Showing 1–50 of 68 results for author: Yeh, M

Gamma Backgrounds for Experiments at the High Flux Isotope Reactor

Authors: M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, C. Baldenegro, C. D. Bass, O. Benevides Rodrigues, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, N. Craft, G. Deichert, A. Delgado, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, M. D. Fuller, A. Galindo-Uribarri, S. Ghosh, C. E. Gilbert, D. C. Glasgow, S. Gokhale, C. G. Grant, B. T. Hackett, S. Hans , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This article describes the deployment of a germanium detector at Oak Ridge National Lab's High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) for the purpose of understanding the energy and spatial distribution of the gamma field in the experiment hall where the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) took data and future neutrino experiments could be located. The sources from both the react… ▽ More This article describes the deployment of a germanium detector at Oak Ridge National Lab's High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) for the purpose of understanding the energy and spatial distribution of the gamma field in the experiment hall where the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) took data and future neutrino experiments could be located. The sources from both the reactor and the neutron beamlines are described in detail, along with their temporal variations due to reactor power and their spatial variations due to the geometry of the beamlines and building materials in the vicinity. Additionally, a shielding study was performed to assess the amount that backgrounds in tens of keV range can be mitigated. This work helps inform backgrounds for future experiments at reactors such as IBD-based neutrino measurements and CEvNS measurements. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 31 pages, 28 figures

Construction, commissioning, and beam test of a pilot 3D-projection opaque water-based liquid scintillator detector

Authors: H. Che, M. V. Diwan, S. Gokhale, P. Kumar, C. Reyes, R. Rosero, J. J. Wang, G. Yang, M. Yeh

Abstract: We report on the design, construction, and beam test of a pilot three-dimensional projection detector based on opaque water-based liquid scintillator (oWbLS). The detector consists of an $8 \times 8 \times 16$ cm$^3$ acrylic vessel instrumented with three orthogonal planes of Kuraray Y11 multi-clad wavelength-shifting fibers read out by Hamamatsu multi-pixel photon counters. The readout electronic… ▽ More We report on the design, construction, and beam test of a pilot three-dimensional projection detector based on opaque water-based liquid scintillator (oWbLS). The detector consists of an $8 \times 8 \times 16$ cm$^3$ acrylic vessel instrumented with three orthogonal planes of Kuraray Y11 multi-clad wavelength-shifting fibers read out by Hamamatsu multi-pixel photon counters. The readout electronics are based on the CITIROC front-end boards developed for the WAGASCI and SuperFGD detectors of the T2K experiment. The detector was filled with oWbLS and tested with cosmic rays and proton beams of 50, 100, 250, and 500 MeV kinetic energy at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at Brookhaven National Laboratory. We present three-dimensional event displays of cosmic muon and proton beam candidates, and a study of transverse light confinement via radial charge distribution measurements. The measured data show tighter light confinement than a Geant4 simulation with a 2 cm scattering length, placing the effective scattering length well below 2 cm and confirming effective optical confinement of scintillation light in the oWbLS medium. A first measurement of the hit-level timing resolution using 500 MeV proton beam data yields a single-channel timing resolution of $σ_t \approx 0.17$--$0.28$ ns with good photostatistics. These results demonstrate the viability of the 3D-projection oWbLS technology as a scalable, fully-active detector concept for next-generation particle physics experiments. △ Less

Submitted 11 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Measurement of Light Yield Response of Gd-compatible Water-based Liquid Scintillator with the Brookhaven 1-ton testbed

Authors: S. Gwon, M. Askins, D. M. Asner, A. Baldoni, D. F. Cowen, R. Diaz Prerez, M. V. Diwan, S. Gokhale, S. Hans, P. Kumar, G. Lawley, S. Linden, G. D. Orebi Gann, J. Park, C. Reyes, R. Rosero, K. Siyeon, M. Smiley, J. J. Wang, M. Wilking, G. Yang, M. Yeh

Abstract: The Water-based Liquid Scintillator (WbLS) enables hybrid detection by combining scintillation and Cherenkov signals, providing superior event reconstruction capabilities compared to conventional neutrino detectors. We measured the light yield of Gd-compatible WbLS at varying concentrations from 0.35\% to 1\% by mass, using cosmic-ray muons in a 1-ton scale detector at BNL. The light yield is meas… ▽ More The Water-based Liquid Scintillator (WbLS) enables hybrid detection by combining scintillation and Cherenkov signals, providing superior event reconstruction capabilities compared to conventional neutrino detectors. We measured the light yield of Gd-compatible WbLS at varying concentrations from 0.35\% to 1\% by mass, using cosmic-ray muons in a 1-ton scale detector at BNL. The light yield is measured as (69.16 $\pm$ 6.92) ph / MeV at 0.35\% concentration, which increased to (87.32 $\pm$ 8.73) ph / MeV at 1\%. These results establish a quantitative basis for optimizing future WbLS-based detectors in neutrino physics. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Design and development of optical modules for the BUTTON-30 detector

Authors: D. S. Bhattacharya, J. Bae, M. Bergevin, J. Boissevain, S. Boyd, K. Bridges, L. Capponi, J. Coleman, D. Costanzo, T. Cunniffe, S. A. Dazeley, M. V. Diwan, S. R. Durham, E. Ellingwood, A. Enqvist, T. Gamble, S. Gokhale, J. Gooding, C. Graham, E. Gunger, W. Hopkins, I. Jovanovic, T. Kaptanoglu, E. Kneale, L. Lebanowski , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: BUTTON-30 is a neutrino detector demonstrator located in the STFC Boulby underground facility in the north-east of England. The main goal of the project is to deploy and test the performance of the gadolinium-loaded water-based liquid scintillator for neutrino detection in an underground environment. This will pave the way for a future large-volume neutrino observatory that can also perform remote… ▽ More BUTTON-30 is a neutrino detector demonstrator located in the STFC Boulby underground facility in the north-east of England. The main goal of the project is to deploy and test the performance of the gadolinium-loaded water-based liquid scintillator for neutrino detection in an underground environment. This will pave the way for a future large-volume neutrino observatory that can also perform remote monitoring of nuclear reactors for nonproliferation. This paper describes the design and construction of the watertight optical modules of the experiment. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2026; v1 submitted 5 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: Published in The European Physical Journal Plus. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-07266-0

The BUTTON-30 detector at Boulby

Authors: J. Bae, M. Bergevin, E. P. Bernard, D. S. Bhattacharya, J. Boissevain, S. Boyd, K. Bridges, L. Capponi, J. Coleman, D. Costanzo, T. Cunniffe, S. A. Dazeley, M. V. Diwan, S. R. Durham, E. Ellingwood, A. Enqvist, T. Gamble, S. Gokhale, J. Gooding, C. Graham, E. Gunger, J. J. Hecla, W. Hopkins, I. Jovanovic, T. Kaptanoglu , et al. (40 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The BUTTON-30 detector is a 30-tonne technology demonstrator designed to evaluate the potential of hybrid event detection, simultaneously exploiting both Cherenkov and scintillation light to detect particles produced in neutrino interactions. The detector is installed at a depth of 1.1 km in the Boulby Underground Laboratory allowing to test the performance of this new technology underground in a… ▽ More The BUTTON-30 detector is a 30-tonne technology demonstrator designed to evaluate the potential of hybrid event detection, simultaneously exploiting both Cherenkov and scintillation light to detect particles produced in neutrino interactions. The detector is installed at a depth of 1.1 km in the Boulby Underground Laboratory allowing to test the performance of this new technology underground in a low background environment. This paper describes the design and construction of the experiment. △ Less

Submitted 5 March, 2026; v1 submitted 15 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: 2026 JINST 21 P03008

First Evidence of Solar Neutrino Interactions on $^{13}$C

Authors: SNO+ Collaboration, :, M. Abreu, A. Allega, M. R. Anderson, S. Andringa, D. M. Asner, D. J. Auty, A. Bacon, T. Baltazar, F. Barão, N. Barros, R. Bayes, E. W. Beier, A. Bialek, S. D. Biller, E. Caden, M. Chen, S. Cheng, B. Cleveland, D. Cookman, J. Corning, S. DeGraw, R. Dehghani, J. Deloye , et al. (89 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of $^{8}\text{B}$ solar neutrinos interacting on $^{13}\text{C}$ nuclei. The charged current interaction proceeds through $^{13}\text{C} + ν_e \rightarrow {}^{13}\text{N} + e^-$ which is followed, with a 10 minute half-life, by ${}^{13}\text{N} \rightarrow {}^{13}\text{C} + e^+ +ν_e .$ The detection strategy is based on the delayed coincidence betw… ▽ More The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of $^{8}\text{B}$ solar neutrinos interacting on $^{13}\text{C}$ nuclei. The charged current interaction proceeds through $^{13}\text{C} + ν_e \rightarrow {}^{13}\text{N} + e^-$ which is followed, with a 10 minute half-life, by ${}^{13}\text{N} \rightarrow {}^{13}\text{C} + e^+ +ν_e .$ The detection strategy is based on the delayed coincidence between the electron and the positron. Evidence for the charged current signal is presented with a significance of 4.2$σ$. Using the natural abundance of $^{13}\text{C}$ present in the scintillator, 5.7 tonnes of $^{13}\text{C}$ over 231 days of data were used in this analysis. The 5.6$^{+3.0}_{-2.3}$ observed events in the data set are consistent with the expectation of 4.7$^{+0.6}_{-1.3}$ events. This result is the second real-time measurement of CC interactions of $^{8}\text{B}$ neutrinos with nuclei and constitutes the lowest energy observation of neutrino interactions on $^{13}\text{C}$ generally. This enables the first direct measurement of the CC $ν_e$ reaction to the ground state of ${}^{13}\text{N}$, yielding an average cross section of $(16.1 ^{+8.5}_{-6.7} (\text{stat.}) ^{+1.6}_{-2.7} (\text{syst.}) )\times 10^{-43}$ cm$^{2}$ over the relevant $^{8}\text{B}$ solar neutrino energies. △ Less

Submitted 29 October, 2025; v1 submitted 28 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Machine Learning for Single-Ended Event Reconstruction in PROSPECT Experiment

