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A New High-Intensity Source for Ultracold Neutrons
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Ahmed,
B. Algohi,
D. Anthony,
L. Barron-Palos,
Y. Bylinsky,
M. Bosse,
M. P. Bradley,
A. Brossard,
J. Chak,
R. Chiba,
C. Davis,
R. de Vries,
K. Dong,
K. Drury,
B. Franke,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
M. Gericke,
P. Giampa,
C. Gibson,
R. Golub,
K. Hatanaka,
T. Hepworth,
T. Higuchi
, et al. (56 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The TRIUMF UltraCold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has completed a new superthermal source for ultracold neutrons (UCNs) at TRIUMF. It uses neutrons from a spallation target driven by TRIUMF's %520-MeV main cyclotron. Heavy water and liquid deuterium serve as neutron moderators, and inelastic scattering inside superfluid $^4$He at around \qty{1.1}{\kelvin} slows the neutrons down to becom…
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The TRIUMF UltraCold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has completed a new superthermal source for ultracold neutrons (UCNs) at TRIUMF. It uses neutrons from a spallation target driven by TRIUMF's %520-MeV main cyclotron. Heavy water and liquid deuterium serve as neutron moderators, and inelastic scattering inside superfluid $^4$He at around \qty{1.1}{\kelvin} slows the neutrons down to become ultracold. During commissioning runs with the completed source, including the deuterium moderator, up to $1.47(2)\times 10^7$ UCNs were detected in the experimental area after irradiating the target and accumulating UCNs in the source for \qty{60}{\second}. Up to \qty{6.75(3)e5} UCN/s were detected during continuous operation, more than at any other source in the world.
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Submitted 17 August, 2026; v1 submitted 3 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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Direct Measurement of the $^{212}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{214}\mathrm{Pb}$ $β$ Decay Branching Ratios with the XENONnT Experiment
Authors:
E. Aprile,
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
M. Abu Rmeileh,
M. Adrover,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
L. Althueser,
B. Andrieu,
E. Angelino,
D. Antón Martin,
S. R. Armbruster,
F. Arneodo,
L. Baudis,
M. Bazyk,
V. Beligotti,
L. Bellagamba,
R. Biondi,
A. Bismark,
K. Boese,
R. M. Braun,
G. Bruni,
R. Budnik,
C. Cai,
C. Capelli,
J. M. R. Cardoso
, et al. (156 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present precision measurements of $^{212}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{214}\mathrm{Pb}$ $β$ decay branching ratios using $^{220}\mathrm{Rn}$ and $^{222}\mathrm{Rn}$ calibration data from the XENONnT detector, a dual-phase liquid xenon time projection chamber. Characterizing these isotopes is critical, as they lead to significant low-energy backgrounds in rare-event searches. We report ground-state branch…
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We present precision measurements of $^{212}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{214}\mathrm{Pb}$ $β$ decay branching ratios using $^{220}\mathrm{Rn}$ and $^{222}\mathrm{Rn}$ calibration data from the XENONnT detector, a dual-phase liquid xenon time projection chamber. Characterizing these isotopes is critical, as they lead to significant low-energy backgrounds in rare-event searches. We report ground-state branching ratios of $(14.75 \pm 0.20(\mathrm{stat}) ^{+0.14}_{-0.40}(\mathrm{sys}))\%$ for $^{212}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $(9.8 \pm 0.3(\mathrm{stat}) ^{+0.8}_{-0.2}(\mathrm{sys}))\%$ for $^{214}\mathrm{Pb}$, providing the most precise direct measurements of these transitions to date. These results contribute to enhancing background modeling for dark matter and neutrino experiments, improving sensitivity to solar neutrinos and physics beyond the Standard Model.
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Submitted 18 June, 2026; v1 submitted 16 June, 2026;
originally announced June 2026.
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Spectral Measurement of the $^{214}$Bi beta-decay to the $^{214}$Po Ground State with XENONnT
Authors:
E. Aprile,
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
M. Adrover,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
L. Althueser,
B. Andrieu,
E. Angelino,
D. Antón Martin,
S. R. Armbruster,
F. Arneodo,
L. Baudis,
M. Bazyk,
L. Bellagamba,
R. Biondi,
A. Bismark,
K. Boese,
R. M. Braun,
A. Brown,
G. Bruno,
R. Budnik,
C. Cai,
C. Capelli,
J. M. R. Cardoso,
A. P. Cimental Chávez
, et al. (148 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the measurement of the $^{214}$Bi beta-decay spectrum to the ground state of $^{214}$Po using the XENONnT detector. This decay is classified as first-forbidden non-unique, for which theoretical predictions require detailed nuclear structure modeling. A dedicated identification algorithm isolates a high-purity sample of ground-state beta-decays, explicitly excluding events with associated…
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We report the measurement of the $^{214}$Bi beta-decay spectrum to the ground state of $^{214}$Po using the XENONnT detector. This decay is classified as first-forbidden non-unique, for which theoretical predictions require detailed nuclear structure modeling. A dedicated identification algorithm isolates a high-purity sample of ground-state beta-decays, explicitly excluding events with associated gamma-rays emission. By comparing the measured spectrum, which covers energies up to 3.27 MeV, with several nuclear models, we find that the prediction based on the conserved vector current (CVC) hypothesis provides the best description of the data. Using this dataset, we additionally derive charge and light yield curves for electronic recoils, extending detector response modeling up to the MeV scale.
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Submitted 6 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Measurement of the branching ratio of $\mathrm{^{16}N}$, $\mathrm{^{15}C}$, $\mathrm{^{12}B}$, and $\mathrm{^{13}B}$ isotopes through the nuclear muon capture reaction in the Super-Kamiokande detector
Authors:
Y. Maekawa,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
Y. Asaoka,
M. Harada,
Y. Hayato,
K. Hiraide,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Ieki,
M. Ikeda,
J. Kameda,
Y. Kanemura,
Y. Kataoka,
S. Miki,
S. Mine,
M. Miura,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
S. Nakayama,
Y. Noguchi,
G. Pronost,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
K. Shimizu,
R. Shinoda
, et al. (243 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Super-Kamiokande detector has measured solar neutrinos for more than $25$ years. The sensitivity for solar neutrino measurement is limited by the uncertainties of energy scale and background modeling. Decays of unstable isotopes with relatively long half-lives through nuclear muon capture, such as $\mathrm{^{16}N}$, $\mathrm{^{15}C}$, $\mathrm{^{12}B}$ and $\mathrm{^{13}B}$, are detected as ba…
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The Super-Kamiokande detector has measured solar neutrinos for more than $25$ years. The sensitivity for solar neutrino measurement is limited by the uncertainties of energy scale and background modeling. Decays of unstable isotopes with relatively long half-lives through nuclear muon capture, such as $\mathrm{^{16}N}$, $\mathrm{^{15}C}$, $\mathrm{^{12}B}$ and $\mathrm{^{13}B}$, are detected as background events for solar neutrino observations. In this study, we developed a method to form a pair of stopping muon and decay candidate events and evaluated the production rates of such unstable isotopes. We then measured their branching ratios considering both their production rates and the estimated number of nuclear muon capture processes as $Br(\mathrm{^{16}N})=(9.0 \pm 0.1)\%$, $Br(\mathrm{^{15}C})=(0.6\pm0.1)\%$, $Br(\mathrm{^{12}B})=(0.98 \pm 0.18)\%$, $Br(\mathrm{^{13}B})=(0.14 \pm 0.12)\%$, respectively. The result for $\mathrm{^{16}N}$ has world-leading precision at present and the results for $\mathrm{^{15}C}$, $\mathrm{^{12}B}$, and $\mathrm{^{13}B}$ are the first branching ratio measurements for those isotopes.
