Showing 1–50 of 273 results for author: Charmandaris, V

Spatially Resolved Star Formation relations in local LIRGs along the complete merger sequence

Authors: M. Sánchez-García, T. Díaz-Santos, L. Barcos-Muñoz, A. S. Evans, Y. Song, M. Pereira-Santaella, S. García-Burillo, S. T. Linden, C. Ricci, L. Lenkic, A. Zanella, L. Armus, C. Eibensteiner, Y. -H. Teng, A. Saravia, V. A. Buiten, G. C. Privon, N. Torres-Albà, T. Saito, K. L. Larson, M. Bianchin, A. M. Medling, T. Lai, G. P. Donnelly, V. Charmandaris , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) at ~100 pc scales in a sample of 27 nearby luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) spanning the entire merger sequence. In particular, we study the relations between star-formation (SF) and molecular gas surface density as a function of the interaction stage using two complementary approaches: beam-sized (unresolved, line-of-sight) regions… ▽ More We investigate the properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) at ~100 pc scales in a sample of 27 nearby luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) spanning the entire merger sequence. In particular, we study the relations between star-formation (SF) and molecular gas surface density as a function of the interaction stage using two complementary approaches: beam-sized (unresolved, line-of-sight) regions and physically identified molecular gas clumps. To map the distribution of molecular gas we use ALMA CO(2-1) observations, while SF is traced using HST Pa-alpha or Pa-beta images. We derive spatially resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relations for each galaxy. When using beam-sized regions, we find that 67% of galaxies follow a single relation between Sigma_SFR and Sigma_H2. However, in the remaining galaxies, the relation splits into two branches, indicating the presence of a duality in this relation. In contrast, when using physical gas clumps, the duality disappears and all galaxies show a single trend. We also study other ISM/clump properties as a function of the merger stage. We find that isolated galaxies and systems in early stages of interaction exhibit lower amounts of gas and SF. As the merger progresses, however, the amount of gas in the central kpc of the galaxy undergoing the merger increases, along with the SFR, and the slope of the KS relation becomes steeper, indicating an increase in SF efficiency of the gas clumps. Clumps in late-stage mergers are predominantly located at small distances from the nucleus, confirming that most of the activity is concentrated in the central regions. Finally, the relation between the SF efficiency and the boundedness parameter evolves from being roughly flat in the early stages of the merger to becoming positive in the final phases, indicating that clump self-gravity only starts to regulate the SF process between the early- and mid-merger stages. △ Less

Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 27 pages, 24 figures, including appendices. Accepted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 707, A144 (2026)

A precessing jet from an active galactic nucleus drives gas outflow from a disk galaxy

Authors: Justin A. Kader, Vivian U, Loreto Barcos-Muñoz, Marina Bianchin, Sean T. Linden, Yiqing Song, Gabriela Canalizo, Archana Aravindan, George C. Privon Tanio Díaz-Santos, Christopher Hayward, Matthew A. Malkan, Lee Armus, Rosalie C. McGurk, Jeffrey A. Rich, Anne M. Medling, Sabrina Stierwalt, Claire E. Max, Aaron S. Evans, Christopher J. Agostino, Vassilis Charmandaris, Tianmu Gao, Justin H. Howell, Hanae Inami, Thomas S. -Y. Lai, Kirsten L. Larson , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: To reproduce observed galaxy properties, cosmological simulations require that massive galaxies experience feedback from active galactic nuclei, which regulates star formation within those galaxies. However, the energetics and timescales of these feedback processes are poorly constrained. We combine optical, infrared, sub-millimeter and radio observations of the active galaxy VV 340a, hosting a lo… ▽ More To reproduce observed galaxy properties, cosmological simulations require that massive galaxies experience feedback from active galactic nuclei, which regulates star formation within those galaxies. However, the energetics and timescales of these feedback processes are poorly constrained. We combine optical, infrared, sub-millimeter and radio observations of the active galaxy VV 340a, hosting a low-power jet launched from a supermassive black hole at its center. We find that the jet undergoes precession, with a period of (8.2 $\pm~$5.5) $\times~$10$^5$ years, and drives an outflow of gas at a rate of 19.4 $\pm~$7.9 solar masses per year. The jet shocks the gas, producing highly ionized plasma extending several kiloparsecs from the nucleus. The outflow ejects sufficient gas from the galaxy to influence its star formation rate. △ Less

Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 34 pages, 12 figures

Letter of Intent: AICE -- 100m Atom Interferometer Experiment at CERN

Authors: Charles Baynham, Andrea Bertoldi, Diego Blas, Oliver Buchmueller, Sergio Calatroni, Vassilis Charmandaris, Maria Luisa Chiofalo, Pierre Cladé, Jonathon Coleman, Fabio Di Pumpo, John Ellis, Naceur Gaaloul, Saïda Guellati-Khelifa, Tiffany Harte, Richard Hobson, Michael Holynski, Samuel Lellouch, Lucas Lombriser, Elias Lopez Asamar, Michele Maggiore, Christopher McCabe, Jeremiah Mitchell, Ernst M. Rasel, Federico Sanchez Nieto, Wolfgang Schleich , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We propose an O(100)m Atom Interferometer (AI) experiment -- AICE -- to be installed against a wall of the PX46 access shaft to the LHC. This experiment would probe unexplored ranges of the possible couplings of bosonic ultralight dark matter (ULDM) to atomic constituents and undertake a pioneering search for gravitational waves (GWs) at frequencies intermediate between those to which existing and… ▽ More We propose an O(100)m Atom Interferometer (AI) experiment -- AICE -- to be installed against a wall of the PX46 access shaft to the LHC. This experiment would probe unexplored ranges of the possible couplings of bosonic ultralight dark matter (ULDM) to atomic constituents and undertake a pioneering search for gravitational waves (GWs) at frequencies intermediate between those to which existing and planned experiments are sensitive, among other fundamental physics studies. A conceptual feasibility study showed that this AI experiment could be isolated from the LHC by installing a shielding wall in the TX46 gallery, and surveyed issues related to the proximity of the LHC machine, finding no technical obstacles. A detailed technical implementation study has shown that the preparatory civil-engineering work, installation of bespoke radiation shielding, deployment of access-control systems and safety alarms, and installation of an elevator platform could be carried out during LS3, allowing installation and operation of the AICE detector to proceed during Run 4 without impacting HL-LHC operation. These studies have established that PX46 is a uniquely promising location for an AI experiment. We foresee that, if the CERN management encourages this Letter of Intent, a significant fraction of the Terrestrial Very Long Baseline Atom Interferometer (TVLBAI) Proto-Collaboration may wish to contribute to AICE. △ Less

Submitted 16 September, 2025; v1 submitted 15 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, including figures and appendices. Submitted to CERN LHCC as Letter of Intent. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2304.00614

Report number: CERN-LHCC-2025-008, LHCC-I-042

Shockingly Effective: Cluster Winds as Engines of Feedback in Starburst Galaxy VV 114

Authors: Justin A. Kader, Vivian U, Jeffrey A. Rich, Marina Bianchin, Sean T. Linden, Anne M. Medling, Tanio Diaz-Santos, George C. Privon, Rosalie McGurk, Lee Armus, Loreto Barcos-Munoz, Gabriela Canalizo, Vassilis Charmandaris, Aaron S. Evans, Tianmu Gao, Justin Howell, Hanae Inami, Thomas Lai, Kirsten L. Larson, Matthew A. Malkan, Maria Sanchez-Garcia, Christopher D. Martin, Mateusz Matuszewski, Claire E. Max, Joseph M. Mazzarella , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present high-resolution Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI) and MUSE IFU spectroscopy of VV 114, a local infrared-luminous merger undergoing a vigorous starburst and showing evidence of galactic-scale feedback. The high-resolution data allow for spectral deblending of the optical emission lines and reveal a broad emission line component ($σ_{\rm{broad}} \sim$~100--300 km s$^{-1}$) with line ratios an… ▽ More We present high-resolution Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI) and MUSE IFU spectroscopy of VV 114, a local infrared-luminous merger undergoing a vigorous starburst and showing evidence of galactic-scale feedback. The high-resolution data allow for spectral deblending of the optical emission lines and reveal a broad emission line component ($σ_{\rm{broad}} \sim$~100--300 km s$^{-1}$) with line ratios and kinematics consistent with a mixture of ionization by stars and radiative shocks. The shock fraction (percent ionization due to shocks) in the high velocity gas is anticorrelated with projected surface number density of resolved star clusters, and we find radial density profiles around clusters are well fit by models of adiabatically expanding cluster winds driven by massive stellar winds and supernovae (SNe). The total kinetic power estimated from the cluster wind models matches the wind+SNe mechanical energy deposition rate estimated from the soft band X-ray luminosity, indicating that at least 70\% of the shock luminosity in the galaxy is driven by the star clusters. \emph{Hubble Space Telescope} narrow band near-infrared imaging reveals embedded shocks in the dust-buried infrared nucleus of VV 114E. Most of the shocked gas is blueshifted with respect to the quiescent medium, and there is a close spatial correspondence between the shock map and the \emph{Chandra} soft band X-ray image, implying the presence of a galactic superwind. The energy budget of the superwind is in close agreement with the total kinetic power of the cluster winds, confirming the superwind is driven by the starburst. △ Less