Authors: M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, C. D. Bass, O. Benevides Rodrigues, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, A. Delgado, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, M. Fuller, A. Galindo-Uribarri, S. Gokhale, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, T. E. Haugen, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron, D. E. Jaffe, S. Jayakumar , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, was a segmented antineutrino detector that successfully operated at the High Flux Isotope Reactor in Oak Ridge, TN, during its 2018 run. Despite challenges with photomultiplier tube base failures affecting some segments, innovative machine learning approaches were employed to perform position and energy reconstruction, and partic… ▽ More The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, was a segmented antineutrino detector that successfully operated at the High Flux Isotope Reactor in Oak Ridge, TN, during its 2018 run. Despite challenges with photomultiplier tube base failures affecting some segments, innovative machine learning approaches were employed to perform position and energy reconstruction, and particle classification. This work highlights the effectiveness of convolutional neural networks and graph convolutional networks in enhancing data analysis. By leveraging these techniques, a 3.3\% increase in effective statistics was achieved compared to traditional methods, showcasing their potential to improve analysis performance. Furthermore, these machine learning methodologies offer promising applications for other segmented particle detectors, underscoring their versatility and impact. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2025; v1 submitted 9 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 28 pages, 9 figures

Comprehensive Measurement of the Reactor Antineutrino Spectrum and Flux at Daya Bay

Authors: F. P. An, W. D. Bai, A. B. Balantekin, M. Bishai, S. Blyth, G. F. Cao, J. Cao, J. F. Chang, Y. Chang, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, S. M. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. X. Chen, Z. Y. Chen, J. Cheng, J. Cheng, Y. -C. Cheng, Z. K. Cheng, J. J. Cherwinka, M. C. Chu, J. P. Cummings, O. Dalager, F. S. Deng, X. Y. Ding , et al. (177 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This Letter reports the precise measurement of reactor antineutrino spectrum and flux based on the full data set of 4.7 million inverse-beta-decay (IBD) candidates collected at Daya Bay near detectors. Expressed in terms of the IBD yield per fission, the antineutrino spectra from all reactor fissile isotopes and the specific $\mathrm{^{235}U}$ and $\mathrm{^{239}Pu}$ isotopes are measured with 1.3… ▽ More This Letter reports the precise measurement of reactor antineutrino spectrum and flux based on the full data set of 4.7 million inverse-beta-decay (IBD) candidates collected at Daya Bay near detectors. Expressed in terms of the IBD yield per fission, the antineutrino spectra from all reactor fissile isotopes and the specific $\mathrm{^{235}U}$ and $\mathrm{^{239}Pu}$ isotopes are measured with 1.3$\%$, 3$\%$ and 8$\%$ uncertainties respectively near the 3 MeV spectrum peak in reconstructed energy, reaching the best precision in the world. The total antineutrino flux and isotopic $\mathrm{^{235}U}$ and $\mathrm{^{239}Pu}$ fluxes are precisely measured to be $5.84\pm0.07$, $6.16\pm0.12$ and $4.16\pm0.21$ in units of $10^{-43} \mathrm{cm^2/fission}$. These measurements are compared with the Huber-Mueller (HM) model, the reevaluated conversion model based on the Kurchatov Institute (KI) measurement and the latest Summation Model (SM2023). The Daya Bay flux shows good consistency with KI and SM2023 models, but disagrees with HM model. The Daya Bay spectrum, however, disagrees with all model predictions. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2025; v1 submitted 1 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Sensitivity of the XLZD Rare Event Observatory

Authors: XLZD Collaboration, J. Aalbers, K. Abe, M. Adrover, S. Ahmed Maouloud, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, L. Althueser, D. W. P. Amaral, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, B. Andrieu, N. Angelides, E. Angelino, B. Antunovic, E. Aprile, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, M. Babicz, D. Bajpai, A. Baker, M. Balzer, J. Bang , et al. (419 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials,… ▽ More The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials, such an experiment will also be able to competitively search for neutrinoless double beta decay in $^{136}$Xe using a natural-abundance xenon target. XLZD can reach a 3$σ$ discovery potential half-life of 5.7$\times$10$^{27}$ yr (and a 90% CL exclusion of 1.3$\times$10$^{28}$ yr) with 10 years of data taking, corresponding to a Majorana mass range of 7.3-31.3 meV (4.8-20.5 meV). XLZD will thus exclude the inverted neutrino mass ordering parameter space and will start to probe the normal ordering region for most of the nuclear matrix elements commonly considered by the community. △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2025; v1 submitted 23 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 29 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 52 (2025) 045102

Two-neutrino double electron capture of $^{124}$Xe in the first LUX-ZEPLIN exposure

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew , et al. (180 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$ν$2EC), utilizing a $1.39\,\mathrm{kg} \times \mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of… ▽ More The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$ν$2EC), utilizing a $1.39\,\mathrm{kg} \times \mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of $T_{1/2}^{2\nu2\mathrm{EC}} = (1.09 \pm 0.14_{\text{stat}} \pm 0.05_{\text{sys}}) \times 10^{22}\,\mathrm{yr}$ is observed with a statistical significance of $8.3\,σ$, in agreement with literature. First empirical measurements of the KK capture fraction relative to other K-shell modes were conducted, and demonstrate consistency with respect to recent signal models at the $1.4\,σ$ level. △ Less

Submitted 7 December, 2024; v1 submitted 30 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 15 pages, 3 figures

Journal ref: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 52 015103 (2025)

Final Search for Short-Baseline Neutrino Oscillations with the PROSPECT-I Detector at HFIR

Authors: M. Andriamirado, B. Balantekin, C. D. Bass, O. Benevides Rodrigues, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, A. Galindo-Uribarri, S. Gokhale, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron, D. E. Jaffe, S. Jayakumar, J. R. Koblanski, P. Kunkle, C. E. Lane , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PROSPECT experiment is designed to perform precise searches for antineutrino disappearance at short distances (7 - 9~m) from compact nuclear reactor cores. This Letter reports results from a new neutrino oscillation analysis performed using the complete data sample from the PROSPECT-I detector operated at the High Flux Isotope Reactor in 2018. The analysis uses a multi-period selection of inve… ▽ More The PROSPECT experiment is designed to perform precise searches for antineutrino disappearance at short distances (7 - 9~m) from compact nuclear reactor cores. This Letter reports results from a new neutrino oscillation analysis performed using the complete data sample from the PROSPECT-I detector operated at the High Flux Isotope Reactor in 2018. The analysis uses a multi-period selection of inverse beta decay neutrino interactions with reduced backgrounds and enhanced statistical power to set limits on electron-flavor disappearance caused by mixing with sterile neutrinos with 0.2 - 20 eV$^2$ mass splittings. Inverse beta decay positron energy spectra from six different reactor-detector distance ranges are found to be statistically consistent with one another, as would be expected in the absence of sterile neutrino oscillations. The data excludes at 95% confidence level the existence of sterile neutrinos in regions above 3~eV$^2$ previously unexplored by terrestrial experiments, including all space below 10~eV$^2$ suggested by the recently strengthened Gallium Anomaly. The best-fit point of the Neutrino-4 reactor experiment's claimed observation of short-baseline oscillation is ruled out at more than five standard deviations. △ Less

Submitted 28 October, 2025; v1 submitted 14 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Reactor Antineutrino Directionality Measurement with the PROSPECT-I Detector

Authors: M. Andriamirado, B. Balantekin, C. D. Bass, O. Benevides Rodrigues, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, A. Galindo-Uribarri, S. Gokhale, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron, D. E. Jaffe, S. Jayakumar, D. C. Jones, J. R. Koblanski, P. Kunkle , et al. (24 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PROSPECT-I detector has several features that enable measurement of the direction of a compact neutrino source. In this paper, a detailed report on the directional measurements made on electron antineutrinos emitted from the High Flux Isotope Reactor is presented. With an estimated true neutrino (reactor to detector) direction of $φ= 40.8\unicode{xB0} \pm 0.7\unicode{xB0}$ and… ▽ More The PROSPECT-I detector has several features that enable measurement of the direction of a compact neutrino source. In this paper, a detailed report on the directional measurements made on electron antineutrinos emitted from the High Flux Isotope Reactor is presented. With an estimated true neutrino (reactor to detector) direction of $φ= 40.8\unicode{xB0} \pm 0.7\unicode{xB0}$ and $θ= 98.6\unicode{xB0} \pm 0.4\unicode{xB0}$, the PROSPECT-I detector is able to reconstruct an average neutrino direction of $φ= 39.4\unicode{xB0} \pm 2.9\unicode{xB0}$ and $θ= 97.6\unicode{xB0} \pm 1.6\unicode{xB0}$. This measurement is made with approximately 48000 Inverse Beta Decay signal events and is the most precise directional reconstruction of reactor antineutrinos to date. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2024; v1 submitted 12 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Initial measurement of reactor antineutrino oscillation at SNO+

Authors: SNO+ Collaboration, :, A. Allega, M. R. Anderson, S. Andringa, M. Askins, D. M. Asner, D. J. Auty, A. Bacon, J. Baker, F. Barão, N. Barros, R. Bayes, E. W. Beier, T. S. Bezerra, A. Bialek, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher, E. Caden, E. J. Callaghan, M. Chen, S. Cheng, B. Cleveland, D. Cookman, J. Corning , et al. (97 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The SNO+ collaboration reports its first spectral analysis of long-baseline reactor antineutrino oscillation using 114 tonne-years of data. Fitting the neutrino oscillation probability to the observed energy spectrum yields constraints on the neutrino mass-squared difference $Δm^2_{21}$. In the ranges allowed by previous measurements, the best-fit $Δm^2_{21}$ is (8.85$^{+1.10}_{-1.33}$) $\times$ 1… ▽ More The SNO+ collaboration reports its first spectral analysis of long-baseline reactor antineutrino oscillation using 114 tonne-years of data. Fitting the neutrino oscillation probability to the observed energy spectrum yields constraints on the neutrino mass-squared difference $Δm^2_{21}$. In the ranges allowed by previous measurements, the best-fit $Δm^2_{21}$ is (8.85$^{+1.10}_{-1.33}$) $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ eV$^2$. This measurement is continuing in the next phases of SNO+ and is expected to surpass the present global precision on $Δm^2_{21}$ with about three years of data. △ Less

Submitted 10 January, 2025; v1 submitted 30 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Journal ref: Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 17 (2025)