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Submitted 8 December, 2025; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Challenging Spontaneous Quantum Collapse with XENONnT
Authors:
E. Aprile,
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
L. Althueser,
B. Andrieu,
E. Angelino,
D. Antón Martin,
S. R. Armbruster,
F. Arneodo,
L. Baudis,
M. Bazyk,
L. Bellagamba,
R. Biondi,
A. Bismark,
K. Boese,
A. Brown,
G. Bruno,
R. Budnik,
C. Cai,
C. Capelli,
J. M. R. Cardoso,
A. P. Cimental Chávez,
A. P. Colijn,
J. Conrad
, et al. (152 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report on the search for X-ray radiation as predicted from dynamical quantum collapse with low-energy electronic recoil data in the energy range of 1-140 keV from the first science run of the XENONnT dark matter detector. Spontaneous radiation is an unavoidable effect of dynamical collapse models, which were introduced as a possible solution to the long-standing measurement problem in quantum m…
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We report on the search for X-ray radiation as predicted from dynamical quantum collapse with low-energy electronic recoil data in the energy range of 1-140 keV from the first science run of the XENONnT dark matter detector. Spontaneous radiation is an unavoidable effect of dynamical collapse models, which were introduced as a possible solution to the long-standing measurement problem in quantum mechanics. The analysis utilizes a model that for the first time accounts for cancellation effects in the emitted spectrum, which arise in the X-ray range due to the opposing electron-proton charges in xenon atoms. New world-leading limits on the free parameters of the Markovian continuous spontaneous localization and Diósi-Penrose models are set, improving previous best constraints by two orders of magnitude and a factor of five, respectively. The original values proposed for the strength and the correlation length of the continuous spontaneous localization model are excluded experimentally for the first time.
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Submitted 24 March, 2026; v1 submitted 5 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Sensitivity of the XLZD Rare Event Observatory
Authors:
XLZD Collaboration,
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
M. Adrover,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
D. S. Akerib,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
L. Althueser,
D. W. P. Amaral,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
A. Ames,
B. Andrieu,
N. Angelides,
E. Angelino,
B. Antunovic,
E. Aprile,
H. M. Araújo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
M. Babicz,
D. Bajpai,
A. Baker,
M. Balzer,
J. Bang
, et al. (419 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials,…
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The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials, such an experiment will also be able to competitively search for neutrinoless double beta decay in $^{136}$Xe using a natural-abundance xenon target. XLZD can reach a 3$σ$ discovery potential half-life of 5.7$\times$10$^{27}$ yr (and a 90% CL exclusion of 1.3$\times$10$^{28}$ yr) with 10 years of data taking, corresponding to a Majorana mass range of 7.3-31.3 meV (4.8-20.5 meV). XLZD will thus exclude the inverted neutrino mass ordering parameter space and will start to probe the normal ordering region for most of the nuclear matrix elements commonly considered by the community.
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Submitted 30 April, 2025; v1 submitted 23 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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First Indication of Solar $^8$B Neutrinos via Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering with XENONnT
Authors:
E. Aprile,
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
L. Althueser,
B. Andrieu,
E. Angelino,
D. Antón Martin,
F. Arneodo,
L. Baudis,
M. Bazyk,
L. Bellagamba,
R. Biondi,
A. Bismark,
K. Boese,
A. Brown,
G. Bruno,
R. Budnik,
C. Cai,
C. Capelli,
J. M. R. Cardoso,
A. P. Cimental Chávez,
A. P. Colijn,
J. Conrad,
J. J. Cuenca-García
, et al. (142 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the first measurement of nuclear recoils from solar $^8$B neutrinos via coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering with the XENONnT dark matter experiment. The central detector of XENONnT is a low-background, two-phase time projection chamber with a 5.9 t sensitive liquid xenon target. A blind analysis with an exposure of 3.51 t$\times$yr resulted in 37 observed events above 0.5 keV,…
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We present the first measurement of nuclear recoils from solar $^8$B neutrinos via coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering with the XENONnT dark matter experiment. The central detector of XENONnT is a low-background, two-phase time projection chamber with a 5.9 t sensitive liquid xenon target. A blind analysis with an exposure of 3.51 t$\times$yr resulted in 37 observed events above 0.5 keV, with ($26.4^{+1.4}_{-1.3}$) events expected from backgrounds. The background-only hypothesis is rejected with a statistical significance of 2.73 $σ$. The measured $^8$B solar neutrino flux of $(4.7_{-2.3}^{+3.6})\times 10^6 \mathrm{cm}^{-2}\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ is consistent with results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. The measured neutrino flux-weighted CE$ν$NS cross section on Xe of $(1.1^{+0.8}_{-0.5})\times10^{-39} \mathrm{cm}^2$ is consistent with the Standard Model prediction. This is the first direct measurement of nuclear recoils from solar neutrinos with a dark matter detector.
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Submitted 23 November, 2024; v1 submitted 5 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.
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Search for astrophysical electron antineutrinos in Super-Kamiokande with 0.01wt% gadolinium-loaded water
Authors:
M. Harada,
K. Abe,
C. Bronner,
Y. Hayato,
K. Hiraide,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Ieki,
M. Ikeda,
J. Kameda,
Y. Kanemura,
R. Kaneshima,
Y. Kashiwagi,
Y. Kataoka,
S. Miki,
S. Mine,
M. Miura,
S. Moriyama,
Y. Nakano,
M. Nakahata,
S. Nakayama,
Y. Noguchi,
K. Okamoto,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
H. Shiba
, et al. (216 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the first search result for the flux of astrophysical electron antineutrinos for energies O(10) MeV in the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande (SK) detector. In June 2020, gadolinium was introduced to the ultra-pure water of the SK detector in order to detect neutrons more efficiently. In this new experimental phase, SK-Gd, we can search for electron antineutrinos via inverse beta decay w…
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We report the first search result for the flux of astrophysical electron antineutrinos for energies O(10) MeV in the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande (SK) detector. In June 2020, gadolinium was introduced to the ultra-pure water of the SK detector in order to detect neutrons more efficiently. In this new experimental phase, SK-Gd, we can search for electron antineutrinos via inverse beta decay with efficient background rejection and higher signal efficiency thanks to the high efficiency of the neutron tagging technique. In this paper, we report the result for the initial stage of SK-Gd with a $22.5\times552$ $\rm kton\cdot day$ exposure at 0.01% Gd mass concentration. No significant excess over the expected background in the observed events is found for the neutrino energies below 31.3 MeV. Thus, the flux upper limits are placed at the 90% confidence level. The limits and sensitivities are already comparable with the previous SK result with pure-water ($22.5 \times 2970 \rm kton\cdot day$) owing to the enhanced neutron tagging.