Submitted 19 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 14 figures. ApJ, in press

Spatially resolved dust properties over 50 kpc in a hyperluminous galaxy merger at $z = 4.6$

Authors: Román Fernández Aranda, Tanio Díaz Santos, Evanthia Hatziminaoglou, Manuel Aravena, Daniel Stern, Lee Armus, Roberto J. Assef, Andrew W. Blain, Vassilis Charmandaris, Roberto Decarli, Peter R. M. Eisenhardt, Carl Ferkinhoff, Jorge González-López, Hyunsung D. Jun, Guodong Li, Mai Liao, Victoria Shevill, Devika Shobhana, Chao-Wei Tsai, Andrey Vayner, Jingwen Wu, Dejene Zewdie

Abstract: We present spatially resolved dust-continuum ALMA observations from rest-frame $\sim$60 to $\sim$600 $μ$m (bands 3-10) of the hyperluminous hot dust-obscured galaxy (hot DOG) WISE J224607.6-052634.9 (W2246-0526), at redshift $z=4.6$. W2246-0526 is interacting with at least three companion galaxies, forming a system connected by tidal streams. We model the multiwavelength ALMA observations of the d… ▽ More We present spatially resolved dust-continuum ALMA observations from rest-frame $\sim$60 to $\sim$600 $μ$m (bands 3-10) of the hyperluminous hot dust-obscured galaxy (hot DOG) WISE J224607.6-052634.9 (W2246-0526), at redshift $z=4.6$. W2246-0526 is interacting with at least three companion galaxies, forming a system connected by tidal streams. We model the multiwavelength ALMA observations of the dust continuum using a modified blackbody, from which we derive the dust properties (mass, emissivity index, area of the emitting region, and temperature) in the hot DOG and resolved structures across a region of nearly $\sim$50 kpc. The peak temperature at the location of the hot DOG, $\sim$110 K, is likely the consequence of heating by the central quasar. The dust temperature drops to $\sim$40 K at a radius of $\sim$8 kpc, suggesting that heating by the quasar beyond that distance is nondominant. The dust in the connecting streams between the host and companion galaxies is at temperatures between 30-40 K, typical of starburst galaxies, suggesting it is most likely heated by recent, in-situ star formation. This is the first time dust properties are spatially resolved over several tens of kpc in a galaxy system beyond Cosmic Noon --this is more than six times the scales previously probed in galaxies at those redshifts. △ Less

Submitted 14 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 695, L15 (2025)

A Spectroscopically Calibrated Prescription for Extracting PAH Flux from JWST MIRI Imaging

