Showing 1–50 of 128 results for author: Zannoni, M

Quantification of Tides in Giant Planets from Observations

Authors: Valéry Lainey, Marco Zannoni, Vincent Robert, Tristan Guillot

Abstract: Quantifying tidal effects on giant planets has recently made significant advances, thanks in particular to the Cassini space probe. During its thirteen-year orbit around Saturn, numerous measurements from different instruments made it possible to characterize fundamental parameters such as Saturnś Love number $k_2$ and quality factor $Q$ at different frequencies. In this article, we summarize the… ▽ More Quantifying tidal effects on giant planets has recently made significant advances, thanks in particular to the Cassini space probe. During its thirteen-year orbit around Saturn, numerous measurements from different instruments made it possible to characterize fundamental parameters such as Saturnś Love number $k_2$ and quality factor $Q$ at different frequencies. In this article, we summarize the various measurements and methods that have allowed to arrive at such a result, as well as the extrapolations that can be deduced for other systems. More generally, the state of the art concerning the four giant planets of the Solar System is presented, as well as the case of exoplanets. △ Less

Submitted 2 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Journal ref: Space Science Reviews, Volume 221, Issue 7, id.93, 2025

The Simons Observatory: forecasted constraints on primordial gravitational waves with the expanded array of Small Aperture Telescopes

Authors: The Simons Observatory Collaboration, I. Abril-Cabezas, S. Adachi, P. Ade, A. E. Adler, P. Agrawal, J. Aguirre, S. Aiola, T. Alford, A. Ali, D. Alonso, M. A. Alvarez, R. An, M. Aravena, K. Arnold, P. Ashton, F. Astori, Z. Atkins, J. Austermann, S. Azzoni, C. Baccigalupi, D. Baker, R. Balafendiev, A. Baleato Lizancos, D. Barron , et al. (457 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present updated forecasts for the scientific performance of the degree-scale (0.5 deg FWHM at 93 GHz), deep-field survey to be conducted by the Simons Observatory (SO). By 2027, the SO Small Aperture Telescope (SAT) complement will be doubled from three to six telescopes, including a doubling of the detector count in the 93 GHz and 145 GHz channels to 48,160 detectors. Combined with a planned e… ▽ More We present updated forecasts for the scientific performance of the degree-scale (0.5 deg FWHM at 93 GHz), deep-field survey to be conducted by the Simons Observatory (SO). By 2027, the SO Small Aperture Telescope (SAT) complement will be doubled from three to six telescopes, including a doubling of the detector count in the 93 GHz and 145 GHz channels to 48,160 detectors. Combined with a planned extension of the survey duration to 2035, this expansion will significantly enhance SO's search for a $B$-mode signal in the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background, a potential signature of gravitational waves produced in the very early Universe. Assuming a $1/f$ noise model with knee multipole $\ell_{\rm knee} = 50$ and a moderately complex model for Galactic foregrounds, we forecast a $1σ$ (or 68% confidence level) constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ of $σ_r = 1.2\times10^{-3}$, assuming no primordial $B$-modes are present. This forecast assumes that 70% of the $B$-mode lensing signal can ultimately be removed using high resolution observations from the SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) and overlapping large-scale structure surveys. For more optimistic assumptions regarding foregrounds and noise, and assuming the same level of delensing, this forecast constraint improves to $σ_r = 7\times10^{-4}$. These forecasts represent a major improvement in SO's constraining power, being a factor of around 2.5 times better than what could be achieved with the originally planned campaign, which assumed the existing three SATs would conduct a five-year survey. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 15 pages (excluding front matter), 4 figures, for submission to JCAP

A novel pointing technique for the enhancement of Tropospheric Delay Calibration System performances

Authors: David Bernacchia, Riccardo Lasagni Manghi, Marco Zannoni, Paolo Tortora, Jose Villalvilla, Javier De Vicente, Paolo Cappuccio, Luciano Iess

Abstract: The beam-crossing is a novel technique aimed at reducing residual tropospheric Doppler noise for microwave radiometer calibrations. In this work, we report the findings of the first test of this technique using ESA's Tropospheric Delay Calibration System (TDCS) at the complex in Malargue. The data consists in 14 tracking passes of the BepiColombo spacecraft collected between October 2023 and March… ▽ More The beam-crossing is a novel technique aimed at reducing residual tropospheric Doppler noise for microwave radiometer calibrations. In this work, we report the findings of the first test of this technique using ESA's Tropospheric Delay Calibration System (TDCS) at the complex in Malargue. The data consists in 14 tracking passes of the BepiColombo spacecraft collected between October 2023 and March 2024 during two separate test campaigns. We analyzed the performance of the beam-crossing technique and compared it with the nominal radiometer pointing through the analysis of the Doppler residuals extracted from the orbit determination process. Results show that the beam-crossing performed similarly to the standard pointing, with modest noise reductions and improved stability only at time scales between 100 s and 300 s. Key factors affecting the results include the antenna elevation and the boundary layer height, indicating the need to revisit initial test assumptions, which comprised a fixed boundary layer. Furthermore, comparing the beam-crossing test results with those obtained during the first two BepiColombo superior solar conjunction experiments highlights a potential application of this technique during periods of solar conjunction. However, technical challenges, adverse weather, and limited Ka-band transponder use, reduced the number of analyzed tracking passes. Future studies should therefore expand the dataset to consolidate the results. Furthermore new theoretical studies and test campaigns should elaborate on the selection process for the optimal crossing height. △ Less

Submitted 16 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Postprint version of conference proceeding for the 2024 AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference (AAS 24-397)

Stellar occultations in support of the LUMIO orbit determination

Authors: Davide Banzi, Riccardo Lasagni Manghi, Marco Zannoni

Abstract: This work investigates the use of stellar occultation measurements to enhance the orbit determination performance of the Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observer (LUMIO) mission, operating from a quasi-Halo orbit around the Earth-Moon L2 point. During science phases, when radiometric tracking is sparse and low illumination limits conventional optical navigation methods, occultation events, defined as preci… ▽ More This work investigates the use of stellar occultation measurements to enhance the orbit determination performance of the Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observer (LUMIO) mission, operating from a quasi-Halo orbit around the Earth-Moon L2 point. During science phases, when radiometric tracking is sparse and low illumination limits conventional optical navigation methods, occultation events, defined as precise timings of stellar appearances/disappearances behind the Moon's limb, offer a suitable alternative. A simulation tool based on JPL's MONTE library was developed to identify valid occultation events, applying geometric and illumination constraints to exclude non-observable cases. These events were integrated into a batch least-squares orbit determination filter alongside conventional radiometric data. The covariance analysis shows that occultation observables reduce the transverse and normal position uncertainties of LUMIO by up to a factor of two, especially during tracking gaps or occultation-rich arcs. This uncertainty reduction is expected to facilitate station-keeping operations and constrain the surface localization of Lunar Impact Flashes (LIFs), enhancing the mission's scientific return. Sensitivity analyses confirm that the orbit determination performance is primarily driven by the timing accuracy of occultation events, with limited dependence on lunar shape uncertainty below 100 m. These findings confirm the potential of occultation-based navigation to enhance spacecraft autonomy and robustness in low-visibility environments, making it a valuable complement to radiometric techniques for future lunar and deep-space missions. △ Less

Submitted 4 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Preprint version of the conference proceeding for the 2025 AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference (#AAS 2025-744)

First release of LiteBIRD simulations from an end-to-end pipeline

Authors: M. Bortolami, N. Raffuzzi, L. Pagano, G. Puglisi, A. Anand, A. J. Banday, P. Campeti, G. Galloni, A. I. Lonappan, M. Monelli, M. Tomasi, G. Weymann-Despres, D. Adak, E. Allys, J. Aumont, R. Aurvik, C. Baccigalupi, M. Ballardini, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, S. Basak, M. Bersanelli, A. Besnard, T. Brinckmann, E. Calabrese , et al. (85 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LiteBIRD satellite mission aims at detecting Cosmic Microwave Background $B$ modes with unprecedented precision, targeting a total error on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ of $δr \sim 0.001$. Operating from the L2 Lagrangian point of the Sun-Earth system, LiteBIRD will survey the full sky across 15 frequency bands (34 to 448 GHz) for 3 years.The current LiteBIRD baseline configuration employs 4… ▽ More The LiteBIRD satellite mission aims at detecting Cosmic Microwave Background $B$ modes with unprecedented precision, targeting a total error on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ of $δr \sim 0.001$. Operating from the L2 Lagrangian point of the Sun-Earth system, LiteBIRD will survey the full sky across 15 frequency bands (34 to 448 GHz) for 3 years.The current LiteBIRD baseline configuration employs 4508 detectors sampling at 19.1 Hz to achieve an effective polarization sensitivity of $ 2 μ\mathrm{K-arcmin}$ and an angular resolution of 31 arcmin (at 140 GHz).We describe the first release of the official LiteBIRD simulations, realized with a new simulation pipeline developed using the LiteBIRD Simulation Framework, see https://github.com/litebird/litebird_sim . This pipeline generates 500 full-sky simulated maps at a Healpix resolution of nside=512. The simulations include also one year of Time Ordered Data for approximately one-third of LiteBIRD's total detectors. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2025; v1 submitted 8 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

On the computational feasibility of Bayesian end-to-end analysis of LiteBIRD simulations within Cosmoglobe

Authors: R. Aurvik, M. Galloway, E. Gjerløw, U. Fuskeland, A. Basyrov, M. Bortolami, M. Brilenkov, P. Campeti, H. K. Eriksen, L. T. Hergt, D. Herman, M. Monelli, L. Pagano, G. Puglisi, N. Raffuzzi, N. -O. Stutzer, R. M. Sullivan, H. Thommesen, D. J. Watts, I. K. Wehus, D. Adak, E. Allys, A. Anand, J. Aumont, C. Baccigalupi , et al. (85 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We assess the computational feasibility of end-to-end Bayesian analysis of the JAXA-led LiteBIRD experiment by analysing simulated time ordered data (TOD) for a subset of detectors through the Cosmoglobe and Commander3 framework. The data volume for the simulated TOD is 1.55 TB, or 470 GB after Huffman compression. From this we estimate a total data volume of 238 TB for the full three year mission… ▽ More We assess the computational feasibility of end-to-end Bayesian analysis of the JAXA-led LiteBIRD experiment by analysing simulated time ordered data (TOD) for a subset of detectors through the Cosmoglobe and Commander3 framework. The data volume for the simulated TOD is 1.55 TB, or 470 GB after Huffman compression. From this we estimate a total data volume of 238 TB for the full three year mission, or 70 TB after Huffman compression. We further estimate the running time for one Gibbs sample, from TOD to cosmological parameters, to be approximately 3000 CPU hours. The current simulations are based on an ideal instrument model, only including correlated 1/f noise. Future work will consider realistic systematics with full end-to-end error propagation. We conclude that these requirements are well within capabilities of future high-performance computing systems. △ Less

Submitted 19 December, 2025; v1 submitted 7 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 4 figures, Published in JCAP

Journal ref: JCAP11(2025)041

A Simulation Framework for the LiteBIRD Instruments

Authors: M. Tomasi, L. Pagano, A. Anand, C. Baccigalupi, A. J. Banday, M. Bortolami, G. Galloni, M. Galloway, T. Ghigna, S. Giardiello, M. Gomes, E. Hivon, N. Krachmalnicoff, S. Micheli, M. Monelli, Y. Nagano, A. Novelli, G. Patanchon, D. Poletti, G. Puglisi, N. Raffuzzi, M. Reinecke, Y. Takase, G. Weymann-Despres, D. Adak , et al. (89 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: LiteBIRD, the Lite (Light) satellite for the study of $B$-mode polarization and Inflation from cosmic background Radiation Detection, is a space mission focused on primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. In this paper, we present the LiteBIRD Simulation Framework (LBS), a Python package designed for the implementation of pipelines that model the outputs of the data acquisition process from t… ▽ More LiteBIRD, the Lite (Light) satellite for the study of $B$-mode polarization and Inflation from cosmic background Radiation Detection, is a space mission focused on primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. In this paper, we present the LiteBIRD Simulation Framework (LBS), a Python package designed for the implementation of pipelines that model the outputs of the data acquisition process from the three instruments on the LiteBIRD spacecraft: LFT (Low-Frequency Telescope), MFT (Mid-Frequency Telescope), and HFT (High-Frequency Telescope). LBS provides several modules to simulate the scanning strategy of the telescopes, the measurement of realistic polarized radiation coming from the sky (including the Cosmic Microwave Background itself, the Solar and Kinematic dipole, and the diffuse foregrounds emitted by the Galaxy), the generation of instrumental noise and the effect of systematic errors, like pointing wobbling, non-idealities in the Half-Wave Plate, et cetera. Additionally, we present the implementation of a simple but complete pipeline that showcases the main features of LBS. We also discuss how we ensured that LBS lets people develop pipelines whose results are accurate and reproducible. A full end-to-end pipeline has been developed using LBS to characterize the scientific performance of the LiteBIRD experiment. This pipeline and the results of the first simulation run are presented in Puglisi et al. (2025). △ Less