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Submitted 30 May, 2023; v1 submitted 8 May, 2023;
originally announced May 2023.
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Direct dark matter searches with the full data set of XMASS-I
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
N. Kato,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
T. Suzuki,
Y. Suzuki,
A. Takeda,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
Y. H. Kim,
Y. Itow,
K. Martens,
A. Mason,
M. Yamashita,
K. Miuchi,
Y. Takeuchi,
K. B. Lee,
M. K. Lee,
Y. Fukuda,
H. Ogawa
, et al. (7 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Various WIMP dark matter searches using the full data set of XMASS-I, a single-phase liquid xenon detector, are reported in this paper. Stable XMASS-I data taking accumulated a total live time of 1590.9 days between November 20, 2013 and February 1, 2019 with an analysis threshold of ${\rm 1.0\,keV_{ee}}$. In the latter half of data taking a lower analysis threshold of ${\rm 0.5\,keV_{ee}}$ was al…
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Various WIMP dark matter searches using the full data set of XMASS-I, a single-phase liquid xenon detector, are reported in this paper. Stable XMASS-I data taking accumulated a total live time of 1590.9 days between November 20, 2013 and February 1, 2019 with an analysis threshold of ${\rm 1.0\,keV_{ee}}$. In the latter half of data taking a lower analysis threshold of ${\rm 0.5\,keV_{ee}}$ was also available through a new low threshold trigger. Searching for a WIMP signal in the detector's 97~kg fiducial volume yielded a limit on the WIMP-nucleon scattering cross section of ${\rm 1.4\times 10^{-44}\, cm^{2}}$ for a ${\rm 60\,GeV/c^{2}}$ WIMP at the 90$\%$ confidence level. We also searched for WIMP induced annual modulation signatures in the detector's whole target volume, containing 832~kg of liquid xenon. For nuclear recoils of a ${\rm 8\,GeV/c^{2}}$ WIMP this analysis yielded a 90\% CL cross section limit of ${\rm 2.3\times 10^{-42}\, cm^{2}}$. At a WIMP mass of ${\rm 0.5\, GeV/c^{2}}$ the Migdal effect and Bremsstrahlung signatures were evaluated and lead to 90\% CL cross section limits of ${\rm 1.4\times 10^{-35}\, cm^{2}}$ and ${\rm 1.1\times 10^{-33}\, cm^{2}}$ respectively.
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Submitted 1 September, 2023; v1 submitted 11 November, 2022;
originally announced November 2022.
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Search for neutrinoless quadruple beta decay of $^{136}$Xe in XMASS-I
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
N. Kato,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
T. Suzuki,
A. Takeda,
S. Tasaka,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
Y. H. Kim,
R. Ishii,
Y. Itow,
K. Kanzawa,
K. Masuda,
K. Martens
, et al. (12 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for the neutrinoless quadruple beta decay of $^{136}$Xe was conducted with the liquid-xenon detector XMASS-I using $\rm 327\; kg \times 800.0 \; days$ of the exposure. The pulse shape discrimination based on the scintillation decay time constant which distinguishes $γ$-rays including the signal and $β$-rays was used to enhance the search sensitivity. No significant signal excess was obser…
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A search for the neutrinoless quadruple beta decay of $^{136}$Xe was conducted with the liquid-xenon detector XMASS-I using $\rm 327\; kg \times 800.0 \; days$ of the exposure. The pulse shape discrimination based on the scintillation decay time constant which distinguishes $γ$-rays including the signal and $β$-rays was used to enhance the search sensitivity. No significant signal excess was observed from the energy spectrum fitting with precise background evaluation, and we set a lower limit of the half life of 3.7 $\times$ 10$^{24}$ years at 90$\%$ confidence level. This is the first experimental constraint of the neutrinoless quadruple beta decay of $^{136}$Xe.
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Submitted 5 August, 2022; v1 submitted 10 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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Double-Weak Decays of $^{124}$Xe and $^{136}$Xe in the XENON1T and XENONnT Experiments
Authors:
E. Aprile,
K. Abe,
F. Agostini,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
M. Alfonsi,
L. Althueser,
B. Andrieu,
E. Angelino,
J. R. Angevaare,
V. C. Antochi,
D. Antón Martin,
F. Arneodo,
L. Baudis,
A. L. Baxter,
L. Bellagamba,
R. Biondi,
A. Bismark,
A. Brown,
S. Bruenner,
G. Bruno,
R. Budnik,
C. Cai,
C. Capelli,
J. M. R. Cardoso,
D. Cichon
, et al. (135 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present results on the search for double-electron capture ($2ν\text{ECEC}$) of $^{124}$Xe and neutrinoless double-$β$ decay ($0νββ$) of $^{136}$Xe in XENON1T. We consider captures from the K- up to the N-shell in the $2ν\text{ECEC}$ signal model and measure a total half-life of $T_{1/2}^{2ν\text{ECEC}}=(1.1\pm0.2_\text{stat}\pm0.1_\text{sys})\times 10^{22}\;\text{yr}$ with a…
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We present results on the search for double-electron capture ($2ν\text{ECEC}$) of $^{124}$Xe and neutrinoless double-$β$ decay ($0νββ$) of $^{136}$Xe in XENON1T. We consider captures from the K- up to the N-shell in the $2ν\text{ECEC}$ signal model and measure a total half-life of $T_{1/2}^{2ν\text{ECEC}}=(1.1\pm0.2_\text{stat}\pm0.1_\text{sys})\times 10^{22}\;\text{yr}$ with a $0.87\;\text{kg}\times\text{yr}$ isotope exposure. The statistical significance of the signal is $7.0\,σ$. We use XENON1T data with $36.16\;\text{kg}\times\text{yr}$ of $^{136}$Xe exposure to search for $0νββ$. We find no evidence of a signal and set a lower limit on the half-life of $T_{1/2}^{0νββ} > 1.2 \times 10^{24}\;\text{yr}\; \text{at}\; 90\,\%\;\text{CL}$. This is the best result from a dark matter detector without an enriched target to date. We also report projections on the sensitivity of XENONnT to $0νββ$. Assuming a $275\;\text{kg}\times\text{yr}$ $^{136}$Xe exposure, the expected sensitivity is $T_{1/2}^{0νββ} > 2.1 \times 10^{25}\;\text{yr}\; \text{at}\; 90\,\%\;\text{CL}$, corresponding to an effective Majorana mass range of $\langle m_{ββ} \rangle < (0.19 - 0.59)\;\text{eV/c}^2$.