Authors: Grant P. Donnelly, Thomas S. -Y. Lai, Lee Armus, Tanio Díaz-Santos, Kirsten L. Larson, Loreto Barcos-Muñoz, Marina Bianchin, Thomas Bohn, Torsten Böker, Victorine A. Buiten, Vassilis Charmandaris, Aaron S. Evans, Justin Howell, Hanae Inami, Darshan Kakkad, Laura Lenkić, Sean T. Linden, Cristina M. Lofaro, Matthew A. Malkan, Anne M. Medling, George C. Privon, Claudio Ricci, J. D. T. Smith, Yiqing Song, Sabrina Stierwalt , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We introduce a prescription for estimating the flux of the 7.7 micron and 11.3 micron\ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) features from broadband JWST/MIRI images. Probing PAH flux with MIRI imaging data has advantages in field of view, spatial resolution, and sensitivity compared with MIRI spectral maps, but comparisons with spectra are needed to calibrate these flux estimations over a wide va… ▽ More We introduce a prescription for estimating the flux of the 7.7 micron and 11.3 micron\ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) features from broadband JWST/MIRI images. Probing PAH flux with MIRI imaging data has advantages in field of view, spatial resolution, and sensitivity compared with MIRI spectral maps, but comparisons with spectra are needed to calibrate these flux estimations over a wide variety of environments. For 267 MIRI/MRS spectra from independent regions in the four luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) in the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) early release science program, we derive synthetic filter photometry and directly compare estimated PAH fluxes to those measured from detailed spectral fits. We find that for probing PAH 7.7 micron, the best combination of filters is F560W, F770W, and either F1500W or F2100W, and the best for PAH 11.3 micron is F560W, F1000W, F1130W, and F1500W. The prescription with these combinations yields predicted flux densities that typically agree with values from spectral decomposition within ~7% and ~5% for PAH 7.7 and 11.3 micron, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 31 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ

Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry: Summary of the Second Workshop

Authors: Adam Abdalla, Mahiro Abe, Sven Abend, Mouine Abidi, Monika Aidelsburger, Ashkan Alibabaei, Baptiste Allard, John Antoniadis, Gianluigi Arduini, Nadja Augst, Philippos Balamatsias, Antun Balaz, Hannah Banks, Rachel L. Barcklay, Michele Barone, Michele Barsanti, Mark G. Bason, Angelo Bassi, Jean-Baptiste Bayle, Charles F. A. Baynham, Quentin Beaufils, Slyan Beldjoudi, Aleksandar Belic, Shayne Bennetts, Jose Bernabeu , et al. (285 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This summary of the second Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry (TVLBAI) Workshop provides a comprehensive overview of our meeting held in London in April 2024, building on the initial discussions during the inaugural workshop held at CERN in March 2023. Like the summary of the first workshop, this document records a critical milestone for the international atom interferometry commun… ▽ More This summary of the second Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry (TVLBAI) Workshop provides a comprehensive overview of our meeting held in London in April 2024, building on the initial discussions during the inaugural workshop held at CERN in March 2023. Like the summary of the first workshop, this document records a critical milestone for the international atom interferometry community. It documents our concerted efforts to evaluate progress, address emerging challenges, and refine strategic directions for future large-scale atom interferometry projects. Our commitment to collaboration is manifested by the integration of diverse expertise and the coordination of international resources, all aimed at advancing the frontiers of atom interferometry physics and technology, as set out in a Memorandum of Understanding signed by over 50 institutions. △ Less

Submitted 19 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: Summary of the second Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry Workshop held at Imperial College London: https://indico.cern.ch/event/1369392/

The Arp 240 Galaxy Merger: A Detailed Look at the Molecular Kennicutt-Schmidt Star Formation Law on Sub-kpc Scales

