, Thomas Ayres, Matteo Bachetti, Maria Cristina Baglio, Arash Bahramian, Marco Balboni, Ranieri D. Baldi, Solen Balman, Aya Bamba, Eduardo Banados, Tong Bao, Iacopo Bartalucci, Antara Basu-Zych, Rebeca Batalha, Lorenzo Battistini, Franz Erik Bauer, Andy Beardmore, Werner Becker , et al. (373 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The AXIS Community Science Book represents the collective effort of more than 500 scientists worldwide to define the transformative science enabled by the Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS), a next-generation X-ray mission selected by NASA's Astrophysics Probe Program for Phase A study. AXIS will advance the legacy of high-angular-resolution X-ray astronomy with ~1.5'' imaging over a wide 24'… ▽ More The AXIS Community Science Book represents the collective effort of more than 500 scientists worldwide to define the transformative science enabled by the Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS), a next-generation X-ray mission selected by NASA's Astrophysics Probe Program for Phase A study. AXIS will advance the legacy of high-angular-resolution X-ray astronomy with ~1.5'' imaging over a wide 24' field of view and an order of magnitude greater collecting area than Chandra in the 0.3-12 keV band. Combining sharp imaging, high throughput, and rapid response capabilities, AXIS will open new windows on virtually every aspect of modern astrophysics, exploring the birth and growth of supermassive black holes, the feedback processes that shape galaxies, the life cycles of stars and exoplanet environments, and the nature of compact stellar remnants, supernova remnants, and explosive transients. This book compiles over 140 community-contributed science cases developed by five Science Working Groups focused on AGN and supermassive black holes, galaxy evolution and feedback, compact objects and supernova remnants, stellar physics and exoplanets, and time-domain and multi-messenger astrophysics. Together, these studies establish the scientific foundation for next-generation X-ray exploration in the 2030s and highlight strong synergies with facilities of the 2030s, such as JWST, Roman, Rubin/LSST, SKA, ALMA, ngVLA, and next-generation gravitational-wave and neutrino networks. △ Less

Submitted 31 October, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 595 pages, 225 figures

Euclid preparation: The flat-sky approximation for the clustering of Euclid's photometric galaxies

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, W. L. Matthewson, R. Durrer, S. Camera, I. Tutusaus, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero, S. Casas, M. Castellano, G. Castignani, S. Cavuoti , et al. (255 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We compare the performance of the flat-sky approximation and Limber approximation for the clustering analysis of the photometric galaxy catalogue of Euclid. We study a 6 bin configuration representing the first data release (DR1) and a 13 bin configuration representative of the third and final data release (DR3). We find that the Limber approximation is sufficiently accurate for the analysis of th… ▽ More We compare the performance of the flat-sky approximation and Limber approximation for the clustering analysis of the photometric galaxy catalogue of Euclid. We study a 6 bin configuration representing the first data release (DR1) and a 13 bin configuration representative of the third and final data release (DR3). We find that the Limber approximation is sufficiently accurate for the analysis of the wide bins of DR1. Contrarily, the 13 bins of DR3 cannot be modelled accurately with the Limber approximation. Instead, the flat-sky approximation is accurate to below $5\%$ in recovering the angular power spectra of galaxy number counts in both cases and can be used to simplify the computation of the full power spectrum in harmonic space for the data analysis of DR3. △ Less

Submitted 20 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 7 figures

Euclid preparation. Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE). 6: Impact of systematic uncertainties on the cosmological analysis

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, L. Blot, K. Tanidis, G. Cañas-Herrera, P. Carrilho, M. Bonici, S. Camera, V. F. Cardone, S. Casas, S. Davini, S. Di Domizio, S. Farrens, L. W. K. Goh, S. Gouyou Beauchamps, S. Ilić, S. Joudaki, F. Keil, A. M. C. Le Brun, M. Martinelli, C. Moretti, V. Pettorino, A. Pezzotta, Z. Sakr, A. G. Sánchez, D. Sciotti , et al. (287 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Extracting cosmological information from the Euclid galaxy survey will require modelling numerous systematic effects during the inference process. This implies varying a large number of nuisance parameters, which have to be marginalised over before reporting the constraints on the cosmological parameters. This is a delicate process, especially with such a large parameter space, which could result… ▽ More Extracting cosmological information from the Euclid galaxy survey will require modelling numerous systematic effects during the inference process. This implies varying a large number of nuisance parameters, which have to be marginalised over before reporting the constraints on the cosmological parameters. This is a delicate process, especially with such a large parameter space, which could result in biased cosmological results. In this work, we study the impact of different choices for modelling systematic effects and prior distribution of nuisance parameters for the final Euclid Data Release, focusing on the 3$\times$2pt analysis for photometric probes and the galaxy power spectrum multipoles for the spectroscopic probes. We explore the effect of intrinsic alignments, linear galaxy bias, magnification bias, multiplicative cosmic shear bias and shifts in the redshift distribution for the photometric probes, as well as the purity of the spectroscopic sample. We find that intrinsic alignment modelling has the most severe impact with a bias up to $6\,σ$ on the Hubble constant $H_0$ if neglected, followed by mis-modelling of the redshift evolution of galaxy bias, yielding up to $1.5\,σ$ on the parameter $S_8\equivσ_8\sqrt{Ω_{\rm m} /0.3}$. Choosing a too optimistic prior for multiplicative bias can also result in biases of the order of $0.7\,σ$ on $S_8$. We also find that the precision on the estimate of the purity of the spectroscopic sample will be an important driver for the constraining power of the galaxy clustering full-shape analysis. These results will help prioritise efforts to improve the modelling and calibration of systematic effects in Euclid. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 16 figures. Submitted to A&A

Euclid preparation. Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE). 3. Inference and Forecasts

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, G. Cañas-Herrera, L. W. K. Goh, L. Blot, M. Bonici, S. Camera, V. F. Cardone, P. Carrilho, S. Casas, S. Davini, S. Di Domizio, S. Farrens, S. Gouyou Beauchamps, S. Ilić, S. Joudaki, F. Keil, A. M. C. Le Brun, M. Martinelli, C. Moretti, V. Pettorino, A. Pezzotta, Z. Sakr, A. G. Sánchez, D. Sciotti, K. Tanidis , et al. (315 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid mission aims to measure the positions, shapes, and redshifts of over a billion galaxies to provide unprecedented constraints on the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Achieving this goal requires a continuous reassessment of the mission's scientific performance, particularly in terms of its ability to constrain cosmological parameters, as our understanding of how to model large-scal… ▽ More The Euclid mission aims to measure the positions, shapes, and redshifts of over a billion galaxies to provide unprecedented constraints on the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Achieving this goal requires a continuous reassessment of the mission's scientific performance, particularly in terms of its ability to constrain cosmological parameters, as our understanding of how to model large-scale structure observables improves. In this study, we present the first scientific forecasts using CLOE (Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid), a dedicated Euclid cosmological pipeline developed to support this endeavour. Using advanced Bayesian inference techniques applied to synthetic Euclid-like data, we sample the posterior distribution of cosmological and nuisance parameters across a variety of cosmological models and Euclid primary probes: cosmic shear, angular photometric galaxy clustering, galaxy-galaxy lensing, and spectroscopic galaxy clustering. We validate the capability of CLOE to produce reliable cosmological forecasts, showcasing Euclid's potential to achieve a figure of merit for the dark energy parameters $w_0$ and $w_a$ exceeding 400 when combining all primary probes. Furthermore, we illustrate the behaviour of the posterior probability distribution of the parameters of interest given different priors and scale cuts. Finally, we emphasise the importance of addressing computational challenges, proposing further exploration of innovative data science techniques to efficiently navigate the Euclid high-dimensional parameter space in upcoming cosmological data releases. △ Less

Submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Third in a series of six papers presenting CLOE, the Euclid likelihood code; 39 pages, 21 figures, submitted to A&A

Euclid preparation. Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE). 5. Extensions beyond the standard modelling of theoretical probes and systematic effects

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, L. W. K. Goh, A. Nouri-Zonoz, S. Pamuk, M. Ballardini, B. Bose, G. Cañas-Herrera, S. Casas, G. Franco-Abellán, S. Ilić, F. Keil, M. Kunz, A. M. C. Le Brun, F. Lepori, M. Martinelli, Z. Sakr, F. Sorrenti, E. M. Teixeira, I. Tutusaus, L. Blot, M. Bonici, C. Bonvin, S. Camera, V. F. Cardone, P. Carrilho , et al. (279 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Euclid is expected to establish new state-of-the-art constraints on extensions beyond the standard LCDM cosmological model by measuring the positions and shapes of billions of galaxies. Specifically, its goal is to shed light on the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Achieving this requires developing and validating advanced statistical tools and theoretical prediction software capable of test… ▽ More Euclid is expected to establish new state-of-the-art constraints on extensions beyond the standard LCDM cosmological model by measuring the positions and shapes of billions of galaxies. Specifically, its goal is to shed light on the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Achieving this requires developing and validating advanced statistical tools and theoretical prediction software capable of testing extensions of the LCDM model. In this work, we describe how the Euclid likelihood pipeline, Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE), has been extended to accommodate alternative cosmological models and to refine the theoretical modelling of Euclid primary probes. In particular, we detail modifications made to CLOE to incorporate the magnification bias term into the spectroscopic two-point correlation function of galaxy clustering. Additionally, we explain the adaptations made to CLOE's implementation of Euclid primary photometric probes to account for massive neutrinos and modified gravity extensions. Finally, we present the validation of these CLOE modifications through dedicated forecasts on synthetic Euclid-like data by sampling the full posterior distribution and comparing with the results of previous literature. In conclusion, we have identified in this work several functionalities with regards to beyond-LCDM modelling that could be further improved within CLOE, and outline potential research directions to enhance pipeline efficiency and flexibility through novel inference and machine learning techniques. △ Less

Submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Euclid preparation. Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE). 4: Validation and Performance