Design, construction, and operation of a 1-ton Water-based Liquid scintillator detector at Brookhaven National Laboratory

Authors: X. Xiang, G. Yang, S. Andrade, M. Askins, D. M. Asner, A. Baldoni, D. Cowen, M. V. Diwan, S. Gokhale, S. Hans, J. Jerome, G. Lawley, S. Linden, G. D. Orebi Gann, C. Reyes, R. Rosero, N. Seberg, M. Smiley, N. Speece-Moyer, B. Walsh, J. J. Wang, M. Wilking, M. Yeh

Abstract: Water-based liquid scintillators (WbLS) are attractive neutrino detector materials because they allow us to tune the ratio of the Cherenkov and scintillation signals. Using WbLS large-scale neutrino experiments can benefit from both directional reconstruction and enhanced low-energy efficiency. Furthermore, broadening the science capability of such materials by metal doping may be better suited fo… ▽ More Water-based liquid scintillators (WbLS) are attractive neutrino detector materials because they allow us to tune the ratio of the Cherenkov and scintillation signals. Using WbLS large-scale neutrino experiments can benefit from both directional reconstruction and enhanced low-energy efficiency. Furthermore, broadening the science capability of such materials by metal doping may be better suited for water based liquid scintillators. We recently constructed and commissioned a 1-ton WbLS detector with good photosensor coverage and a capable data acquisition system. We intend to use this flexible detector system as a testbed for WbLS R&D. In this paper we give an overview of the 1-ton system and provide some early analysis results. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2024; v1 submitted 19 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Journal ref: JINST 19 P06033 (2024)

First measurement of the yield of $^8$He isotopes produced in liquid scintillator by cosmic-ray muons at Daya Bay

Authors: Daya Bay Collaboration, F. P. An, W. D. Bai, A. B. Balantekin, M. Bishai, S. Blyth, G. F. Cao, J. Cao, J. F. Chang, Y. Chang, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, S. M. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. X. Chen, Z. Y. Chen, J. Cheng, Y. C. Cheng, Z. K. Cheng, J. J. Cherwinka, M. C. Chu, J. P. Cummings, O. Dalager, F. S. Deng, X. Y. Ding , et al. (177 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Daya Bay presents the first measurement of cosmogenic $^8$He isotope production in liquid scintillator, using an innovative method for identifying cascade decays of $^8$He and its child isotope, $^8$Li. We also measure the production yield of $^9$Li isotopes using well-established methodology. The results, in units of 10$^{-8}μ^{-1}$g$^{-1}$cm$^{2}$, are 0.307$\pm$0.042, 0.341$\pm$0.040, and 0.546… ▽ More Daya Bay presents the first measurement of cosmogenic $^8$He isotope production in liquid scintillator, using an innovative method for identifying cascade decays of $^8$He and its child isotope, $^8$Li. We also measure the production yield of $^9$Li isotopes using well-established methodology. The results, in units of 10$^{-8}μ^{-1}$g$^{-1}$cm$^{2}$, are 0.307$\pm$0.042, 0.341$\pm$0.040, and 0.546$\pm$0.076 for $^8$He, and 6.73$\pm$0.73, 6.75$\pm$0.70, and 13.74$\pm$0.82 for $^9$Li at average muon energies of 63.9~GeV, 64.7~GeV, and 143.0~GeV, respectively. The measured production rate of $^8$He isotopes is more than an order of magnitude lower than any other measurement of cosmogenic isotope production. It replaces the results of previous attempts to determine the ratio of $^8$He to $^9$Li production that yielded a wide range of limits from 0 to 30\%. The results provide future liquid-scintillator-based experiments with improved ability to predict cosmogenic backgrounds. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

A Method to Load Tellurium in Liquid Scintillator for the Study of Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay

Authors: D. J. Auty, D. Bartlett, S. D. Biller, D. Chauhan, M. Chen, O. Chkvorets, S. Connolly, X. Dai, E. Fletcher, K. Frankiewicz, D. Gooding, C. Grant, S. Hall, D. Horne, S. Hans, B. Hreljac, T. Kaptanoglu, B. Krar, C. Kraus, T. Kroupova', I. Lam, Y. Liu, S. Maguire, C. Miller, S. Manecki , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A method has been developed to load tellurium into liquid scintillator so as to permit searches for neutrinoless double beta decay with high sensitivity. The approach involves the synthesis of an oil-soluble tellurium compound from telluric acid and an organic diol. The process utilises distillable chemicals that can be safely handled underground and affords low radioactive backgrounds, low optica… ▽ More A method has been developed to load tellurium into liquid scintillator so as to permit searches for neutrinoless double beta decay with high sensitivity. The approach involves the synthesis of an oil-soluble tellurium compound from telluric acid and an organic diol. The process utilises distillable chemicals that can be safely handled underground and affords low radioactive backgrounds, low optical absorption and high light yields at loading levels of at least several percent Te by weight. △ Less

Submitted 4 April, 2023; v1 submitted 23 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: 15 pages, 12 figures

Journal ref: Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 1051 (2023) 168204

Final Measurement of the U235 Antineutrino Energy Spectrum with the PROSPECT-I Detector at HFIR

Authors: M. Adriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, A. Delgado, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribari, C. E. Gilbert, S. Gokhale, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This Letter reports one of the most precise measurements to date of the antineutrino spectrum from a purely U235-fueled reactor, made with the final dataset from the PROSPECT-I detector at the High Flux Isotope Reactor. By extracting information from previously unused detector segments, this analysis effectively doubles the statistics of the previous PROSPECT measurement. The reconstructed energy… ▽ More This Letter reports one of the most precise measurements to date of the antineutrino spectrum from a purely U235-fueled reactor, made with the final dataset from the PROSPECT-I detector at the High Flux Isotope Reactor. By extracting information from previously unused detector segments, this analysis effectively doubles the statistics of the previous PROSPECT measurement. The reconstructed energy spectrum is unfolded into antineutrino energy and compared with both the Huber-Mueller model and a spectrum from a commercial reactor burning multiple fuel isotopes. A local excess over the model is observed in the 5MeV to 7MeV energy region. Comparison of the PROSPECT results with those from commercial reactors provides new constraints on the origin of this excess, disfavoring at 2.2 and 3.2 standard deviations the hypotheses that antineutrinos from U235 are solely responsible and non-contributors to the excess observed at commercial reactors respectively. △ Less

Submitted 16 August, 2023; v1 submitted 20 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: The paper has been updated to match publication at PRL

EOS: a demonstrator of hybrid optical detector technology

Authors: T. Anderson, E. Anderssen, M. Askins, A. J. Bacon, Z. Bagdasarian, A. Baldoni, N. Barros, L. Bartoszek, M. Bergevin, A. Bernstein, E. Blucher, J. Boissevain, R. Bonventre, D. Brown, E. J. Callaghan, D. F. Cowen, S. Dazeley, M. Diwan, M. Duce, D. Fleming, K. Frankiewicz, D. M. Gooding, C. Grant, J. Juechter, T. Kaptanoglu , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: EOS is a technology demonstrator, designed to explore the capabilities of hybrid event detection technology, leveraging both Cherenkov and scintillation light simultaneously. With a fiducial mass of four tons, EOS is designed to operate in a high-precision regime, with sufficient size to utilize time-of-flight information for full event reconstruction, flexibility to demonstrate a range of cutting… ▽ More EOS is a technology demonstrator, designed to explore the capabilities of hybrid event detection technology, leveraging both Cherenkov and scintillation light simultaneously. With a fiducial mass of four tons, EOS is designed to operate in a high-precision regime, with sufficient size to utilize time-of-flight information for full event reconstruction, flexibility to demonstrate a range of cutting edge technologies, and simplicity of design to facilitate potential future deployment at alternative sites. Results from EOS can inform the design of future neutrino detectors for both fundamental physics and nonproliferation applications. △ Less

Submitted 29 November, 2022; v1 submitted 21 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Calibration strategy of the PROSPECT-II detector with external and intrinsic sources

Authors: M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, A. Delgado, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, C. E. Gilbert, S. Gokhale, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron, D. E. Jaffe , et al. (36 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper presents an energy calibration scheme for an upgraded reactor antineutrino detector for the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT). The PROSPECT collaboration is preparing an upgraded detector, PROSPECT-II (P-II), to advance capabilities for the investigation of fundamental neutrino physics, fission processes and associated reactor neutrino flux, and nuclear se… ▽ More This paper presents an energy calibration scheme for an upgraded reactor antineutrino detector for the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT). The PROSPECT collaboration is preparing an upgraded detector, PROSPECT-II (P-II), to advance capabilities for the investigation of fundamental neutrino physics, fission processes and associated reactor neutrino flux, and nuclear security applications. P-II will expand the statistical power of the original PROSPECT (P-I) dataset by at least an order of magnitude. The new design builds upon previous P-I design and focuses on improving the detector robustness and long-term stability to enable multi-year operation at one or more sites. The new design optimizes the fiducial volume by elimination of dead space previously occupied by internal calibration channels, which in turn necessitates the external deployment. In this paper, we describe a calibration strategy for P-II. The expected performance of externally deployed calibration sources is evaluated using P-I data and a well-benchmarked simulation package by varying detector segmentation configurations in the analysis. The proposed external calibration scheme delivers a compatible energy scale model and achieves comparable performance with the inclusion of an additional AmBe neutron source, in comparison to the previous internal arrangement. Most importantly, the estimated uncertainty contribution from the external energy scale calibration model meets the precision requirements of the P-II experiment. △ Less

Submitted 10 April, 2023; v1 submitted 17 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 19 pages, 10 figures

Evidence of Antineutrinos from Distant Reactors using Pure Water at SNO+

Authors: SNO+ Collaboration, :, A. Allega, M. R. Anderson, S. Andringa, J. Antunes, M. Askins, D. J. Auty, A. Bacon, N. Barros, F. Barao, R. Bayes, E. W. Beier, T. S. Bezerra, A. Bialek, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher, E. Caden, E. J. Callaghan, S. Cheng, M. Chen, B. Cleveland, D. Cookman, J. Corning, M. A. Cox , et al. (92 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of reactor antineutrinos in a Cherenkov detector. The nearest nuclear reactors are located 240~km away in Ontario, Canada. This analysis uses events with energies lower than in any previous analysis with a large water Cherenkov detector. Two analytical methods are used to distinguish reactor antineutrinos from background events in 190 days of data… ▽ More The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of reactor antineutrinos in a Cherenkov detector. The nearest nuclear reactors are located 240~km away in Ontario, Canada. This analysis uses events with energies lower than in any previous analysis with a large water Cherenkov detector. Two analytical methods are used to distinguish reactor antineutrinos from background events in 190 days of data and yield consistent evidence for antineutrinos with a combined significance of 3.5$σ$. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2023; v1 submitted 25 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: v2: add missing author, add link to supplemental material v3: minor updates to match PRL publication