Submitted 12 September, 2025; v1 submitted 7 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 35 pages, 1 figure, to be submitted to JCAP

On beam characterization of ground-based CMB radio telescopes using UAV-mounted sources: application to the QUIJOTE TFGI and plans for LSPE-Strip

Authors: Fabio Paonessa, Lorenzo Ciorba, Giuseppe Addamo, Paz Alonso-Arias, Barbara Caccianiga, Marco Bersanelli, Francesco Cuttaia, Cristian Franceschet, Ricardo Tanausu Genova Santos, Massimo Gervasi, Roger Hoyland, Mike Jones, Carlos Hugo Lopez-Caraballo, Mauro Lumia, Michele Maris, Aniello Mennella, Gianluca Morgante, Oscar Antonio Peverini, Sabrina Realini, Jose Alberto Rubino-Martin, Stefano Sartor, Angela Taylor, Fabrizio Villa, Mario Zannoni, Giuseppe Virone

Abstract: The Large Scale Polarization Explorer (LSPE) project, funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), includes the development of LSPE-Strip, a ground-based radio telescope for observing Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies. LSPE-Strip, nearing its construction phase, will operate from the Teide Observatory in Tenerife, employing 49 coherent polarimeters at 43 GHz to deliver critical data on C… ▽ More The Large Scale Polarization Explorer (LSPE) project, funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), includes the development of LSPE-Strip, a ground-based radio telescope for observing Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies. LSPE-Strip, nearing its construction phase, will operate from the Teide Observatory in Tenerife, employing 49 coherent polarimeters at 43 GHz to deliver critical data on CMB anisotropies and 6 channels at 95 GHz as atmospheric monitor. On-site characterization of such advanced instruments is crucial to detect possible systematic effects, such as gain fluctuations, beam distortions, and pointing errors, that can compromise performance by introducing spurious polarizations or radiation collection from unintended directions. To address these challenges, a drone-mounted Q-band test source for on-site characterization of LSPE-Strip's polarimeter array was developed. Modern Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) offer a flexible approach for antenna pattern measurements, yet their use in high-frequency radio astronomy is not consolidated practice. In October 2022, a UAV-based measurement campaign was conducted with the TFGI instrument on the second QUIJOTE telescope in Tenerife, in collaboration with the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. This pioneering effort aimed to validate UAV-based beam characterization methods and assess QUIJOTE's performance under operational conditions. Preliminary results demonstrated high measurement accuracy, leveraging QUIJOTE's dual-receiver configuration for beam validation. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing UAV systems in preparation for LSPE-Strip's future characterization. △ Less

Submitted 27 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Journal ref: J. Instrum. 20 (2025) P06057

High-Speed Boulders and the Debris Field in DART Ejecta

Authors: Tony L. Farnham, Jessica M. Sunshine, Masatoshi Hirabayashi, Carolyn M. Ernst, R. Terik Daly, Harrison F. Agrusa, Olivier S. Barnouin, Jian-Yang Li, Kathryn M. Kumamoto, Megan Bruck Syal, Sean E. Wiggins, Evan Bjonnes, Angela M. Stickle, Sabina D. Raducan, Andrew F. Cheng, David A. Glenar, Ramin Lolachi, Timothy J. Stubbs, Eugene G. Fahnstock, Marilena Amoroso, Ivano Bertini, John R. Brucato, Andrea Capannolo, Gabriele Cremonese, Massimo Dall'Ora , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: On 26 September 2022 the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft collided with Dimorphos, the moon of the near-Earth asteroid 65803 Didymos, in a full-scale demonstration of a kinetic impactor concept. The companion LICIACube spacecraft documented the aftermath, capturing images of the expansion and evolution of the ejecta from 29 to 243 s after the impact. We present results from our a… ▽ More On 26 September 2022 the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft collided with Dimorphos, the moon of the near-Earth asteroid 65803 Didymos, in a full-scale demonstration of a kinetic impactor concept. The companion LICIACube spacecraft documented the aftermath, capturing images of the expansion and evolution of the ejecta from 29 to 243 s after the impact. We present results from our analyses of these observations, including an improved reduction of the data and new absolute calibration, an updated LICIACube trajectory, and a detailed description of the events and phenomena that were recorded throughout the flyby. One notable aspect of the ejecta was the existence of clusters of boulders, up to 3.6 m in radius, that were ejected at speeds up to 52 m/s. Our analysis of the spatial distribution of 104 of these boulders suggests that they are likely the remnants of larger boulders shattered by the DART spacecraft in the first stages of the impact. The amount of momentum contained in these boulders is more than 3 times that of the DART spacecraft, and it is directed primarily to the south, almost perpendicular to the DART trajectory. Recoil of Dimorphos from the ejection of these boulders has the potential to change its orbital plane by up to a degree and to impart a non-principal axis component to its rotation state. Damping timescales for these phenomena are such that the Hera spacecraft, arriving at the system in 2026, should be able to measure these effects. △ Less

Submitted 19 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 47 pages, 14 figures(including 2 animated sequences) 2 tables

A chemically etched D-band waveguide orthomode transducer for CMB measurements

Authors: E. Manzan, A. Mennella, F. Cavaliere, C. Franceschet, S. Mandelli, F. Montonati, M. Zannoni, P. de Bernardis, M. Bersanelli, E. Boria, N. Brancadori, A. Coppolecchia, M. Gervasi, L. Lamagna, A. Limonta, S. Masi, A. Paiella, A. Passerini, F. Pezzotta, G. Pettinari, F. Piacentini, E. Tommasi, D. Viganò, A. Volpe

Abstract: This study presents a prototype D-band waveguide orthomode transducer (OMT) fabricated using chemically etched brass platelets. This method offers a fast, cost-effective, and scalable approach for producing waveguide OMTs above 100 GHz, making it well-suited for current and future Cosmic Microwave Background polarization experiments, where large focal planes with thousands of receivers are require… ▽ More This study presents a prototype D-band waveguide orthomode transducer (OMT) fabricated using chemically etched brass platelets. This method offers a fast, cost-effective, and scalable approach for producing waveguide OMTs above 100 GHz, making it well-suited for current and future Cosmic Microwave Background polarization experiments, where large focal planes with thousands of receivers are required to detect the faint primordial \textit{B}-modes. Chemical etching has already demonstrated its effectiveness in manufacturing corrugated feedhorn arrays with state-of-the-art performance up to 150 GHz. Here, we evaluate its applicability to more complex structures, such as OMTs. We designed a single OMT prototype operating in the 130-170 GHz range, fabricated by chemically etching 0.15 mm-thick brass plates, which were then stacked, aligned, and mechanically clamped. Simulations based on metrological measurements of the OMT profile predict return losses below $-$10 dB, isolation better than $-$30 dB, and transmission around $-$0.5 dB. The measured transmission and isolation, however, is around $-$1.5/$-$2 dB and $<-$20 dB, respectively. Further simulations show that the degradation in the transmission is related to defects and roughness along the etched profile ($\mathrm{RMS}\simeq$3 $μ$m), which is a typical and unavoidable effect of chemical etching. The discrepancy in isolation, instead, could arise from a slight rotation ($\sim$3$^{\circ}$) of the polarization angle within the measurement chain. Our results show that chemical etching is a fast, low-cost, and scalable technique for producing waveguide OMTs with state-of-the-art performance in terms of return loss and isolation. However, at frequencies above 100 GHz the transmission coefficient may degrade due to the mechanical precision limitations of chemical etching. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: Submitted to Experimental Astronomy

A Radio Science Experiment for the Ramses Mission to Apophis

Authors: Riccardo Lasagni Manghi, Marco Zannoni, Edoardo Gramigna, Paolo Tortora, Giacomo Paialunga, Andrea Negri, Giovanni Cucinella, Pier Luigi De Rubeis, Lorenzo Simone

Abstract: This paper outlines the Radio Science Experiment (RSE) proposed for the RAMSES mission to asteroid (99942) Apophis, which will undergo a close Earth encounter in April 2029. This event provides a unique opportunity to study the asteroid's physical and dynamical changes under strong tidal forces. The experiment leverages a combination of Earth-based radiometric measurements, optical imaging, and in… ▽ More This paper outlines the Radio Science Experiment (RSE) proposed for the RAMSES mission to asteroid (99942) Apophis, which will undergo a close Earth encounter in April 2029. This event provides a unique opportunity to study the asteroid's physical and dynamical changes under strong tidal forces. The experiment leverages a combination of Earth-based radiometric measurements, optical imaging, and inter-satellite links between the RAMSES mothercraft and deployable subcraft in proximity to Apophis. Using high-precision Doppler and optical navigation data, the RSE aims to estimate the asteroid's mass, gravity field, and spin state with unparalleled accuracy, furthering our understanding of near-Earth asteroid evolution and internal structure. Simulation results show the robustness of the proposed mission scenario, highlighting the critical role of multi-probe configurations and novel inter-satellite link technologies in achieving accurate gravity science results. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Postprint version of conference proceeding for the 2025 AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting (#AAS 25-377). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2503.15217

Radio Science Investigations for the Heavy Metal Mission to Asteroid (216) Kleopatra

Authors: Paolo Tortora, Riccardo Lasagni Manghi, Edoardo Gramigna, Marco Zannoni, Jan-Erik Wahlund, Jan Bergman

Abstract: This work presents the simulation results of the radio science experiment onboard the proposed Heavy Metal mission to the M-type asteroid (216) Kleopatra. Earth-based radiometric measurements (range and range-rate), complemented by images from the onboard optical camera and by measurements from the inter-satellite link between the maincraft and a secondary subcraft, are used in an orbit determinat… ▽ More This work presents the simulation results of the radio science experiment onboard the proposed Heavy Metal mission to the M-type asteroid (216) Kleopatra. Earth-based radiometric measurements (range and range-rate), complemented by images from the onboard optical camera and by measurements from the inter-satellite link between the maincraft and a secondary subcraft, are used in an orbit determination process to assess the attainable accuracy for the mass of Kleopatra and its extended gravity field. Preliminary results indicate that the asteroid mass can be retrieved with a relative accuracy up to $10^{-7}$, while the extended gravity field can be estimated up to degree 10 with sufficient accuracy to discriminate between internal structure models, satisfying the scientific goals of the mission. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Postprint version of conference proceeding for the $33^{rd}$ AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting (#AAS 2023-305)

The Simons Observatory: Science Goals and Forecasts for the Enhanced Large Aperture Telescope

Authors: The Simons Observatory Collaboration, M. Abitbol, I. Abril-Cabezas, S. Adachi, P. Ade, A. E. Adler, P. Agrawal, J. Aguirre, Z. Ahmed, S. Aiola, T. Alford, A. Ali, D. Alonso, M. A. Alvarez, R. An, K. Arnold, P. Ashton, Z. Atkins, J. Austermann, S. Azzoni, C. Baccigalupi, A. Baleato Lizancos, D. Barron, P. Barry, J. Bartlett , et al. (397 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We describe updated scientific goals for the wide-field, millimeter-wave survey that will be produced by the Simons Observatory (SO). Significant upgrades to the 6-meter SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) are expected to be complete by 2028, and will include a doubled mapping speed with 30,000 new detectors and an automated data reduction pipeline. In addition, a new photovoltaic array will supply… ▽ More We describe updated scientific goals for the wide-field, millimeter-wave survey that will be produced by the Simons Observatory (SO). Significant upgrades to the 6-meter SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) are expected to be complete by 2028, and will include a doubled mapping speed with 30,000 new detectors and an automated data reduction pipeline. In addition, a new photovoltaic array will supply most of the observatory's power. The LAT survey will cover about 60% of the sky at a regular observing cadence, with five times the angular resolution and ten times the map depth of Planck. The science goals are to: (1) determine the physical conditions in the early universe and constrain the existence of new light particles; (2) measure the integrated distribution of mass, electron pressure, and electron momentum in the late-time universe, and, in combination with optical surveys, determine the neutrino mass and the effects of dark energy via tomographic measurements of the growth of structure at $z < 3$; (3) measure the distribution of electron density and pressure around galaxy groups and clusters, and calibrate the effects of energy input from galaxy formation on the surrounding environment; (4) produce a sample of more than 30,000 galaxy clusters, and more than 100,000 extragalactic millimeter sources, including regularly sampled AGN light-curves, to study these sources and their emission physics; (5) measure the polarized emission from magnetically aligned dust grains in our Galaxy, to study the properties of dust and the role of magnetic fields in star formation; (6) constrain asteroid regoliths, search for Trans-Neptunian Objects, and either detect or eliminate large portions of the phase space in the search for Planet 9; and (7) provide a powerful new window into the transient universe on time scales of minutes to years, concurrent with observations from Rubin of overlapping sky. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2025; v1 submitted 1 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 45 pages, 7 figures; abstract slightly abridged; matches JCAP accepted version. Author contributions to this paper are available at https://simonsobservatory.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Author-contribution-statement-20250228.pdf

