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Direct in-chamber radon-220 (thoron) emanation measurements for rare-event physics experiments
Authors:
R. R. Marcelo Gregorio,
F. Dastgiri,
A. Basharina-Freshville,
V. U. Bashu,
A. Cottle,
L. J. Bignell,
C. Ghag,
G. J. Lane,
A. G. McLean,
N. J. C. Spooner
Abstract:
Measuring radon emanation from detector materials is a key method for controlling radon, a significant background in rare-event physics experiments. Methods for measuring radon emanation are well-established but have predominantly focused on the 222Rn isotope, the dominant radon isotope for these backgrounds. However, measurements of 220Rn (thoron), the second most abundant radon isotope, remain r…
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Measuring radon emanation from detector materials is a key method for controlling radon, a significant background in rare-event physics experiments. Methods for measuring radon emanation are well-established but have predominantly focused on the 222Rn isotope, the dominant radon isotope for these backgrounds. However, measurements of 220Rn (thoron), the second most abundant radon isotope, remain relatively unexplored. 220Rn emanation measurements are challenging because the 220Rn must be transferred from the emanation chamber to the active detector within its short 55 s half-life. In this study, a direct in-chamber approach for measuring 220Rn emanation is presented in which the sample is placed directly within the active detector chamber, thereby minimising losses during transfer. The method was demonstrated with a DURRIDGE RAD8 electrostatic radon detector, which measured 220Rn emanation from low-activity thoriated rods with an activity of 76 +/- 20 mBq. Compared with a conventional flowthrough 220Rn emanation setup, the in-chamber method increased sensitivity by a factor of 3. Using helium as the carrier gas provided a further sensitivity increase, giving an overall sensitivity gain of ~5. These results indicate that in-chamber 220Rn emanation measurements provide an effective tool for low-background experiments and have the potential to accelerate radon studies by exploiting the shorter half-life of 220Rn.
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Submitted 20 February, 2026; v1 submitted 18 January, 2026;
originally announced January 2026.
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Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Sensitivity of the XLZD Rare Event Observatory
Authors:
XLZD Collaboration,
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
M. Adrover,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
D. S. Akerib,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
L. Althueser,
D. W. P. Amaral,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
A. Ames,
B. Andrieu,
N. Angelides,
E. Angelino,
B. Antunovic,
E. Aprile,
H. M. Araújo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
M. Babicz,
D. Bajpai,
A. Baker,
M. Balzer,
J. Bang
, et al. (419 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials,…
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The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials, such an experiment will also be able to competitively search for neutrinoless double beta decay in $^{136}$Xe using a natural-abundance xenon target. XLZD can reach a 3$σ$ discovery potential half-life of 5.7$\times$10$^{27}$ yr (and a 90% CL exclusion of 1.3$\times$10$^{28}$ yr) with 10 years of data taking, corresponding to a Majorana mass range of 7.3-31.3 meV (4.8-20.5 meV). XLZD will thus exclude the inverted neutrino mass ordering parameter space and will start to probe the normal ordering region for most of the nuclear matrix elements commonly considered by the community.
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Submitted 30 April, 2025; v1 submitted 23 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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Two-neutrino double electron capture of $^{124}$Xe in the first LUX-ZEPLIN exposure
Authors:
J. Aalbers,
D. S. Akerib,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
A. Ames,
T. J. Anderson,
N. Angelides,
H. M. Araújo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
A. Baker,
S. Balashov,
J. Bang,
J. W. Bargemann,
E. E. Barillier,
K. Beattie,
A. Bhatti,
A. Biekert,
T. P. Biesiadzinski,
H. J. Birch,
E. Bishop,
G. M. Blockinger,
B. Boxer,
C. A. J. Brew
, et al. (180 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$ν$2EC), utilizing a $1.39\,\mathrm{kg} \times \mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of…
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The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$ν$2EC), utilizing a $1.39\,\mathrm{kg} \times \mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of $T_{1/2}^{2\nu2\mathrm{EC}} = (1.09 \pm 0.14_{\text{stat}} \pm 0.05_{\text{sys}}) \times 10^{22}\,\mathrm{yr}$ is observed with a statistical significance of $8.3\,σ$, in agreement with literature. First empirical measurements of the KK capture fraction relative to other K-shell modes were conducted, and demonstrate consistency with respect to recent signal models at the $1.4\,σ$ level.
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Submitted 7 December, 2024; v1 submitted 30 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.