Journal ref: Phys.Rev.Lett. 130 (2023) 9, 091801

Future Advances in Photon-Based Neutrino Detectors: A SNOWMASS White Paper

Authors: Joshua R. Klein, Tomi Akindele, Adam Bernstein, Steven Biller, Nathaniel Bowden, Jason Brodsky, D. F. Cowen, Michael Ford, Julieta Gruszko, Logan Lebenowski, Aobo Li, Viacheslav A. Li, Wei Mu, J. Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux, Gabriel D. Orebi Gann, Mayly Sanchez, Robert Svoboda, Matthew Wetstein, Michael Wurm, Minfang Yeh

Abstract: We discuss here new, enabling technologies for future photon-based neutrino detectors. These technologies touch nearly every aspect of such detectors: new scintillating materials, new methods of loading isotopes, new photon sensors and collectors, new approaches to simulation and analysis, and new front-end electronics and DAQ ideas. Of particular interest are technologies that enable broad physic… ▽ More We discuss here new, enabling technologies for future photon-based neutrino detectors. These technologies touch nearly every aspect of such detectors: new scintillating materials, new methods of loading isotopes, new photon sensors and collectors, new approaches to simulation and analysis, and new front-end electronics and DAQ ideas. Of particular interest are technologies that enable broad physics programs in hybrid Cherenkov/scintillation detectors, such as slow fluors, water-based liquid scintillator, and spectral sorting of photons. Several new large-scale detector ideas are also discussed, including hybrid detectors like Theia, ArTEMIS, and generic slow-fluor detectors, as well as the very different SLIPs and LiquidO approaches to instrumenting photon-based detectors. A program of demonstrators for future detectors, including ANNIE, Eos, and NuDOT are also discussed. △ Less

Submitted 14 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

First measurement of high-energy reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay

Authors: Daya Bay collaboration, F. P. An, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, M. Bishai, S. Blyth, G. F. Cao, J. Cao, J. F. Chang, Y. Chang, H. S. Chen, S. M. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. X. Chen, J. Cheng, Z. K. Cheng, J. J. Cherwinka, M. C. Chu, J. P. Cummings, O. Dalager, F. S. Deng, Y. Y. Ding, M. V. Diwan, T. Dohnal, J. Dove , et al. (162 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This Letter reports the first measurement of high-energy reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay, with nearly 9000 inverse beta decay candidates in the prompt energy region of 8-12~MeV observed over 1958 days of data collection. A multivariate analysis is used to separate 2500 signal events from background statistically. The hypothesis of no reactor antineutrinos with neutrino energy above 10~MeV is rej… ▽ More This Letter reports the first measurement of high-energy reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay, with nearly 9000 inverse beta decay candidates in the prompt energy region of 8-12~MeV observed over 1958 days of data collection. A multivariate analysis is used to separate 2500 signal events from background statistically. The hypothesis of no reactor antineutrinos with neutrino energy above 10~MeV is rejected with a significance of 6.2 standard deviations. A 29\% antineutrino flux deficit in the prompt energy region of 8-11~MeV is observed compared to a recent model prediction. We provide the unfolded antineutrino spectrum above 7 MeV as a data-based reference for other experiments. This result provides the first direct observation of the production of antineutrinos from several high-$Q_β$ isotopes in commercial reactors. △ Less

Submitted 8 July, 2022; v1 submitted 13 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures, accepted by Physical Review Letters

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 041801 (2022)

A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics

Authors: J. Aalbers, K. Abe, V. Aerne, F. Agostini, S. Ahmed Maouloud, D. S. Akerib, D. Yu. Akimov, J. Akshat, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, S. K. Alsum, L. Althueser, C. S. Amarasinghe, F. D. Amaro, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, B. Andrieu, N. Angelides, E. Angelino, J. Angevaare, V. C. Antochi, D. Antón Martin, B. Antunovic, E. Aprile, H. M. Araújo , et al. (572 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neut… ▽ More The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector. △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 77 pages, 40 figures, 1262 references

Report number: INT-PUB-22-003

Journal ref: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 50 (2023) 013001

Theia: Summary of physics program. Snowmass White Paper Submission

Authors: M. Askins, Z. Bagdasarian, N. Barros, E. W. Beier, A. Bernstein, E. Blucher, R. Bonventre, E. Bourret, E. J. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, M. Diwan, S. T. Dye, J. Eisch, A. Elagin, T. Enqvist, U. Fahrendholz, V. Fischer, K. Frankiewicz, C. Grant, D. Guffanti, C. Hagner, A. Hallin, C. M. Jackson, R. Jiang, T. Kaptanoglu , et al. (62 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Theia would be a novel, "hybrid" optical neutrino detector, with a rich physics program. This paper is intended to provide a brief overview of the concepts and physics reach of Theia. Full details can be found in the Theia white paper [1]. Theia would be a novel, "hybrid" optical neutrino detector, with a rich physics program. This paper is intended to provide a brief overview of the concepts and physics reach of Theia. Full details can be found in the Theia white paper [1]. △ Less

Submitted 25 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: Contribution to Snowmass 2021

Physics Opportunities with PROSPECT-II

Authors: M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, E. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, A. Delgado, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribari, C. E. Gilbert, S. Gokhale, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PROSPECT experiment has substantially addressed the original 'Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly' by performing a high-resolution spectrum measurement from an enriched compact reactor core and a reactor model-independent sterile neutrino oscillation search based on the unique spectral distortions the existence of eV$^2$-scale sterile neutrinos would impart. But as the field has evolved, the current… ▽ More The PROSPECT experiment has substantially addressed the original 'Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly' by performing a high-resolution spectrum measurement from an enriched compact reactor core and a reactor model-independent sterile neutrino oscillation search based on the unique spectral distortions the existence of eV$^2$-scale sterile neutrinos would impart. But as the field has evolved, the current short-baseline (SBL) landscape supports many complex phenomenological interpretations, establishing a need for complementary experimental approaches to resolve the situation. While the global suite of SBL reactor experiments, including PROSPECT, have probed much of the sterile neutrino parameter space, there remains a large region above 1 eV$^2$ that remains unaddressed. Recent results from BEST confirm the Gallium Anomaly, increasing its significance to $\sim 5σ$, with sterile neutrinos providing a possible explanation of this anomaly. Separately, the MicroBooNE exclusion of electron-like signatures causing the MiniBooNE low-energy excess does not eliminate the possibility of sterile neutrinos as an explanation. Focusing specifically on the future use of reactors as a neutrino source for beyond-the-standard-model physics and applications, higher-precision spectral measurements still have a role to play. These recent results have created a confusing landscape which requires new data to disentangle the seemingly contradictory measurements. To directly probe $\overlineν_{e}$ disappearance from high $Δm^2$ sterile neutrinos, the PROSPECT collaboration proposes to build an upgraded and improved detector, PROSPECT-II. It features an evolutionary detector design which can be constructed and deployed within one year and have impactful physics with as little as one calendar year of data. △ Less

Submitted 14 July, 2022; v1 submitted 24 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: contribution to Snowmass 2021

PROSPECT-II Physics Opportunities

Authors: M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, A. Delgado, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribari, C. E. Gilbert, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron, D. E. Jaffe , et al. (37 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, has made world-leading measurements of reactor antineutrinos at short baselines. In its first phase, conducted at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PROSPECT produced some of the strongest limits on eV-scale sterile neutrinos, made a precision measurement of the reactor antineutrino spectrum fr… ▽ More The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, has made world-leading measurements of reactor antineutrinos at short baselines. In its first phase, conducted at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PROSPECT produced some of the strongest limits on eV-scale sterile neutrinos, made a precision measurement of the reactor antineutrino spectrum from $^{235}$U, and demonstrated the observation of reactor antineutrinos in an aboveground detector with good energy resolution and well-controlled backgrounds. The PROSPECT collaboration is now preparing an upgraded detector, PROSPECT-II, to probe yet unexplored parameter space for sterile neutrinos and contribute to a full resolution of the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly, a longstanding puzzle in neutrino physics. By pressing forward on the world's most precise measurement of the $^{235}$U antineutrino spectrum and measuring the absolute flux of antineutrinos from $^{235}$U, PROSPECT-II will sharpen a tool with potential value for basic neutrino science, nuclear data validation, and nuclear security applications. Following a two-year deployment at HFIR, an additional PROSPECT-II deployment at a low enriched uranium reactor could make complementary measurements of the neutrino yield from other fission isotopes. PROSPECT-II provides a unique opportunity to continue the study of reactor antineutrinos at short baselines, taking advantage of demonstrated elements of the original PROSPECT design and close access to a highly enriched uranium reactor core. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2022; v1 submitted 8 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Journal ref: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 49, 070501 (2022)

Joint Measurement of the $^{235}$U Antineutrino Spectrum by Prospect and Stereo

Authors: H. Almazán, M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, L. Bernard, A. Blanchet, A. Bonhomme, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, C. Buck, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, P. del Amo Sanchez, A. Delgado, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, I. El Atmani, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, C. E. Gilbert , et al. (60 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PROSPECT and STEREO collaborations present a combined measurement of the pure $^{235}$U antineutrino spectrum, without site specific corrections or detector-dependent effects. The spectral measurements of the two highest precision experiments at research reactors are found to be compatible with $χ^2/\mathrm{ndf} = 24.1/21$, allowing a joint unfolding of the prompt energy measurements into anti… ▽ More The PROSPECT and STEREO collaborations present a combined measurement of the pure $^{235}$U antineutrino spectrum, without site specific corrections or detector-dependent effects. The spectral measurements of the two highest precision experiments at research reactors are found to be compatible with $χ^2/\mathrm{ndf} = 24.1/21$, allowing a joint unfolding of the prompt energy measurements into antineutrino energy. This $\barν_e$ energy spectrum is provided to the community, and an excess of events relative to the Huber model is found in the 5-6 MeV region. When a Gaussian bump is fitted to the excess, the data-model $χ^2$ value is improved, corresponding to a $2.4σ$ significance. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Joint Determination of Reactor Antineutrino Spectra from $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu Fission by Daya Bay and PROSPECT