The Dynamical State of the Didymos System Before and After the DART Impact

Authors: Derek C. Richardson, Harrison F. Agrusa, Brent Barbee, Rachel H. Cueva, Fabio Ferrari, Seth A. Jacobson, Rahil Makadia, Alex J. Meyer, Patrick Michel, Ryota Nakano, Yun Zhang, Paul Abell, Colby C. Merrill, Adriano Campo Bagatin, Olivier Barnouin, Nancy L. Chabot, Andrew F. Cheng, Steven R. Chesley, R. Terik Daly, Siegfried Eggl, Carolyn M. Ernst, Eugene G. Fahnestock, Tony L. Farnham, Oscar Fuentes-Munoz, Edoardo Gramigna , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the natural satellite of (65803) Didymos, on 2022 September 26, as a first successful test of kinetic impactor technology for deflecting a potentially hazardous object in space. The experiment resulted in a small change to the dynamical state of the Didymos system consistent with expectations and Level 1 mission requirem… ▽ More NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the natural satellite of (65803) Didymos, on 2022 September 26, as a first successful test of kinetic impactor technology for deflecting a potentially hazardous object in space. The experiment resulted in a small change to the dynamical state of the Didymos system consistent with expectations and Level 1 mission requirements. In the pre-encounter paper Richardson (2022), predictions were put forward regarding the pre- and post-impact dynamical state of the Didymos system. Here we assess these predictions, update preliminary findings published after the impact, report on new findings related to dynamics, and provide implications for ESA's Hera mission to Didymos, scheduled for launch in 2024 with arrival in late December 2026. Pre-encounter predictions tested to date are largely in line with observations, despite the unexpected, flattened appearance of Didymos compared to the radar model and the apparent pre-impact oblate shape of Dimorphos (with implications for the origin of the system that remain under investigation). New findings include that Dimorphos likely became prolate due to the impact and may have entered a tumbling rotation state. A possible detection of a post-impact transient secular decrease in the binary orbital period suggests possible dynamical coupling with persistent ejecta. Timescales for damping of any tumbling and clearing of any debris are uncertain. The largest uncertainty in the momentum transfer enhancement factor of the DART impact remains the mass of Dimorphos, which will be resolved by the Hera mission. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 24 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: The Planetary Science Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, id.182, 24 pp., 2024

PROTOCALC, A W-band polarized calibrator for CMB Telescopes: application to Simons Observatory and CLASS

Authors: Gabriele Coppi, Nadia Dachlythra, Federico Nati, Rolando Dünner-Planella, Alexandre E. Adler, Josquin Errard, Nicholas Galitzki, Yunyang Li, Matthew A. Petroff, Sara M. Simon, Ema Tsang King Sang, Amalia Villarrubia Aguilar, Edward J. Wollack, Mario Zannoni

Abstract: Current- and next-generation Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments will measure polarization anisotropies with unprecedented sensitivities. The need for high precision in these measurements underscores the importance of gaining a comprehensive understanding of instrument properties, with a particular emphasis on the study of the beam properties and, in particular, their polarization charac… ▽ More Current- and next-generation Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments will measure polarization anisotropies with unprecedented sensitivities. The need for high precision in these measurements underscores the importance of gaining a comprehensive understanding of instrument properties, with a particular emphasis on the study of the beam properties and, in particular, their polarization characteristics, and the measurement of the polarization angle. In this context, a major challenge lies in the scarcity of millimeter polarized astrophysical sources with sufficient brightness and calibration knowledge to meet the stringent accuracy requirements of future CMB missions. This led to the development of a drone-borne calibration source designed for frequency band centered on approximately 90 GHz band, matching a commonly used channel in ground based CMB measurements. The PROTOtype CALibrator for Cosmology, PROTOCALC, has undergone thorough in-lab testing, and its properties have been subsequently modeled through simulation software integrated into the standard Simons Observatory (SO) analysis pipeline. Moreover, the PROTOCALC system has been tested in the field, having been deployed twice on calibration campaigns with CMB telescopes in the Atacama desert. The data collected constrain the roll angle of the source with a statistical accuracy of $0.045^\circ$. △ Less

Submitted 30 May, 2025; v1 submitted 20 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Simons Observatory: Characterization of the Large Aperture Telescope Receiver

Authors: Tanay Bhandarkar, Saianeesh K. Haridas, Jeff Iuliano, Anna Kofman, Alex Manduca, Karen Perez Sarmiento, John Orlowski-Scherer, Thomas P. Satterthwaite, Yuhan Wang, Zeeshan Ahmed, Jason E. Austermann, Kyuyoung Bae, Gabriele Coppi, Mark J. Devlin, Simon R Dicker, Peter N. Dow, Shannon M. Duff, Daniel Dutcher, Nicholas Galitzki, Jon E. Gudmundsson, Shawn W. Henderson, Johannes Hubmayr, Bradley R. Johnson, Matthew A. Koc, Brian J. Koopman , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Simons Observatory (SO) is a ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment that currently consists of three 0.42m small-aperture telescopes (SATs) and one 6m large-aperture telescope (LAT), located at an elevation of 5200m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. At the LAT's focal plane, SO will install >62,000 transition-edge sensor detectors across 13 optics tubes (OTs) within the… ▽ More The Simons Observatory (SO) is a ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment that currently consists of three 0.42m small-aperture telescopes (SATs) and one 6m large-aperture telescope (LAT), located at an elevation of 5200m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. At the LAT's focal plane, SO will install >62,000 transition-edge sensor detectors across 13 optics tubes (OTs) within the Large Aperture Telescope Receiver (LATR), the largest cryogenic camera ever built to observe the CMB. Here we report on the validation of the LATR in the laboratory and the subsequent dark testing and validation within the LAT. We show that the LATR meets cryogenic, optical, and detector specifications required for high-sensitivity measurements of the CMB. At the time of writing, the LATR is installed in the LAT with six OTs (corresponding to >31,000 detectors), and the LAT mirrors and remaining seven OTs are undergoing development. △ Less

Submitted 15 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

The LSPE-Strip Pointing Reconstruction and Star Tracker

Authors: Michele Maris, Maurizio Tomasi, Matteo Baratto, Fabio Paonessa, Cristian Franceschet, Daniele Tavagnacco, Oscar Antonio Peverini, Fabrizio Villa, Mario Zannoni, Marco Bersanelli, Barbara Caccianiga, Stefano Mandelli, Aniello Mennella, Federico Nati, Stefano Sartor, Ricardo T. Génova-Santos, Jose A. Rubino-Martin, Francesco Cuttaia, Francesco Cavaliere, Massimo Gervasi, Andrea Zacchei

Abstract: This paper aims to describe the Pointing Reconstruction Model (PRM) and the prototype Star Tracker, which will be mounted on LSPE-Strip, a microwave Q- and W-band CMB telescope planned for installation at the "Observatorio del Teide" in Tenerife. The PRM integrates information on the instantaneous attitude provided by the telescope control system to determine the actual pointing direction and foca… ▽ More This paper aims to describe the Pointing Reconstruction Model (PRM) and the prototype Star Tracker, which will be mounted on LSPE-Strip, a microwave Q- and W-band CMB telescope planned for installation at the "Observatorio del Teide" in Tenerife. The PRM integrates information on the instantaneous attitude provided by the telescope control system to determine the actual pointing direction and focal plane orientation of the telescope. It accounts for various non-idealities in the telescope setup, represented by eight configuration angles, which will be calibrated using the Star Tracker. Following the derivation of the PRM formalism and its implementation, we investigate the pointing errors caused by incorrect calibration of these configuration angles to validate the required 1 arcminute maximum systematic pointing error for the LSPE-Strip survey. This paper also describes the main structure and operations of the Star Tracker and presents the results of a campaign of actual sky observations conducted with a prototype. The results demonstrate a Star Tracker RMS accuracy of approximately 3 arcseconds, while systematic errors remain below 10 arcseconds. Based on these results, we analyzed the problem of reconstructing the PRM configuration angles. Two methods for intercalibrating the Star Tracker's pointing direction with respect to the focal plane's pointing direction were examined: (1) observations of planets and (2) observations of a drone carrying both an optical beacon and a radio beacon. In the first case, an intercalibration accuracy between 1/3 arcminute and 1 arcminute is achievable. In the second case, the expected intercalibration accuracy ranges from 0.25 arcminute to 1 arcminute. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2025; v1 submitted 9 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: V1.0.1: updated publication details and minor typos in V1.0.0 fixed; 39 pages; 16 figures; 5 tables; the limited length of the arXiv abstract required shortening the original abstract, which is presented in its full length in the PDF; paper published in the Journal of Instrumentation (JINST) 2025 Mar 21st

Journal ref: JINST 20 P03029 (2025)

Requirements on the gain calibration for LiteBIRD polarisation data with blind component separation

Authors: F. Carralot, A. Carones, N. Krachmalnicoff, T. Ghigna, A. Novelli, L. Pagano, F. Piacentini, C. Baccigalupi, D. Adak, A. Anand, J. Aumont, S. Azzoni, M. Ballardini, A. J. Banday, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, S. Basak, A. Basyrov, M. Bersanelli, M. Bortolami, T. Brinckmann, F. Cacciotti, P. Campeti, E. Carinos, F. J. Casas , et al. (84 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Future cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments are primarily targeting a detection of the primordial $B$-mode polarisation. The faintness of this signal requires exquisite control of systematic effects which may bias the measurements. In this work, we derive requirements on the relative calibration accuracy of the overall polarisation gain ($Δg_ν$) for LiteBIRD experiment, through the applic… ▽ More Future cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments are primarily targeting a detection of the primordial $B$-mode polarisation. The faintness of this signal requires exquisite control of systematic effects which may bias the measurements. In this work, we derive requirements on the relative calibration accuracy of the overall polarisation gain ($Δg_ν$) for LiteBIRD experiment, through the application of the blind Needlet Internal Linear Combination (NILC) foreground-cleaning method. We find that minimum variance techniques, as NILC, are less affected by gain calibration uncertainties than a parametric approach, which requires a proper modelling of these instrumental effects. The tightest constraints are obtained for frequency channels where the CMB signal is relatively brighter (166 GHz channel, $Δ{g}_ν\approx 0.16 \%$), while, with a parametric approach, the strictest requirements were on foreground-dominated channels. We then propagate gain calibration uncertainties, corresponding to the derived requirements, into all frequency channels simultaneously. We find that the overall impact on the estimated $r$ is lower than the required budget for LiteBIRD by almost a factor $5$. The adopted procedure to derive requirements assumes a simple Galactic model. We therefore assess the robustness of obtained results against more realistic scenarios by injecting the gain calibration uncertainties, according to the requirements, into LiteBIRD simulated maps and assuming intermediate- and high-complexity sky models. In this case, we employ the so-called Multi-Clustering NILC (MC-NILC) foreground-cleaning pipeline and obtain that the impact of gain calibration uncertainties on $r$ is lower than the LiteBIRD gain systematics budget for the intermediate-complexity sky model. For the high-complexity case, instead, it would be necessary to tighten the requirements by a factor $1.8$. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 29 pages, 11 figures

Spectral Imaging with QUBIC: building astrophysical components from Time-Ordered-Data using Bolometric Interferometry

Authors: M. Regnier, T. Laclavere, J-Ch. Hamilton, E. Bunn, V. Chabirand, P. Chanial, L. Goetz, L. Kardum, P. Masson, N. Miron Granese, C. G. Scóccola, S. A. Torchinsky, E. Battistelli, M. Bersanelli, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia, B. Costanza, P. De Bernardis, G. De Gasperis, S. Ferazzoli, A. Flood, K. Ganga, M. Gervasi, L. Grandsire, E . Manzan , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The detection of B-modes in the CMB polarization pattern is a major issue in modern cosmology and must therefore be handled with analytical methods that produce reliable results. We describe a method that uses the frequency dependency of the QUBIC synthesized beam to perform component separation at the map-making stage, to obtain more precise results. We aim to demonstrate the feasibility of compo… ▽ More The detection of B-modes in the CMB polarization pattern is a major issue in modern cosmology and must therefore be handled with analytical methods that produce reliable results. We describe a method that uses the frequency dependency of the QUBIC synthesized beam to perform component separation at the map-making stage, to obtain more precise results. We aim to demonstrate the feasibility of component separation during the map-making stage in time domain space. This new technique leads to a more accurate description of the data and reduces the biases in cosmological analysis. The method uses a library for highly parallel computation which facilitates the programming and permits the description of experiments as easily manipulated operators. These operators can be combined to obtain a joint analysis using several experiments leading to maximized precision. The results show that the method works well and permits end-to-end analysis for the CMB experiments, and in particular, for QUBIC. The method includes astrophysical foregrounds, and also systematic effects like gain variation in the detectors. We developed a software pipeline that produces uncertainties on tensor-to-scalar ratio at the level of $σ(r) \sim 0.023$ using only QUBIC simulated data. △ Less