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Submitted 6 September, 2022; v1 submitted 9 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics
Authors:
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
V. Aerne,
F. Agostini,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
D. S. Akerib,
D. Yu. Akimov,
J. Akshat,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
S. K. Alsum,
L. Althueser,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
F. D. Amaro,
A. Ames,
T. J. Anderson,
B. Andrieu,
N. Angelides,
E. Angelino,
J. Angevaare,
V. C. Antochi,
D. Antón Martin,
B. Antunovic,
E. Aprile,
H. M. Araújo
, et al. (572 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neut…
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The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector.
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Submitted 4 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Search for event bursts in XMASS-I associated with gravitational-wave events
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
H. Ogawa,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
T. Suzuki,
A. Takeda,
S. Tasaka,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
Y. Itow,
K. Kanzawa,
K. Masuda,
K. Martens,
Y. Suzuki,
B. D. Xu
, et al. (12 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We performed a search for event bursts in the XMASS-I detector associated with 11 gravitational-wave events detected during LIGO/Virgo's O1 and O2 periods. Simple and loose cuts were applied to the data collected in the full 832 kg xenon volume around the detection time of each gravitational-wave event. The data were divided into four energy regions ranging from keV to MeV. Without assuming any pa…
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We performed a search for event bursts in the XMASS-I detector associated with 11 gravitational-wave events detected during LIGO/Virgo's O1 and O2 periods. Simple and loose cuts were applied to the data collected in the full 832 kg xenon volume around the detection time of each gravitational-wave event. The data were divided into four energy regions ranging from keV to MeV. Without assuming any particular burst models, we looked for event bursts in sliding windows with various time width from 0.02 to 10 s. The search was conducted in a time window between $-$400 and $+$10,000 s from each gravitational-wave event. For the binary neutron star merger GW170817, no significant event burst was observed in the XMASS-I detector and we set 90% confidence level upper limits on neutrino fluence for the sum of all the neutrino flavors via coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering. The obtained upper limit was (1.3-2.1)$\times 10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$ under the assumption of a Fermi-Dirac spectrum with average neutrino energy of 20 MeV. The neutrino fluence limits for mono-energetic neutrinos in the energy range between 14 and 100 MeV were also calculated. Among the other 10 gravitational wave events detected as the binary black hole mergers, a burst candidate with a 3.0$σ$ significance was found at 1801.95-1803.95 s in the analysis for GW151012. However, no significant deviation from the background in the reconstructed energy and position distributions was found. Considering the additional look-elsewhere effect of analyzing the 11 GW events, the significance of finding such a burst candidate associated with any of them is 2.1$σ$.
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Submitted 30 December, 2020; v1 submitted 29 July, 2020;
originally announced July 2020.
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Measurement of the muon neutrino charged-current single $π^+$ production on hydrocarbon using the T2K off-axis near detector ND280
Authors:
K. Abe,
R. Akutsu,
A. Ali,
C. Alt,
J. Amey,
C. Andreopoulos,
L. Anthony,
M. Antonova,
S. Aoki,
A. Ariga,
Y. Ashida,
E. T. Atkin,
Y. Awataguchi,
Y. Azuma,
S. Ban,
M. Barbi,
G. J. Barker,
G. Barr,
C. Barry,
M. Batkiewicz-Kwasniak,
A. Beloshapkin,
F. Bench,
V. Berardi,
S. Berkman,
R. M. Berner
, et al. (356 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the measurements of single and double differential cross section of muon neutrino charged-current interactions on carbon with a single positively charged pion in the final state at the T2K off-axis near detector using $5.56\times10^{20}$ protons on target. The analysis uses data control samples for the background subtraction and the cross section signal, defined as a single negatively ch…
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We report the measurements of single and double differential cross section of muon neutrino charged-current interactions on carbon with a single positively charged pion in the final state at the T2K off-axis near detector using $5.56\times10^{20}$ protons on target. The analysis uses data control samples for the background subtraction and the cross section signal, defined as a single negatively charged muon and a single positively charged pion exiting from the target nucleus, is extracted using an unfolding method. The model dependent cross section, integrated over the T2K off-axis neutrino beam spectrum peaking at $0.6$~GeV, is measured to be $σ= (11.76 \pm 0.44 \text{(stat)} \pm 2.39 \text{(syst)}) \times 10^{-40} \text{cm}^2$~$\text{nucleon}^{-1}$. Various differential cross sections are measured, including the first measurement of the Adler angles for single charged pion production in neutrino interactions with heavy nuclei target.
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Submitted 17 September, 2019; v1 submitted 9 September, 2019;
originally announced September 2019.
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A measurement of the scintillation decay time constant of nuclear recoils in liquid xenon with the XMASS-I detector
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
H. Ogawa,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
T. Suzuki,
O. Takachio,
A. Takeda,
S. Tasaka,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
Y. Itow,
K. Kanzawa,
K. Masuda,
K. Martens,
Y. Suzuki
, et al. (13 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report an in-situ measurement of the nuclear recoil (NR) scintillation decay time constant in liquid xenon (LXe) using the XMASS-I detector at the Kamioka underground laboratory in Japan. XMASS-I is a large single-phase LXe scintillation detector whose purpose is the direct detection of dark matter via NR which can be induced by collisions between Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) an…
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We report an in-situ measurement of the nuclear recoil (NR) scintillation decay time constant in liquid xenon (LXe) using the XMASS-I detector at the Kamioka underground laboratory in Japan. XMASS-I is a large single-phase LXe scintillation detector whose purpose is the direct detection of dark matter via NR which can be induced by collisions between Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) and a xenon nucleus. The inner detector volume contains 832 kg of LXe.
$^{252}$Cf was used as an external neutron source for irradiating the detector. The scintillation decay time constant of the resulting neutron induced NR was evaluated by comparing the observed photon detection times with Monte Carlo simulations. Fits to the decay time prefer two decay time components, one for each of the Xe$_{2}^{*}$ singlet and triplet states, with $τ_{S}$ = 4.3$\pm$0.6 ns taken from prior research, $τ_{T}$ was measured to be 26.9$^{+0.7}_{-1.1}$ ns with a singlet state fraction F$_{S}$ of 0.252$^{+0.027}_{-0.019}$.We also evaluated the performance of pulse shape discrimination between NR and electron recoil (ER) with the aim of reducing the electromagnetic background in WIMP searches. For a 50\% NR acceptance, the ER acceptance was 13.7${\pm}$1.0\% and 4.1${\pm}$0.7\% in the energy ranges of 5--10 keV$_{\rm ee}$ and 10--15 keV$_{\rm ee}$, respectively.