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, M. Martinelli, A. Pezzotta, D. Sciotti, L. Blot, M. Bonici, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. F. Cardone, P. Carrilho, S. Casas, S. Davini, S. Di Domizio, S. Farrens, L. W. K. Goh, S. Gouyou Beauchamps, S. Ilić, S. Joudaki, F. Keil, A. M. C. Le Brun, C. Moretti, V. Pettorino, A. G. Sánchez, Z. Sakr, K. Tanidis , et al. (312 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid satellite will provide data on the clustering of galaxies and on the distortion of their measured shapes, which can be used to constrain and test the cosmological model. However, the increase in precision places strong requirements on the accuracy of the theoretical modelling for the observables and of the full analysis pipeline. In this paper, we investigate the accuracy of the calcula… ▽ More The Euclid satellite will provide data on the clustering of galaxies and on the distortion of their measured shapes, which can be used to constrain and test the cosmological model. However, the increase in precision places strong requirements on the accuracy of the theoretical modelling for the observables and of the full analysis pipeline. In this paper, we investigate the accuracy of the calculations performed by the Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE), a software able to handle both the modelling of observables and their fit against observational data for both the photometric and spectroscopic surveys of Euclid, by comparing the output of CLOE with external codes used as benchmark. We perform such a comparison on the quantities entering the calculations of the observables, as well as on the final outputs of these calculations. Our results highlight the high accuracy of CLOE when comparing its calculation against external codes for Euclid observables on an extended range of operative cases. In particular, all the summary statistics of interest always differ less than $0.1\,σ$ from the chosen benchmark, and CLOE predictions are statistically compatible with simulated data obtained from benchmark codes. The same holds for the comparison of correlation function in configuration space for spectroscopic and photometric observables. △ Less

Submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Fourth in a series of six papers presenting CLOE, the Euclid likelihood code; 19 pages, 13 figures, submitted to A&A

Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in \Euclid (CLOE). 1. Theoretical recipe

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, V. F. Cardone, S. Joudaki, L. Blot, M. Bonici, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, P. Carrilho, S. Casas, S. Davini, S. Di Domizio, S. Farrens, L. W. K. Goh, S. Gouyou Beauchamps, S. Ilić, F. Keil, A. M. C. Le Brun, M. Martinelli, C. Moretti, V. Pettorino, A. Pezzotta, A. G. Sánchez, Z. Sakr, D. Sciotti, K. Tanidis , et al. (301 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: As the statistical precision of cosmological measurements increases, the accuracy of the theoretical description of these measurements needs to increase correspondingly in order to infer the underlying cosmology that governs the Universe. To this end, we have created the Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE), which is a novel cosmological parameter inference pipeline developed with… ▽ More As the statistical precision of cosmological measurements increases, the accuracy of the theoretical description of these measurements needs to increase correspondingly in order to infer the underlying cosmology that governs the Universe. To this end, we have created the Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE), which is a novel cosmological parameter inference pipeline developed within the Euclid Consortium to translate measurements and covariances into cosmological parameter constraints. In this first in a series of six papers, we describe the theoretical recipe of this code for the Euclid primary probes. These probes are composed of the photometric 3x2pt observables of cosmic shear, galaxy-galaxy lensing, and galaxy clustering, along with spectroscopic galaxy clustering. We provide this description in both Fourier and configuration space for standard and extended summary statistics, including the wide range of systematic uncertainties that affect them. This includes systematic uncertainties such as intrinsic galaxy alignments, baryonic feedback, photometric and spectroscopic redshift uncertainties, shear calibration uncertainties, sample impurities, photometric and spectroscopic galaxy biases, as well as magnification bias. The theoretical descriptions are further able to accommodate both Gaussian and non-Gaussian likelihoods and extended cosmologies with non-zero curvature, massive neutrinos, evolving dark energy, and simple forms of modified gravity. These theoretical descriptions that underpin CLOE will form a crucial component in revealing the true nature of the Universe with next-generation cosmological surveys such as Euclid. △ Less

Submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: First in a series of six papers presenting CLOE, the Euclid likelihood code; 27 pages, 10 figures, A&A submitted

Euclid preparation: Towards a DR1 application of higher-order weak lensing statistics

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, S. Vinciguerra, F. Bouchè, N. Martinet, L. Castiblanco, C. Uhlemann, S. Pires, J. Harnois-Déraps, C. Giocoli, M. Baldi, V. F. Cardone, A. Vadalà, N. Dagoneau, L. Linke, E. Sellentin, P. L. Taylor, J. C. Broxterman, S. Heydenreich, V. Tinnaneri Sreekanth, N. Porqueres, L. Porth, M. Gatti, D. Grandón, A. Barthelemy, F. Bernardeau , et al. (262 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This is the second paper in the HOWLS (higher-order weak lensing statistics) series exploring the usage of non-Gaussian statistics for cosmology inference within \textit{Euclid}. With respect to our first paper, we develop a full tomographic analysis based on realistic photometric redshifts which allows us to derive Fisher forecasts in the ($σ_8$, $w_0$) plane for a \textit{Euclid}-like data relea… ▽ More This is the second paper in the HOWLS (higher-order weak lensing statistics) series exploring the usage of non-Gaussian statistics for cosmology inference within \textit{Euclid}. With respect to our first paper, we develop a full tomographic analysis based on realistic photometric redshifts which allows us to derive Fisher forecasts in the ($σ_8$, $w_0$) plane for a \textit{Euclid}-like data release 1 (DR1) setup. We find that the 5 higher-order statistics (HOSs) that satisfy the Gaussian likelihood assumption of the Fisher formalism (1-point probability distribution function, $\ell$1-norm, peak counts, Minkowski functionals, and Betti numbers) each outperform the shear 2-point correlation functions by a factor $2.5$ on the $w_0$ forecasts, with only marginal improvement when used in combination with 2-point estimators, suggesting that every HOS is able to retrieve both the non-Gaussian and Gaussian information of the matter density field. The similar performance of the different estimators\inlinecomment{, with a slight preference for Minkowski functionals and 1-point probability distribution function,} is explained by a homogeneous use of multi-scale and tomographic information, optimized to lower computational costs. These results hold for the $3$ mass mapping techniques of the \textit{Euclid} pipeline: aperture mass, Kaiser--Squires, and Kaiser--Squires plus, and are unaffected by the application of realistic star masks. Finally, we explore the use of HOSs with the Bernardeau--Nishimichi--Taruya (BNT) nulling scheme approach, finding promising results towards applying physical scale cuts to HOSs. △ Less

Submitted 6 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Euclid preparation. Predicting star-forming galaxy scaling relations with the spectral stacking code SpectraPyle

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, S. Quai, L. Pozzetti, M. Talia, C. Mancini, P. Cassata, L. Gabarra, V. Le Brun, M. Bolzonella, E. Rossetti, S. Kruk, B. R. Granett, C. Scarlata, M. Moresco, G. Zamorani, D. Vergani, X. Lopez Lopez, A. Enia, E. Daddi, V. Allevato, I. A. Zinchenko, M. Magliocchetti, M. Siudek, L. Bisigello, G. De Lucia , et al. (287 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We introduce SpectraPyle, a versatile spectral stacking pipeline developed for the Euclid mission's NISP spectroscopic surveys, aimed at extracting faint emission lines and spectral features from large galaxy samples in the Wide and Deep Surveys. Designed for computational efficiency and flexible configuration, SpectraPyle supports the processing of extensive datasets critical to Euclid's non-cosm… ▽ More We introduce SpectraPyle, a versatile spectral stacking pipeline developed for the Euclid mission's NISP spectroscopic surveys, aimed at extracting faint emission lines and spectral features from large galaxy samples in the Wide and Deep Surveys. Designed for computational efficiency and flexible configuration, SpectraPyle supports the processing of extensive datasets critical to Euclid's non-cosmological science goals. We validate the pipeline using simulated spectra processed to match Euclid's expected final data quality. Stacking enables robust recovery of key emission lines, including Halpha, Hbeta, [O III], and [N II], below individual detection limits. However, the measurement of galaxy properties such as star formation rate, dust attenuation, and gas-phase metallicity are biased at stellar mass below log10(M*/Msol) ~ 9 due to the flux-limited nature of Euclid spectroscopic samples, which cannot be overcome by stacking. The SFR-stellar mass relation of the parent sample is recovered reliably only in the Deep survey for log10(M*/Msol) > 10, whereas the metallicity-mass relation is recovered more accurately over a wider mass range. These limitations are caused by the increased fraction of redshift measurement errors at lower masses and fluxes. We examine the impact of residual redshift contaminants that arises from misidentified emission lines and noise spikes, on stacked spectra. Even after stringent quality selections, low-level contamination (< 6%) has minimal impact on line fluxes due to the systematically weaker emission of contaminants. Percentile-based analysis of stacked spectra provides a sensitive diagnostic for detecting contamination via coherent spurious features at characteristic wavelengths. While our simulations include most instrumental effects, real Euclid data will require further refinement of contamination mitigation strategies. △ Less

Submitted 19 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 21 figures, Submitted to A&A

Euclid preparation LXXIX. Using mock low surface brightness dwarf galaxies to probe Euclid Wide Survey detection capabilities

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, M. Urbano, P. -A. Duc, M. Poulain, A. A. Nucita, A. Venhola, O. Marchal, M. Kümmel, H. Kong, F. Soldano, E. Romelli, M. Walmsley, T. Saifollahi, K. Voggel, A. Lançon, F. R. Marleau, E. Sola, L. K. Hunt, J. Junais, D. Carollo, P. M. Sanchez-Alarcon, M. Baes, F. Buitrago, Michele Cantiello, J. -C. Cuillandre , et al. (291 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Local Universe dwarf galaxies can serve as both cosmological and mass assembly probes. Deep surveys have enabled the study of these objects down to the low surface brightness (LSB) regime. In this paper, we estimate Euclid's dwarf detection capabilities as well as limits of its MERge processing function (MER pipeline), which is responsible for producing the stacked mosaics and final catalogues. To… ▽ More Local Universe dwarf galaxies can serve as both cosmological and mass assembly probes. Deep surveys have enabled the study of these objects down to the low surface brightness (LSB) regime. In this paper, we estimate Euclid's dwarf detection capabilities as well as limits of its MERge processing function (MER pipeline), which is responsible for producing the stacked mosaics and final catalogues. To do this, we injected mock dwarf galaxies in a real Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) field in the VIS band and compared the input catalogue to the final MER catalogue. The mock dwarf galaxies were generated using simple Sersic models with structural parameters (including size and surface brightness) drawn from observed dwarf galaxy catalogues. These simulations represent an idealised case in the sense they do not account for additional factors such as ellipticity, morphology, or crowding. To characterise the detected dwarfs, we used the mean surface brightness inside the effective radius SB_e (in mag arcsec^-2). The final MER catalogues achieve completenesses of 91% for SB_e in [21,24] and 54% for SB_e in [24,28]. These numbers do not take into account possible contaminants, including confusion with background galaxies at the location of the dwarfs. After taking those effects into account, they respectively became 86% and 38%. The MER pipeline performs a final local background subtraction with a small mesh size, leading to a flux loss for galaxies with R_e > 10 arcsec. By using the final MER mosaics and reinjecting this local background, we obtained an image in which we recover reliable photometric properties for objects under the arcminute scale. This background-reinjected product is thus suitable for the study of Local Universe dwarf galaxies. Euclid's data reduction pipeline serves as a test bed for other deep surveys, particularly regarding background subtraction methods, a key issue in LSB science. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2025; v1 submitted 16 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (acceptance date: 30/10/2025). 22 pages, 19 figures, 7 tables