Submitted 7 November, 2025; v1 submitted 27 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 26 pages, 13 figures

Spectral Imaging with QUBIC: building frequency maps from Time-Ordered-Data using Bolometric Interferometry

Authors: M. Regnier, T. Laclavère, J-Ch. Hamilton, E. Bunn, V. Chabirand, P. Chanial, L. Goetz, L. Kardum, A. Huchet, P. Masson, N. Miron Granese, C. G. Scóccola, S. A. Torchinsky, E. Battistelli, M. Bersanelli, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia, B. Costanza, P. De Bernardis, G. De Gasperis, S. Ferazzoli, A. Flood, K. Ganga, M. Gervasi, L. Grandsire , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The search for relics from the inflation era in the form of B-mode polarization of the CMB is a major challenge in cosmology. The main obstacle appears to come from the complexity of Galactic foregrounds that need to be removed. Multi-frequency observations are key to mitigating their contamination and mapping primordial fluctuations. We present spectral-imaging, a method to reconstruct sub-freque… ▽ More The search for relics from the inflation era in the form of B-mode polarization of the CMB is a major challenge in cosmology. The main obstacle appears to come from the complexity of Galactic foregrounds that need to be removed. Multi-frequency observations are key to mitigating their contamination and mapping primordial fluctuations. We present spectral-imaging, a method to reconstruct sub-frequency maps of the CMB polarization within the instrument's physical bandwidth, a unique feature of Bolometric Interferometry that could be crucial for foreground mitigation as it provides an increased spectral resolution. Our technique uses the frequency evolution of the shape of the Bolometric Interferometer's synthesized beam to reconstruct frequency information from the time domain data. We reconstruct sub-frequency maps using an inverse problem approach based on detailed modeling of the instrument acquisition. We use external data to regularize the convergence of the estimator and account for bandpass mismatch and varying angular resolution. The reconstructed maps are unbiased and allow exploiting the spectral-imaging capacity of QUBIC. Using end-to-end simulations of the QUBIC instrument, we perform a cross-spectra analysis to extract a forecast on the tensor-to-scalar ratio constraint of $σ(r)= 0.0225$ after component separation. △ Less

Submitted 6 April, 2026; v1 submitted 27 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 23 pages, 9 figures

Multi-dimensional optimisation of the scanning strategy for the LiteBIRD space mission

Authors: Y. Takase, L. Vacher, H. Ishino, G. Patanchon, L. Montier, S. L. Stever, K. Ishizaka, Y. Nagano, W. Wang, J. Aumont, K. Aizawa, A. Anand, C. Baccigalupi, M. Ballardini, A. J. Banday, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, S. Basak, M. Bersanelli, M. Bortolami, T. Brinckmann, E. Calabrese, P. Campeti, E. Carinos, A. Carones , et al. (83 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Large angular scale surveys in the absence of atmosphere are essential for measuring the primordial $B$-mode power spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Since this proposed measurement is about three to four orders of magnitude fainter than the temperature anisotropies of the CMB, in-flight calibration of the instruments and active suppression of systematic effects are crucial. We inv… ▽ More Large angular scale surveys in the absence of atmosphere are essential for measuring the primordial $B$-mode power spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Since this proposed measurement is about three to four orders of magnitude fainter than the temperature anisotropies of the CMB, in-flight calibration of the instruments and active suppression of systematic effects are crucial. We investigate the effect of changing the parameters of the scanning strategy on the in-flight calibration effectiveness, the suppression of the systematic effects themselves, and the ability to distinguish systematic effects by null-tests. Next-generation missions such as LiteBIRD, modulated by a Half-Wave Plate (HWP), will be able to observe polarisation using a single detector, eliminating the need to combine several detectors to measure polarisation, as done in many previous experiments and hence avoiding the consequent systematic effects. While the HWP is expected to suppress many systematic effects, some of them will remain. We use an analytical approach to comprehensively address the mitigation of these systematic effects and identify the characteristics of scanning strategies that are the most effective for implementing a variety of calibration strategies in the multi-dimensional space of common spacecraft scan parameters. We also present Falcons, a fast spacecraft scanning simulator that we developed to investigate this scanning parameter space. △ Less

Submitted 15 November, 2024; v1 submitted 6 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Ephemeris Reconstruction for Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko During Rosetta Proximity Phase from Radiometric Data Analysis

Authors: Riccardo Lasagni Manghi, Marco Zannoni, Paolo Tortora, Frank Budnik, Bernard Godard, Nicholas Attree

Abstract: This study provides a continuous ephemeris reconstruction for comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by reanalyzing Rosetta radiometric measurements and Earth-based astrometry. Given the comet-to-spacecraft relative trajectory provided by the navigation team, these measurements were used to estimate the comet state and some critical physical parameters, most notably the non-gravitational accelerations in… ▽ More This study provides a continuous ephemeris reconstruction for comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by reanalyzing Rosetta radiometric measurements and Earth-based astrometry. Given the comet-to-spacecraft relative trajectory provided by the navigation team, these measurements were used to estimate the comet state and some critical physical parameters, most notably the non-gravitational accelerations induced by the outgassing of surface volatiles, for which different models were tested and compared. The reference reconstructed ephemeris, which uses a stochastic acceleration model, has position uncertainties below 10 km, 30 km, and 80 km in the orbital radial, tangential, and normal directions for the whole duration of the Rosetta proximity phase (from July 2014 to October 2016). Furthermore, the solution can fit ground-based astrometry between March 2010 and July 2018, covering a complete heliocentric orbit of 67P. The estimated comet non-gravitational accelerations are dominated by the orbital radial and normal components, reaching peak values of $(1.28 \pm 0.17) \times 10^{-8} \, \text{m/s}^2$ and $(0.52 \pm 0.20) \times 10^{-8} \, \text{m/s}^2$, respectively 15 days and 24 days after perihelion. Furthermore, the acceleration magnitude is shown to have a steep dependence on the comet heliocentric distance $\text{NGA} \sim r_\odot^{-6}$ and shows asymmetries in the pre- and post-perihelion activities. The estimated acceleration components, agnostic due to the limited physical assumptions, could be used as a constraint for future investigations involving high-fidelity thermophysical models of the comet surface. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2025; v1 submitted 24 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: Postprint version of conference proceeding for the 2024 AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference (#AAS24-331); The reconstructed trajectory and non-gravitational accelerations are available as supplementary material on Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15005399

LiteBIRD Science Goals and Forecasts. Mapping the Hot Gas in the Universe

Authors: M. Remazeilles, M. Douspis, J. A. Rubiño-Martín, A. J. Banday, J. Chluba, P. de Bernardis, M. De Petris, C. Hernández-Monteagudo, G. Luzzi, J. Macias-Perez, S. Masi, T. Namikawa, L. Salvati, H. Tanimura, K. Aizawa, A. Anand, J. Aumont, C. Baccigalupi, M. Ballardini, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, S. Basak, M. Bersanelli, D. Blinov, M. Bortolami , et al. (82 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We assess the capabilities of the LiteBIRD mission to map the hot gas distribution in the Universe through the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect. Our analysis relies on comprehensive simulations incorporating various sources of Galactic and extragalactic foreground emission, while accounting for specific instrumental characteristics of LiteBIRD, such as detector sensitivities, frequency-depend… ▽ More We assess the capabilities of the LiteBIRD mission to map the hot gas distribution in the Universe through the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect. Our analysis relies on comprehensive simulations incorporating various sources of Galactic and extragalactic foreground emission, while accounting for specific instrumental characteristics of LiteBIRD, such as detector sensitivities, frequency-dependent beam convolution, inhomogeneous sky scanning, and $1/f$ noise. We implement a tailored component-separation pipeline to map the thermal SZ Compton $y$-parameter over 98% of the sky. Despite lower angular resolution for galaxy cluster science, LiteBIRD provides full-sky coverage and, compared to the Planck satellite, enhanced sensitivity, as well as more frequency bands to enable the construction of an all-sky $y$-map, with reduced foreground contamination at large and intermediate angular scales. By combining LiteBIRD and Planck channels in the component-separation pipeline, we obtain an optimal $y$-map that leverages the advantages of both experiments, with the higher angular resolution of the Planck channels enabling the recovery of compact clusters beyond the LiteBIRD beam limitations, and the numerous sensitive LiteBIRD channels further mitigating foregrounds. The added value of LiteBIRD is highlighted through the examination of maps, power spectra, and one-point statistics of the various sky components. After component separation, the $1/f$ noise from LiteBIRD is effectively mitigated below the thermal SZ signal at all multipoles. Cosmological constraints on $S_8=σ_8\left(Ω_{\rm m}/0.3\right)^{0.5}$ obtained from the LiteBIRD-Planck combined $y$-map power spectrum exhibits a 15% reduction in uncertainty compared to constraints from Planck alone. This improvement can be attributed to the increased portion of uncontaminated sky available in the LiteBIRD-Planck combined $y$-map. △ Less

Submitted 23 October, 2024; v1 submitted 24 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 38 pages, 13 figures, abstract shortened. Updated to match version accepted by JCAP

Calibration of CMB Telescopes with PROTOCALC

Authors: Gabriele Coppi, Federico Astori, Giulia Rancati Cattaneo, Josquin Errand, Rolando Dunner-Planella, Federico Nati, Mario Zannoni

Abstract: Cosmic Microwave Background experiments need to measure polarization properties of the incoming radiation very accurately to achieve their scientific goals. As a result of that, it is necessary to properly characterize these instruments. However, there are not natural sources that can be used for this purpose. For this reason, we developed the PROTOtype CALibrator for Cosmology, PROTOCALC, which i… ▽ More Cosmic Microwave Background experiments need to measure polarization properties of the incoming radiation very accurately to achieve their scientific goals. As a result of that, it is necessary to properly characterize these instruments. However, there are not natural sources that can be used for this purpose. For this reason, we developed the PROTOtype CALibrator for Cosmology, PROTOCALC, which is a calibrator source designed for the 90 GHz band of these telescopes. This source is purely polarized and the direction of the polarization vector is known with an accuracy better than 0.1 deg. This source flew for the first time in May 2022 showing promising result. △ Less

Submitted 18 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes 2024. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2207.07595

Measuring the CMB spectral distortions with COSMO: the multi-mode antenna system

Authors: E. Manzan, L. Albano, C. Franceschet, E. S. Battistelli, P. de Bernardis, M. Bersanelli, F. Cacciotti, A. Capponi, F. Columbro, G. Conenna, G. Coppi, A. Coppolecchia, G. D'Alessandro, G. De Gasperis, M. De Petris, M. Gervasi, G. Isopi, L. Lamagna, A. Limonta, E. Marchitelli, S. Masi, A. Mennella, F. Montonati, F. Nati, A. Occhiuzzi , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this work, we present the design and manufacturing of the two multi-mode antenna arrays of the COSMO experiment and the preliminary beam pattern measurements of their fundamental mode compared with simulations. COSMO is a cryogenic Martin-Puplett Fourier Transform Spectrometer that aims at measuring the isotropic y-type spectral distortion of the Cosmic Microwave Background from Antarctica, b… ▽ More In this work, we present the design and manufacturing of the two multi-mode antenna arrays of the COSMO experiment and the preliminary beam pattern measurements of their fundamental mode compared with simulations. COSMO is a cryogenic Martin-Puplett Fourier Transform Spectrometer that aims at measuring the isotropic y-type spectral distortion of the Cosmic Microwave Background from Antarctica, by performing differential measurements between the sky and an internal, cryogenic reference blackbody. To reduce the atmospheric contribution, a spinning wedge mirror performs fast sky-dips at varying elevations while fast, low-noise Kinetic Inductance detectors scan the interferogram. Two arrays of antennas couple the radiation to the detectors. Each array consists of nine smooth-walled multi-mode feed-horns, operating in the $120-180$ GHz and $210-300$ GHz range, respectively. The multi-mode propagation helps increase the instrumental sensitivity without employing large focal planes with hundreds of detectors. The two arrays have a step-linear and a linear profile, respectively, and are obtained by superimposing aluminum plates made with CNC milling. The simulated multi-mode beam pattern has a $\sim 20^{\circ} - 26^{\circ}$ FWHM for the low-frequency array and $\sim 16^{\circ}$ FWHM for the high-frequency one. The side lobes are below $-15$ dB. To characterize the antenna response, we measured the beam pattern of the fundamental mode using a Vector Network Analyzer, in far-field conditions inside an anechoic chamber at room temperature. We completed the measurements of the low-frequency array and found a good agreement with the simulations. We also identified a few non-idealities that we attribute to the measuring setup and will further investigate. A comprehensive multi-mode measurement will be feasible at cryogenic temperature once the full receiver is integrated. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: To appear in Proceedings of the SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2024