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Submitted 24 December, 2018; v1 submitted 16 September, 2018;
originally announced September 2018.
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Search for WIMP-$^{129}$Xe inelastic scattering with particle identification in XMASS-I
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
T. Suzuki,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
H. Ogawa,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
A. Takeda,
S. Tasaka,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
Y. Itow,
K. Kanzawa,
K. Masuda,
K. Martens,
Y. Suzuki,
B. D. Xu
, et al. (12 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) was conducted with the single-phase liquid-xenon detector XMASS through inelastic scattering in which $^{129}$Xe nuclei were excited, using an exposure ($\rm 327\; kg \times 800.0 \; days$) 48 times larger than that of our previous study. The inelastic excitation sensitivity was improved by detailed evaluation of background, event classific…
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A search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) was conducted with the single-phase liquid-xenon detector XMASS through inelastic scattering in which $^{129}$Xe nuclei were excited, using an exposure ($\rm 327\; kg \times 800.0 \; days$) 48 times larger than that of our previous study. The inelastic excitation sensitivity was improved by detailed evaluation of background, event classification based on scintillation timing that distinguished $γ$-rays and $β$-rays, and simultaneous fitting of the energy spectra of $γ$-like and $β$-like samples. No evidence of a WIMP signal was found. Thus, we set the upper limits of the inelastic channel cross section at 90\% confidence level, for example, $4.1\times 10^{-39} \;{\rm cm^2}$ for a $200\; {\rm GeV}/c^2$ WIMP. This result provides the most stringent limits on the SD WIMP-neutron interaction and is better by a factor of 7.7 at $200\;{\rm GeV}/c^2$ than the existing experimental limit.
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Submitted 19 March, 2019; v1 submitted 14 September, 2018;
originally announced September 2018.
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Search for sub-GeV dark matter by annual modulation using XMASS-I detector
Authors:
M. Kobayashi,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
H. Ogawa,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
T. Suzuki,
A. Takeda,
S. Tasaka,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
Y. Itow,
K. Kanzawa,
K. Masuda,
K. Martens,
Y. Suzuki,
B. D. Xu,
K. Miuchi
, et al. (11 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for dark matter (DM) with mass in the sub-GeV region (0.32-1 GeV) was conducted by looking for an annual modulation signal in XMASS, a single-phase liquid xenon detector. Inelastic nuclear scattering accompanied by bremsstrahlung emission was used to search down to an electron equivalent energy of 1 keV. The data used had a live time of 2.8 years (3.5 years in calendar time), resulting in…
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A search for dark matter (DM) with mass in the sub-GeV region (0.32-1 GeV) was conducted by looking for an annual modulation signal in XMASS, a single-phase liquid xenon detector. Inelastic nuclear scattering accompanied by bremsstrahlung emission was used to search down to an electron equivalent energy of 1 keV. The data used had a live time of 2.8 years (3.5 years in calendar time), resulting in a total exposure of 2.38 ton-years. No significant modulation signal was observed and 90% confidence level upper limits of $1.6 \times 10^{-33}$ cm$^2$ at 0.5 GeV was set for the DM-nucleon cross section. This is the first experimental result of a search for DM mediated by the bremsstrahlung effect. In addition, a search for DM with mass in the multi-GeV region (4-20 GeV) was conducted with a lower energy threshold than previous analysis of XMASS. Elastic nuclear scattering was used to search down to a nuclear recoil equivalent energy of 2.3 keV, and upper limits of 2.9 $\times$10$^{-42}$ cm$^2$ at 8 GeV was obtained.
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Submitted 22 December, 2018; v1 submitted 19 August, 2018;
originally announced August 2018.
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Direct dark matter search by annual modulation with 2.7 years of XMASS-I data
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
T. Norita,
H. Ogawa,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
O. Takachio,
A. Takeda,
S. Tasaka,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
Y. Itow,
K. Kanzawa,
R. Kegasa,
K. Masuda,
H. Takiya
, et al. (17 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
An annual modulation signal due to the Earth orbiting around the Sun would be one of the strongest indications of the direct detection of dark matter. In 2016, we reported a search for dark matter by looking for this annual modulation with our single-phase liquid xenon XMASS-I detector. That analysis resulted in a slightly negative modulation amplitude at low energy. In this work, we included more…
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An annual modulation signal due to the Earth orbiting around the Sun would be one of the strongest indications of the direct detection of dark matter. In 2016, we reported a search for dark matter by looking for this annual modulation with our single-phase liquid xenon XMASS-I detector. That analysis resulted in a slightly negative modulation amplitude at low energy. In this work, we included more than one year of additional data, which more than doubles the exposure to 800 live days with the same 832 kg target mass. When we assume weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter elastically scattering on the xenon target, the exclusion upper limit for the WIMP-nucleon cross section was improved by a factor of 2 to 1.9$\times$10$^{-41}$cm$^2$ at 8 GeV/c$^2$ at 90\% confidence level with our newly implemented data selection through a likelihood method. For the model-independent case, without assuming any specific dark matter model, we obtained more consistency with the null hypothesis than before with a $p$-value of 0.11 in the 1$-$20 keV energy region. This search probed this region with an exposure that was larger than that of DAMA/LIBRA. We also did not find any significant amplitude in the data for periodicity with periods between 50 and 600 days in the energy region between 1 to 6 keV.
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Submitted 25 May, 2018; v1 submitted 30 January, 2018;
originally announced January 2018.
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Improved search for two-neutrino double electron capture on $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe using particle identification in XMASS-I
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
T. Norita,
H. Ogawa,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
O. Takachio,
A. Takeda,
S. Tasaka,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
Y. Itow,
K. Kanzawa,
R. Kegasa,
K. Masuda,
H. Takiya
, et al. (17 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We conducted an improved search for the simultaneous capture of two $K$-shell electrons on the $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe nuclei with emission of two neutrinos using 800.0 days of data from the XMASS-I detector. A novel method to discriminate $γ$-ray/$X$-ray or double electron capture signals from $β$-ray background using scintillation time profiles was developed for this search. No significant sig…
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We conducted an improved search for the simultaneous capture of two $K$-shell electrons on the $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe nuclei with emission of two neutrinos using 800.0 days of data from the XMASS-I detector. A novel method to discriminate $γ$-ray/$X$-ray or double electron capture signals from $β$-ray background using scintillation time profiles was developed for this search. No significant signal was found when fitting the observed energy spectra with the expected signal and background. Therefore, we set the most stringent lower limits on the half-lives at $2.1 \times 10^{22}$ and $1.9 \times 10^{22}$ years for $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe, respectively, with 90% confidence level. These limits improve upon previously reported values by a factor of 4.5.
