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The nEXO Radioassay Program
Authors:
R. MacLellan,
P. Acharya,
B. Aharmim,
S. Alcantar Anguiano,
A. Anker,
I. J. Arnquist,
D. Auty,
T. Bhatta,
D. Chernyak,
J. S. Choe,
B. Cleveland,
J. Daughhetee,
A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian,
Y. Y. Ding,
M. L. di Vacri,
J. Farine,
A. D. French,
O. Gileva,
R. Gornea,
K. Harouaka,
K. P. Hobbs,
E. W. Hoppe,
L. K. S. Horkley,
M. Hughes,
L. Kieser
, et al. (126 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Material radioactivity compilations, such as the one presented here, are important enablers of science. They are useful for the selection of radiopure materials used in the design and construction of low-energy rare-event search experiments. They allow researchers developing such experiments to save time on material studies and avoid costly duplication of effort. The data presented here were gener…
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Material radioactivity compilations, such as the one presented here, are important enablers of science. They are useful for the selection of radiopure materials used in the design and construction of low-energy rare-event search experiments. They allow researchers developing such experiments to save time on material studies and avoid costly duplication of effort. The data presented here were generated in support of the planned nEXO double-beta decay search. This work contains among the most restrictive constraints on the natural radioactivity content of materials of general interest to the low-radioactivity community, found in any tabulation of this kind. In this study, various techniques were employed; they are described here.
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Submitted 16 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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Design of a high voltage delivery system for noble liquid time projection chambers
Authors:
R. Saldanha,
L. Pagani,
E. Angelico,
E. P. Bernard,
B. Chana,
S. Delaquis,
R. DeVoe,
M. Elbeltagi,
S. Ferrara,
D. Goeldi,
R. Gornea,
A. Odian,
G. S. Ortega,
C. T. Overman,
L. Placzek,
P. C. Rowson,
K. Skarpaas,
F. Spadoni,
P. Acharya,
A. Amy,
A. Anker,
I. J. Arnquist,
A. Atencio,
J. Bane,
V. Belov
, et al. (107 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Noble liquid time projection chambers (TPCs) are a leading technology in the detection of ionizing radiation, particularly in applications such as accelerator neutrino physics, dark matter detection, and neutrinoless double beta decay. This paper addresses the design considerations for implementing stable high voltage (HV) systems within large noble liquid TPCs, with a focus on the nEXO experiment…
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Noble liquid time projection chambers (TPCs) are a leading technology in the detection of ionizing radiation, particularly in applications such as accelerator neutrino physics, dark matter detection, and neutrinoless double beta decay. This paper addresses the design considerations for implementing stable high voltage (HV) systems within large noble liquid TPCs, with a focus on the nEXO experiment. Utilizing insights from prior HV research and experimental investigations, we outline factors influencing HV stability and discuss design choices to improve stability and prevent electrical discharges. A novel HV delivery system concept is presented, tailored for the nEXO TPC, which incorporates these design considerations while also meeting the stringent radiopurity requirements of the nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay search. These design considerations and their specific implementation towards a HV delivery system offer guidance to future experiments applying high voltage in noble liquid environments.
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Submitted 26 February, 2026;
originally announced February 2026.
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Novel High-Radiopurity Doped Amorphous Silicon Resistors for Low-Background Detectors
Authors:
A. Anker,
P. C. Rowson,
K. Skarpaas,
S. Tsitrin,
I. J. Arnquist,
L. Kenneth S. Horkley,
L. Pagani,
T. D. Schlieder,
E. van Bruggen,
P. Kachru,
A. Pocar,
N. Yazbek
Abstract:
We present the results of a study of lightly doped amorphous silicon used as a resistive medium for high-radiopurity resistors in nuclear and particle physics research instrumentation. Prototypes are produced for a Time Projection Chamber design for the nEXO neutrinoless double-beta decay search experiment that meet requirements for ultra-high radiopurity, good mechanical, cryogenic and high volta…
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We present the results of a study of lightly doped amorphous silicon used as a resistive medium for high-radiopurity resistors in nuclear and particle physics research instrumentation. Prototypes are produced for a Time Projection Chamber design for the nEXO neutrinoless double-beta decay search experiment that meet requirements for ultra-high radiopurity, good mechanical, cryogenic and high voltage performance, as well as useful vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) reflectivity. Further study is warranted to refine production methods and to confirm that the technology used here is useful for more general applications.
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Submitted 23 April, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026;
originally announced January 2026.