Authors: Alejandro Saravia, Eduardo Rodas-Quito, Loreto Barcos-Muñoz, Aaron S. Evans, Devaky Kunneriath, George Privon, Yiqing Song, Ilsang Yoon, Kimberly Emig, María Sánchez-García, Sean Linden, Kara Green, Makoto Johnstone, Jaya Nagarajan-Swenson, Gabriela Meza, Emmanuel Momjian, Lee Armus, Vassilis Charmandaris, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Cosima Eibensteiner, Justin Howell, Hanae Inami, Justin Kader, Claudio Ricci, Ezequiel Treister , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The molecular Kennicutt-Schmidt (mK-S) Law has been key for understanding star formation (SF) in galaxies across all redshifts. However, recent sub-kpc observations of nearby galaxies reveal deviations from the nearly unity slope (N) obtained with disk-averaged measurements. We study SF and molecular gas (MG) distribution in the early-stage luminous infrared galaxy merger Arp240 (NGC5257-8). Using… ▽ More The molecular Kennicutt-Schmidt (mK-S) Law has been key for understanding star formation (SF) in galaxies across all redshifts. However, recent sub-kpc observations of nearby galaxies reveal deviations from the nearly unity slope (N) obtained with disk-averaged measurements. We study SF and molecular gas (MG) distribution in the early-stage luminous infrared galaxy merger Arp240 (NGC5257-8). Using VLA radio continuum (RC) and ALMA CO(2-1) observations with a uniform grid analysis, we estimate SF rates and MG surface densities ($Σ_{\mathrm{SFR}}$ and $Σ_{\mathrm{H_2}}$, respectively). In Arp 240, N is sub-linear at 0.52 $\pm$ 0.17. For NGC 5257 and NGC 5258, N is 0.52 $\pm$ 0.16 and 0.75 $\pm$ 0.15, respectively. We identify two SF regimes: high surface brightness (HSB) regions in RC with N $\sim$1, and low surface brightness (LSB) regions with shallow N (ranging 0.15 $\pm$ 0.09 to 0.48 $\pm$ 0.04). Median CO(2-1) linewidth and MG turbulent pressure (P$_{\mathrm{turb}}$) are 25 km s$^{-1}$ and 9 $\times$10$^{5}$ K cm$^{-3}$. No significant correlation was found between $Σ_{\mathrm{SFR}}$ and CO(2-1) linewidth. However, $Σ_{\mathrm{SFR}}$ correlates with P$_{\mathrm{turb}}$, particularly in HSB regions ($ρ>$0.60). In contrast, SF efficiency moderately anti-correlates with P$_{\mathrm{turb}}$ in LSB regions but shows no correlation in HSB regions. Additionally, we identify regions where peaks in SF and MG are decoupled, yielding a shallow N ($\leq$ 0.28 $\pm$ 0.18). Overall, the range of N reflects distinct physical properties and distribution of both the SF and MG, which can be masked by disk-averaged measurements. △ Less

Submitted 10 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

GOALS-JWST: Constraining the Emergence Timescale for Massive Star Clusters in NGC 3256

Authors: Sean T. Linden, Thomas Lai, Aaron S. Evans, Lee Armus, Kirsten L. Larson, Jeffrey A. Rich, Vivian U, George C. Privon, Hanae Inami, Yiqing Song, Marina Bianchin, Thomas Bohn, Victorine A. Buiten, Maria Sanchez-Garcia, Justin Kader, Laura Lenkic, Anne M. Medling, Torsten Boeker, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Vassilis Charmandaris, Loreto Barcos-Munoz, Paul van der Werf, Sabrina Stierwalt, Susanne Aalto, Philip Appleton , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results of a James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRCam and NIRSpec investigation into the young massive star cluster (YMC) population of NGC 3256, the most cluster-rich luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) in the Great Observatories All Sky LIRG Survey. We detect 3061 compact YMC candidates with a $S/N \geq 3$ at F150W, F200W, and F335M. Based on yggdrasil stellar population models, we id… ▽ More We present the results of a James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRCam and NIRSpec investigation into the young massive star cluster (YMC) population of NGC 3256, the most cluster-rich luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) in the Great Observatories All Sky LIRG Survey. We detect 3061 compact YMC candidates with a $S/N \geq 3$ at F150W, F200W, and F335M. Based on yggdrasil stellar population models, we identify 116/3061 sources with F150W - F200W $> 0.47$ and F200W - F355M $> -1.37$ colors suggesting they are young (t $\leq 5$ Myr), dusty ($A_{V} = 5 - 15$), and massive ($M_{\odot} > 10^{5}$). This increases the sample of dust-enshrouded YMCs detected in this system by an order of magnitude relative to previous HST studies. With NIRSpec IFU pointings centered on the northern and southern nucleus, we extract the Pa$α$ and 3.3$μ$m PAH equivalent widths for 8 bright and isolated YMCs. Variations in both the F200W - F335M color and 3.3$μ$m PAH emission with the Pa$α$ line strength suggest a rapid dust clearing ($< 3 - 4$ Myr) for the emerging YMCs in the nuclei of NGC 3256. Finally, with both the age and dust emission accurately measured we use yggdrasil to derive the color excess (E(B - V)) for all 8 YMCs. We demonstrate that YMCs with strong 3.3$μ$m PAH emission (F200W - F335M $> 0$) correspond to sources with E(B - V) $> 3$, which are typically missed in UV-optical studies. This underscores the importance of deep near-infrared imaging for finding and characterizing these very young and dust-embedded sources. △ Less