Authors: Daya Bay Collaboration, PROSPECT Collaboration, F. P. An, M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, M. Bishai, S. Blyth, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, G. F. Cao, J. Cao, J. F. Chang, Y. Chang, H. S. Chen, S. M. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. X. Chen, J. Cheng, Z. K. Cheng, J. J. Cherwinka, M. C. Chu , et al. (217 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A joint determination of the reactor antineutrino spectra resulting from the fission of $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu has been carried out by the Daya Bay and PROSPECT collaborations. This Letter reports the level of consistency of $^{235}$U spectrum measurements from the two experiments and presents new results from a joint analysis of both data sets. The measurements are found to be consistent. The c… ▽ More A joint determination of the reactor antineutrino spectra resulting from the fission of $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu has been carried out by the Daya Bay and PROSPECT collaborations. This Letter reports the level of consistency of $^{235}$U spectrum measurements from the two experiments and presents new results from a joint analysis of both data sets. The measurements are found to be consistent. The combined analysis reduces the degeneracy between the dominant $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu isotopes and improves the uncertainty of the $^{235}$U spectral shape to about 3\%. The ${}^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu antineutrino energy spectra are unfolded from the jointly deconvolved reactor spectra using the Wiener-SVD unfolding method, providing a data-based reference for other reactor antineutrino experiments and other applications. This is the first measurement of the $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu spectra based on the combination of experiments at low- and highly enriched uranium reactors. △ Less

Submitted 22 February, 2022; v1 submitted 23 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures, Supplementary Material Included

Journal ref: Physical Review Letters 128, 081801 (2022)

Optical calibration of the SNO+ detector in the water phase with deployed sources

Authors: SNO+ Collaboration, :, M. R. Anderson, S. Andringa, M. Askins, D. J. Auty, F. Barão, N. Barros, R. Bayes, E. W. Beier, A. Bialek, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher, M. Boulay, E. Caden, E. J. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, M. Chen, O. Chkvorets, B. Cleveland, D. Cookman, J. Corning, M. A. Cox, C. Deluce, M. M. Depatie , et al. (98 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: SNO+ is a large-scale liquid scintillator experiment with the primary goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay, and is located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector acquired data for two years as a pure water Cherenkov detector, starting in May 2017. During this period, the optical properties of the detector were measured in situ using a deployed light… ▽ More SNO+ is a large-scale liquid scintillator experiment with the primary goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay, and is located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector acquired data for two years as a pure water Cherenkov detector, starting in May 2017. During this period, the optical properties of the detector were measured in situ using a deployed light diffusing sphere, with the goal of improving the detector model and the energy response systematic uncertainties. The measured parameters included the water attenuation coefficients, effective attenuation coefficients for the acrylic vessel, and the angular response of the photomultiplier tubes and their surrounding light concentrators, all across different wavelengths. The calibrated detector model was validated using a deployed tagged gamma source, which showed a 0.6% variation in energy scale across the primary target volume. △ Less

Submitted 4 October, 2021; v1 submitted 7 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: Accepted by JINST (30 pages, 19 figures)

Journal ref: JINST 16 (2021) P10021

Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to the two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decays of $^{134}$Xe

Authors: The LUX-ZEPLIN, Collaboration, :, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, S. K. Alsum, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araujo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, D. Bauer, A. Baxter, P. Beltrame, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert , et al. (172 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles, that is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity t… ▽ More The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles, that is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity to search for the double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe, for which xenon detectors enriched in $^{136}$Xe are less effective. For the two-neutrino decay mode, LZ is predicted to exclude values of the half-life up to 1.7$\times$10$^{24}$ years at 90% confidence level (CL), and has a three-sigma observation potential of 8.7$\times$10$^{23}$ years, approaching the predictions of nuclear models. For the neutrinoless decay mode LZ, is projected to exclude values of the half-life up to 7.3$\times$10$^{24}$ years at 90% CL. △ Less

Submitted 22 November, 2021; v1 submitted 26 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: Version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C

The SNO+ Experiment

Authors: SNO+ Collaboration, :, V. Albanese, R. Alves, M. R. Anderson, S. Andringa, L. Anselmo, E. Arushanova, S. Asahi, M. Askins, D. J. Auty, A. R. Back, S. Back, F. Barão, Z. Barnard, A. Barr, N. Barros, D. Bartlett, R. Bayes, C. Beaudoin, E. W. Beier, G. Berardi, A. Bialek, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher , et al. (229 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The SNO+ experiment is located 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Canada. A low background search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay will be conducted using 780 tonnes of liquid scintillator loaded with 3.9 tonnes of natural tellurium, corresponding to 1.3 tonnes of $^{130}$Te. This paper provides a general overview of the SNO+ experiment, including detector design, construction of pr… ▽ More The SNO+ experiment is located 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Canada. A low background search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay will be conducted using 780 tonnes of liquid scintillator loaded with 3.9 tonnes of natural tellurium, corresponding to 1.3 tonnes of $^{130}$Te. This paper provides a general overview of the SNO+ experiment, including detector design, construction of process plants, commissioning efforts, electronics upgrades, data acquisition systems, and calibration techniques. The SNO+ collaboration is reusing the acrylic vessel, PMT array, and electronics of the SNO detector, having made a number of experimental upgrades and essential adaptations for use with the liquid scintillator. With low backgrounds and a low energy threshold, the SNO+ collaboration will also pursue a rich physics program beyond the search for $0νββ$ decay, including studies of geo- and reactor antineutrinos, supernova and solar neutrinos, and exotic physics such as the search for invisible nucleon decay. The SNO+ approach to the search for $0νββ$ decay is scalable: a future phase with high $^{130}$Te-loading is envisioned to probe an effective Majorana mass in the inverted mass ordering region. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2021; v1 submitted 23 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: 61 pages, 23 figures, 4 tables

Journal ref: The SNO+ collaboration, 2021 JINST 16 P08059

MeV-scale performance of water-based and pure liquid scintillator detectors

Authors: B. J. Land, Z. Bagdasarian, J. Caravaca, M. Smiley, M. Yeh, G. D. Orebi Gann

Abstract: This paper presents studies of the performance of water-based liquid scintillator in both 1-kt and 50-kt detectors. Performance is evaluated in comparison to both pure water Cherenkov detectors and a nominal model for pure scintillator detectors. Performance metrics include energy, vertex, and angular resolution, along with a metric for ability to separate the Cherenkov from the scintillation sign… ▽ More This paper presents studies of the performance of water-based liquid scintillator in both 1-kt and 50-kt detectors. Performance is evaluated in comparison to both pure water Cherenkov detectors and a nominal model for pure scintillator detectors. Performance metrics include energy, vertex, and angular resolution, along with a metric for ability to separate the Cherenkov from the scintillation signal, as being representative of various particle identification capabilities that depend on the Cherenkov / scintillation ratio. We also modify the time profile of scintillation light to study the same performance metrics as a function of rise and decay time. We go on to interpret these results in terms of their impact on certain physics goals, such as solar neutrinos and the search for Majorana neutrinos. This work supports and validates previous results, and the assumptions made therein, by using a more complete detector model and full reconstruction. We confirm that a high-coverage, 50-kt detector would be capable of better than 10 (1)\% precision on the CNO neutrino flux with a WbLS (pure LS) target in 5 years of data taking. A 1-kt LS detector, with a conservative 50\% fiducial volume of 500~t, can achieve a better than 5\% detection. Using the liquid scintillator model, we find a sensitivity into the normal hierarchy region for Majorana neutrinos, with half life sensitivity of $T^{0νββ}_{1/2} > 1.4 \times 10^{28}$ years at 90\% CL for 10 years of data taking with a Te-loaded target. △ Less

Submitted 7 December, 2020; v1 submitted 29 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 103, 052004 (2021)

Search for $hep$ solar neutrinos and the diffuse supernova neutrino background using all three phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Authors: B. Aharmim, S. N. Ahmed, A. E. Anthony, N. Barros, E. W. Beier, A. Bellerive, B. Beltran, M. Bergevin, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher, R. Bonventre, K. Boudjemline, M. G. Boulay, B. Cai, E. J. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, Y. D. Chan, D. Chauhan, M. Chen, B. T. Cleveland, G. A. Cox, X. Dai, H. Deng, F. B. Descamps, J. A. Detwiler , et al. (107 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A search has been performed for neutrinos from two sources, the $hep$ reaction in the solar $pp$ fusion chain and the $ν_e$ component of the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB), using the full dataset of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory with a total exposure of 2.47 kton-years after fiducialization. The $hep$ search is performed using both a single-bin counting analysis and a likelihood f… ▽ More A search has been performed for neutrinos from two sources, the $hep$ reaction in the solar $pp$ fusion chain and the $ν_e$ component of the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB), using the full dataset of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory with a total exposure of 2.47 kton-years after fiducialization. The $hep$ search is performed using both a single-bin counting analysis and a likelihood fit. We find a best-fit flux that is compatible with solar model predictions while remaining consistent with zero flux, and set a one-sided upper limit of $Φ_{hep} < 30\times10^{3}~\mathrm{cm}^{-2}~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ [90% credible interval (CI)]. No events are observed in the DSNB search region, and we set an improved upper bound on the $ν_e$ component of the DSNB flux of $Φ^\mathrm{DSNB}_{ν_e} < 19~\textrm{cm}^{-2}~\textrm{s}^{-1}$ (90% CI) in the energy range $22.9 < E_ν< 36.9$~MeV. △ Less

Submitted 12 November, 2020; v1 submitted 15 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Comments: 11 pages, 6 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 102, 062006 (2020)

Note on arXiv:2005.05301, 'Preparation of the Neutrino-4 experiment on search for sterile neutrino and the obtained results of measurements'