Euclid preparation. Methodology for validating the Euclid Catalogue of Galaxy Clusters using external data

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, J. -B. Melin, S. A. Stanford, A. Widmer, P. Tarrío, J. G. Bartlett, T. Sadibekova, G. W. Pratt, M. Arnaud, F. Pacaud, T. H. Reiprich, A. Biviano, S. Bardelli, S. Borgani, P. -S. Corasaniti, S. Ettori, A. Finoguenov, Z. Ghaffari, P. A. Giles, M. Girardi, J. B. Golden-Marx, A. H. Gonzalez, M. Klein, G. F. Lesci, M. Maturi , et al. (293 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present our methodology for identifying known clusters as counterparts to objects in the Euclid Catalogue of Galaxy Clusters (ECGC). Euclid is expected to detect a large number of optically-selected galaxy clusters over the approximately 14000 square degrees of its extragalactic sky survey. Extending out well beyond redshift unity, the catalogue will contain many new high-redshift clusters, whi… ▽ More We present our methodology for identifying known clusters as counterparts to objects in the Euclid Catalogue of Galaxy Clusters (ECGC). Euclid is expected to detect a large number of optically-selected galaxy clusters over the approximately 14000 square degrees of its extragalactic sky survey. Extending out well beyond redshift unity, the catalogue will contain many new high-redshift clusters, while at lower redshifts a fraction of the clusters will have been observed in other surveys. Identifying these known clusters as counterparts to the Euclid-detected clusters is an important step in the validation and construction of the ECGC to augment information with external observables. We present a set of catalogues and meta-catalogues of known clusters that we have assembled for this step, and we illustrate their application and our methodology using the Dark Energy Survey Year 1 RedMaPPer cluster catalogue in lieu of the future ECGC. In the process of this work, we have constructed and deliver an updated EC-RedMaPPer catalogue with multi-wavelength counterparts. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 17 figures, submitted to A&A

Euclid preparation. LXXIV. Euclidised observations of Hubble Frontier Fields and CLASH galaxy clusters

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, P. Bergamini, M. Meneghetti, G. Angora, L. Bazzanini, P. Rosati, C. Grillo, M. Lombardi, D. Abriola, A. Mercurio, F. Calura, G. Despali, J. M. Diego, R. Gavazzi, P. Hudelot, L. Leuzzi, G. Mahler, E. Merlin, C. Scarlata, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi , et al. (241 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present HST2EUCLID, a novel Python code to generate Euclid realistic mock images in the $H_{\rm E}$, $J_{\rm E}$, $Y_{\rm E}$, and $I_{\rm E}$ photometric bands based on panchromatic Hubble Space Telescope observations. The software was used to create a simulated database of Euclid images for the 27 galaxy clusters observed during the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) and… ▽ More We present HST2EUCLID, a novel Python code to generate Euclid realistic mock images in the $H_{\rm E}$, $J_{\rm E}$, $Y_{\rm E}$, and $I_{\rm E}$ photometric bands based on panchromatic Hubble Space Telescope observations. The software was used to create a simulated database of Euclid images for the 27 galaxy clusters observed during the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) and the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) program. Since the mock images were generated from real observations, they incorporate, by construction, all the complexity of the observed galaxy clusters. The simulated Euclid data of the galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1$-$2403 were then used to explore the possibility of developing strong lensing models based on the Euclid data. In this context, complementary photometric or spectroscopic follow-up campaigns are required to measure the redshifts of multiple images and cluster member galaxies. By Euclidising six parallel blank fields obtained during the HFF program, we provide an estimate of the number of galaxies detectable in Euclid images per ${\rm deg}^2$ per magnitude bin (number counts) and the distribution of the galaxy sizes. Finally, we present a preview of the Chandra Deep Field South that will be observed during the Euclid Deep Survey and two examples of galaxy-scale strong lensing systems residing in regions of the sky covered by the Euclid Wide Survey. The methodology developed in this work lends itself to several additional applications, as simulated Euclid fields based on HST (or JWST) imaging with extensive spectroscopic information can be used to validate the feasibility of legacy science cases or to train deep learning techniques in advance, thus preparing for a timely exploitation of the Euclid Survey data. △ Less

Submitted 28 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 12 figures, 1 table, A&A in press

Euclid preparation. Establishing the quality of the 2D reconstruction of the filaments of the cosmic web with DisPerSE using Euclid photometric redshifts

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, N. Malavasi, F. Sarron, U. Kuchner, C. Laigle, K. Kraljic, P. Jablonka, M. Balogh, S. Bardelli, M. Bolzonella, J. Brinchmann, G. De Lucia, F. Fontanot, C. Gouin, M. Hirschmann, Y. Kang, M. Magliocchetti, T. Moutard, J. G. Sorce, M. Spinelli, L. Wang, L. Xie, A. M. C. Le Brun, E. Tsaprazi, O. Cucciati , et al. (291 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Cosmic filaments are prominent structures of the matter distribution of the Universe. Modern detection algorithms are an efficient way to identify filaments in large-scale observational surveys of galaxies. Many of these methods were originally designed to work with simulations and/or well-sampled spectroscopic surveys. When spectroscopic redshifts are not available, the filaments of the cosmic we… ▽ More Cosmic filaments are prominent structures of the matter distribution of the Universe. Modern detection algorithms are an efficient way to identify filaments in large-scale observational surveys of galaxies. Many of these methods were originally designed to work with simulations and/or well-sampled spectroscopic surveys. When spectroscopic redshifts are not available, the filaments of the cosmic web can be detected in projection using photometric redshifts in slices along the Line of Sight, which enable the exploration of larger cosmic volumes. However, this comes at the expense of a lower redshift precision. It is therefore crucial to assess the differences between filaments extracted from exact redshifts and from photometric redshifts for a specific survey. We apply this analysis to capture the uncertainties and biases of filament extractions introduced by using the photometric sample of the Euclid Wide Survey. The question that we address in this work is how can we compare two filament samples derived with redshifts of different precisions in the Euclid Wide Survey context. We apply the cosmic web detection algorithm DisPerSE, in the redshift range $0.1 \leq z \leq 0.5$, to the GAlaxy Evolution and Assembly (GAEA) simulated galaxy sample which reproduces several characteristics of the Euclid Wide Survey. We develop a method to compare skeletons derived from photometric redshifts to those derived from true galaxy positions. This method expands the commonly used measure of distance between filaments to include geometrical (angles between filaments) and astrophysical considerations (galaxy mass gradients and connectivity-mass relations). We assess whether this approach strengthens our ability to correctly identify filaments in very large surveys such as the Euclid Wide Survey. [abridged] △ Less

Submitted 21 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 14 Figures

Euclid preparation: Expected constraints on initial conditions

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, F. Finelli, Y. Akrami, A. Andrews, M. Ballardini, S. Casas, D. Karagiannis, Z. Sakr, J. Valiviita, G. Alestas, N. Bartolo, J. R. Bermejo-Climent, S. Nesseris, D. Paoletti, D. Sapone, I. Tutusaus, A. Achúcarro, G. Cañas-Herrera, J. Jasche, G. Lavaux, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, L. Amendola, S. Andreon , et al. (285 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid mission of the European Space Agency will deliver galaxy and cosmic shear surveys, which will be used to constrain initial conditions and statistics of primordial fluctuations. We present highlights for the Euclid scientific capability to test initial conditions beyond LCDM with the main probes, i.e. 3D galaxy clustering from the spectroscopic survey, the tomographic approach to 3x2pt s… ▽ More The Euclid mission of the European Space Agency will deliver galaxy and cosmic shear surveys, which will be used to constrain initial conditions and statistics of primordial fluctuations. We present highlights for the Euclid scientific capability to test initial conditions beyond LCDM with the main probes, i.e. 3D galaxy clustering from the spectroscopic survey, the tomographic approach to 3x2pt statistics from photometric galaxy survey, and their combination. We provide Fisher forecasts from the combination of Euclid spectroscopic and photometric surveys for spatial curvature, running of the spectral index of the power spectrum of curvature perturbations, isocurvature perturbations, and primordial features. For the parameters of these models we also provide the combination of Euclid forecasts (pessimistic and optimistic) with current and future measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies., i.e. Planck, the Simons Observatory (SO), and CMB-S4. We provide Fisher forecasts for how the power spectrum and bispectrum from the Euclid spectroscopic survey will constrain the local, equilateral, and orthogonal shapes of primordial non-Gaussianity. We also review how Bayesian field-level inference of primordial non-Gaussianity can constrain local primordial non-Gaussianity. We show how Euclid, with its unique combination of the main probes, will provide the tightest constraints on low redshift to date. By targeting a markedly different range in redshift and scale, Euclid's expected uncertainties are complementary to those obtained by CMB primary anisotropy, returning the tightest combined constraints on the physics of the early Universe. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Abstract abridged, 25 pages, 6 tables, 11 figures

Euclid preparation. Overview of Euclid infrared detector performance from ground tests