Submitted 24 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 7 figures, 1 table; Accepted for publication in ApJL

GOALS-JWST: The Warm Molecular Outflows of the Merging Starburst Galaxy NGC 3256

Authors: Thomas Bohn, Hanae Inami, Aditya Togi, Lee Armus, Thomas S. -Y. Lai, Loreto Barcos-Munoz, Yiqing Song, Sean T. Linden, Jason Surace, Marina Bianchin, Vivian U, Aaron S. Evans, Torsten Böker, Matthew A. Malkan, Kirsten L. Larson, Sabrina Stierwalt, Victorine A. Buiten, Vassilis Charmandaris, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Justin H. Howell, George C. Privon, Claudio Ricci, Paul P. van der Werf, Susanne Aalto, Christopher C. Hayward , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integral Field Spectrograph observations of NGC 3256, a local infrared-luminous late-stage merging system with two nuclei roughly 1$\;\rm{kpc}$ apart, both of which have evidence of cold molecular outflows. Using JWST/NIRSpec and MIRI datasets, we investigate this morphologically complex system on spatial scales of $<$100$\;\rm{pc}$, where we focus on t… ▽ More We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integral Field Spectrograph observations of NGC 3256, a local infrared-luminous late-stage merging system with two nuclei roughly 1$\;\rm{kpc}$ apart, both of which have evidence of cold molecular outflows. Using JWST/NIRSpec and MIRI datasets, we investigate this morphologically complex system on spatial scales of $<$100$\;\rm{pc}$, where we focus on the warm molecular H$_2$ gas surrounding the nuclei. We detect collimated outflowing warm H$_2$ gas originating from the southern nucleus, though we do not find significant outflowing H$_2$ gas surrounding the northern nucleus. We measure maximum intrinsic outflow velocities of $\sim$1,000$\;\rm{km}\;\rm{s}^{-1}$, which extend out to a distance of 0.7$\;\rm{kpc}$. Based on H$_2$ S(7)/S(1) ratios, we find a larger fraction of warmer gas near the S nucleus, which decreases with increasing distance from the nucleus, signifying the southern nucleus as a primary source of H$_2$ heating. The gas mass of the warm H$_2$ outflow component is estimated to be $M\rm{_{warm,out}}=(1.4\pm0.2)\times10^6\;\rm{M}_{\odot}$, as much as 6$\%$ of the cold H$_2$ mass estimated using ALMA CO data. The outflow time scale is about $7\times10^5\;\rm{yr}$, resulting in a mass outflow rate $\dot{M}\rm{_{warm,out}}=2.0\pm0.8\;\rm{M}_{\odot}\;\rm{yr}^{-1}$ and kinetic power $P\rm{_{warm,out}}\;\sim\;4\times10^{41}\;\rm{erg}\;\rm{s}^{-1}$. Lastly, regions within our 3.0"x3.0" NIRSpec data where the outflowing gas reside show high [Fe II]/Pa$β$ and H$_2$/Br$γ$ line ratios, indicate enhanced mechanical heating caused by the outflows. The fluxes and ratios of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in these regions are not significantly different compared to those elsewhere in the disk, suggesting the outflows may not significantly alter the PAH ionization state or grain size. △ Less

Submitted 2 April, 2025; v1 submitted 21 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 19 pages, 9 figures. Accepted by ApJ

The Impact of an AGN on PAH Emission in Galaxies: the Case of Ring Galaxy NGC 4138

Authors: G. P. Donnelly, J. D. T. Smith, B. T. Draine, A. Togi, T. S. -Y. Lai, L. Armus, D. A. Dale, V. Charmandaris