Authors: H. Almazán, M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, A. Bonhomme, N. S. Bowden, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, C. Buck, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, P. del Amo Sanchez, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, I. El Atmani, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, C. E. Gilbert, B. T. Hackett , et al. (57 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We comment on the claimed observation [arXiv:arXiv:2005.05301] of sterile neutrino oscillations by the Neutrino-4 collaboration. Such a claim, which requires the existence of a new fundamental particle, demands a level of rigor commensurate with its impact. The burden lies with the Neutrino-4 collaboration to provide the information necessary to prove the validity of their claim to the community.… ▽ More We comment on the claimed observation [arXiv:arXiv:2005.05301] of sterile neutrino oscillations by the Neutrino-4 collaboration. Such a claim, which requires the existence of a new fundamental particle, demands a level of rigor commensurate with its impact. The burden lies with the Neutrino-4 collaboration to provide the information necessary to prove the validity of their claim to the community. In this note, we describe aspects of both the data and analysis method that might lead to an oscillation signature arising from a null experiment and describe additional information needed from the Neutrino-4 collaboration to support the oscillation claim. Additionally, as opposed to the assertion made by the Neutrino-4 collaboration, we also show that the method of 'coherent summation' using the $L/E$ parameter produces similar results to the methods used by the PROSPECT and the STEREO collaborations. △ Less

Submitted 23 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures

Improved Short-Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Search and Energy Spectrum Measurement with the PROSPECT Experiment at HFIR

Authors: M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, N. S. Bowden, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, C. E. Gilbert, B. W. Goddard, B. T. Hackett, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a detailed report on sterile neutrino oscillation and U-235 antineutrino energy spectrum measurement results from the PROSPECT experiment at the highly enriched High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In 96 calendar days of data taken at an average baseline distance of 7.9 m from the center of the 85 MW HFIR core, the PROSPECT detector has observed more than 5… ▽ More We present a detailed report on sterile neutrino oscillation and U-235 antineutrino energy spectrum measurement results from the PROSPECT experiment at the highly enriched High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In 96 calendar days of data taken at an average baseline distance of 7.9 m from the center of the 85 MW HFIR core, the PROSPECT detector has observed more than 50,000 interactions of antineutrinos produced in beta decays of U-235 fission products. New limits on the oscillation of antineutrinos to light sterile neutrinos have been set by comparing the detected energy spectra of ten reactor-detector baselines between 6.7 and 9.2 meters. Measured differences in energy spectra between baselines show no statistically significant indication of antineutrinos to sterile neutrino oscillation and disfavor the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly best-fit point at the 2.5$σ$ confidence level. The reported U-235 antineutrino energy spectrum measurement shows excellent agreement with energy spectrum models generated via conversion of the measured U-235 beta spectrum, with a $χ^2$/DOF of 31/31. PROSPECT is able to disfavor at 2.4$σ$ confidence level the hypothesis that U-235 antineutrinos are solely responsible for spectrum discrepancies between model and data obtained at commercial reactor cores. A data-model deviation in PROSPECT similar to that observed by commercial core experiments is preferred with respect to no observed deviation, at a 2.2$σ$ confidence level. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2020; v1 submitted 19 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Comments: 42 pages, 52 Figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev. D. Supplementary Material Included

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 103, 032001 (2021)

Nonfuel Antineutrino Contributions in the High Flux Isotope Reactor

Authors: A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, N. S. Bowden, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, C. E. Gilbert, B. T. Hackett S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron D. E. Jaffe, X. Ji, D. C. Jones, O. Kyzylova , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Reactor neutrino experiments have seen major improvements in precision in recent years. With the experimental uncertainties becoming lower than those from theory, carefully considering all sources of $\overlineν_{e}$ is important when making theoretical predictions. One source of $\overlineν_{e}$ that is often neglected arises from the irradiation of the nonfuel materials in reactors. The… ▽ More Reactor neutrino experiments have seen major improvements in precision in recent years. With the experimental uncertainties becoming lower than those from theory, carefully considering all sources of $\overlineν_{e}$ is important when making theoretical predictions. One source of $\overlineν_{e}$ that is often neglected arises from the irradiation of the nonfuel materials in reactors. The $\overlineν_{e}$ rates and energies from these sources vary widely based on the reactor type, configuration, and sampling stage during the reactor cycle and have to be carefully considered for each experiment independently. In this article, we present a formalism for selecting the possible $\overlineν_{e}$ sources arising from the neutron captures on reactor and target materials. We apply this formalism to the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the $\overlineν_{e}$ source for the the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Measurement (PROSPECT) experiment. Overall, we observe that the nonfuel $\overlineν_{e}$ contributions from HFIR to PROSPECT amount to 1\% above the inverse beta decay threshold with a maximum contribution of 9\% in the 1.8--2.0~MeV range. Nonfuel contributions can be particularly high for research reactors like HFIR because of the choice of structural and reflector material in addition to the intentional irradiation of target material for isotope production. We show that typical commercial pressurized water reactors fueled with low-enriched uranium will have significantly smaller nonfuel $\overlineν_{e}$ contribution. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2020; v1 submitted 27 March, 2020; originally announced March 2020.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 101, 054605 (2020)

Measurement of neutron-proton capture in the SNO+ water phase

Authors: The SNO+ Collaboration, :, M. R. Anderson, S. Andringa, M. Askins, D. J. Auty, N. Barros, F. Barão, R. Bayes, E. W. Beier, A. Bialek, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher, R. Bonventre, M. Boulay, E. Caden, E. J. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, D. Chauhan, M. Chen, O. Chkvorets, B. Cleveland, M. A. Cox, M. M. Depatie, J. Dittmer , et al. (108 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The SNO+ experiment collected data as a low-threshold water Cherenkov detector from September 2017 to July 2019. Measurements of the 2.2-MeV $γ$ produced by neutron capture on hydrogen have been made using an Am-Be calibration source, for which a large fraction of emitted neutrons are produced simultaneously with a 4.4-MeV $γ$. Analysis of the delayed coincidence between the 4.4-MeV $γ$ and the 2.… ▽ More The SNO+ experiment collected data as a low-threshold water Cherenkov detector from September 2017 to July 2019. Measurements of the 2.2-MeV $γ$ produced by neutron capture on hydrogen have been made using an Am-Be calibration source, for which a large fraction of emitted neutrons are produced simultaneously with a 4.4-MeV $γ$. Analysis of the delayed coincidence between the 4.4-MeV $γ$ and the 2.2-MeV capture $γ$ revealed a neutron detection efficiency that is centered around 50% and varies at the level of 1% across the inner region of the detector, which to our knowledge is the highest efficiency achieved among pure water Cherenkov detectors. In addition, the neutron capture time constant was measured and converted to a thermal neutron-proton capture cross section of $336.3^{+1.2}_{-1.5}$ mb. △ Less

Submitted 13 July, 2020; v1 submitted 24 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 102, 014002 (2020)

Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the $0νββ$ decay of $^{136}$Xe

Authors: D. S. Akerib, C. W. Akerlof, A. Alqahtani, S. K. Alsum, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, A. Baxter, J. Bensinger, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, K. E. Boast, B. Boxer, P. Brás, J. H. Buckley , et al. (167 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double beta decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay, taking advantage of the significant ($>$600 kg) $^{136}$Xe mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 l… ▽ More The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double beta decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay, taking advantage of the significant ($>$600 kg) $^{136}$Xe mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 live-days, the median exclusion sensitivity to the half-life of $^{136}$Xe is projected to be 1.06$\times$10$^{26}$ years (90% confidence level), similar to existing constraints. We also report the expected sensitivity of a possible subsequent dedicated exposure using 90% enrichment with $^{136}$Xe at 1.06$\times$10$^{27}$ years. △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2020; v1 submitted 9 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

Comments: 13 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, version 2 changes: additional clarifications requested by referee on Sections II.A, III.C, III.E, III.F and IV.B

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 102, 014602 (2020)

Theia: An advanced optical neutrino detector

Authors: M. Askins, Z. Bagdasarian, N. Barros, E. W. Beier, E. Blucher, R. Bonventre, E. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, M. Diwan, S. T. Dye, J. Eisch, A. Elagin, T. Enqvist, V. Fischer, K. Frankiewicz, C. Grant, D. Guffanti, C. Hagner, A. Hallin, C. M. Jackson, R. Jiang, T. Kaptanoglu, J. R. Klein, Yu. G. Kolomensky, C. Kraus , et al. (53 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: New developments in liquid scintillators, high-efficiency, fast photon detectors, and chromatic photon sorting have opened up the possibility for building a large-scale detector that can discriminate between Cherenkov and scintillation signals. Such a detector could exploit these two distinct signals to observe particle direction and species using Cherenkov light while also having the excellent en… ▽ More New developments in liquid scintillators, high-efficiency, fast photon detectors, and chromatic photon sorting have opened up the possibility for building a large-scale detector that can discriminate between Cherenkov and scintillation signals. Such a detector could exploit these two distinct signals to observe particle direction and species using Cherenkov light while also having the excellent energy resolution and low threshold of a scintillator detector. Situated in a deep underground laboratory, and utilizing new techniques in computing and reconstruction techniques, such a detector could achieve unprecedented levels of background rejection, thus enabling a rich physics program that would span topics in nuclear, high-energy, and astrophysics, and across a dynamic range from hundreds of keV to many GeV. The scientific program would include observations of low- and high-energy solar neutrinos, determination of neutrino mass ordering and measurement of the neutrino CP violating phase, observations of diffuse supernova neutrinos and neutrinos from a supernova burst, sensitive searches for nucleon decay and, ultimately, a search for NeutrinoLess Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) with sensitivity reaching the normal ordering regime of neutrino mass phase space. This paper describes Theia, a detector design that incorporates these new technologies in a practical and affordable way to accomplish the science goals described above. We consider two scenarios, one in which Theia would reside in a cavern the size and shape of the caverns intended to be excavated for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) which we call Theia 25, and a larger 100 ktonne version (Theia 100) that could achieve an even broader and more sensitive scientific program. △ Less

Submitted 22 February, 2021; v1 submitted 8 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019.