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Submitted 16 April, 2018; v1 submitted 10 January, 2018;
originally announced January 2018.
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Search for solar Kaluza-Klein axion by annual modulation with the XMASS-I detector
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
N. Oka,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
T. Norita,
H. Ogawa,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
O. Takachio,
A. Takeda,
S. Tasaka,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
Y. Itow,
K. Kanzawa,
R. Kegasa,
K. Masuda
, et al. (17 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In theories with the large extra dimensions beyond the standard 4-dimensional spacetime, axions could propagate in such extra dimensions, and acquire Kaluza-Klein (KK) excitations. These KK axions are produced in the Sun and could solve unexplained heating of the solar corona. While most of the solar KK axions escape from the solar system, a small fraction is gravitationally trapped in orbits arou…
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In theories with the large extra dimensions beyond the standard 4-dimensional spacetime, axions could propagate in such extra dimensions, and acquire Kaluza-Klein (KK) excitations. These KK axions are produced in the Sun and could solve unexplained heating of the solar corona. While most of the solar KK axions escape from the solar system, a small fraction is gravitationally trapped in orbits around the Sun. They would decay into two photons inside a terrestrial detector. The event rate is expected to modulate annually depending on the distance from the Sun. We have searched for the annual modulation signature using $832\times 359$ kg$\cdot$days of XMASS-I data. No significant event rate modulation is found, and hence we set the first experimental constraint on the KK axion-photon coupling of $4.8 \times 10^{-12}\, \mathrm{GeV}^{-1}$ at 90% confidence level for a KK axion number density of $\bar{n}_\mathrm{a} = 4.07 \times 10^{13}\, \mathrm{m}^{-3}$, the total number of extra dimensions $n = 2$, and the number of extra dimensions $δ= 2$ that axions can propagate in.
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Submitted 15 November, 2017; v1 submitted 19 July, 2017;
originally announced July 2017.
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Experimental investigation of a linear-chain structure in the nucleus 14C
Authors:
H. Yamaguchi,
D. Kahl,
S. Hayakawa,
Y. Sakaguchi,
K. Abe,
T. Nakao,
T. Suhara,
N. Iwasa,
A. Kim,
D. H. Kim,
S. M. Cha,
M. S. Kwag,
J. H. Lee,
E. J. Lee,
K. Y. Chae,
Y. Wakabayashi,
N. Imai,
N. Kitamura,
P. Lee,
J. Y. Moon,
K. B. Lee,
C. Akers,
H. S. Jung,
N. N. Duy,
L. H. Khiem
, et al. (1 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
It is a well-known fact that a cluster of nucleons can be formed in the interior of an atomic nucleus, and such clusters may occupy molecular-like orbitals, showing characteristics similar to normal molecules consisting of atoms. Chemical molecules having a linear alignment are commonly seen in nature, such as carbon dioxide. A similar linear alignment of the nuclear clusters, referred to as linea…
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It is a well-known fact that a cluster of nucleons can be formed in the interior of an atomic nucleus, and such clusters may occupy molecular-like orbitals, showing characteristics similar to normal molecules consisting of atoms. Chemical molecules having a linear alignment are commonly seen in nature, such as carbon dioxide. A similar linear alignment of the nuclear clusters, referred to as linear-chain cluster state (LCCS), has been studied since the 1950s, however, up to now there is no clear experimental evidence demonstrating the existence of such a state. Recently, it was proposed that an excess of neutrons may offer just such a stabilizing mechanism, revitalizing interest in the nuclear LCCS, specifically with predictions for their emergence in neutron-rich carbon isotopes. Here we present the experimental observation of α-cluster states in the radioactive 14C nucleus. Using the 10Be+α resonant scattering method with a radioactive beam, we observed a series of levels which completely agree with theoretically predicted levels having an explicit linear-chain cluster configuration. We regard this as the first strong indication of the linear-chain clustered nucleus.
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Submitted 12 December, 2016; v1 submitted 20 October, 2016;
originally announced October 2016.
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A measurement of the time profile of scintillation induced by low energy gamma-rays in liquid xenon with the XMASS-I detector
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
H. Takiya,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
T. Norita,
H. Ogawa,
H. Sekiya,
O. Takachio,
A. Takeda,
S. Tasaka,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
Y. Itow,
R. Kegasa,
K. Kobayashi,
K. Masuda,
K. Fushimi
, et al. (15 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the measurement of the emission time profile of scintillation from gamma-ray induced events in the XMASS-I 832 kg liquid xenon scintillation detector. Decay time constant was derived from a comparison of scintillation photon timing distributions between the observed data and simulated samples in order to take into account optical processes such as absorption and scattering in liquid xeno…
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We report the measurement of the emission time profile of scintillation from gamma-ray induced events in the XMASS-I 832 kg liquid xenon scintillation detector. Decay time constant was derived from a comparison of scintillation photon timing distributions between the observed data and simulated samples in order to take into account optical processes such as absorption and scattering in liquid xenon. Calibration data of radioactive sources, $^{55}$Fe, $^{241}$Am, and $^{57}$Co were used to obtain the decay time constant. Assuming two decay components, $τ_1$ and $τ_2$, the decay time constant $τ_2$ increased from 27.9 ns to 37.0 ns as the gamma-ray energy increased from 5.9 keV to 122 keV. The accuracy of the measurement was better than 1.5 ns at all energy levels. A fast decay component with $τ_1 \sim 2$ ns was necessary to reproduce data. Energy dependencies of $τ_2$ and the fraction of the fast decay component were studied as a function of the kinetic energy of electrons induced by gamma-rays. The obtained data almost reproduced previously reported results and extended them to the lower energy region relevant to direct dark matter searches.
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Submitted 18 August, 2016; v1 submitted 6 April, 2016;
originally announced April 2016.