The LiteBIRD mission to explore cosmic inflation

Authors: T. Ghigna, A. Adler, K. Aizawa, H. Akamatsu, R. Akizawa, E. Allys, A. Anand, J. Aumont, J. Austermann, S. Azzoni, C. Baccigalupi, M. Ballardini, A. J. Banday, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, S. Basak, A. Basyrov, S. Beckman, M. Bersanelli, M. Bortolami, F. Bouchet, T. Brinckmann, P. Campeti, E. Carinos, A. Carones , et al. (134 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: LiteBIRD, the next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment, aims for a launch in Japan's fiscal year 2032, marking a major advancement in the exploration of primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. Orbiting the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L2, this JAXA-led strategic L-class mission will conduct a comprehensive mapping of the CMB polarization across the entire sky. During its 3-… ▽ More LiteBIRD, the next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment, aims for a launch in Japan's fiscal year 2032, marking a major advancement in the exploration of primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. Orbiting the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L2, this JAXA-led strategic L-class mission will conduct a comprehensive mapping of the CMB polarization across the entire sky. During its 3-year mission, LiteBIRD will employ three telescopes within 15 unique frequency bands (ranging from 34 through 448 GHz), targeting a sensitivity of 2.2\,$μ$K-arcmin and a resolution of 0.5$^\circ$ at 100\,GHz. Its primary goal is to measure the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ with an uncertainty $δr = 0.001$, including systematic errors and margin. If $r \geq 0.01$, LiteBIRD expects to achieve a $>5σ$ detection in the $\ell=$2-10 and $\ell=$11-200 ranges separately, providing crucial insight into the early Universe. We describe LiteBIRD's scientific objectives, the application of systems engineering to mission requirements, the anticipated scientific impact, and the operations and scanning strategies vital to minimizing systematic effects. We will also highlight LiteBIRD's synergies with concurrent CMB projects. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 23 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024

Absolute reference for microwave polarization experiments -- The COSMOCal project and its proof of concept

Authors: A. Ritacco, L. Bizzarri, S. Savorgnano, F. Boulanger, M. Pérault, J. Treuttel, P. Morfin, A. Catalano, D. Darson, N. Ponthieu, A. Feret, B. Maffei, A. Chahadih, G. Pisano, M. Zannoni, F. Nati, J. F. Macías-Pérez, F. Cuttaia, L. Terenzi, A. Monfardini, M. Calvo, M. Murgia, P. Ortu, T. Pisanu, J. Aumont , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The cosmic microwave background (CMB), a remnant of the Big Bang, provides unparalleled insights into the primordial universe, its energy content, and the origin of cosmic structures. The success of forthcoming terrestrial and space experiments hinges on meticulously calibrated data. Specifically, the ability to achieve an absolute calibration of the polarization angles with a precision of < 0.1 d… ▽ More The cosmic microwave background (CMB), a remnant of the Big Bang, provides unparalleled insights into the primordial universe, its energy content, and the origin of cosmic structures. The success of forthcoming terrestrial and space experiments hinges on meticulously calibrated data. Specifically, the ability to achieve an absolute calibration of the polarization angles with a precision of < 0.1 deg is crucial to identify the signatures of primordial gravitational waves and cosmic birefringence within the CMB polarization. We introduce the COSMOCal project, designed to deploy a polarized source in space for calibrating microwave frequency observations. The project aims to integrate microwave polarization observations from small and large telescopes, ground-based and in space, into a unified scale, enhancing the effectiveness of each observatory and allowing robust combination of data. To demonstrate the feasibility and confirm the observational approach of our project, we developed a prototype instrument that operates in the atmospheric window centered at 260 GHz, specifically tailored for use with the NIKA2 camera at the IRAM 30 m telescope. We present the instrument components and their laboratory characterization. The results of tests performed with the fully assembled prototype using a KIDs-based instrument, similar concept of NIKA2, are also reported. This study paves the way for an observing campaign using the IRAM 30m telescope and contributes to the development of a space-based instrument. △ Less

Submitted 22 November, 2024; v1 submitted 20 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 13 pages, 13 figures. Published

Journal ref: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 136 115001 (15pp), 2024 November

LiteBIRD Science Goals and Forecasts: Primordial Magnetic Fields

Authors: D. Paoletti, J. Rubino-Martin, M. Shiraishi, D. Molinari, J. Chluba, F. Finelli, C. Baccigalupi, J. Errard, A. Gruppuso, A. I. Lonappan, A. Tartari, E. Allys, A. Anand, J. Aumont, M. Ballardini, A. J. Banday, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, M. Bersanelli, M. Bortolami, T. Brinckmann, E. Calabrese, P. Campeti, A. Carones, F. J. Casas , et al. (75 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present detailed forecasts for the constraints on primordial magnetic fields (PMFs) that will be obtained with the LiteBIRD satellite. The constraints are driven by the effects of PMFs on the CMB anisotropies: the gravitational effects of magnetically-induced perturbations; the effects on the thermal and ionization history of the Universe; the Faraday rotation imprint on the CMB polarization; a… ▽ More We present detailed forecasts for the constraints on primordial magnetic fields (PMFs) that will be obtained with the LiteBIRD satellite. The constraints are driven by the effects of PMFs on the CMB anisotropies: the gravitational effects of magnetically-induced perturbations; the effects on the thermal and ionization history of the Universe; the Faraday rotation imprint on the CMB polarization; and the non-Gaussianities induced in polarization anisotropies. LiteBIRD represents a sensitive probe for PMFs and by exploiting all the physical effects, it will be able to improve the current limit coming from Planck. In particular, thanks to its accurate $B$-mode polarization measurement, LiteBIRD will improve the constraints on infrared configurations for the gravitational effect, giving $B_{\rm 1\,Mpc}^{n_{\rm B} =-2.9} < 0.8$ nG at 95% C.L., potentially opening the possibility to detect nanogauss fields with high significance. We also observe a significant improvement in the limits when marginalized over the spectral index, $B_{1\,{\rm Mpc}}^{\rm marg}< 2.2$ nG at 95% C.L. From the thermal history effect, which relies mainly on $E$-mode polarization data, we obtain a significant improvement for all PMF configurations, with the marginalized case, $\sqrt{\langle B^2\rangle}^{\rm marg}<0.50$ nG at 95% C.L. Faraday rotation constraints will take advantage of the wide frequency coverage of LiteBIRD and the high sensitivity in $B$ modes, improving the limits by orders of magnitude with respect to current results, $B_{1\,{\rm Mpc}}^{n_{\rm B} =-2.9} < 3.2$ nG at 95% C.L. Finally, non-Gaussianities of the $B$-mode polarization can probe PMFs at the level of 1 nG, again significantly improving the current bounds from Planck. Altogether our forecasts represent a broad collection of complementary probes, providing conservative limits on PMF characteristics that will be achieved with LiteBIRD. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 51 pages, 24 figures, abstract shortened

The BLAST Observatory: A Sensitivity Study for Far-IR Balloon-borne Polarimeters

Authors: The BLAST Observatory Collaboration, Gabriele Coppi, Simon Dicker, James E. Aguirre, Jason E. Austermann, James A. Beall, Susan E. Clark, Erin G. Cox, Mark J. Devlin, Laura M. Fissel, Nicholas Galitzki, Brandon S. Hensley, Johannes Hubmayr, Sergio Molinari, Federico Nati, Giles Novak, Eugenio Schisano, Juan D. Soler, Carole E. Tucker, Joel N. Ullom, Anna Vaskuri, Michael R. Vissers, Jordan D. Wheeler, Mario Zannoni

Abstract: Sensitive wide-field observations of polarized thermal emission from interstellar dust grains will allow astronomers to address key outstanding questions about the life cycle of matter and energy driving the formation of stars and the evolution of galaxies. Stratospheric balloon-borne telescopes can map this polarized emission at far-infrared wavelengths near the peak of the dust thermal spectrum… ▽ More Sensitive wide-field observations of polarized thermal emission from interstellar dust grains will allow astronomers to address key outstanding questions about the life cycle of matter and energy driving the formation of stars and the evolution of galaxies. Stratospheric balloon-borne telescopes can map this polarized emission at far-infrared wavelengths near the peak of the dust thermal spectrum - wavelengths that are inaccessible from the ground. In this paper we address the sensitivity achievable by a Super Pressure Balloon (SPB) polarimetry mission, using as an example the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST) Observatory. By launching from Wanaka, New Zealand, BLAST Observatory can obtain a 30-day flight with excellent sky coverage - overcoming limitations of past experiments that suffered from short flight duration and/or launch sites with poor coverage of nearby star-forming regions. This proposed polarimetry mission will map large regions of the sky at sub-arcminute resolution, with simultaneous observations at 175, 250, and 350 $μm$, using a total of 8274 microwave kinetic inductance detectors. Here, we describe the scientific motivation for the BLAST Observatory, the proposed implementation, and the forecasting methods used to predict its sensitivity. We also compare our forecasted experiment sensitivity with other facilities. △ Less

Submitted 23 May, 2024; v1 submitted 25 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: Published in PASP

Journal ref: 2024 PASP 136 035003

LSPE-STRIP on-sky calibration strategy using bright celestial sources

Authors: R. T. Génova-Santos, M. Bersanelli, C. Franceschet, M. Gervasi, C. López-Caraballo, L. Mandelli, M. Maris, A. Mennella, J. A. Rubiño-Martín, F. Villa, M. Zannoni, C. Baccigalupi, B. Caccianiga, L. Colombo, F. Cuttaia, F. Farsian, G. Morgante, S. Paradiso, G. Polenta, S. Ricciardi, M. Sandri, A. Taylor, L. Terenzi, M. Tomasi

Abstract: In this paper we describe the global on-sky calibration strategy of the LSPE-Strip instrument. Strip is a microwave telescope operating in the Q- and W-bands (central frequencies of 43 and 95 GHz respectively) from the Observatorio del Teide in Tenerife, with the goal to observe and characterise the polarised Galactic foreground emission, and complement the observations of the polarisation of the… ▽ More In this paper we describe the global on-sky calibration strategy of the LSPE-Strip instrument. Strip is a microwave telescope operating in the Q- and W-bands (central frequencies of 43 and 95 GHz respectively) from the Observatorio del Teide in Tenerife, with the goal to observe and characterise the polarised Galactic foreground emission, and complement the observations of the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background to be performed by the LSPE-SWIPE instrument and other similar experiments operating at higher frequencies to target the detection of the B-mode signal from the inflationary epoch of the Universe. Starting from basic assumptions on some of the instrument parameters (NET, 1/f noise knee frequency, beam properties, observing efficiency) we perform realistic simulations to study the level of accuracy that can be achieved through observations of bright celestial calibrators in the Strip footprint (sky fraction of 30 %) on the determination and characterisation of the main instrument parameters: global and relative gain factors (in intensity and in polarisation), polarisation direction, polarisation efficiency, leakage from intensity to polarisation, beams, window functions and pointing model. △ Less

Submitted 16 January, 2024; v1 submitted 8 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 46 pages, 20 figures. This paper is part of of the paper series "The LSPE/Strip instrument description and testing", to appear in Jinst. Comments are welcome

Impact of beam far side-lobe knowledge in the presence of foregrounds for LiteBIRD

Authors: C. Leloup, G. Patanchon, J. Errard, C. Franceschet, J. E. Gudmundsson, S. Henrot-Versillé, H. Imada, H. Ishino, T. Matsumura, G. Puglisi, W. Wang, A. Adler, J. Aumont, R. Aurlien, C. Baccigalupi, M. Ballardini, A. J. Banday, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, A. Basyrov, M. Bersanelli, D. Blinov, M. Bortolami, T. Brinckmann, P. Campeti , et al. (86 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a study of the impact of an uncertainty in the beam far side-lobe knowledge on the measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background $B$-mode signal at large scale. It is expected to be one of the main source of systematic effects in future CMB observations. Because it is crucial for all-sky survey missions to take into account the interplays between beam systematic effects and all the dat… ▽ More We present a study of the impact of an uncertainty in the beam far side-lobe knowledge on the measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background $B$-mode signal at large scale. It is expected to be one of the main source of systematic effects in future CMB observations. Because it is crucial for all-sky survey missions to take into account the interplays between beam systematic effects and all the data analysis steps, the primary goal of this paper is to provide the methodology to carry out the end-to-end study of their effect for a space-borne CMB polarization experiment, up to the cosmological results in the form of a bias $δr$ on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$. LiteBIRD is dedicated to target the measurement of CMB primordial $B$ modes by reaching a sensitivity of $σ\left( r \right) \leq 10^{-3}$ assuming $r=0$. As a demonstration of our framework, we derive the relationship between the knowledge of the beam far side-lobes and the tentatively allocated error budget under given assumptions on design, simulation and component separation method. We assume no mitigation of the far side-lobes effect at any stage of the analysis pipeline. We show that $δr$ is mostly due to the integrated fractional power difference between the estimated beams and the true beams in the far side-lobes region, with little dependence on the actual shape of the beams, for low enough $δr$. Under our set of assumptions, in particular considering the specific foreground cleaning method we used, we find that the integrated fractional power in the far side-lobes should be known at a level as tight as $\sim 10^{-4}$, to achieve the required limit on the bias $δr < 1.9 \times 10^{-5}$. The framework and tools developed for this study can be easily adapted to provide requirements under different design, data analysis frameworks and for other future space-borne experiments beyond LiteBIRD. △ Less