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, B. Kubik, R. Barbier, J. Clemens, S. Ferriol, A. Secroun, G. Smadja, W. Gillard, N. Fourmanoit, A. Ealet, S. Conseil, J. Zoubian, R. Kohley, J. -C. Salvignol, L. Conversi, T. Maciaszek, H. Cho, W. Holmes, M. Seiffert, A. Waczynski, S. Wachter, K. Jahnke, F. Grupp, C. Bonoli, L. Corcione , et al. (319 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The paper describes the objectives, design and findings of the pre-launch ground characterisation campaigns of the Euclid infrared detectors. The pixel properties, including baseline, bad pixels, quantum efficiency, inter pixel capacitance, quantum efficiency, dark current, readout noise, conversion gain, response nonlinearity, and image persistence were measured and characterised for each pixel.… ▽ More The paper describes the objectives, design and findings of the pre-launch ground characterisation campaigns of the Euclid infrared detectors. The pixel properties, including baseline, bad pixels, quantum efficiency, inter pixel capacitance, quantum efficiency, dark current, readout noise, conversion gain, response nonlinearity, and image persistence were measured and characterised for each pixel. We describe in detail the test flow definition that allows us to derive the pixel properties and we present the data acquisition and data quality check software implemented for this purpose. We also outline the measurement protocols of all the pixel properties presented and we provide a comprehensive overview of the performance of the Euclid infrared detectors as derived after tuning the operating parameters of the detectors. The main conclusion of this work is that the performance of the infrared detectors Euclid meets the requirements. Pixels classified as non-functioning accounted for less than 0.2% of all science pixels. IPC coupling is minimal and crosstalk between adjacent pixels is less than 1% between adjacent pixels. 95% of the pixels show a QE greater than 80% across the entire spectral range of the Euclid mission. The conversion gain is approximately 0.52 ADU/e-, with a variation less than 1% between channels of the same detector. The reset noise is approximately equal to 23 ADU after reference pixels correction. The readout noise of a single frame is approximately 13 $e^-$ while the signal estimator noise is measured at 7 $e^-$ in photometric mode and 9 $e^-$ in spectroscopic acquisition mode. The deviation from linear response at signal levels up to 80 k$e^-$ is less than 5% for 95% of the pixels. Median persistence amplitudes are less than 0.3% of the signal, though persistence exhibits significant spatial variation and differences between detectors. △ Less

Submitted 15 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 20 figures, 4 pages of annexes. Submitted to A&A

Euclid VI. NISP-P optical ghosts

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, K. Paterson, M. Schirmer, K. Okumura, B. Venemans, K. Jahnke, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, A. Bonchi, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, J. Carretero, S. Casas , et al. (287 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) onboard Euclid includes several optical elements in its path, which introduce artefacts into the data from non-nominal light paths. To ensure uncontaminated source photometry, these artefacts must be accurately accounted for. This paper focuses on two specific optical features in NISP's photometric data (NISP-P): ghosts caused by the telescope's… ▽ More The Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) onboard Euclid includes several optical elements in its path, which introduce artefacts into the data from non-nominal light paths. To ensure uncontaminated source photometry, these artefacts must be accurately accounted for. This paper focuses on two specific optical features in NISP's photometric data (NISP-P): ghosts caused by the telescope's dichroic beamsplitter, and the bandpass filters within the NISP fore-optics. Both ghost types exhibit a characteristic morphology and are offset from the originating stars. The offsets are well modelled using 2D polynomials, with only stars brighter than approximately 10 magnitudes in each filter producing significant ghost contributions. The masking radii for these ghosts depend on both the source-star brightness and the filter wavelength, ranging from 20 to 40 pixels. We present the final relations and models used in the near-infrared (NIR) data pipeline to mask these ghosts for Euclid's Quick Data Release (Q1). △ Less

Submitted 15 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 10 figures, submitted

NuAncestor: an artificial satellite-borne star for accurate frequency calibration of ground-based EPRV spectrographs

Authors: F. Pepe, M. Bugatti, A. Baur, J. Berney, E. Bozzo, C. Broeg, B. Crazzolara, A. Deep, F. Droz, J. Figuereido, H. Haile, L. Jolissaint, S. Lecomte, J. Moerschell, Ch. Mordasini, E. Obrzud, C. Praplan, M. Sarajlic, B. Soja, M. Van den Broeck

Abstract: The accuracy of state-of-the-art Extreme Precision Radial Velocity (EPRV) spectrographs depends on the access to extremely precise and stable wavelength calibration sources. There are several available calibration sources (e.g., emission lamps, laser frequency combs, reference cavities) that can be used to calibrate an astronomical spectrograph. However, the calibration as it is currently performe… ▽ More The accuracy of state-of-the-art Extreme Precision Radial Velocity (EPRV) spectrographs depends on the access to extremely precise and stable wavelength calibration sources. There are several available calibration sources (e.g., emission lamps, laser frequency combs, reference cavities) that can be used to calibrate an astronomical spectrograph. However, the calibration as it is currently performed is always 'local'. In the proposed talk we will present the NuAncestor concept that proposes an accurate (absolute) and common wavelength calibration for astronomical high-resolution, high-precision spectrographs by embarking an optical frequency comb on-board a satellite equipped with an actively pointing telescope and precision orbitography. This calibration satellite shall be available and serve EPRV spectrographs in all major observatories around the world. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Proceedings of the SPIE conference, Volume 13100, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation VI; 131005W

Euclid preparation. Full-shape modelling of 2-point and 3-point correlation functions in real space

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, M. Guidi, A. Veropalumbo, A. Pugno, M. Moresco, E. Sefusatti, C. Porciani, E. Branchini, M. -A. Breton, B. Camacho Quevedo, M. Crocce, S. de la Torre, V. Desjacques, A. Eggemeier, A. Farina, M. Kärcher, D. Linde, M. Marinucci, A. Moradinezhad Dizgah, C. Moretti, K. Pardede, A. Pezzotta, E. Sarpa, A. Amara, S. Andreon , et al. (286 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the accuracy and range of validity of the perturbative model for the 2-point (2PCF) and 3-point (3PCF) correlation functions in real space in view of the forthcoming analysis of the Euclid mission spectroscopic sample. We take advantage of clustering measurements from four snapshots of the Flagship I N-body simulations at z = {0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8}, which mimic the expected galaxy pop… ▽ More We investigate the accuracy and range of validity of the perturbative model for the 2-point (2PCF) and 3-point (3PCF) correlation functions in real space in view of the forthcoming analysis of the Euclid mission spectroscopic sample. We take advantage of clustering measurements from four snapshots of the Flagship I N-body simulations at z = {0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8}, which mimic the expected galaxy population in the ideal case of absence of observational effects such as purity and completeness. For the 3PCF we consider all available triangle configurations given a minimal separation. First, we assess the model performance by fixing the cosmological parameters and evaluating the goodness-of-fit provided by the perturbative bias expansion in the joint analysis of the two statistics, finding overall agreement with the data down to separations of 20 Mpc/h. Subsequently, we build on the state-of-the-art and extend the analysis to include the dependence on three cosmological parameters: the amplitude of scalar perturbations As, the matter density ωcdm and the Hubble parameter h. To achieve this goal, we develop an emulator capable of generating fast and robust modelling predictions for the two summary statistics, allowing efficient sampling of the joint likelihood function. We therefore present the first joint full-shape analysis of the real-space 2PCF and 3PCF, testing the consistency and constraining power of the perturbative model across both probes, and assessing its performance in a combined likelihood framework. We explore possible systematic uncertainties induced by the perturbative model at small scales finding an optimal scale cut of rmin = 30 Mpc/h for the 3PCF, when imposing an additional limitation on nearly isosceles triangular configurations included in the data vector. This work is part of a Euclid Preparation series validating theoretical models for galaxy clustering. △ Less

Submitted 27 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 11 figures

Probing multi-band variability and mode switching in the candidate transitional millisecond pulsar 3FGL J1544.6-1125

Authors: Giulia Illiano, Francesco Coti Zelati, Arianna Miraval Zanon, Alessandro Papitto, Maria Cristina Baglio, Domitilla de Martino, Stefano Giarratana, Filippo Ambrosino, Francesco Carotenuto, Sergio Campana, Alessio Marino, Nanda Rea, Diego F. Torres, Marcello Giroletti, Thomas D. Russell, Christian Malacaria, Caterina Ballocco, Enrico Bozzo, Carlo Ferrigno, Riccardo La Placa, Adriano Ghedina, Massimo Cecconi, Francesco Leone

Abstract: We present the most extensive high-time resolution multi-band campaign to date on the candidate transitional millisecond pulsar (tMSP) 3FGL J1544.6-1125 in the sub-luminous disk state, with coordinated observations from the radio to the X-ray band. While XMM-Newton and NuSTAR X-ray light curves exhibit the characteristic high- and low-mode bimodality, the source faintness prevents firm evidence fo… ▽ More We present the most extensive high-time resolution multi-band campaign to date on the candidate transitional millisecond pulsar (tMSP) 3FGL J1544.6-1125 in the sub-luminous disk state, with coordinated observations from the radio to the X-ray band. While XMM-Newton and NuSTAR X-ray light curves exhibit the characteristic high- and low-mode bimodality, the source faintness prevents firm evidence for similar bimodality in the ultraviolet and near-infrared light curves, presented here for the first time. A re-analysis of archival XMM-Newton/OM data reveals an optical flare without an X-ray counterpart, likely originating from the outer accretion disk or the companion star. During our observations, no radio emission was detected, with a 3$σ$ flux density upper limit of 8 $μ$Jy at 6 GHz. While past works have already reported radio variability in the source, this limit is a factor of 3.5 below the average value measured in 2019 in similar conditions, underscoring significant radio variability despite the relatively stable X-ray flux. Simultaneous optical light curves in five filters with GTC/HiPERCAM revealed flickering and dipping activities that resemble the observed X-ray variability, along with a reddening trend at lower fluxes. The latter is consistent with discrete mass ejections that disrupt the inner flow and reduce both X-ray and optical fluxes, thereby driving the high-to-low-mode switches. This suggests a common origin for most optical and X-ray emission at the boundary region between the pulsar wind and the inner disk, as also supported by our modelling of the spectral energy distribution in the high mode. Overall, our findings reinforce the mini-pulsar nebula picture for tMSPs in the sub-luminous state and demonstrate how coordinated, high-time resolution, multi-wavelength campaigns are essential to probe the processes governing rapid mode switches in these systems. △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 700, A130 (2025)