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Direct dark matter search by annual modulation in XMASS-I
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
T. Norita,
H. Ogawa,
H. Sekiya,
O. Takachio,
A. Takeda,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
S. Tasaka,
K. Fushimi,
J. Liu,
K. Martens,
Y. Suzuki,
B. D. Xu,
R. Fujita
, et al. (17 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for dark matter was conducted by looking for an annual modulation signal due to the Earth's rotation around the Sun using XMASS, a single phase liquid xenon detector. The data used for this analysis was 359.2 live days times 832 kg of exposure accumulated between November 2013 and March 2015. When we assume Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter elastically scattering on t…
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A search for dark matter was conducted by looking for an annual modulation signal due to the Earth's rotation around the Sun using XMASS, a single phase liquid xenon detector. The data used for this analysis was 359.2 live days times 832 kg of exposure accumulated between November 2013 and March 2015. When we assume Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter elastically scattering on the target nuclei, the exclusion upper limit of the WIMP-nucleon cross section 4.3$\times$10$^{-41}$cm$^2$ at 8 GeV/c$^2$ was obtained and we exclude almost all the DAMA/LIBRA allowed region in the 6 to 16 GeV/c$^2$ range at $\sim$10$^{-40}$cm$^2$. The result of a simple modulation analysis, without assuming any specific dark matter model but including electron/$γ$ events, showed a slight negative amplitude. The $p$-values obtained with two independent analyses are 0.014 and 0.068 for null hypothesis, respectively. we obtained 90\% C.L. upper bounds that can be used to test various models. This is the first extensive annual modulation search probing this region with an exposure comparable to DAMA/LIBRA.
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Submitted 25 May, 2016; v1 submitted 15 November, 2015;
originally announced November 2015.
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Search for two-neutrino double electron capture on $^{124}$Xe with the XMASS-I detector
Authors:
XMASS Collaboration,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
K. Nakagawa,
M. Nakahata,
T. Norita,
H. Ogawa,
H. Sekiya,
O. Takachio,
A. Takeda,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
N. Y. Kim,
Y. D. Kim,
S. Tasaka,
J. Liu,
K. Martens,
Y. Suzuki,
R. Fujita,
K. Hosokawa
, et al. (19 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Double electron capture is a rare nuclear decay process in which two orbital electrons are captured simultaneously in the same nucleus. Measurement of its two-neutrino mode would provide a new reference for the calculation of nuclear matrix elements whereas observation of its neutrinoless mode would demonstrate lepton number violation. A search for two-neutrino double electron capture on $^{124}$X…
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Double electron capture is a rare nuclear decay process in which two orbital electrons are captured simultaneously in the same nucleus. Measurement of its two-neutrino mode would provide a new reference for the calculation of nuclear matrix elements whereas observation of its neutrinoless mode would demonstrate lepton number violation. A search for two-neutrino double electron capture on $^{124}$Xe is performed using 165.9 days of data collected with the XMASS-I liquid xenon detector. No significant excess above background was observed and we set a lower limit on the half-life as $4.7 \times 10^{21}$ years at 90% confidence level. The obtained limit has ruled out parts of some theoretical expectations. We obtain a lower limit on the $^{126}$Xe two-neutrino double electron capture half-life of $4.3 \times 10^{21}$ years at 90% confidence level as well.
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Submitted 25 May, 2016; v1 submitted 2 October, 2015;
originally announced October 2015.
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Measurement of the $ν_μ$ CCQE cross section on carbon with the ND280 detector at T2K
Authors:
T2K Collaboration,
K. Abe,
J. Adam,
H. Aihara,
T. Akiri,
C. Andreopoulos,
S. Aoki,
A. Ariga,
S. Assylbekov,
D. Autiero,
M. Barbi,
G. J. Barker,
G. Barr,
M. Bass,
M. Batkiewicz,
F. Bay,
V. Berardi,
B. E. Berger,
S. Berkman,
S. Bhadra,
F. d. M. Blaszczyk,
A. Blondel,
C. Bojechko,
S. Bolognesi,
S. Bordoni
, et al. (320 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Charged-Current Quasi-Elastic (CCQE) interaction, $ν_{l} + n \rightarrow l^{-} + p$, is the dominant CC process at $E_ν\sim 1$ GeV and contributes to the signal in accelerator-based long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments operating at intermediate neutrino energies. This paper reports a measurement by the T2K experiment of the $ν_μ$ CCQE cross section on a carbon target with the off-axi…
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The Charged-Current Quasi-Elastic (CCQE) interaction, $ν_{l} + n \rightarrow l^{-} + p$, is the dominant CC process at $E_ν\sim 1$ GeV and contributes to the signal in accelerator-based long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments operating at intermediate neutrino energies. This paper reports a measurement by the T2K experiment of the $ν_μ$ CCQE cross section on a carbon target with the off-axis detector based on the observed distribution of muon momentum ($p_μ$) and angle with respect to the incident neutrino beam ($θ_μ$). The flux-integrated CCQE cross section was measured to be $(0.83 \pm 0.12) \times 10^{-38}\textrm{ cm}^{2}$ in good agreement with NEUT MC value of ${0.88 \times 10^{-38}} \textrm{ cm}^{2}$. The energy dependence of the CCQE cross section is also reported. The axial mass, $M_A^{QE}$, of the dipole axial form factor was extracted assuming the Smith-Moniz CCQE model with a relativistic Fermi gas nuclear model. Using the absolute (shape-only) $p_μcosθ_μ$ distribution, the effective $M_A^{QE}$ parameter was measured to be ${1.26^{+0.21}_{-0.18} \textrm{ GeV}/c^{2}}$ (${1.43^{+0.28}_{-0.22} \textrm{ GeV}/c^{2}}$).
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Submitted 11 December, 2015; v1 submitted 23 November, 2014;
originally announced November 2014.
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Search for bosonic superweakly interacting massive dark matter particles with the XMASS-I detector
Authors:
K. Abe,
K. Hieda,
K. Hiraide,
S. Hirano,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Ichimura,
K. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
K. Nakagawa,
M. Nakahata,
H. Ogawa,
N. Oka,
H. Sekiya,
A. Shinozaki,
Y. Suzuki,
A. Takeda,
O. Takachio,
D. Umemoto,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
S. Tasaka,
J. Liu,
K. Martens,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Miuchi
, et al. (20 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Bosonic superweakly interacting massive particles (super-WIMPs) are a candidate for warm dark matter. With the absorption of such a boson by a xenon atom these dark matter candidates would deposit an energy equivalent to their rest mass in the detector. This is the first direct detection experiment exploring the vector super-WIMPs in the mass range between 40 and 120 keV. Using 165.9 days of data…
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Bosonic superweakly interacting massive particles (super-WIMPs) are a candidate for warm dark matter. With the absorption of such a boson by a xenon atom these dark matter candidates would deposit an energy equivalent to their rest mass in the detector. This is the first direct detection experiment exploring the vector super-WIMPs in the mass range between 40 and 120 keV. Using 165.9 days of data no significant excess above background was observed in the fiducial mass of 41 kg. The present limit for the vector super-WIMPs excludes the possibility that such particles constitute all of dark matter. The absence of a signal also provides the most stringent direct constraint on the coupling constant of pseudoscalar super-WIMPs to electrons. The unprecedented sensitivity was achieved exploiting the low background at a level $10^{-4}$ kg$^{-1}$keV$_{ee}^{-1}$day$^{-1}$ in the detector.