Submitted 14 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

LiteBIRD Science Goals and Forecasts: Improving Sensitivity to Inflationary Gravitational Waves with Multitracer Delensing

Authors: T. Namikawa, A. I. Lonappan, C. Baccigalupi, N. Bartolo, D. Beck, K. Benabed, A. Challinor, P. Diego-Palazuelos, J. Errard, S. Farrens, A. Gruppuso, N. Krachmalnicoff, M. Migliaccio, E. Martínez-González, V. Pettorino, G. Piccirilli, M. Ruiz-Granda, B. Sherwin, J. Starck, P. Vielva, R. Akizawa, A. Anand, J. Aumont, R. Aurlien, S. Azzoni , et al. (97 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We estimate the efficiency of mitigating the lensing $B$-mode polarization, the so-called delensing, for the $LiteBIRD$ experiment with multiple external data sets of lensing-mass tracers. The current best bound on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, is limited by lensing rather than Galactic foregrounds. Delensing will be a critical step to improve sensitivity to $r$ as measurements of $r$ become mo… ▽ More We estimate the efficiency of mitigating the lensing $B$-mode polarization, the so-called delensing, for the $LiteBIRD$ experiment with multiple external data sets of lensing-mass tracers. The current best bound on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, is limited by lensing rather than Galactic foregrounds. Delensing will be a critical step to improve sensitivity to $r$ as measurements of $r$ become more and more limited by lensing. In this paper, we extend the analysis of the recent $LiteBIRD$ forecast paper to include multiple mass tracers, i.e., the CMB lensing maps from $LiteBIRD$ and CMB-S4-like experiment, cosmic infrared background, and galaxy number density from $Euclid$- and LSST-like survey. We find that multi-tracer delensing will further improve the constraint on $r$ by about $20\%$. In $LiteBIRD$, the residual Galactic foregrounds also significantly contribute to uncertainties of the $B$-modes, and delensing becomes more important if the residual foregrounds are further reduced by an improved component separation method. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 21 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: JCAP 06 (2024) 010

LiteBIRD Science Goals and Forecasts: A full-sky measurement of gravitational lensing of the CMB

Authors: A. I. Lonappan, T. Namikawa, G. Piccirilli, P. Diego-Palazuelos, M. Ruiz-Granda, M. Migliaccio, C. Baccigalupi, N. Bartolo, D. Beck, K. Benabed, A. Challinor, J. Errard, S. Farrens, A. Gruppuso, N. Krachmalnicoff, E. Martínez-González, V. Pettorino, B. Sherwin, J. Starck, P. Vielva, R. Akizawa, A. Anand, J. Aumont, R. Aurlien, S. Azzoni , et al. (97 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We explore the capability of measuring lensing signals in $LiteBIRD$ full-sky polarization maps. With a $30$ arcmin beam width and an impressively low polarization noise of $2.16\,μ$K-arcmin, $LiteBIRD$ will be able to measure the full-sky polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) very precisely. This unique sensitivity also enables the reconstruction of a nearly full-sky lensing map u… ▽ More We explore the capability of measuring lensing signals in $LiteBIRD$ full-sky polarization maps. With a $30$ arcmin beam width and an impressively low polarization noise of $2.16\,μ$K-arcmin, $LiteBIRD$ will be able to measure the full-sky polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) very precisely. This unique sensitivity also enables the reconstruction of a nearly full-sky lensing map using only polarization data, even considering its limited capability to capture small-scale CMB anisotropies. In this paper, we investigate the ability to construct a full-sky lensing measurement in the presence of Galactic foregrounds, finding that several possible biases from Galactic foregrounds should be negligible after component separation by harmonic-space internal linear combination. We find that the signal-to-noise ratio of the lensing is approximately $40$ using only polarization data measured over $90\%$ of the sky. This achievement is comparable to $Planck$'s recent lensing measurement with both temperature and polarization and represents a four-fold improvement over $Planck$'s polarization-only lensing measurement. The $LiteBIRD$ lensing map will complement the $Planck$ lensing map and provide several opportunities for cross-correlation science, especially in the northern hemisphere. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Polarization angle accuracy for future CMB experiments. The COSMOCal project and its prototype in the 1mm band

Authors: A. Ritacco, L. Bizzarri, F. Boulanger, M. Pérault, J. Aumont, F. Bouchet, M. Calvo, A. Catalano, D. Darson, F. X. Désert, J. Errard, A. Feret, J. F. Macías-Pérez, B. Maffei, A. Monfardini, L. Montier, M. Murgia, P. Morfin, F. Nati, G. Pisano, N. Ponthieu, J. L. Puget, S. Savorgnano, B. Segret, K. Schuster , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation offers a unique window into the early Universe, facilitating precise examinations of fundamental cosmological theories. However, the quest for detecting B-modes in the CMB, predicted by theoretical models of inflation, faces substantial challenges in terms of calibration and foreground modeling. The COSMOCal (COsmic Survey of Millimeter wavelengths O… ▽ More The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation offers a unique window into the early Universe, facilitating precise examinations of fundamental cosmological theories. However, the quest for detecting B-modes in the CMB, predicted by theoretical models of inflation, faces substantial challenges in terms of calibration and foreground modeling. The COSMOCal (COsmic Survey of Millimeter wavelengths Objects for CMB experiments Calibration) project aims at enhancing the accuracy of the absolute calibration of the polarization angle $ψ$ of current and future CMB experiments. The concept includes the build of a very well known artificial source emitting in the frequency range [20-350] GHz that would act as an absolute calibrator for several polarization facilities on Earth. A feasibility study to place the artificial source in geostationary orbit, in the far field for all the telescopes on Earth, is ongoing. In the meanwhile ongoing hardware work is dedicated to build a prototype to test the technology, the precision and the stability of the polarization recovering in the 1 mm band (220-300 GHz). High-resolution experiments as the NIKA2 camera at the IRAM 30m telescope will be deployed for such use. Once carefully calibrated ($Δψ$ < 0.1 degrees) it will be used to observe astrophysical sources such as the Crab nebula, which is the best candidate in the sky for the absolute calibration of CMB experiments. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: to appear in Proc. of the mm Universe 2023 conference, Grenoble (France), June 2023, published by F. Mayet et al. (Eds), EPJ Web of conferences, EDP Sciences

Measuring the CMB primordial B-modes with Bolometric Interferometry

Authors: A. Mennella, P. Ade, A. Almela, G. Amico, L. H. Arnaldi, J. Aumont, S. Banfi, E. S. Battistelli, B. Bélier, L. Bergé, J. -Ph. Bernard, P. de Bernardis, M. Bersanelli, J. Bonaparte, J. D. Bonilla, E. Bunn, D. Buzi, F. Cacciotti, D. Camilieri, F. Cavaliere, P. Chanial, C. Chapron, L. Colombo, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia , et al. (89 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Q&U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is the first bolometric interferometer designed to measure the primordial B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Bolometric interferometry is a novel technique that combines the sensitivity of bolometric detectors with the control of systematic effects that is typical of interferometry, both key features in the quest fo… ▽ More The Q&U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is the first bolometric interferometer designed to measure the primordial B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Bolometric interferometry is a novel technique that combines the sensitivity of bolometric detectors with the control of systematic effects that is typical of interferometry, both key features in the quest for the faint signal of the primordial B-modes. A unique feature is the so-called "spectral imaging", i.e., the ability to recover the sky signal in several sub-bands within the physical band during data analysis. This feature provides an in-band spectral resolution of Δν/ν \sim 0.04 that is unattainable by a traditional imager. This is a key tool for controlling the Galactic foregrounds contamination. In this paper, we describe the principles of bolometric interferometry, the current status of the QUBIC experiment and future prospects. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: To appear in Proc. of the mm Universe 2023 conference, Grenoble (France), June 2023, published by F. Mayet et al. (Eds), EPJ Web of conferences, EDP Sciences

The advantage of Bolometric Interferometry for controlling Galactic foreground contamination in CMB primordial B-modes measurements

Authors: E. Manzan, M. Regnier, J-Ch. Hamilton, A. Mennella, J. Errard, L. Zapelli, S. A. Torchinsky, S. Paradiso, E. Battistelli, M. Bersanelli, P. De Bernardis, M. De Petris, G. D'Alessandro, M. Gervasi, S. Masi, M. Piat, E. Rasztocky, G. E Romero, C. G. Scoccola, M. Zannoni, the QUBIC Collaboration

Abstract: In the quest for the faint primordial B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background, three are the key requirements for any present or future experiment: an utmost sensitivity, excellent control over instrumental systematic effects and over Galactic foreground contamination. Bolometric Interferometry (BI) is a novel technique that matches them all by combining the sensitivity of bolometri… ▽ More In the quest for the faint primordial B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background, three are the key requirements for any present or future experiment: an utmost sensitivity, excellent control over instrumental systematic effects and over Galactic foreground contamination. Bolometric Interferometry (BI) is a novel technique that matches them all by combining the sensitivity of bolometric detectors, the control of instrumental systematics from interferometry and a software-based, tunable, in-band spectral resolution due to its ability to perform band-splitting during data analysis (spectral imaging). In this paper, we investigate how the spectral imaging capability of BI can help in detecting residual contamination in case an over-simplified model of foreground emission is assumed in the analysis. To mimic this situation, we focus on the next generation of ground-based CMB experiment, CMB-S4, and compare its anticipated sensitivities, frequency and sky coverage with a hypothetical version of the same experiment based on BI, CMB-S4/BI, assuming that line-of-sight (LOS) frequency decorrelation is present in dust emission but is not accounted for during component separation. We show results from a Monte-Carlo analysis based on a parametric component separation method (FGBuster), highlighting how BI has the potential to diagnose the presence of foreground residuals in estimates of the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ in the case of unaccounted Galactic dust LOS frequency decorrelation. △ Less

Submitted 3 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: To appear in Proc. of the mm Universe 2023 conference, Grenoble (France), June 2023, published by F. Mayet et al. (Eds), EPJ Web of conferences, EDP Sciences

The Hera Radio Science Experiment at Didymos

Authors: Edoardo Gramigna, Riccardo Lasagni Manghi, Marco Zannoni, Paolo Tortora, Ryan S. Park, Giacomo Tommei, Sébastien Le Maistre, Patrick Michel, Francesco Castellini, Michael Kueppers

Abstract: Hera represents the European Space Agency's inaugural planetary defense space mission and plays a pivotal role in the Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment international collaboration with NASA DART mission that performed the first asteroid deflection experiment using the kinetic impactor techniques. With the primary objective of conducting a detailed post-impact survey of the Didymos binary a… ▽ More Hera represents the European Space Agency's inaugural planetary defense space mission and plays a pivotal role in the Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment international collaboration with NASA DART mission that performed the first asteroid deflection experiment using the kinetic impactor techniques. With the primary objective of conducting a detailed post-impact survey of the Didymos binary asteroid following the DART impact on its small moon called Dimorphos, Hera aims to comprehensively assess and characterize the feasibility of the kinetic impactor technique in asteroid deflection while conducting an in-depth investigation of the asteroid binary, including its physical and compositional properties as well as the effect of the impact on the surface and shape of Dimorphos. In this work, we describe the Hera radio science experiment, which will allow us to precisely estimate critical parameters, including the mass, which is required to determine the momentum enhancement resulting from the DART impact, mass distribution, rotational states, relative orbits, and dynamics of the asteroids Didymos and Dimorphos. Through a multi-arc covariance analysis, we present the achievable accuracy for these parameters, which consider the full expected asteroid phase and are based on ground radiometric, Hera optical images, and Hera to CubeSats InterSatellite Link radiometric measurements. The expected formal uncertainties for Didymos and Dimorphos GM are better than 0.01% and 0.1%, respectively, while their J2 formal uncertainties are better than 0.1% and 10%, respectively. [...] △ Less

Submitted 30 May, 2024; v1 submitted 18 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Journal ref: Planetary and Space Science, 2024, 105906

Identifying frequency decorrelated dust residuals in B-mode maps by exploiting the spectral capability of bolometric interferometry