Euclid preparation. Accurate and precise data-driven angular power spectrum covariances

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, K. Naidoo, J. Ruiz-Zapatero, N. Tessore, B. Joachimi, A. Loureiro, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, L. Amendola, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, D. Bagot, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero , et al. (258 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We develop techniques for generating accurate and precise internal covariances for measurements of clustering and weak lensing angular power spectra. These methods are designed to produce non-singular and unbiased covariances for Euclid's large anticipated data vector and will be critical for validation against observational systematic effects. We construct jackknife segments that are equal in are… ▽ More We develop techniques for generating accurate and precise internal covariances for measurements of clustering and weak lensing angular power spectra. These methods are designed to produce non-singular and unbiased covariances for Euclid's large anticipated data vector and will be critical for validation against observational systematic effects. We construct jackknife segments that are equal in area to high precision by adapting the binary space partition algorithm to work on arbitrarily shaped regions on the unit sphere. Jackknife estimates of the covariances are internally derived and require no assumptions about cosmology or galaxy population and bias. Our covariance estimation, called DICES (Debiased Internal Covariance Estimation with Shrinkage), first estimates a noisy covariance through conventional delete-1 jackknife resampling. This is followed by linear shrinkage of the empirical correlation matrix towards the Gaussian prediction, rather than linear shrinkage of the covariance matrix. Shrinkage ensures the covariance is non-singular and therefore invertible, critical for the estimation of likelihoods and validation. We then apply a delete-2 jackknife bias correction to the diagonal components of the jackknife covariance that removes the general tendency for jackknife error estimates to be biased high. We validate internally derived covariances, which use the jackknife resampling technique, on synthetic Euclid-like lognormal catalogues. We demonstrate that DICES produces accurate, non-singular covariance estimates, with the relative error improving by $33\%$ for the covariance and $48\%$ for the correlation structure in comparison to jackknife estimates. These estimates can be used for highly accurate regression and inference. △ Less

Submitted 10 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 20 pages, 21 figures, submitted to A&A

Euclid preparation: The NISP spectroscopy channel, on ground performance and calibration

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, W. Gillard, T. Maciaszek, E. Prieto, F. Grupp, A. Costille, K. Jahnke, J. Clemens, S. Dusini, M. Carle, C. Sirignano, E. Medinaceli, S. Ligori, E. Franceschi, M. Trifoglio, W. Bon, R. Barbier, S. Ferriol, A. Secroun, N. Auricchio, P. Battaglia, C. Bonoli, L. Corcione, F. Hormuth, D. Le Mignant , et al. (334 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: ESA's Euclid cosmology mission relies on the very sensitive and accurately calibrated spectroscopy channel of the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP). With three operational grisms in two wavelength intervals, NISP provides diffraction-limited slitless spectroscopy over a field of $0.57$ deg$^2$. A blue grism $\text{BG}_\text{E}$ covers the wavelength range $926$--$1366$\,nm at a spec… ▽ More ESA's Euclid cosmology mission relies on the very sensitive and accurately calibrated spectroscopy channel of the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP). With three operational grisms in two wavelength intervals, NISP provides diffraction-limited slitless spectroscopy over a field of $0.57$ deg$^2$. A blue grism $\text{BG}_\text{E}$ covers the wavelength range $926$--$1366$\,nm at a spectral resolution $R=440$--$900$ for a $0.5''$ diameter source with a dispersion of $1.24$ nm px$^{-1}$. Two red grisms $\text{RG}_\text{E}$ span $1206$ to $1892$\,nm at $R=550$--$740$ and a dispersion of $1.37$ nm px$^{-1}$. We describe the construction of the grisms as well as the ground testing of the flight model of the NISP instrument where these properties were established. △ Less

Submitted 18 September, 2025; v1 submitted 9 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 18 pages 15 figures with additional 8 pages of annexes. Accepted to A&A

Observatory Science with eXTP

Authors: Ping Zhou, Jirong Mao, Liang Zhang, Alessandro Patruno, Enrico Bozzo, Yanjun Xu, Andrea Santangelo, Silvia Zane, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Hua Feng, Yuri Cavecchi, Barbara De Marco, Junhui Fan, Xian Hou, Pengfei Jiang, Patrizia Romano, Gloria Sala, Lian Tao, Alexandra Veledina, Jacco Vink, Song Wang, Junxian Wang, Yidi Wang, Shanshan Weng, Qingwen Wu , et al. (75 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Scheduled for launch in 2030, the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarization (eXTP) telescope is a Chinese space-based mission aimed at studying extreme conditions and phenomena in astrophysics. eXTP will feature three main payloads: Spectroscopy Focusing Arrays (SFAs), Polarimetry Focusing Arrays (PFAs), and a Wide-field Camera (W2C). This white paper outlines observatory science, incorporating key s… ▽ More Scheduled for launch in 2030, the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarization (eXTP) telescope is a Chinese space-based mission aimed at studying extreme conditions and phenomena in astrophysics. eXTP will feature three main payloads: Spectroscopy Focusing Arrays (SFAs), Polarimetry Focusing Arrays (PFAs), and a Wide-field Camera (W2C). This white paper outlines observatory science, incorporating key scientific advances and instrumental changes since the publication of the previous white paper [1]. We will discuss perspectives of eXTP on the research domains of flare stars, supernova remnants, pulsar wind nebulae, cataclysmic variables, X-ray binaries, ultraluminous X-ray sources, AGN, and pulsar-based positioning and timekeeping. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2025; v1 submitted 9 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: accepted for publication in the SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy

The enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission -- eXTP for launch in 2030

Authors: Shuang-Nan Zhang, Andrea Santangelo, Yupeng Xu, Hua Feng, Fangjun Lu, Yong Chen, Mingyu Ge, Kirpal Nandra, Xin Wu, Marco Feroci, Margarita Hernanz, Congzhan Liu, Huilin He, Yusa Wang, Weichun Jiang, Weiwei Cui, Yanji Yang, Juan Wang, Wei Li, Xiaohua Liu, Bin Meng, Xiangyang Wen, Aimei Zhang, Jia Ma, Maoshun Li , et al. (136 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this paper we present the current status of the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission, which has been fully approved for launch in 2030. eXTP is a space science mission designed to study fundamental physics under extreme conditions of matter density, gravity, and magnetism. The mission aims at determining the equation of state of matter at supra-nuclear density, measuring the effects of… ▽ More In this paper we present the current status of the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission, which has been fully approved for launch in 2030. eXTP is a space science mission designed to study fundamental physics under extreme conditions of matter density, gravity, and magnetism. The mission aims at determining the equation of state of matter at supra-nuclear density, measuring the effects of quantum electro-dynamics, and understanding the dynamics of matter in strong-field gravity. In addition to investigating fundamental physics, the eXTP mission is poised to become a leading observatory for time-domain and multi-messenger astronomy in the 2030's, as well as providing observations of unprecedented quality on a variety of galactic and extragalactic objects. After briefly introducing the history and a summary of the scientific objectives of the eXTP mission, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of: 1) the cutting-edge technology, technical specifications, and anticipated performance of the mission's scientific instruments; 2) the full mission profile, encompassing spacecraft design, operational capabilities, and ground segment infrastructure. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2025; v1 submitted 9 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: accepted for publication in the SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy

Euclid preparation. Constraining parameterised models of modifications of gravity with the spectroscopic and photometric primary probes

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, I. S. Albuquerque, N. Frusciante, Z. Sakr, S. Srinivasan, L. Atayde, B. Bose, V. F. Cardone, S. Casas, M. Martinelli, J. Noller, E. M. Teixeira, D. B. Thomas, I. Tutusaus, M. Cataneo, K. Koyama, L. Lombriser, F. Pace, A. Silvestri, N. Aghanim, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi , et al. (263 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid mission has the potential to understand the fundamental physical nature of late-time cosmic acceleration and, as such, of deviations from the standard cosmological model, LCDM. In this paper, we focus on model-independent methods to modify the evolution of scalar perturbations at linear scales. We consider two approaches: the first is based on the two phenomenological modified gravity (… ▽ More The Euclid mission has the potential to understand the fundamental physical nature of late-time cosmic acceleration and, as such, of deviations from the standard cosmological model, LCDM. In this paper, we focus on model-independent methods to modify the evolution of scalar perturbations at linear scales. We consider two approaches: the first is based on the two phenomenological modified gravity (PMG) parameters, $μ_{\rm mg}$ and $Σ_{\rm mg}$, which are phenomenologically connected to the clustering of matter and weak lensing, respectively; and the second is the effective field theory (EFT) of dark energy and modified gravity, which we use to parameterise the braiding function, $α_{\rm B}$, which defines the mixing between the metric and the dark energy field. We discuss the predictions from spectroscopic and photometric primary probes by Euclid on the cosmological parameters and a given set of additional parameters featuring the PMG and EFT models. We use the Fisher matrix method applied to spectroscopic galaxy clustering (GCsp), weak lensing (WL), photometric galaxy clustering (GCph), and cross-correlation (XC) between GCph and WL. For the modelling of photometric predictions on nonlinear scales, we use the halo model to cover two limits for the screening mechanism: the unscreened (US) case, for which the screening mechanism is not present; and the super-screened (SS) case, which assumes strong screening. We also assume scale cuts to account for our uncertainties in the modelling of nonlinear perturbation evolution. We choose a time-dependent form for $\{μ_{\rm mg},Σ_{\rm mg}\}$, with two fiducial sets of values for the corresponding model parameters at the present time, $\{\barμ_0,\barΣ_0\}$, and two forms for $α_{\rm B}$, with one fiducial set of values for each of the model parameters, $α_{\rm B,0}$ and $\{α_{\rm B,0},m\}$. (Abridged) △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 9 figures

Euclid preparation. The impact of redshift interlopers on the two-point correlation function analysis