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Characterization of CRYO ASIC for charge readout in the nEXO experiment
Authors:
Z. Li,
M. Yu,
E. Angelico,
A. Atencio,
A. Gupta,
P. Knauss,
A. Pena-Perez,
B. G. Lenardo,
P. Acharya,
A. Amy,
A. Anker,
I. J. Arnquist,
J. Bane,
V. Belov,
T. Bhatta,
A. Bolotnikov,
J. Breslin,
P. A. Breur,
J. P. Brodsky,
E. Brown,
T. Brunner,
B. Burnell,
E. Caden,
G. F. Cao,
L. Q. Cao
, et al. (119 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
nEXO is a proposed next-generation experiment searching for the neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe using a tonne-scale liquid xenon (LXe) time projection chamber (TPC). To image the ionization signals from events in the liquid xenon, the detector will employ metallized fused-silica charge collection tiles instrumented with cryogenic application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), refer…
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nEXO is a proposed next-generation experiment searching for the neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe using a tonne-scale liquid xenon (LXe) time projection chamber (TPC). To image the ionization signals from events in the liquid xenon, the detector will employ metallized fused-silica charge collection tiles instrumented with cryogenic application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), referred to as CRYO ASIC, which are designed to operate directly in LXe to minimize input capacitance and pick-up noise. Here we present the performance of the CRYO ASIC mounted on an auxiliary printed circuit board and evaluated both in a cryogenic environmental chamber and in a dedicated LXe test stand. We demonstrate that the ASICs achieve the desired performance at liquid xenon temperatures, showing a gain stability better than 0.2% over 24-hour operation and reliable in-situ calibration using an on-chip pulser. In the LXe test stand, we show that boiling caused by the chip heat dissipation can be mitigated by operating the system above ~0.1 MPa. The in-LXe noise measured agrees with simulation, which indicates it the $150~e^-$ design requirement can be satisfied. These results establish CRYO ASIC as a viable low-noise in-LXe charge readout solution for nEXO.
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Submitted 11 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Ultra-pure Nickel for Structural Components of Low-Radioactivity Instruments
Authors:
T. J. Roosendaal,
C. T. Overman,
G. S. Ortega,
T. D. Schlieder,
N. D. Rocco,
L. K. S. Horkley,
K. P. Hobbs,
K. Harouaka,
J. L. Orrell,
P. Acharya,
A. Amy,
E. Angelico,
A. Anker,
I. J. Arnquist,
A. Atencio,
J. Bane,
V. Belov,
E. P. Bernard,
T. Bhatta,
A. Bolotnikov,
J. Breslin,
P. A. Breur,
J. P. Brodsky,
E. Brown,
T. Brunner
, et al. (101 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The next generation of rare-event search experiments in nuclear and particle physics demand structural materials combining exceptional mechanical strength with ultra-low levels of radioactive contamination. This study evaluates chemical vapor deposition (CVD) nickel as a candidate structural material for such applications. Manufacturer-supplied CVD Ni grown on aluminum substrates underwent tensile…
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The next generation of rare-event search experiments in nuclear and particle physics demand structural materials combining exceptional mechanical strength with ultra-low levels of radioactive contamination. This study evaluates chemical vapor deposition (CVD) nickel as a candidate structural material for such applications. Manufacturer-supplied CVD Ni grown on aluminum substrates underwent tensile testing before and after welding alongside standard Ni samples. CVD Ni exhibited a planar tensile strength of ~600 MPa, significantly surpassing standard nickel. However, welding and heat treatment were found to reduce the tensile strength to levels comparable to standard Ni, with observed porosity in the welds likely contributing to this reduction. Material assay via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) employing isotope-dilution produced measured bulk concentration of 232-Th, 238-U, and nat-K at the levels of ~70 ppq, <100 ppq, and ~900 ppt, respectively, which is the lowest reported in nickel. Surface-etch profiling uncovered higher concentrations of these contaminants extending ~10 micrometer beneath the surface, likely associated with the aluminum growth substrate. The results reported are compared to the one other well documented usage of CVD Ni in a low radioactive background physics research experiment and a discussion is provided on how the currently reported results may arise from changes in CVD fabrication or testing process. These results establish CVD Ni as a promising low-radioactivity structural material, while outlining the need for further development in welding and surface cleaning techniques to fully realize its potential in large-scale, low radioactive background rare-event search experiments.