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Report from the Workshop on Xenon Detector $0νββ$ Searches: Steps Towards the Kilotonne Scale
Authors:
A. Anker,
A. Avasthi,
M. Brodeur,
T. Brunner,
N. K. Byrnes,
N. R. Catarineu,
A. Cottle,
P. Englezos,
W. Fairbank,
D. González Díaz,
R. Guenette,
S. J. Haselschwardt,
S. Hedges,
M. Heffner,
J. D. Holt,
A. Jamil,
B. J. P. Jones,
N. Kawada,
S. Leardini,
B. G. Lenardo,
A. Marc,
J. Masbou,
K. Mistry,
B. Mong,
B. Monreal
, et al. (13 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
These proceedings summarize the program and discussions of the ``Workshop on Xenon Detector $0νββ$ Searches: Steps Towards the Kilotonne Scale'' held on October 25-27 2023 at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This workshop brought together experts from the communities of neutrinoless double-beta decay and dark matter detection, to discuss paths forward for the realization of monolithic experim…
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These proceedings summarize the program and discussions of the ``Workshop on Xenon Detector $0νββ$ Searches: Steps Towards the Kilotonne Scale'' held on October 25-27 2023 at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This workshop brought together experts from the communities of neutrinoless double-beta decay and dark matter detection, to discuss paths forward for the realization of monolithic experiments with xenon approaching the kilotonne scale.
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Submitted 29 April, 2024;
originally announced April 2024.
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A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics
Authors:
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
V. Aerne,
F. Agostini,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
D. S. Akerib,
D. Yu. Akimov,
J. Akshat,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
S. K. Alsum,
L. Althueser,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
F. D. Amaro,
A. Ames,
T. J. Anderson,
B. Andrieu,
N. Angelides,
E. Angelino,
J. Angevaare,
V. C. Antochi,
D. Antón Martin,
B. Antunovic,
E. Aprile,
H. M. Araújo
, et al. (572 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neut…
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The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector.
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Submitted 4 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to the two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decays of $^{134}$Xe
Authors:
The LUX-ZEPLIN,
Collaboration,
:,
D. S. Akerib,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
S. K. Alsum,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
A. Ames,
T. J. Anderson,
N. Angelides,
H. M. Araujo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
X. Bai,
J. Balajthy,
S. Balashov,
J. Bang,
J. W. Bargemann,
D. Bauer,
A. Baxter,
P. Beltrame,
E. P. Bernard,
A. Bernstein,
A. Bhatti,
A. Biekert
, et al. (172 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles, that is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity t…
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The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles, that is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity to search for the double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe, for which xenon detectors enriched in $^{136}$Xe are less effective. For the two-neutrino decay mode, LZ is predicted to exclude values of the half-life up to 1.7$\times$10$^{24}$ years at 90% confidence level (CL), and has a three-sigma observation potential of 8.7$\times$10$^{23}$ years, approaching the predictions of nuclear models. For the neutrinoless decay mode LZ, is projected to exclude values of the half-life up to 7.3$\times$10$^{24}$ years at 90% CL.
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Submitted 22 November, 2021; v1 submitted 26 April, 2021;
originally announced April 2021.
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Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the $0νββ$ decay of $^{136}$Xe
Authors:
D. S. Akerib,
C. W. Akerlof,
A. Alqahtani,
S. K. Alsum,
T. J. Anderson,
N. Angelides,
H. M. Araújo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
X. Bai,
J. Balajthy,
S. Balashov,
J. Bang,
A. Baxter,
J. Bensinger,
E. P. Bernard,
A. Bernstein,
A. Bhatti,
A. Biekert,
T. P. Biesiadzinski,
H. J. Birch,
K. E. Boast,
B. Boxer,
P. Brás,
J. H. Buckley
, et al. (167 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double beta decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay, taking advantage of the significant ($>$600 kg) $^{136}$Xe mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 l…
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The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double beta decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay, taking advantage of the significant ($>$600 kg) $^{136}$Xe mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 live-days, the median exclusion sensitivity to the half-life of $^{136}$Xe is projected to be 1.06$\times$10$^{26}$ years (90% confidence level), similar to existing constraints. We also report the expected sensitivity of a possible subsequent dedicated exposure using 90% enrichment with $^{136}$Xe at 1.06$\times$10$^{27}$ years.
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Submitted 24 April, 2020; v1 submitted 9 December, 2019;
originally announced December 2019.