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, I. Risso, A. Veropalumbo, E. Branchini, E. Maragliano, S. de la Torre, E. Sarpa, P. Monaco, B. R. Granett, S. Lee, G. E. Addison, S. Bruton, C. Carbone, G. Lavaux, K. Markovic, K. McCarthy, G. Parimbelli, F. Passalacqua, W. J. Percival, C. Scarlata, E. Sefusatti, Y. Wang, M. Bonici, F. Oppizzi, N. Aghanim , et al. (295 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid survey aims to measure the spectroscopic redshift of emission-line galaxies by identifying the H$\,α$ line in their slitless spectra. This method is sensitive to the signal-to-noise ratio of the line, as noise fluctuations or other strong emission lines can be misidentified as H$\,α$, depending on redshift. These effects lead to catastrophic redshift errors and the inclusion of interlop… ▽ More The Euclid survey aims to measure the spectroscopic redshift of emission-line galaxies by identifying the H$\,α$ line in their slitless spectra. This method is sensitive to the signal-to-noise ratio of the line, as noise fluctuations or other strong emission lines can be misidentified as H$\,α$, depending on redshift. These effects lead to catastrophic redshift errors and the inclusion of interlopers in the sample. We forecast the impact of such redshift errors on galaxy clustering measurements. In particular, we study the effect of interloper contamination on the two-point correlation function (2PCF), the growth rate of structures, and the Alcock-Paczynski (AP) parameters. We analyze 1000 synthetic spectroscopic catalogues, the EuclidLargeMocks, designed to match the area and selection function of the Data Release 1 (DR1) sample. We estimate the 2PCF of the contaminated catalogues, isolating contributions from correctly identified galaxies and from interlopers. We explore different models with increasing complexity to describe the measured 2PCF at fixed cosmology. Finally, we perform a cosmological inference and evaluate the systematic error on the inferred $fσ_8$, $α_{\parallel}$ and $α_{\perp}$ values associated with different models. Our results demonstrate that a minimal modelling approach, which only accounts for an attenuation of the clustering signal regardless of the type of contaminants, is sufficient to recover the correct values of $fσ_8$, $α_{\parallel}$, and $α_{\perp}$ at DR1. The accuracy and precision of the estimated AP parameters are largely insensitive to the presence of interlopers. The adoption of a minimal model induces a 1%-3% systematic error on the growth rate of structure estimation, depending on the redshift. However, this error remains smaller than the statistical error expected for the Euclid DR1 analysis. △ Less

Submitted 7 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 22 figures, submitted to A&A

Swift/XRT monitoring of the orbital and superorbital modulations in 4U 1909+07

Authors: P. Romano, H. I. Cohen, E. Bozzo, N. Islam, A. Lange, R. H. D. Corbet, J. B. Coley, K. Pottschmidt

Abstract: We report on an observational campaign performed with Swift/XRT on the wind-fed supergiant X-ray binary 4U 1909+07 to investigate the nature of the orbital and superorbital modulation of its X-ray emission. A total of 137 XRT observations have been carried out, summing up to a total effective exposure time of 114 ks and covering a total of 66 orbital and 19 superorbital cycles of the source. The X… ▽ More We report on an observational campaign performed with Swift/XRT on the wind-fed supergiant X-ray binary 4U 1909+07 to investigate the nature of the orbital and superorbital modulation of its X-ray emission. A total of 137 XRT observations have been carried out, summing up to a total effective exposure time of 114 ks and covering a total of 66 orbital and 19 superorbital cycles of the source. The XRT data folded on the orbital period of the source confirmed and improved the previously reported variability in intensity and absorption column density, which can be ascribed to the neutron star accreting from the wind of its B supergiant companion across a fairly circular orbit. The XRT data folded on the superorbital period did not provide evidence of significant variations in either the absorption column density and/or the power-law photon index. This may be due to a significant weakening of the superorbital modulation during the times when the XRT observations were carried out, as confirmed by the BAT dynamic power spectrum. We discuss the implications of these findings within the corotating interaction region model proposed to interpret the superorbital variability in wind-fed supergiant X-ray binaries. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2025; v1 submitted 7 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 8 pages, 2 tables, 3 figures

Journal ref: A&A 699, A119 (2025)

Euclid preparation: TBD. Cosmic Dawn Survey: evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function across 0.2<z<6.5 measured over 10 square degrees

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, L. Zalesky, J. R. Weaver, C. J. R. McPartland, G. Murphree, I. Valdes, C. K. Jespersen, S. Taamoli, N. Chartab, N. Allen, S. W. J. Barrow, D. B. Sanders, S. Toft, B. Mobasher, I. Szapudi, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, D. Bonino , et al. (282 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Cosmic Dawn Survey Pre-launch (PL) catalogues cover an effective 10.13 deg$^{2}$ area with uniform deep Spitzer/IRAC data ($m\sim25$ mag, 5$σ$), the largest area covered to these depths in the infrared. These data are used to gain new insight into the growth of stellar mass across cosmic history by characterising the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF) through… ▽ More The Cosmic Dawn Survey Pre-launch (PL) catalogues cover an effective 10.13 deg$^{2}$ area with uniform deep Spitzer/IRAC data ($m\sim25$ mag, 5$σ$), the largest area covered to these depths in the infrared. These data are used to gain new insight into the growth of stellar mass across cosmic history by characterising the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF) through $0.2 < z \leq 6.5$. The total volume (0.62 Gpc$^{3}$) represents a tenfold increase compared to previous works that have explored $z > 3$ and significantly reduces cosmic variance, yielding strong constraints on the abundance of massive galaxies. Results are generally consistent with the literature but now provide firm estimates of number density where only upper limits were previously available. Contrasting the GSMF with the dark matter halo mass function suggests that massive galaxies ($M \gtrsim10^{11}$ M$_{\odot}$) at $z > 3.5$ required integrated star-formation efficiencies of $M/(M_{\rm h}f_{\rm b}) \gtrsim$ 0.25--0.5, in excess of the commonly-held view of ``universal peak efficiency" from studies on the stellar-to-halo mass relation (SHMR). Such increased efficiencies imply an evolving peak in the SHMR at $z > 3.5$ which can be maintained if feedback mechanisms from active galactic nuclei and stellar processes are ineffective at early times. In addition, a significant fraction of the most massive quiescent galaxies are observed to be in place already by $z\sim 2.5$--3. The apparent lack in change of their number density by $z\sim 0.2$ is consistent with relatively little mass growth from mergers. Utilising the unique volume, evidence for an environmental dependence of the galaxy stellar mass function is found all the way through $z\sim 3.5$ for the first time, though a more careful characterisation of the density field is ultimately required for confirmation. △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: - Submitted to A&A - Catalogues available here: https://dawn.calet.org/pl/

Euclid preparation. Estimating galaxy physical properties using CatBoost chained regressors with attention

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Humphrey, P. A. C. Cunha, L. Bisigello, C. Tortora, M. Bolzonella, L. Pozzetti, M. Baes, B. R. Granett, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, C. Bodendorf, D. Bonino, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone , et al. (210 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Euclid will image ~14000 deg^2 of the extragalactic sky at visible and NIR wavelengths, providing a dataset of unprecedented size and richness that will facilitate a multitude of studies into the evolution of galaxies. In the vast majority of cases the main source of information will come from broad-band images and data products thereof. Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify or develop s… ▽ More Euclid will image ~14000 deg^2 of the extragalactic sky at visible and NIR wavelengths, providing a dataset of unprecedented size and richness that will facilitate a multitude of studies into the evolution of galaxies. In the vast majority of cases the main source of information will come from broad-band images and data products thereof. Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify or develop scalable yet reliable methodologies to estimate the redshift and physical properties of galaxies using broad-band photometry from Euclid, optionally including ground-based optical photometry also. To address this need, we present a novel method to estimate the redshift, stellar mass, star-formation rate, specific star-formation rate, E(B-V), and age of galaxies, using mock Euclid and ground-based photometry. The main novelty of our property-estimation pipeline is its use of the CatBoost implementation of gradient-boosted regression-trees, together with chained regression and an intelligent, automatic optimization of the training data. The pipeline also includes a computationally-efficient method to estimate prediction uncertainties, and, in the absence of ground-truth labels, provides accurate predictions for metrics of model performance up to z~2. We apply our pipeline to several datasets consisting of mock Euclid broad-band photometry and mock ground-based ugriz photometry, to evaluate the performance of our methodology for estimating the redshift and physical properties of galaxies detected in the Euclid Wide Survey. The quality of our photometric redshift and physical property estimates are highly competitive overall, validating our modeling approach. We find that the inclusion of ground-based optical photometry significantly improves the quality of the property estimation, highlighting the importance of combining Euclid data with ancillary ground-based optical data. (Abridged) △ Less

Submitted 17 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 13 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication by Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 702, A74 (2025)

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The Euclid view on Planck galaxy protocluster candidates: towards a probe of the highest sites of star formation at cosmic noon

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, T. Dusserre, H. Dole, F. Sarron, G. Castignani, N. Ramos-Chernenko, N. Aghanim, A. Garic, I. -E. Mellouki, N. Dagoneau, O. Chapuis, B. L. Frye, M. Polletta, H. Dannerbauer, M. Langer, L. Maurin, E. Soubrie, A. Biviano, S. Mei, N. Mai, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi , et al. (317 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We search for galaxy protoclusters at redshifts $z > 1.5$ in the first data release (Q1) of the $\textit{Euclid}$ survey. We make use of the catalogues delivered by the $\textit{Euclid}$ Science Ground Segment (SGS). After a galaxy selection on the $H_\textrm{E}$ magnitude and on the photometric redshift quality, we undertake the search using the $\texttt{DETECTIFz}$ algorithm, an overdensity find… ▽ More We search for galaxy protoclusters at redshifts $z > 1.5$ in the first data release (Q1) of the $\textit{Euclid}$ survey. We make use of the catalogues delivered by the $\textit{Euclid}$ Science Ground Segment (SGS). After a galaxy selection on the $H_\textrm{E}$ magnitude and on the photometric redshift quality, we undertake the search using the $\texttt{DETECTIFz}$ algorithm, an overdensity finder based on Delaunay tessellation that uses photometric redshift probability distributions through Monte Carlo simulations. In this pilot study, we conduct a search in the 11 $\textit{Euclid}$ tiles that contain previously known $\textit{Planck}$ high star-forming galaxy protocluster candidates and focus on the two detections that coincide with these regions. These counterparts lie at photometric redshifts $z_\textrm{ph}=1.63^{+0.19}_{-0.23}$ and $z_\textrm{ph}=1.56^{+0.18}_{-0.21}$ and have both been confirmed by two other independent protocluster detection algorithms. We study their colours, their derived stellar masses and star-formation rates, and we estimate their halo mass lower limits. We investigate whether we are intercepting these galaxy overdensities in their `dying' phase, such that the high star-formation rates would be due to their last unsustainable starburst before transitioning to groups or clusters of galaxies. Indeed, some galaxy members are found to lie above the main sequence of galaxies (star-formation rate versus stellar mass). These overdense regions occupy a specific position in the dark matter halo mass / redshift plane where forming galaxy clusters are expected to have experienced a transition between cold flows to shock heating in the halo. Finally, we empirically update the potential for galaxy protocluster discoveries at redshift up to $z \simeq3$ (wide survey) and $z \simeq5.5$ (deep survey) with $\textit{Euclid}$ for the next data release (DR1). △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 11 figures. Submitted to A&A