Journal ref: The European Physical Journal C volume 80, Article number: 416 (2020)

Cosmogenic Neutron Production at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Authors: B. Aharmim, S. N. Ahmed, A. E. Anthony, N. Barros, E. W. Beier, A. Bellerive, B. Beltran, M. Bergevin, S. D. Biller, R. Bonventre, K. Boudjemline, M. G. Boulay, B. Cai, E. J. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, Y. D. Chan, D. Chauhan, M. Chen, B. T. Cleveland, G. A. Cox, R. Curley, X. Dai, H. Deng, F. B. Descamps, J. A. Detwiler , et al. (106 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Neutrons produced in nuclear interactions initiated by cosmic-ray muons present an irreducible background to many rare-event searches, even in detectors located deep underground. Models for the production of these neutrons have been tested against previous experimental data, but the extrapolation to deeper sites is not well understood. Here we report results from an analysis of cosmogenically prod… ▽ More Neutrons produced in nuclear interactions initiated by cosmic-ray muons present an irreducible background to many rare-event searches, even in detectors located deep underground. Models for the production of these neutrons have been tested against previous experimental data, but the extrapolation to deeper sites is not well understood. Here we report results from an analysis of cosmogenically produced neutrons at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. A specific set of observables are presented, which can be used to benchmark the validity of GEANT4 physics models. In addition, the cosmogenic neutron yield, in units of $10^{-4}\;\text{cm}^{2}/\left(\text{g}\cdotμ\right)$, is measured to be $7.28 \pm 0.09\;\text{stat.} ^{+1.59}_{-1.12}\;\text{syst.}$ in pure heavy water and $7.30 \pm 0.07\;\text{stat.} ^{+1.40}_{-1.02}\;\text{syst.}$ in NaCl-loaded heavy water. These results provide unique insights into this potential background source for experiments at SNOLAB. △ Less

Submitted 25 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 100, 112005 (2019)

Measurement of the Antineutrino Spectrum from $^{235}$U Fission at HFIR with PROSPECT

Authors: PROSPECT Collaboration, J. Ashenfelter, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, N. S. Bowden, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, J. J. Cherwinka, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, A. A. Cox, D. Davee, D. Dean, G. Deichert, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, M. Febbraro, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, C. E. Gilbert , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This Letter reports the first measurement of the $^{235}$U $\overline{ν_{e}}$ energy spectrum by PROSPECT, the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum experiment, operating 7.9m from the 85MW$_{\mathrm{th}}$ highly-enriched uranium (HEU) High Flux Isotope Reactor. With a surface-based, segmented detector, PROSPECT has observed 31678$\pm$304 (stat.) $\overline{ν_{e}}$-induced inverse beta decays… ▽ More This Letter reports the first measurement of the $^{235}$U $\overline{ν_{e}}$ energy spectrum by PROSPECT, the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum experiment, operating 7.9m from the 85MW$_{\mathrm{th}}$ highly-enriched uranium (HEU) High Flux Isotope Reactor. With a surface-based, segmented detector, PROSPECT has observed 31678$\pm$304 (stat.) $\overline{ν_{e}}$-induced inverse beta decays (IBD), the largest sample from HEU fission to date, 99% of which are attributed to $^{235}$U. Despite broad agreement, comparison of the Huber $^{235}$U model to the measured spectrum produces a $χ^2/ndf = 51.4/31$, driven primarily by deviations in two localized energy regions. The measured $^{235}$U spectrum shape is consistent with a deviation relative to prediction equal in size to that observed at low-enriched uranium power reactors in the $\overline{ν_{e}}$ energy region of 5-7MeV. △ Less

Submitted 28 June, 2019; v1 submitted 27 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 251801 (2019)

Constraints on Neutrino Lifetime from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Authors: SNO Collaboration, B. Aharmim, S. N. Ahmed, A. E. Anthony, N. Barros, E. W. Beier, A. Bellerive, B. Beltran, M. Bergevin, S. D. Biller, R. Bonventre, K. Boudjemline, M. G. Boulay, B. Cai, E. J. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, Y. D. Chan, D. Chauhan, M. Chen, B. T. Cleveland, G. A. Cox, X. Dai, H. Deng, F. B. Descamps, J. A. Detwiler , et al. (106 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The long baseline between the Earth and the Sun makes solar neutrinos an excellent test beam for exploring possible neutrino decay. The signature of such decay would be an energy-dependent distortion of the traditional survival probability which can be fit for using well-developed and high precision analysis methods. Here a model including neutrino decay is fit to all three phases of $^8$B solar n… ▽ More The long baseline between the Earth and the Sun makes solar neutrinos an excellent test beam for exploring possible neutrino decay. The signature of such decay would be an energy-dependent distortion of the traditional survival probability which can be fit for using well-developed and high precision analysis methods. Here a model including neutrino decay is fit to all three phases of $^8$B solar neutrino data taken by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. This fit constrains the lifetime of neutrino mass state $ν_2$ to be ${>8.08\times10^{-5}}$ s/eV at $90\%$ confidence. An analysis combining this SNO result with those from other solar neutrino experiments results in a combined limit for the lifetime of mass state $ν_2$ of ${>1.04\times10^{-3}}$ s/eV at $99\%$ confidence. △ Less

Submitted 3 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 99, 032013 (2019)

Tests of Lorentz invariance at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Authors: SNO Collaboration, B. Aharmim, S. N. Ahmed, A. E. Anthony, N. Barros, E. W. Beier, A. Bellerive, B. Beltran, M. Bergevin, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher, R. Bonventre, K. Boudjemline, M. G. Boulay, B. Cai, E. J. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, Y. D. Chan, D. Chauhan, M. Chen, B. T. Cleveland, G. A. Cox, X. Dai, H. Deng, F. B. Descamps , et al. (109 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Experimental tests of Lorentz symmetry in systems of all types are critical for ensuring that the basic assumptions of physics are well-founded. Data from all phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, a kiloton-scale heavy water Cherenkov detector, are analyzed for possible violations of Lorentz symmetry in the neutrino sector. Such violations would appear as one of eight possible signal types i… ▽ More Experimental tests of Lorentz symmetry in systems of all types are critical for ensuring that the basic assumptions of physics are well-founded. Data from all phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, a kiloton-scale heavy water Cherenkov detector, are analyzed for possible violations of Lorentz symmetry in the neutrino sector. Such violations would appear as one of eight possible signal types in the detector: six seasonal variations in the solar electron neutrino survival probability differing in energy and time dependence, and two shape changes to the oscillated solar neutrino energy spectrum. No evidence for such signals is observed, and limits on the size of such effects are established in the framework of the Standard Model Extension, including 40 limits on perviously unconstrained operators and improved limits on 15 additional operators. This makes limits on all minimal, Dirac-type Lorentz violating operators in the neutrino sector available for the first time. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2019; v1 submitted 31 October, 2018; originally announced November 2018.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 98, 112013 (2018)

Improving Light Yield Measurements for Low-Yield Scintillators

Authors: J. B. Cumming, S. Hans, M. Yeh

Abstract: Light power spectra are introduced as a new tool for relative light yield (LY) determinations. Light event spectra have commonly been used for this purpose. Theoretical background supporting this change is provided. It is shown that the derivative of a light power spectrum can provide a reliable LY measurement at levels as low as 2% of those for high-yield liquid scintillators. Applications to lig… ▽ More Light power spectra are introduced as a new tool for relative light yield (LY) determinations. Light event spectra have commonly been used for this purpose. Theoretical background supporting this change is provided. It is shown that the derivative of a light power spectrum can provide a reliable LY measurement at levels as low as 2% of those for high-yield liquid scintillators. Applications to light evolution in the PPO+LAB system and to water-based liquid scintillators are described. △ Less

Submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018.

The search for neutron-antineutron oscillations at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Authors: SNO Collaboration, B. Aharmim, S. N. Ahmed, A. E. Anthony, N. Barros, E. W. Beier, A. Bellerive, B. Beltran, M. Bergevin, S. D. Biller, K. Boudjemline, M. G. Boulay, B. Cai, Y. D. Chan, D. Chauhan, M. Chen, B. T. Cleveland, G. A. Cox, X. Dai, H. Deng, J. A. Detwiler, P. J. Doe, G. Doucas, P. -L. Drouin, F. A. Duncan , et al. (100 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Tests on $B-L$ symmetry breaking models are important probes to search for new physics. One proposed model with $Δ(B-L)=2$ involves the oscillations of a neutron to an antineutron. In this paper a new limit on this process is derived for the data acquired from all three operational phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory experiment. The search was concentrated in oscillations occurring within t… ▽ More Tests on $B-L$ symmetry breaking models are important probes to search for new physics. One proposed model with $Δ(B-L)=2$ involves the oscillations of a neutron to an antineutron. In this paper a new limit on this process is derived for the data acquired from all three operational phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory experiment. The search was concentrated in oscillations occurring within the deuteron, and 23 events are observed against a background expectation of 30.5 events. These translate to a lower limit on the nuclear lifetime of $1.48\times 10^{31}$ years at 90% confidence level (CL) when no restriction is placed on the signal likelihood space (unbounded). Alternatively, a lower limit on the nuclear lifetime was found to be $1.18\times 10^{31}$ years at 90% CL when the signal was forced into a positive likelihood space (bounded). Values for the free oscillation time derived from various models are also provided in this article. This is the first search for neutron-antineutron oscillation with the deuteron as a target. △ Less

Submitted 1 May, 2017; originally announced May 2017.

Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 96, 092005 (2017)

Evolution of the Reactor Antineutrino Flux and Spectrum at Daya Bay

Authors: F. P. An, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, M. Bishai, S. Blyth, D. Cao, G. F. Cao, J. Cao, Y. L. Chan, J. F. Chang, Y. Chang, H. S. Chen, Q. Y. Chen, S. M. Chen, Y. X. Chen, Y. Chen, J. Cheng, Z. K. Cheng, J. J. Cherwinka, M. C. Chu, A. Chukanov, J. P. Cummings, Y. Y. Ding, M. V. Diwan, M. Dolgareva , et al. (180 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Daya Bay experiment has observed correlations between reactor core fuel evolution and changes in the reactor antineutrino flux and energy spectrum. Four antineutrino detectors in two experimental halls were used to identify 2.2 million inverse beta decays (IBDs) over 1230 days spanning multiple fuel cycles for each of six 2.9 GW$_{\textrm{th}}$ reactor cores at the Daya Bay and Ling Ao nuclear… ▽ More The Daya Bay experiment has observed correlations between reactor core fuel evolution and changes in the reactor antineutrino flux and energy spectrum. Four antineutrino detectors in two experimental halls were used to identify 2.2 million inverse beta decays (IBDs) over 1230 days spanning multiple fuel cycles for each of six 2.9 GW$_{\textrm{th}}$ reactor cores at the Daya Bay and Ling Ao nuclear power plants. Using detector data spanning effective $^{239}$Pu fission fractions, $F_{239}$, from 0.25 to 0.35, Daya Bay measures an average IBD yield, $\barσ_f$, of $(5.90 \pm 0.13) \times 10^{-43}$ cm$^2$/fission and a fuel-dependent variation in the IBD yield, $dσ_f/dF_{239}$, of $(-1.86 \pm 0.18) \times 10^{-43}$ cm$^2$/fission. This observation rejects the hypothesis of a constant antineutrino flux as a function of the $^{239}$Pu fission fraction at 10 standard deviations. The variation in IBD yield was found to be energy-dependent, rejecting the hypothesis of a constant antineutrino energy spectrum at 5.1 standard deviations. While measurements of the evolution in the IBD spectrum show general agreement with predictions from recent reactor models, the measured evolution in total IBD yield disagrees with recent predictions at 3.1$σ$. This discrepancy indicates that an overall deficit in measured flux with respect to predictions does not result from equal fractional deficits from the primary fission isotopes $^{235}$U, $^{239}$Pu, $^{238}$U, and $^{241}$Pu. Based on measured IBD yield variations, yields of $(6.17 \pm 0.17)$ and $(4.27 \pm 0.26) \times 10^{-43}$ cm$^2$/fission have been determined for the two dominant fission parent isotopes $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu. A 7.8% discrepancy between the observed and predicted $^{235}$U yield suggests that this isotope may be the primary contributor to the reactor antineutrino anomaly. △ Less

Submitted 20 June, 2017; v1 submitted 4 April, 2017; originally announced April 2017.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 251801 (2017)

Measurement of electron antineutrino oscillation based on 1230 days of operation of the Daya Bay experiment

Authors: Daya Bay Collaboration, F. P. An, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, M. Bishai, S. Blyth, D. Cao, G. F. Cao, J. Cao, W. R. Cen, Y. L. Chan, J. F. Chang, L. C. Chang, Y. Chang, H. S. Chen, Q. Y. Chen, S. M. Chen, Y. X. Chen, Y. Chen, J. -H. Cheng, J. Cheng, Y. P. Cheng, Z. K. Cheng, J. J. Cherwinka, M. C. Chu , et al. (198 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A measurement of electron antineutrino oscillation by the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment is described in detail. Six 2.9-GW$_{\rm th}$ nuclear power reactors of the Daya Bay and Ling Ao nuclear power facilities served as intense sources of $\overlineν_{e}$'s. Comparison of the $\overlineν_{e}$ rate and energy spectrum measured by antineutrino detectors far from the nuclear reactors (… ▽ More A measurement of electron antineutrino oscillation by the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment is described in detail. Six 2.9-GW$_{\rm th}$ nuclear power reactors of the Daya Bay and Ling Ao nuclear power facilities served as intense sources of $\overlineν_{e}$'s. Comparison of the $\overlineν_{e}$ rate and energy spectrum measured by antineutrino detectors far from the nuclear reactors ($\sim$1500-1950 m) relative to detectors near the reactors ($\sim$350-600 m) allowed a precise measurement of $\overlineν_{e}$ disappearance. More than 2.5 million $\overlineν_{e}$ inverse beta decay interactions were observed, based on the combination of 217 days of operation of six antineutrino detectors (Dec. 2011--Jul. 2012) with a subsequent 1013 days using the complete configuration of eight detectors (Oct. 2012--Jul. 2015). The $\overlineν_{e}$ rate observed at the far detectors relative to the near detectors showed a significant deficit, $R=0.949 \pm 0.002(\mathrm{stat.}) \pm 0.002(\mathrm{syst.})$. The energy dependence of $\overlineν_{e}$ disappearance showed the distinct variation predicted by neutrino oscillation. Analysis using an approximation for the three-flavor oscillation probability yielded the flavor-mixing angle $\sin^22θ_{13}=0.0841 \pm 0.0027(\mathrm{stat.}) \pm 0.0019(\mathrm{syst.})$ and the effective neutrino mass-squared difference of $\left|Δm^2_{\mathrm{ee}}\right|=(2.50 \pm 0.06(\mathrm{stat.}) \pm 0.06(\mathrm{syst.})) \times 10^{-3}\ {\rm eV}^2$. Analysis using the exact three-flavor probability found $Δm^2_{32}=(2.45 \pm 0.06(\mathrm{stat.}) \pm 0.06(\mathrm{syst.})) \times 10^{-3}\ {\rm eV}^2$ assuming the normal neutrino mass hierarchy and $Δm^2_{32}=(-2.56 \pm 0.06(\mathrm{stat.}) \pm 0.06(\mathrm{syst.})) \times 10^{-3}\ {\rm eV}^2$ for the inverted hierarchy. △ Less

Submitted 15 October, 2016; originally announced October 2016.

Comments: 44 pages, 44 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 95, 072006 (2017)

An Experiment to Demonstrate Separation of Cherenkov and Scintillation Signals

Authors: J. Caravaca, F. B. Descamps, B. J. Land, J. Wallig, M. Yeh, G. D. Orebi Gann

Abstract: The ability to separately identify the Cherenkov and scintillation light components produced in scintillating mediums holds the potential for a major breakthrough in neutrino detection technology, allowing development of a large, low-threshold, directional detector with a broad physics program. The CHESS (CHErenkov / Scintillation Separation) experiment employs an innovative detector design with a… ▽ More The ability to separately identify the Cherenkov and scintillation light components produced in scintillating mediums holds the potential for a major breakthrough in neutrino detection technology, allowing development of a large, low-threshold, directional detector with a broad physics program. The CHESS (CHErenkov / Scintillation Separation) experiment employs an innovative detector design with an array of small, fast photomultiplier tubes and state-of-the-art electronics to demonstrate the reconstruction of a Cherenkov ring in a scintillating medium based on photon hit time and detected photoelectron density. This paper describes the physical properties and calibration of CHESS along with first results. The ability to reconstruct Cherenkov rings is demonstrated in a water target, and a time precision of 338 +/- 12 ps FWHM is achieved. Monte Carlo based predictions for the ring imaging sensitivity with a liquid scintillator target predict an efficiency for identifying Cherenkov hits of 94 +/- 1% and 81 +/- 1% in pure linear alkyl benzene (LAB) and LAB loaded with 2 g/L of PPO, respectively, with a scintillation contamination of 12 +/- 1% and 26 +/- 1%. △ Less

Submitted 7 October, 2017; v1 submitted 6 October, 2016; originally announced October 2016.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 95, 055801 (2017)

Cherenkov and Scintillation Light Separation in Organic Liquid Scintillators

Authors: J. Caravaca, F. B. Descamps, B. J. Land, M. Yeh, G. D. Orebi Gann

Abstract: The CHErenkov / Scintillation Separation experiment (CHESS) has been used to demonstrate the separation of Cherenkov and scintillation light in both linear alkylbenzene (LAB) and LAB with 2g/L of PPO as a fluor (LAB/PPO). This is the first such demonstration for the more challenging LAB/PPO cocktail and improves on previous results for LAB. A time resolution of 338 +/- 12 ps FWHM results in an eff… ▽ More The CHErenkov / Scintillation Separation experiment (CHESS) has been used to demonstrate the separation of Cherenkov and scintillation light in both linear alkylbenzene (LAB) and LAB with 2g/L of PPO as a fluor (LAB/PPO). This is the first such demonstration for the more challenging LAB/PPO cocktail and improves on previous results for LAB. A time resolution of 338 +/- 12 ps FWHM results in an efficiency for identifying Cherenkov photons in LAB/PPO of 70 +/- 3% and 63 +/- 8% for time- and charge-based separation, respectively, with scintillation contamination of 36 +/- 5% and 38 +/- 4%. LAB/PPO data is consistent with a rise time of 0.75 +/- 0.25 ns. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2017; v1 submitted 6 October, 2016; originally announced October 2016.

Journal ref: Eur. Phys. J. C (2017) 77: 811

Improved Measurement of the Reactor Antineutrino Flux and Spectrum at Daya Bay

Authors: F. P. An, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, M. Bishai, S. Blyth, D. Cao, G. F. Cao, J. Cao, W. R. Cen, Y. L. Chan, J. F. Chang, L. C. Chang, Y. Chang, H. S. Chen, Q. Y. Chen, S. M. Chen, Y. X. Chen, Y. Chen, J. -H. Cheng, J. Cheng, Y. P. Cheng, Z. K. Cheng, J. J. Cherwinka, M. C. Chu, A. Chukanov , et al. (197 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A new measurement of the reactor antineutrino flux and energy spectrum by the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment is reported. The antineutrinos were generated by six 2.9~GW$_{\mathrm{th}}$ nuclear reactors and detected by eight antineutrino detectors deployed in two near (560~m and 600~m flux-weighted baselines) and one far (1640~m flux-weighted baseline) underground experimental halls. With 621… ▽ More A new measurement of the reactor antineutrino flux and energy spectrum by the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment is reported. The antineutrinos were generated by six 2.9~GW$_{\mathrm{th}}$ nuclear reactors and detected by eight antineutrino detectors deployed in two near (560~m and 600~m flux-weighted baselines) and one far (1640~m flux-weighted baseline) underground experimental halls. With 621 days of data, more than 1.2 million inverse beta decay (IBD) candidates were detected. The IBD yield in the eight detectors was measured, and the ratio of measured to predicted flux was found to be $0.946\pm0.020$ ($0.992\pm0.021$) for the Huber+Mueller (ILL+Vogel) model. A 2.9~$σ$ deviation was found in the measured IBD positron energy spectrum compared to the predictions. In particular, an excess of events in the region of 4-6~MeV was found in the measured spectrum, with a local significance of 4.4~$σ$. A reactor antineutrino spectrum weighted by the IBD cross section is extracted for model-independent predictions. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2017; v1 submitted 18 July, 2016; originally announced July 2016.

Comments: version published in Chinese Physics C

Journal ref: Chinese Physics C, 2017, 41(1): 13002-013002