Abstract: We present a focused study of radially-resolved varying PAH emission in the low-luminosity AGN-host NGC 4138 using deep Spitzer/IRS spectral maps. Using new model PAH spectra, we investigate whether these variations could be associated with changes to the PAH grain size distribution due to photodestruction by the AGN. Separately, we model the effects of the varying radiation field within NGC 4138,… ▽ More We present a focused study of radially-resolved varying PAH emission in the low-luminosity AGN-host NGC 4138 using deep Spitzer/IRS spectral maps. Using new model PAH spectra, we investigate whether these variations could be associated with changes to the PAH grain size distribution due to photodestruction by the AGN. Separately, we model the effects of the varying radiation field within NGC 4138, and we use this model to predict the corresponding changes in the PAH emission spectrum. We find that PAH band ratios are strongly variable with radius in this galaxy with short-to-long wavelength band ratios peaking in the starburst ring. The changing mix of starlight appears to have a considerable effect on the trends in these band ratios, and our radiation model predicts the shapes of these trends. However, the amplitude of observed variation is ~2.5 times larger than predicted for some ratios. A cutoff of small grains in the PAH size distribution, as has been suggested for AGN, together with changes in PAH ionization fraction could explain the behavior of the shorter bands, but this model fails to reproduce longer band behaviors. Additionally, we find that short-to-long wavelength PAH band ratios increase slightly within ~270pc of the center, suggesting that the AGN may directly influence PAH emission there. △ Less

Submitted 23 April, 2024; v1 submitted 12 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 19 pages, 13 figures, published in ApJ. Updated values in radiation model to the same as the published version

A benchmark for extreme conditions of the multiphase interstellar medium in the most luminous hot dust-obscured galaxy at z = 4.6

Authors: Román Fernández Aranda, Tanio Díaz Santos, Evanthia Hatziminaoglou, Roberto J. Assef, Manuel Aravena, Peter R. M. Eisenhardt, Carl Ferkinhoff, Antonio Pensabene, Thomas Nikola, Paola Andreani, Amit Vishwas, Gordon J. Stacey, Roberto Decarli, Andrew W. Blain, Drew Brisbin, Vassilis Charmandaris, Hyunsung D. Jun, Guodong Li, Mai Liao, Lee R. Martin, Daniel Stern, Chao-Wei Tsai, Jingwen Wu, Dejene Zewdie

Abstract: WISE J224607.6-052634.9 (W2246-0526) is a hot dust-obscured galaxy at $z$ = 4.601, and the most luminous obscured quasar known to date. W2246-0526 harbors a heavily obscured supermassive black hole that is most likely accreting above the Eddington limit. We present observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in seven bands, including band 10, of the brightest far-infr… ▽ More WISE J224607.6-052634.9 (W2246-0526) is a hot dust-obscured galaxy at $z$ = 4.601, and the most luminous obscured quasar known to date. W2246-0526 harbors a heavily obscured supermassive black hole that is most likely accreting above the Eddington limit. We present observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in seven bands, including band 10, of the brightest far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure emission lines of this galaxy: [OI]$_{63μm}$, [OIII]$_{88μm}$, [NII]$_{122μm}$, [OI]$_{145μm}$, [CII]$_{158μm}$, [NII]$_{205μm}$, [CI]$_{370μm}$, and [CI]$_{609μm}$. A comparison of the data to a large grid of Cloudy radiative transfer models reveals that a high hydrogen density ($n_{H}\sim3\times10^3$ cm$^{-3}$) and extinction ($A_{V}\sim300$ mag), together with extreme ionization ($log(U)=-0.5$) and a high X-ray to UV ratio ($α_{ox}\geq-0.8$) are required to reproduce the observed nuclear line ratios. The values of $α_{ox}$ and $U$ are among the largest found in the literature and imply the existence of an X-ray-dominated region (XDR). In fact, this component explains the a priori very surprising non-detection of the [OIII]$_{88μm}$ emission line, which is actually suppressed, instead of boosted, in XDR environments. Interestingly, the best-fitted model implies higher X-ray emission and lower CO content than what is detected observationally, suggesting the presence of a molecular gas component that should be further obscuring the X-ray emission over larger spatial scales than the central region that is being modeled. These results highlight the need for multiline infrared observations to characterize the multiphase gas in high redshift quasars and, in particular, W2246-0526 serves as an extreme benchmark for comparisons of interstellar medium conditions with other quasar populations at cosmic noon and beyond. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 20 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

GOALS-JWST: Mid-Infrared Molecular Gas Excitation Probes the Local Conditions of Nuclear Star Clusters and the AGN in the LIRG VV 114