Authors: M. Regnier, E. Manzan, J. -Ch Hamilton, A. Mennella, J. Errard, L. Zapelli, S. A. Torchinsky, S. Paradiso, E. Battistelli, P. De Bernardis, L. Colombo, M. De Petris, G. D'Alessandro, B. Garcia, M. Gervasi, S. Masi, L. Mousset, N. Miron Granese, C. O'Sullivan, M. Piat, E. Rasztocky, G. E. Romero, C. G. Scoccola, M. Zannoni

Abstract: Astrophysical polarized foregrounds represent the most critical challenge in Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) B-mode experiments. Multi-frequency observations can be used to constrain astrophysical foregrounds to isolate the CMB contribution. However, recent observations indicate that foreground emission may be more complex than anticipated. We investigate how the increased spectral resolution… ▽ More Astrophysical polarized foregrounds represent the most critical challenge in Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) B-mode experiments. Multi-frequency observations can be used to constrain astrophysical foregrounds to isolate the CMB contribution. However, recent observations indicate that foreground emission may be more complex than anticipated. We investigate how the increased spectral resolution provided by band splitting in Bolometric Interferometry (BI) through a technique called spectral imaging can help control the foreground contamination in the case of unaccounted Galactic dust frequency decorrelation along the line-of-sight. We focus on the next generation ground-based CMB experiment CMB-S4, and compare its anticipated sensitivities, frequency and sky coverage with a hypothetical version of the same experiment based on BI. We perform a Monte-Carlo analysis based on parametric component separation methods (FGBuster and Commander) and compute the likelihood on the recovered tensor-to-scalar ratio. The main result of this analysis is that spectral imaging allows us to detect systematic uncertainties on r from frequency decorrelation when this effect is not accounted for in component separation. Conversely, an imager would detect a biased value of r and would be unable to spot the presence of a systematic effect. We find a similar result in the reconstruction of the dust spectral index, where we show that with BI we can measure more precisely the dust spectral index also when frequency decorrelation is present. The in-band frequency resolution provided by BI allows us to identify dust LOS frequency decorrelation residuals where an imager of similar performance would fail. This opens the prospect to exploit this potential in the context of future CMB polarization experiments that will be challenged by complex foregrounds in their quest for B-modes detection. △ Less

Submitted 21 February, 2024; v1 submitted 6 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: 13 Pages, 15 figures, 4 tables. Accepted by A&A

Journal ref: A&A 686, A271 (2024)

Combining astrometry and JUICE -- Europa Clipper radio science to improve the ephemerides of the Galilean moons

Authors: M. Fayolle, A. Magnanini, V. Lainey, D. Dirkx, M. Zannoni, P. Tortora

Abstract: The upcoming JUICE and Europa Clipper missions to Jupiter's Galilean satellites will provide radio science tracking measurements of both spacecraft. Such data are expected to significantly help estimating the moons' ephemerides and related dynamical parameters. However, the two missions will yield an imbalanced dataset, with no flybys planned at Io, condensed over less than six years. Current ephe… ▽ More The upcoming JUICE and Europa Clipper missions to Jupiter's Galilean satellites will provide radio science tracking measurements of both spacecraft. Such data are expected to significantly help estimating the moons' ephemerides and related dynamical parameters. However, the two missions will yield an imbalanced dataset, with no flybys planned at Io, condensed over less than six years. Current ephemerides' solutions for the Galilean moons, on the other hand, rely on ground-based astrometry collected over more than a century which, while being less accurate, bring very valuable constraints on the long-term dynamics of the system. An improved solution for the Galilean satellites' complex dynamics could however be achieved by exploiting the existing synergies between these different observation sets. To quantify this, we merged simulated JUICE and Clipper radio science data with existing ground-based astrometric and radar observations, and performed the inversion. Our study specifically focusses on the resulting formal uncertainties in the moons' states, as well as Io's and Jupiter's tidal dissipation parameters. Adding astrometry stabilises the moons' state solution, especially beyond the missions' timelines. It furthermore reduces the uncertainties in $1/Q$ (inverse of the tidal quality factor) by a factor two to four for Jupiter, and about 30-35\% for Io. Among all data types, classical astrometry data prior to 1960 proved particularly beneficial. We also show that ground observations of Io add the most to the solution, confirming that ground observations can fill the lack of radio science data for this specific moon. We obtained a noticeable solution improvement when exploiting the complementarity between all different observation sets. These promising simulation results thus motivate future efforts to achieve a global solution from actual JUICE and Clipper radio science data. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Journal ref: A&A 677, A42 (2023)

Momentum Transfer from the DART Mission Kinetic Impact on Asteroid Dimorphos

Authors: Andrew F. Cheng, Harrison F. Agrusa, Brent W. Barbee, Alex J. Meyer, Tony L. Farnham, Sabina D. Raducan, Derek C. Richardson, Elisabetta Dotto, Angelo Zinzi, Vincenzo Della Corte, Thomas S. Statler, Steven Chesley, Shantanu P. Naidu, Masatoshi Hirabayashi, Jian-Yang Li, Siegfried Eggl, Olivier S. Barnouin, Nancy L. Chabot, Sidney Chocron, Gareth S. Collins, R. Terik Daly, Thomas M. Davison, Mallory E. DeCoster, Carolyn M. Ernst, Fabio Ferrari , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission performed a kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos, the satellite of the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos, at 23:14 UTC on September 26, 2022 as a planetary defense test. DART was the first hypervelocity impact experiment on an asteroid at size and velocity scales relevant to planetary defense, intended to validate kinetic impact as a means of… ▽ More The NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission performed a kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos, the satellite of the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos, at 23:14 UTC on September 26, 2022 as a planetary defense test. DART was the first hypervelocity impact experiment on an asteroid at size and velocity scales relevant to planetary defense, intended to validate kinetic impact as a means of asteroid deflection. Here we report the first determination of the momentum transferred to an asteroid by kinetic impact. Based on the change in the binary orbit period, we find an instantaneous reduction in Dimorphos's along-track orbital velocity component of 2.70 +/- 0.10 mm/s, indicating enhanced momentum transfer due to recoil from ejecta streams produced by the impact. For a Dimorphos bulk density range of 1,500 to 3,300 kg/m$^3$, we find that the expected value of the momentum enhancement factor, $β$, ranges between 2.2 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos. If Dimorphos and Didymos are assumed to have equal densities of 2,400 kg/m$^3$, $β$= 3.61 +0.19/-0.25 (1 $σ$). These $β$ values indicate that significantly more momentum was transferred to Dimorphos from the escaping impact ejecta than was incident with DART. Therefore, the DART kinetic impact was highly effective in deflecting the asteroid Dimorphos. △ Less

Submitted 6 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: accepted by Nature

Tensor-to-scalar ratio forecasts for extended LiteBIRD frequency configurations

Authors: U. Fuskeland, J. Aumont, R. Aurlien, C. Baccigalupi, A. J. Banday, H. K. Eriksen, J. Errard, R. T. Génova-Santos, T. Hasebe, J. Hubmayr, H. Imada, N. Krachmalnicoff, L. Lamagna, G. Pisano, D. Poletti, M. Remazeilles, K. L. Thompson, L. Vacher, I. K. Wehus, S. Azzoni, M. Ballardini, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, A. Basyrov, D. Beck , et al. (92 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: LiteBIRD is a planned JAXA-led CMB B-mode satellite experiment aiming for launch in the late 2020s, with a primary goal of detecting the imprint of primordial inflationary gravitational waves. Its current baseline focal-plane configuration includes 15 frequency bands between 40 and 402 GHz, fulfilling the mission requirements to detect the amplitude of gravitational waves with the total uncertaint… ▽ More LiteBIRD is a planned JAXA-led CMB B-mode satellite experiment aiming for launch in the late 2020s, with a primary goal of detecting the imprint of primordial inflationary gravitational waves. Its current baseline focal-plane configuration includes 15 frequency bands between 40 and 402 GHz, fulfilling the mission requirements to detect the amplitude of gravitational waves with the total uncertainty on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $δr$, down to $δr<0.001$. A key aspect of this performance is accurate astrophysical component separation, and the ability to remove polarized thermal dust emission is particularly important. In this paper we note that the CMB frequency spectrum falls off nearly exponentially above 300 GHz relative to the thermal dust SED, and a relatively minor high frequency extension can therefore result in even lower uncertainties and better model reconstructions. Specifically, we compare the baseline design with five extended configurations, while varying the underlying dust modeling, in each of which the HFT (High-Frequency Telescope) frequency range is shifted logarithmically towards higher frequencies, with an upper cutoff ranging between 400 and 600 GHz. In each case, we measure the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ uncertainty and bias using both parametric and minimum-variance component-separation algorithms. When the thermal dust sky model includes a spatially varying spectral index and temperature, we find that the statistical uncertainty on $r$ after foreground cleaning may be reduced by as much as 30--50 % by extending the upper limit of the frequency range from 400 to 600 GHz, with most of the improvement already gained at 500 GHz. We also note that a broader frequency range leads to better ability to discriminate between models through higher $χ^2$ sensitivity. (abridged) △ Less

Submitted 15 August, 2023; v1 submitted 10 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 18 pages, 13 figures. Published in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 676, A42 (2023)

Activity distribution of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from combined measurements of non-gravitational forces and torques

Authors: Nicholas Attree, Laurent Jorda, Olivier Groussin, Jessica Agarwal, Riccardo Lasagni Manghi, Paolo Tortora, Marco Zannoni, Raphael Marschall

Abstract: Aims. Understanding the activity is vital for deciphering the structure, formation, and evolution of comets. We investigate models of cometary activity by comparing them to the dynamics of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Methods. We matched simple thermal models of water activity to the combined Rosetta datasets by fitting to the total outgassing rate and four components of the outgassing induced non-g… ▽ More Aims. Understanding the activity is vital for deciphering the structure, formation, and evolution of comets. We investigate models of cometary activity by comparing them to the dynamics of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Methods. We matched simple thermal models of water activity to the combined Rosetta datasets by fitting to the total outgassing rate and four components of the outgassing induced non-gravitational force and torque, with a final manual adjustment of the model parameters to additionally match the other two torque components. We parametrised the thermal model in terms of a distribution of relative activity over the surface of the comet, and attempted to link this to different terrain types. We also tested a more advanced thermal model based on a pebble structure. Results. We confirm a hemispherical dichotomy and non-linear water outgassing response to insolation. The southern hemisphere of the comet and consolidated terrain show enhanced activity relative to the northern hemisphere and dust-covered, unconsolidated terrain types, especially at perihelion. We further find that the non-gravitational torque is especially sensitive to the activity distribution, and to fit the pole-axis orientation in particular, activity must be concentrated (in excess of the already high activity in the southern hemisphere and consolidated terrain) around the south pole and on the body and neck of the comet over its head. This is the case for both the simple thermal model and the pebble-based model. Overall, our results show that water activity cannot be matched by a simple model of sublimating surface ice driven by the insolation alone, regardless of the surface distribution, and that both local spatial and temporal variations are needed to fit the data. △ Less

Submitted 12 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A. 13 pages, 22 figures including appendix

Journal ref: A&A 670, A170 (2023)

Status of QUBIC, the Q&U Bolometer for Cosmology

Authors: L. Mousset, P. Ade, A. Almela, G. Amico, L. H. Arnaldi, J. Aumont, S. Banfi, E. S. Battistelli, B. Bélier, L. Bergé, J. -Ph. Bernard, P. de Bernardis, M. Bersanelli, J. Bonaparte, J. D. Bonilla, E. Bunn, D. Buzi, D. Camilieri, F. Cavaliere, P. Chanial, C. Chapron, S. Colombo, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia, B. Costanza , et al. (86 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Q&U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a novel kind of polarimeter optimized for the measurement of the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Back-ground (CMB), which is one of the major challenges of observational cosmology. The signal is expected to be of the order of a few tens of nK, prone to instrumental systematic effects and polluted by various astrophysical foregr… ▽ More The Q&U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a novel kind of polarimeter optimized for the measurement of the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Back-ground (CMB), which is one of the major challenges of observational cosmology. The signal is expected to be of the order of a few tens of nK, prone to instrumental systematic effects and polluted by various astrophysical foregrounds which can only be controlled through multichroic observations. QUBIC is designed to address these observational issues with a novel approach that combines the advantages of interferometry in terms of control of instrumental systematics with those of bolometric detectors in terms of wide-band, background-limited sensitivity. △ Less

Submitted 6 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: Contribution to the 2022 Cosmology session of the 33rd Rencontres de Blois. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2203.08947

PROTOCALC: an artificial calibrator source for CMB telescopes

Authors: Gabriele Coppi, Giulia Conenna, Sofia Savorgnano, Felipe Carrero, Rolando Dünner-Planella, Nicholas Galitzki, Federico Nati, Mario Zannoni