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Submitted 21 August, 2014; v1 submitted 2 June, 2014;
originally announced June 2014.
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Search for inelastic WIMP nucleus scattering on $^{129}$Xe in data from the XMASS-I experiment
Authors:
H. Uchida,
K. Abe,
K. Hieda,
K. Hiraide,
S. Hirano,
K. Ichimura,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
K. Nakagawa,
M. Nakahata,
H. Ogawa,
N. Oka,
H. Sekiya,
A. Shinozaki,
Y. Suzuki,
A. Takeda,
O. Takachio,
D. Umemoto,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
S. Tasaka,
J. Liu,
K. Martens,
K. Hosokawa
, et al. (21 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for inelastic scattering of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) on the isotope $^{129}$Xe was done in data taken with the single phase liquid xenon detector XMASS at the Kamioka Observatory. Using a restricted volume containing 41 kg of LXe at the very center of our detector we observed no significant excess of events in 165.9 days of data. Our background reduction allowed us to…
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A search for inelastic scattering of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) on the isotope $^{129}$Xe was done in data taken with the single phase liquid xenon detector XMASS at the Kamioka Observatory. Using a restricted volume containing 41 kg of LXe at the very center of our detector we observed no significant excess of events in 165.9 days of data. Our background reduction allowed us to derive our limits without explicitly subtracting the remaining events which are compatible with background expectations and derive for e.g. a 50 GeV WIMP an upper limit for its inelastic cross section on $^{129}$Xe nuclei of 3.2 pb at the 90% confidence level.
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Submitted 29 April, 2014; v1 submitted 19 January, 2014;
originally announced January 2014.
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Search for solar axions in XMASS, a large liquid-xenon detector
Authors:
K. Abe,
K. Hieda,
K. Hiraide,
S. Hirano,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
K. Nakagawa,
M. Nakahata,
H. Ogawa,
N. Oka,
H. Sekiya,
A. Shinozaki Y. Suzuki,
A. Takeda,
O. Takachio,
K. Ueshima,
D. Umemoto,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
S. Tasaka,
J. Liu,
K. Martens,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Miuchi,
A. Murata
, et al. (21 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
XMASS, a low-background, large liquid-xenon detector, was used to search for solar axions that would be produced by bremsstrahlung and Compton effects in the Sun. With an exposure of 5.6ton days of liquid xenon, the model-independent limit on the coupling for mass $\ll$ 1keV is $|g_{aee}|< 5.4\times 10^{-11}$ (90% C.L.), which is a factor of two stronger than the existing experimental limit. The b…
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XMASS, a low-background, large liquid-xenon detector, was used to search for solar axions that would be produced by bremsstrahlung and Compton effects in the Sun. With an exposure of 5.6ton days of liquid xenon, the model-independent limit on the coupling for mass $\ll$ 1keV is $|g_{aee}|< 5.4\times 10^{-11}$ (90% C.L.), which is a factor of two stronger than the existing experimental limit. The bounds on the axion masses for the DFSZ and KSVZ axion models are 1.9 and 250eV, respectively. In the mass range of 10-40keV, this study produced the most stringent limit, which is better than that previously derived from astrophysical arguments regarding the Sun to date.
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Submitted 29 May, 2013; v1 submitted 26 December, 2012;
originally announced December 2012.
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Light WIMP search in XMASS
Authors:
K. Abe,
K. Hieda,
K. Hiraide,
S. Hirano,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
S. Moriyama,
K. Nakagawa,
M. Nakahata,
H. Ogawa,
N. Oka,
H. Sekiya,
A. Shinozaki Y. Suzuki,
A. Takeda,
O. Takachio,
K. Ueshima,
D. Umemoto,
M. Yamashita,
B. S. Yang,
S. Tasaka,
J. Liu,
K. Martens,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Miuchi,
A. Murata
, et al. (21 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for light dark matter using low-threshold data from the single phase liquid xenon scintillation detector XMASS, has been conducted. Using the entire 835 kg inner volume as target, the analysis threshold can be lowered to 0.3 keVee (electron-equivalent) to search for light dark matter. With low-threshold data corresponding to a 5591.4 kg$\cdot$day exposure of the detector and without discr…
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A search for light dark matter using low-threshold data from the single phase liquid xenon scintillation detector XMASS, has been conducted. Using the entire 835 kg inner volume as target, the analysis threshold can be lowered to 0.3 keVee (electron-equivalent) to search for light dark matter. With low-threshold data corresponding to a 5591.4 kg$\cdot$day exposure of the detector and without discriminating between nuclear-recoil and electronic events, XMASS excludes part of the parameter space favored by other experiments.
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Submitted 16 January, 2013; v1 submitted 22 November, 2012;
originally announced November 2012.
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Scintillation-only Based Pulse Shape Discrimination for Nuclear and Electron Recoils in Liquid Xenon
Authors:
K. Ueshima,
K. Abe,
K. Hiraide,
S. Hirano,
Y. Kishimoto,
K. Kobayashi,
Y. Koshio,
J. Liu,
K. Martens,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
H. Nishiie,
H. Ogawa,
H. Sekiya,
A. Shinozaki,
Y. Suzuki,
A. Takeda,
M. Yamashita,
K. Fujii,
I. Murayama,
S. Nakamura,
K. Otsuka,
Y. Takeuchi,
Y. Fukuda,
K. Nishijima
, et al. (12 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In a dedicated test setup at the Kamioka Observatory we studied pulse shape discrimination (PSD) in liquid xenon (LXe) for dark matter searches. PSD in LXe was based on the observation that scintillation light from electron events was emitted over a longer period of time than that of nuclear recoil events, and our method used a simple ratio of early to total scintillation light emission in a singl…
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In a dedicated test setup at the Kamioka Observatory we studied pulse shape discrimination (PSD) in liquid xenon (LXe) for dark matter searches. PSD in LXe was based on the observation that scintillation light from electron events was emitted over a longer period of time than that of nuclear recoil events, and our method used a simple ratio of early to total scintillation light emission in a single scintillation event. Requiring an efficiency of 50% for nuclear recoil retention we reduced the electron background to 7.7\pm1.1(stat)\pm1.2 0.6(sys)\times10-2 at energies between 4.8 and 7.2 keVee and to 7.7\pm2.8(stat)\pm2.5 2.8(sys)\times10-3 at energies between 9.6 and 12 keVee for a scintillation light yield of 20.9 p.e./keV. Further study was done by masking some of that light to reduce this yield to 4.6 p.e./keV, the same method results in an electron event reduction of 2.4\pm0.2(stat)\pm0.3 0.2(sys)\times10-1 for the lower of the energy regions above. We also observe that in contrast to nuclear recoils the fluctuations in our early to total ratio for electron events are larger than expected from statistical fluctuations.
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Submitted 11 June, 2011;
originally announced June 2011.