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). First detections from the galaxy cluster workflow

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, S. Bhargava, C. Benoist, A. H. Gonzalez, M. Maturi, J. -B. Melin, S. A. Stanford, E. Munari, M. Vannier, C. Murray, S. Maurogordato, A. Biviano, J. Macias-Perez, J. G. Bartlett, F. Pacaud, A. Widmer, M. Meneghetti, B. Sartoris, M. Aguena, G. Alguero, S. Andreon, S. Bardelli, L. Baumont, M. Bolzonella, R. Cabanac , et al. (329 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The first survey data release by the Euclid mission covers approximately $63\,\mathrm{deg^2}$ in the Euclid Deep Fields to the same depth as the Euclid Wide Survey. This paper showcases, for the first time, the performance of cluster finders on Euclid data and presents examples of validated clusters in the Quick Release 1 (Q1) imaging data. We identify clusters using two algorithms (AMICO and PZWa… ▽ More The first survey data release by the Euclid mission covers approximately $63\,\mathrm{deg^2}$ in the Euclid Deep Fields to the same depth as the Euclid Wide Survey. This paper showcases, for the first time, the performance of cluster finders on Euclid data and presents examples of validated clusters in the Quick Release 1 (Q1) imaging data. We identify clusters using two algorithms (AMICO and PZWav) implemented in the Euclid cluster-detection pipeline. We explore the internal consistency of detections from the two codes, and cross-match detections with known clusters from other surveys using external multi-wavelength and spectroscopic data sets. This enables assessment of the Euclid photometric redshift accuracy and also of systematics such as mis-centring between the optical cluster centre and centres based on X-ray and/or Sunyaev--Zeldovich observations. We report 426 joint PZWav and AMICO-detected clusters with high signal-to-noise ratios over the full Q1 area in the redshift range $0.2 \leq z \leq 1.5$. The chosen redshift and signal-to-noise thresholds are motivated by the photometric quality of the early Euclid data. We provide richness estimates for each of the Euclid-detected clusters and show its correlation with various external cluster mass proxies. Out of the full sample, 77 systems are potentially new to the literature. Overall, the Q1 cluster catalogue demonstrates a successful validation of the workflow ahead of the Euclid Data Release 1, based on the consistency of internal and external properties of Euclid-detected clusters. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2025; v1 submitted 24 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper accepted as part of the A&A Special Issue 'Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1),' 24 pages, 17 figures

Euclid preparation LXX. Forecasting detection limits for intracluster light in the Euclid Wide Survey

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, C. Bellhouse, J. B. Golden-Marx, S. P. Bamford, N. A. Hatch, M. Kluge, A. Ellien, S. L. Ahad, P. Dimauro, F. Durret, A. H. Gonzalez, Y. Jimenez-Teja, M. Montes, M. Sereno, E. Slezak, M. Bolzonella, G. Castignani, O. Cucciati, G. De Lucia, Z. Ghaffari, L. Moscardini, R. Pello, L. Pozzetti, T. Saifollahi, A. S. Borlaff , et al. (270 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The intracluster light (ICL) permeating galaxy clusters is a tracer of the cluster's assembly history, and potentially a tracer of their dark matter structure. In this work we explore the capability of the Euclid Wide Survey to detect ICL using H-band mock images. We simulate clusters across a range of redshifts (0.3-1.8) and halo masses ($10^{13.9}$-$10^{15.0}$ M$_\odot$), using an observationall… ▽ More The intracluster light (ICL) permeating galaxy clusters is a tracer of the cluster's assembly history, and potentially a tracer of their dark matter structure. In this work we explore the capability of the Euclid Wide Survey to detect ICL using H-band mock images. We simulate clusters across a range of redshifts (0.3-1.8) and halo masses ($10^{13.9}$-$10^{15.0}$ M$_\odot$), using an observationally motivated model of the ICL. We identify a 50-200 kpc circular annulus around the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in which the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the ICL is maximised and use the S/N within this aperture as our figure of merit for ICL detection. We compare three state-of-the-art methods for ICL detection, and find that a method that performs simple aperture photometry after high-surface brightness source masking is able to detect ICL with minimal bias for clusters more massive than $10^{14.2}$ M$_\odot$. The S/N of the ICL detection is primarily limited by the redshift of the cluster, driven by cosmological dimming, rather than the mass of the cluster. Assuming the ICL in each cluster contains 15% of the stellar light, we forecast that Euclid will be able to measure the presence of ICL in up to $\sim80000$ clusters of $>10^{14.2}$ M$_\odot$ between $z=0.3$ and 1.5 with a S/N$>3$. Half of these clusters will reside below $z=0.75$ and the majority of those below $z=0.6$ will be detected with a S/N $>20$. A few thousand clusters at $1.3<z<1.5$ will have ICL detectable with a S/N greater than 3. The surface brightness profile of the ICL model is strongly dependent on both the mass of the cluster and the redshift at which it is observed so the outer ICL is best observed in the most massive clusters of $>10^{14.7}$ M$_\odot$. Euclid will detect the ICL at more than 500 kpc distance from the BCG, up to $z=0.7$, in several hundred of these massive clusters over its large survey volume. △ Less

Submitted 21 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 698, A14 (2025)

Euclid preparation. Spatially resolved stellar populations of local galaxies with Euclid: a proof of concept using synthetic images with the TNG50 simulation

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, Abdurro'uf, C. Tortora, M. Baes, A. Nersesian, I. Kovačić, M. Bolzonella, A. Lançon, L. Bisigello, F. Annibali, M. N. Bremer, D. Carollo, C. J. Conselice, A. Enia, A. M. N. Ferguson, A. Ferré-Mateu, L. K. Hunt, E. Iodice, J. H. Knapen, A. Iovino, F. R. Marleau, R. F. Peletier, R. Ragusa, M. Rejkuba, A. S. G. Robotham , et al. (264 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The European Space Agency's Euclid mission will observe approximately 14,000 $\rm{deg}^{2}$ of the extragalactic sky and deliver high-quality imaging for many galaxies. The depth and high spatial resolution of the data will enable a detailed analysis of stellar population properties of local galaxies. In this study, we test our pipeline for spatially resolved SED fitting using synthetic images of… ▽ More The European Space Agency's Euclid mission will observe approximately 14,000 $\rm{deg}^{2}$ of the extragalactic sky and deliver high-quality imaging for many galaxies. The depth and high spatial resolution of the data will enable a detailed analysis of stellar population properties of local galaxies. In this study, we test our pipeline for spatially resolved SED fitting using synthetic images of Euclid, LSST, and GALEX generated from the TNG50 simulation. We apply our pipeline to 25 local simulated galaxies to recover their resolved stellar population properties. We produce 3 types of data cubes: GALEX + LSST + Euclid, LSST + Euclid, and Euclid-only. We perform the SED fitting tests with two SPS models in a Bayesian framework. Because the age, metallicity, and dust attenuation estimates are biased when applying only classical formulations of flat priors, we examine the effects of additional priors in the forms of mass-age-$Z$ relations, constructed using a combination of empirical and simulated data. Stellar-mass surface densities can be recovered well using any of the 3 data cubes, regardless of the SPS model and prior variations. The new priors then significantly improve the measurements of mass-weighted age and $Z$ compared to results obtained without priors, but they may play an excessive role compared to the data in determining the outcome when no UV data is available. The spatially resolved SED fitting method is powerful for mapping the stellar populations of galaxies with the current abundance of high-quality imaging data. Our study re-emphasizes the gain added by including multiwavelength data from ancillary surveys and the roles of priors in Bayesian SED fitting. With the Euclid data alone, we will be able to generate complete and deep stellar mass maps of galaxies in the local Universe, thus exploiting the telescope's wide field, NIR sensitivity, and high spatial resolution. △ Less

Submitted 10 August, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 30 pages, 18 figures, accepted by A&A

Journal ref: A&A 702, A72 (2025)

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Galaxy shapes and alignments in the cosmic web

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, C. Laigle, C. Gouin, F. Sarron, L. Quilley, C. Pichon, K. Kraljic, F. Durret, N. E. Chisari, U. Kuchner, N. Malavasi, M. Magliocchetti, H. J. McCracken, J. G. Sorce, Y. Kang, C. J. R. McPartland, S. Toft, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, H. Aussel, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi , et al. (319 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Galaxy morphologies and shape orientations are expected to correlate with their large-scale environment, since they grow by accreting matter from the cosmic web and are subject to interactions with other galaxies. Cosmic filaments are extracted in projection from the Euclid Quick Data Release 1 (covering 63.1 $\mathrm{deg}^2$) at $0.5<z<0.9$ in tomographic slices of 170 comoving… ▽ More Galaxy morphologies and shape orientations are expected to correlate with their large-scale environment, since they grow by accreting matter from the cosmic web and are subject to interactions with other galaxies. Cosmic filaments are extracted in projection from the Euclid Quick Data Release 1 (covering 63.1 $\mathrm{deg}^2$) at $0.5<z<0.9$ in tomographic slices of 170 comoving $h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}$ using photometric redshifts. Galaxy morphologies are accurately retrieved thanks to the excellent resolution of VIS data. The distribution of massive galaxies ($M_* > 10^{10} M_\odot$) in the projected cosmic web is analysed as a function of morphology measured from VIS data. Specifically, the 2D alignment of galaxy shapes with large-scale filaments is quantified as a function of Sérsic indices and masses. We find the known trend that more massive galaxies are closer to filament spines. At fixed stellar masses, morphologies correlate both with densities and distances to large-scale filaments. In addition, the large volume of this data set allows us to detect a signal indicating that there is a preferential alignment of the major axis of massive early-type galaxies along projected cosmic filaments. Overall, these results demonstrate our capabilities to carry out detailed studies of galaxy environments with Euclid, which will be extended to higher redshift and lower stellar masses with the future Euclid Deep Survey. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 22 pages, 19 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The role of cosmic connectivity in shaping galaxy clusters