Abstract: Cosmic Microwave Background experiments need to measure polarization properties of the incoming radiation very accurately to achieve their scientific goals. As a result of that, it is necessary to properly characterize these instruments. However, there are not natural sources that can be used for this purpose. For this reason, we developed the PROTOtype CALibrator for Cosmology, PROTOCALC, which i… ▽ More Cosmic Microwave Background experiments need to measure polarization properties of the incoming radiation very accurately to achieve their scientific goals. As a result of that, it is necessary to properly characterize these instruments. However, there are not natural sources that can be used for this purpose. For this reason, we developed the PROTOtype CALibrator for Cosmology, PROTOCALC, which is a calibrator source designed for the 90GHz band of these telescopes. This source is purely polarized and the direction of the polarization vector is known with an accuracy better than 0.1deg. This source flew for the first time in May 2022 showing promising result △ Less

Submitted 15 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2022

Probing Cosmic Inflation with the LiteBIRD Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization Survey

Authors: LiteBIRD Collaboration, E. Allys, K. Arnold, J. Aumont, R. Aurlien, S. Azzoni, C. Baccigalupi, A. J. Banday, R. Banerji, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, L. Bautista, D. Beck, S. Beckman, M. Bersanelli, F. Boulanger, M. Brilenkov, M. Bucher, E. Calabrese, P. Campeti, A. Carones, F. J. Casas, A. Catalano, V. Chan, K. Cheung , et al. (166 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: LiteBIRD, the Lite (Light) satellite for the study of B-mode polarization and Inflation from cosmic background Radiation Detection, is a space mission for primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) selected LiteBIRD in May 2019 as a strategic large-class (L-class) mission, with an expected launch in the late 2020s using JAXA's H3 rocket. LiteBIRD is… ▽ More LiteBIRD, the Lite (Light) satellite for the study of B-mode polarization and Inflation from cosmic background Radiation Detection, is a space mission for primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) selected LiteBIRD in May 2019 as a strategic large-class (L-class) mission, with an expected launch in the late 2020s using JAXA's H3 rocket. LiteBIRD is planned to orbit the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L2, where it will map the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization over the entire sky for three years, with three telescopes in 15 frequency bands between 34 and 448 GHz, to achieve an unprecedented total sensitivity of 2.2$μ$K-arcmin, with a typical angular resolution of 0.5$^\circ$ at 100 GHz. The primary scientific objective of LiteBIRD is to search for the signal from cosmic inflation, either making a discovery or ruling out well-motivated inflationary models. The measurements of LiteBIRD will also provide us with insight into the quantum nature of gravity and other new physics beyond the standard models of particle physics and cosmology. We provide an overview of the LiteBIRD project, including scientific objectives, mission and system requirements, operation concept, spacecraft and payload module design, expected scientific outcomes, potential design extensions and synergies with other projects. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2023; v1 submitted 6 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 155 pages, accepted for publication in PTEP

Polarization angle requirements for CMB B-mode experiments. Application to the LiteBIRD satellite

Authors: P. Vielva, E. Martínez-González, F. J. Casas, T. Matsumura, S. Henrot-Versillé, E. Komatsu, J. Aumont, R. Aurlien, C. Baccigalupi, A. J. Banday, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, E. Calabrese, K. Cheung, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia, P. de Bernardis, T. de Haan, E. de la Hoz, M. De Petris, S. Della Torre, P. Diego-Palazuelos, H. K. Eriksen, J. Errard, F. Finelli , et al. (46 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A methodology to provide the polarization angle requirements for different sets of detectors, at a given frequency of a CMB polarization experiment, is presented. The uncertainties in the polarization angle of each detector set are related to a given bias on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ parameter. The approach is grounded in using a linear combination of the detector sets to obtain the CMB polar… ▽ More A methodology to provide the polarization angle requirements for different sets of detectors, at a given frequency of a CMB polarization experiment, is presented. The uncertainties in the polarization angle of each detector set are related to a given bias on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ parameter. The approach is grounded in using a linear combination of the detector sets to obtain the CMB polarization signal. In addition, assuming that the uncertainties on the polarization angle are in the small angle limit (lower than a few degrees), it is possible to derive analytic expressions to establish the requirements. The methodology also accounts for possible correlations among detectors, that may originate from the optics, wafers, etc. The approach is applied to the LiteBIRD space mission. We show that, for the most restrictive case (i.e., full correlation of the polarization angle systematics among detector sets), the requirements on the polarization angle uncertainties are of around 1 arcmin at the most sensitive frequency bands (i.e., $\approx 150$ GHz) and of few tens of arcmin at the lowest (i.e., $\approx 40$ GHz) and highest (i.e., $\approx 400$ GHz) observational bands. Conversely, for the least restrictive case (i.e., no correlation of the polarization angle systematics among detector sets), the requirements are $\approx 5$ times less restrictive than for the previous scenario. At the global and the telescope levels, polarization angle knowledge of a few arcmins is sufficient for correlated global systematic errors and can be relaxed by a factor of two for fully uncorrelated errors in detector polarization angle. The reported uncertainty levels are needed in order to have the bias on $r$ due to systematics below the limit established by the LiteBIRD collaboration. △ Less

Submitted 18 April, 2022; v1 submitted 2 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 26 pages, 6 figures. Minor changes to match the final version in JCAP

In-flight polarization angle calibration for LiteBIRD: blind challenge and cosmological implications

Authors: Nicoletta Krachmalnicoff, Tomotake Matsumura, Elena de la Hoz, Soumen Basak, Alessandro Gruppuso, Yuto Minami, Carlo Baccigalupi, Eiichiro Komatsu, Enrique Martínez-González, Patricio Vielva, Jonathan Aumont, Ragnhild Aurlien, Susanna Azzoni, Anthony J. Banday, Rita B. Barreiro, Nicola Bartolo, Marco Bersanelli, Erminia Calabrese, Alessandro Carones, Francisco J. Casas, Kolen Cheung, Yuji Chinone, Fabio Columbro, Paolo de Bernardis, Patricia Diego-Palazuelos , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a demonstration of the in-flight polarization angle calibration for the JAXA/ISAS second strategic large class mission, LiteBIRD, and estimate its impact on the measurement of the tensor-to-scalar ratio parameter, r, using simulated data. We generate a set of simulated sky maps with CMB and polarized foreground emission, and inject instrumental noise and polarization angle offsets to th… ▽ More We present a demonstration of the in-flight polarization angle calibration for the JAXA/ISAS second strategic large class mission, LiteBIRD, and estimate its impact on the measurement of the tensor-to-scalar ratio parameter, r, using simulated data. We generate a set of simulated sky maps with CMB and polarized foreground emission, and inject instrumental noise and polarization angle offsets to the 22 (partially overlapping) LiteBIRD frequency channels. Our in-flight angle calibration relies on nulling the EB cross correlation of the polarized signal in each channel. This calibration step has been carried out by two independent groups with a blind analysis, allowing an accuracy of the order of a few arc-minutes to be reached on the estimate of the angle offsets. Both the corrected and uncorrected multi-frequency maps are propagated through the foreground cleaning step, with the goal of computing clean CMB maps. We employ two component separation algorithms, the Bayesian-Separation of Components and Residuals Estimate Tool (B-SeCRET), and the Needlet Internal Linear Combination (NILC). We find that the recovered CMB maps obtained with algorithms that do not make any assumptions about the foreground properties, such as NILC, are only mildly affected by the angle miscalibration. However, polarization angle offsets strongly bias results obtained with the parametric fitting method. Once the miscalibration angles are corrected by EB nulling prior to the component separation, both component separation algorithms result in an unbiased estimation of the r parameter. While this work is motivated by the conceptual design study for LiteBIRD, its framework can be broadly applied to any CMB polarization experiment. In particular, the combination of simulation plus blind analysis provides a robust forecast by taking into account not only detector sensitivity but also systematic effects. △ Less

Submitted 21 January, 2022; v1 submitted 17 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: Submitted to JCAP

Total power horn-coupled 150 GHz LEKID array for space applications

Authors: A. Paiella, A. Coppolecchia, P. de Bernardis, S. Masi, A. Cruciani, L. Lamagna, G. Pettinari, F. Piacentini, M. Bersanelli, F. Cavaliere, C. Franceschet, M. Gervasi, A. Limonta, S. Mandelli, E. Manzan, A. Mennella, A. Passerini, E. Tommasi, A. Volpe, M. Zannoni

Abstract: We have developed two arrays of lumped element kinetic inductance detectors working in the D-band, and optimised for the low radiative background conditions of a satellite mission aiming at precision measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The first detector array is sensitive to the total power of the incoming radiation to which is coupled via single-mode waveguides and corrugated… ▽ More We have developed two arrays of lumped element kinetic inductance detectors working in the D-band, and optimised for the low radiative background conditions of a satellite mission aiming at precision measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The first detector array is sensitive to the total power of the incoming radiation to which is coupled via single-mode waveguides and corrugated feed-horns, while the second is sensitive to the polarisation of the radiation thanks to orthomode transducers. Here, we focus on the total power detector array, which is suitable, for instance, for precision measurements of unpolarised spectral distortions of the CMB, where detecting both polarisations provides a sensitivity advantage. We describe the optimisation of the array design, fabrication and packaging, the dark and optical characterisation, and the performance of the black-body calibrator used for the optical tests. We show that almost all the detectors of the array are photon-noise limited under the radiative background of a 3.6 K black-body. This result, combined with the weak sensitivity to cosmic rays hits demonstrated with the OLIMPO flight, validates the idea of using lumped elements kinetic inductance detectors for precision, space-based CMB missions. △ Less

Submitted 10 June, 2022; v1 submitted 16 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: To be submitted to JCAP

The COSmic Monopole Observer (COSMO)

Authors: S. Masi, E. Battistelli, P. de Bernardis, A. Coppolecchia, F. Columbro, G. D'Alessandro, M. De Petris, L. Lamagna, E. Marchitelli, L. Mele, A. Paiella, F. Piacentini, G. Pisano, M. Bersanelli, C. Franceschet, E. Manzan, D. Mennella, S. Realini, S. Cibella, F. Martini, G. Pettinari, G. Coppi, M. Gervasi, A. Limonta, M. Zannoni , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The COSmic Monopole Observer (COSMO) is an experiment to measure low-level spectral distortions in the isotropic component of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Deviations from a pure blackbody spectrum are expected at low level ($<$ 1 ppm) due to several astrophysical and cosmological phenomena, and promise to provide important independent information on the early and late phases of the unive… ▽ More The COSmic Monopole Observer (COSMO) is an experiment to measure low-level spectral distortions in the isotropic component of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Deviations from a pure blackbody spectrum are expected at low level ($<$ 1 ppm) due to several astrophysical and cosmological phenomena, and promise to provide important independent information on the early and late phases of the universe. They have not been detected yet, due to the extreme accuracy required, the best upper limits being still those from the COBE-FIRAS mission. COSMO is based on a cryogenic differential Fourier Transform Spectrometer, measuring the spectral brightness difference between the sky and an accurate cryogenic blackbody. The first implementation of COSMO, funded by the Italian PRIN and PNRA programs, will operate from the Concordia station at Dome-C, in Antarctica, and will take advantage of a fast sky-dip technique to get rid of atmospheric emission and its fluctuations, separating them from the monopole component of the sky brightness. Here we describe the instrument design, its capabilities, the current status. We also discuss its subsequent implementation in a balloon-flight, which has been studied within the COSMOS program of the Italian Space Agency. △ Less

Submitted 23 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Comments: To be published on the proceedings of the 16th Marcel Grossmann Meeting on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Astrophysics and Relativistic Field Theories (MG16) - 5-9 July 2021. Online Conference, Italy - http://www.icra.it/mg/mg16/

Determination of uncertainty profiles in neutral atmospheric properties measured by radio occultation experiments

Authors: Adrien Bourgoin, Edoardo Gramigna, Marco Zannoni, Luis Gomez Casajus, Paolo Tortora

Abstract: Radio occultations are commonly used to assess remotely the thermodynamic properties of planets or satellites' atmospheres within the solar system. The data processing usually involves the so-called Abel inversion method or the numerical ray-tracing technique. Both these approaches are now well established, however, they do not allow to easily determine the uncertainty profiles in the atmospheric… ▽ More Radio occultations are commonly used to assess remotely the thermodynamic properties of planets or satellites' atmospheres within the solar system. The data processing usually involves the so-called Abel inversion method or the numerical ray-tracing technique. Both these approaches are now well established, however, they do not allow to easily determine the uncertainty profiles in the atmospheric properties, and this makes the results difficult to interpret statistically. Recently, a purely analytical approach based on the time transfer functions formalism was proposed for modeling radio occultation data. Using this formulation, we derive uncertainty relationships between the frequency shift and the thermodynamic properties of the neutral atmosphere such as the temperature, pressure, and neutral number density. These expressions are important for interpreting previous results from past radio occultation experiments. They are especially relevant for deriving the system requirements for future missions in a rigorous manner and consistently with the scientific requirements about the atmospheric properties retrieval. △ Less

Submitted 19 August, 2022; v1 submitted 18 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Comments: 18 pages, 5 figures, 1 table