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Submitted 11 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Sensitivity of nEXO to $^{136}$Xe Charged-Current Interactions: Background-free Searches for Solar Neutrinos and Fermionic Dark Matter
Authors:
G. Richardson,
B. G. Lenardo,
D. Gallacher,
R. Saldanha,
P. Acharya,
S. Al Kharusi,
A. Amy,
E. Angelico,
A. Anker,
I. J. Arnquist,
A. Atencio,
J. Bane,
V. Belov,
E. P. Bernard,
T. Bhatta,
A. Bolotnikov,
J. Breslin,
P. A. Breur,
J. P. Brodsky,
S. Bron,
E. Brown,
T. Brunner,
B. Burnell,
E. Caden,
G. F. Cao
, et al. (113 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We study the sensitivity of nEXO to solar neutrino charged-current interactions, $ν_e + ^{136}$Xe$\rightarrow ^{136}$Cs$^* + e^-$, as well as analogous interactions predicted by models of fermionic dark matter. Due to the recently observed low-lying isomeric states of $^{136}$Cs, these interactions will create a time-delayed coincident signal observable in the scintillation channel. Here we develo…
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We study the sensitivity of nEXO to solar neutrino charged-current interactions, $ν_e + ^{136}$Xe$\rightarrow ^{136}$Cs$^* + e^-$, as well as analogous interactions predicted by models of fermionic dark matter. Due to the recently observed low-lying isomeric states of $^{136}$Cs, these interactions will create a time-delayed coincident signal observable in the scintillation channel. Here we develop a detailed Monte Carlo of scintillation emission, propagation, and detection in the nEXO detector to model these signals under different assumptions about the timing resolution of the photosensor readout. We show this correlated signal can be used to achieve background discrimination on the order of $10^{-9}$, enabling nEXO to make background-free measurements of solar neutrinos above the reaction threshold of 0.668 MeV. We project that nEXO could measure the flux of CNO solar neutrinos with a statistical uncertainty of 25%, thus contributing a novel and competitive measurement towards addressing the solar metallicity problem. Additionally, nEXO could measure the mean energy of the $^7$Be neutrinos with a precision of $σ\leq 1.5$ keV and could determine the survival probability of $^{7}$Be and $pep$ solar $ν_e$ with precision comparable to state-of-the-art. These quantities are sensitive to the Sun's core temperature and to non-standard neutrino interactions, respectively. Furthermore, the strong background suppression would allow nEXO to search for for charged-current interactions of fermionic dark matter in the mass range $m_χ$ = $0.668$-$7$ MeV with a sensitivity up to three orders of magnitude better than current limits.
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Submitted 27 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Imaging of single barium atoms in a second matrix site in solid xenon for barium tagging in a $^{136}$Xe double beta decay experiment
Authors:
M. Yvaine,
D. Fairbank,
J. Soderstrom,
C. Taylor,
J. Stanley,
T. Walton,
C. Chambers,
A. Iverson,
W. Fairbank,
S. Al Kharusi,
A. Amy,
E. Angelico,
A. Anker,
I. J. Arnquist,
A. Atencio,
J. Bane,
V. Belov,
E. P. Bernard,
T. Bhatta,
A. Bolotnikov,
J. Breslin,
P. A. Breur,
J. P. Brodsky,
E. Brown,
T. Brunner
, et al. (112 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Neutrinoless double beta decay is one of the most sensitive probes for new physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. One of the isotopes under investigation is $^{136}$Xe, which would double beta decay into $^{136}$Ba. Detecting the single $^{136}$Ba daughter provides a sort of ultimate tool in the discrimination against backgrounds. Previous work demonstrated the ability to perform s…
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Neutrinoless double beta decay is one of the most sensitive probes for new physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. One of the isotopes under investigation is $^{136}$Xe, which would double beta decay into $^{136}$Ba. Detecting the single $^{136}$Ba daughter provides a sort of ultimate tool in the discrimination against backgrounds. Previous work demonstrated the ability to perform single atom imaging of Ba atoms in a single-vacancy site of a solid xenon matrix. In this paper, the effort to identify signal from individual barium atoms is extended to Ba atoms in a hexa-vacancy site in the matrix and is achieved despite increased photobleaching in this site. Abrupt fluorescence turn-off of a single Ba atom is also observed. Significant recovery of fluorescence signal lost through photobleaching is demonstrated upon annealing of Ba deposits in the Xe ice. Following annealing, it is observed that Ba atoms in the hexa-vacancy site exhibit antibleaching while Ba atoms in the tetra-vacancy site exhibit bleaching. This may be evidence for a matrix site transfer upon laser excitation. Our findings offer a path of continued research toward tagging of Ba daughters in all significant sites in solid xenon.
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Submitted 28 June, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Report from the Workshop on Xenon Detector $0νββ$ Searches: Steps Towards the Kilotonne Scale
Authors:
A. Anker,
A. Avasthi,
M. Brodeur,
T. Brunner,
N. K. Byrnes,
N. R. Catarineu,
A. Cottle,
P. Englezos,
W. Fairbank,
D. González Díaz,
R. Guenette,
S. J. Haselschwardt,
S. Hedges,
M. Heffner,
J. D. Holt,
A. Jamil,
B. J. P. Jones,
N. Kawada,
S. Leardini,
B. G. Lenardo,
A. Marc,
J. Masbou,
K. Mistry,
B. Mong,
B. Monreal
, et al. (13 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
These proceedings summarize the program and discussions of the ``Workshop on Xenon Detector $0νββ$ Searches: Steps Towards the Kilotonne Scale'' held on October 25-27 2023 at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This workshop brought together experts from the communities of neutrinoless double-beta decay and dark matter detection, to discuss paths forward for the realization of monolithic experim…
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These proceedings summarize the program and discussions of the ``Workshop on Xenon Detector $0νββ$ Searches: Steps Towards the Kilotonne Scale'' held on October 25-27 2023 at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This workshop brought together experts from the communities of neutrinoless double-beta decay and dark matter detection, to discuss paths forward for the realization of monolithic experiments with xenon approaching the kilotonne scale.
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Submitted 29 April, 2024;
originally announced April 2024.