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, C. Gouin, C. Laigle, F. Sarron, T. Bonnaire, J. G. Sorce, N. Aghanim, M. Magliocchetti, L. Quilley, P. Boldrini, F. Durret, C. Pichon, U. Kuchner, N. Malavasi, K. Kraljic, R. Gavazzi, Y. Kang, S. A. Stanford, P. Awad, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, H. Aussel, C. Baccigalupi , et al. (315 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The matter distribution around galaxy clusters is distributed over several filaments, reflecting their positions as nodes in the large-scale cosmic web. The number of filaments connected to a cluster, namely its connectivity, is expected to affect the physical properties of clusters. Using the first Euclid galaxy catalogue from the Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1), we investigate the connectivity of ga… ▽ More The matter distribution around galaxy clusters is distributed over several filaments, reflecting their positions as nodes in the large-scale cosmic web. The number of filaments connected to a cluster, namely its connectivity, is expected to affect the physical properties of clusters. Using the first Euclid galaxy catalogue from the Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1), we investigate the connectivity of galaxy clusters and how it correlates with their physical and galaxy member properties. Around 220 clusters located within the three fields of Q1 (covering $\sim 63 \ \text{deg}^2$), are analysed in the redshift range $0.2 < z < 0.7$. Due to the photometric redshift uncertainty, we reconstruct the cosmic web skeleton, and measure cluster connectivity, in 2-D projected slices with a thickness of 170 comoving $h^{-1}.\text{Mpc}$ and centred on each cluster redshift, by using two different filament finder algorithms on the most massive galaxies ($M_*\ > 10^{10.3} \ M_\odot$). In agreement with previous measurements, we recover the mass-connectivity relation independently of the filament detection algorithm, showing that the most massive clusters are, on average, connected to a larger number of cosmic filaments, consistent with hierarchical structure formation models. Furthermore, we explore possible correlations between connectivities and two cluster properties: the fraction of early-type galaxies and the Sérsic index of galaxy members. Our result suggests that the clusters populated by early-type galaxies exhibit higher connectivity compared to clusters dominated by late-type galaxies. These preliminary investigations highlight our ability to quantify the impact of the cosmic web connectivity on cluster properties with Euclid. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue 'Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 13 pages, 9 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Combined Euclid and Spitzer galaxy density catalogues at $z>$ 1.3 and detection of significant Euclid passive galaxy overdensities in Spitzer overdense regions

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, N. Mai, S. Mei, C. Cleland, R. Chary, J. G. Bartlett, G. Castignani, H. Dannerbauer, G. De Lucia, F. Fontanot, D. Scott, S. Andreon, S. Bhargava, H. Dole, T. DUSSERRE, S. A. Stanford, V. P. Tran, J. R. Weaver, P. -A. Duc, I. Risso, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, N. Auricchio, H. Aussel , et al. (286 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Euclid will detect tens of thousands of clusters and protoclusters at $z$>1.3. With a total coverage of 63.1deg$^2$, the Euclid Quick Data Release 1 (Q1) is large enough to detect tens of clusters and hundreds of protoclusters at these early epochs. The Q1 photometric redshift catalogue enables us to detect clusters out to $z$ < 1.5; however, infrared imaging from Spitzer extends this limit to hig… ▽ More Euclid will detect tens of thousands of clusters and protoclusters at $z$>1.3. With a total coverage of 63.1deg$^2$, the Euclid Quick Data Release 1 (Q1) is large enough to detect tens of clusters and hundreds of protoclusters at these early epochs. The Q1 photometric redshift catalogue enables us to detect clusters out to $z$ < 1.5; however, infrared imaging from Spitzer extends this limit to higher redshifts by using high local projected densities of Spitzer-selected galaxies as signposts for cluster and protocluster candidates. We use Spitzer imaging of the Euclid Deep Fields (EDFs) to derive densities for a sample of Spitzer-selected galaxies at redshifts $z$ > 1.3, building Spitzer IRAC1 and IRAC2 photometric catalogues that are 95% complete at a magnitude limit of IRAC2=22.2, 22.6, and 22.8 for the EDF-S, EDF-F, and EDF-N, respectively. We apply two complementary methods to calculate galaxy densities: (1) aperture and surface density; and (2) the Nth-nearest-neighbour method. When considering a sample selected at a magnitude limit of IRAC2 < 22.2, at which all three EDFs are 95% complete, our surface density distributions are consistent among the three EDFs and with the SpUDS blank field survey. We also considered a deeper sample (IRAC2 < 22.8), finding that 2% and 3% of the surface densities in the North and Fornax fields are 3$σ$ higher than the average field distribution and similar to densities found in the CARLA cluster survey. Our surface densities are also consistent with predictions from the GAEA semi-analytical model. Using combined Euclid and ground-based i-band photometry we show that our highest Spitzer-selected galaxy overdense regions, found at $z$~1.5, also host high densities of passive galaxies. This means that we measure densities consistent with those found in clusters and protoclusters at $z$>1.3. △ Less

Submitted 20 March, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 18 pages, 7 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The first catalogue of strong-lensing galaxy clusters

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, P. Bergamini, M. Meneghetti, A. Acebron, B. Clément, M. Bolzonella, C. Grillo, P. Rosati, D. Abriola, J. A. Acevedo Barroso, G. Angora, L. Bazzanini, R. Cabanac, B. C. Nagam, A. R. Cooray, G. Despali, G. Di Rosa, J. M. Diego, M. Fogliardi, A. Galan, R. Gavazzi, G. Granata, N. B. Hogg, K. Jahnke, L. Leuzzi , et al. (353 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first catalogue of strong lensing galaxy clusters identified in the Euclid Quick Release 1 observations (covering $63.1\,\mathrm{deg^2}$). This catalogue is the result of the visual inspection of 1260 cluster fields. Each galaxy cluster was ranked with a probability, $\mathcal{P}_{\mathrm{lens}}$, based on the number and plausibility of the identified strong lensing features. Specif… ▽ More We present the first catalogue of strong lensing galaxy clusters identified in the Euclid Quick Release 1 observations (covering $63.1\,\mathrm{deg^2}$). This catalogue is the result of the visual inspection of 1260 cluster fields. Each galaxy cluster was ranked with a probability, $\mathcal{P}_{\mathrm{lens}}$, based on the number and plausibility of the identified strong lensing features. Specifically, we identified 83 gravitational lenses with $\mathcal{P}_{\mathrm{lens}}>0.5$, of which 14 have $\mathcal{P}_{\mathrm{lens}}=1$, and clearly exhibiting secure strong lensing features, such as giant tangential and radial arcs, and multiple images. Considering the measured number density of lensing galaxy clusters, approximately $0.3\,\mathrm{deg}^{-2}$ for $\mathcal{P}_{\mathrm{lens}}>0.9$, we predict that \Euclid\ will likely see more than 4500 strong lensing clusters over the course of the mission. Notably, only three of the identified cluster-scale lenses had been previously observed from space. Thus, \Euclid has provided the first high-resolution imaging for the remaining $80$ galaxy cluster lenses, including those with the highest probability. The identified strong lensing features will be used for training deep-learning models for identifying gravitational arcs and multiple images automatically in \Euclid observations. This study confirms the huge potential of \Euclid for finding new strong lensing clusters, enabling exciting new discoveries on the nature of dark matter and dark energy and the study of the high-redshift Universe. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 16 pages, 10 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). LEMON -- Lens Modelling with Neural networks. Automated and fast modelling of Euclid gravitational lenses with a singular isothermal ellipsoid mass profile

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, V. Busillo, C. Tortora, R. B. Metcalf, J. W. Nightingale, M. Meneghetti, F. Gentile, R. Gavazzi, F. Zhong, R. Li, B. Clément, G. Covone, N. R. Napolitano, F. Courbin, M. Walmsley, E. Jullo, J. Pearson, D. Scott, A. M. C. Le Brun, L. Leuzzi, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, H. Aussel , et al. (290 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid mission aims to survey around 14000 deg^{2} of extragalactic sky, providing around 10^{5} gravitational lens images. Modelling of gravitational lenses is fundamental to estimate the total mass of the lens galaxy, along with its dark matter content. Traditional modelling of gravitational lenses is computationally intensive and requires manual input. In this paper, we use a Bayesian neura… ▽ More The Euclid mission aims to survey around 14000 deg^{2} of extragalactic sky, providing around 10^{5} gravitational lens images. Modelling of gravitational lenses is fundamental to estimate the total mass of the lens galaxy, along with its dark matter content. Traditional modelling of gravitational lenses is computationally intensive and requires manual input. In this paper, we use a Bayesian neural network, LEns MOdelling with Neural networks (LEMON), for modelling Euclid gravitational lenses with a singular isothermal ellipsoid mass profile. Our method estimates key lens mass profile parameters, such as the Einstein radius, while also predicting the light parameters of foreground galaxies and their uncertainties. We validate LEMON's performance on both mock Euclid data sets, real Euclidised lenses observed with Hubble Space Telescope (hereafter HST), and real Euclid lenses found in the Perseus ERO field, demonstrating the ability of LEMON to predict parameters of both simulated and real lenses. Results show promising accuracy and reliability in predicting the Einstein radius, axis ratio, position angle, effective radius, Sérsic index, and lens magnitude for simulated lens galaxies. The application to real data, including the latest Quick Release 1 strong lens candidates, provides encouraging results, particularly for the Einstein radius. We also verified that LEMON has the potential to accelerate traditional modelling methods, by giving to the classical optimiser the LEMON predictions as starting points, resulting in a speed-up of up to 26 times the original time needed to model a sample of gravitational lenses, a result that would be impossible with randomly initialised guesses. This work represents a significant step towards efficient, automated gravitational lens modelling, which is crucial for handling the large data volumes expected from Euclid. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Paper submitted as part of the A&A Special Issue `Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)', 23 pages, 17 figures