Authors: Victorine A. Buiten, Paul P. van der Werf, Serena Viti, Lee Armus, Andrew G. Barr, Loreto Barcos-Muñoz, Aaron S. Evans, Hanae Inami, Sean T. Linden, George C. Privon, Yiqing Song, Jeffrey A. Rich, Susanne Aalto, Philip N. Appleton, Torsten Böker, Vassilis Charmandaris, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Christopher C. Hayward, Thomas S. -Y. Lai, Anne M. Medling, Claudio Ricci, Vivian U

Abstract: The enormous increase in mid-IR sensitivity and spatial and spectral resolution provided by the JWST spectrographs enables, for the first time, detailed extragalactic studies of molecular vibrational bands. This opens an entirely new window for the study of the molecular interstellar medium in luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). We present a detailed analysis of rovibrational bands of gas-phase CO… ▽ More The enormous increase in mid-IR sensitivity and spatial and spectral resolution provided by the JWST spectrographs enables, for the first time, detailed extragalactic studies of molecular vibrational bands. This opens an entirely new window for the study of the molecular interstellar medium in luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). We present a detailed analysis of rovibrational bands of gas-phase CO, H$_2$O, C$_2$H$_2$ and HCN towards the heavily-obscured eastern nucleus of the LIRG VV 114, as observed by NIRSpec and MIRI MRS. Spectra extracted from apertures of 130 pc in radius show a clear dichotomy between the obscured AGN and two intense starburst regions. We detect the 2.3 $μ$m CO bandheads, characteristic of cool stellar atmospheres, in the star-forming regions, but not towards the AGN. Surprisingly, at 4.7 $\mathrmμ$m we find highly-excited CO ($T_\mathrm{ex} \approx 700-800$ K out to at least rotational level $J = 27$) towards the star-forming regions, but only cooler gas ($T_\mathrm{ex} \approx 200$ K) towards the AGN. We conclude that only mid-infrared pumping through the rovibrational lines can account for the equilibrium conditions found for CO and H$_2$O in the deeply-embedded starbursts. Here the CO bands probe regions with an intense local radiation field inside dusty young massive star clusters or near the most massive young stars. The lack of high-excitation molecular gas towards the AGN is attributed to geometric dilution of the intense radiation from the bright point source. An overview of the relevant excitation and radiative transfer physics is provided in an appendix. △ Less

Submitted 8 March, 2024; v1 submitted 4 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 28 pages, 17 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. This version includes small revisions following the referee report

Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry: Workshop Summary

Authors: Sven Abend, Baptiste Allard, Iván Alonso, John Antoniadis, Henrique Araujo, Gianluigi Arduini, Aidan Arnold, Tobias Aßmann, Nadja Augst, Leonardo Badurina, Antun Balaz, Hannah Banks, Michele Barone, Michele Barsanti, Angelo Bassi, Baptiste Battelier, Charles Baynham, Beaufils Quentin, Aleksandar Belic, Ankit Beniwal, Jose Bernabeu, Francesco Bertinelli, Andrea Bertoldi, Ikbal Ahamed Biswas, Diego Blas , et al. (228 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This document presents a summary of the 2023 Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry Workshop hosted by CERN. The workshop brought together experts from around the world to discuss the exciting developments in large-scale atom interferometer (AI) prototypes and their potential for detecting ultralight dark matter and gravitational waves. The primary objective of the workshop was to lay… ▽ More This document presents a summary of the 2023 Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry Workshop hosted by CERN. The workshop brought together experts from around the world to discuss the exciting developments in large-scale atom interferometer (AI) prototypes and their potential for detecting ultralight dark matter and gravitational waves. The primary objective of the workshop was to lay the groundwork for an international TVLBAI proto-collaboration. This collaboration aims to unite researchers from different institutions to strategize and secure funding for terrestrial large-scale AI projects. The ultimate goal is to create a roadmap detailing the design and technology choices for one or more km-scale detectors, which will be operational in the mid-2030s. The key sections of this report present the physics case and technical challenges, together with a comprehensive overview of the discussions at the workshop together with the main conclusions. △ Less

Submitted 12 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: Summary of the Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry Workshop held at CERN: https://indico.cern.ch/event/1208783/

Molecular and Ionized Gas in Tidal Dwarf Galaxies: The Spatially Resolved Star-Formation Relation

Authors: Navyasree Kovakkuni, Federico Lelli, Pierre-alain Duc, Médéric Boquien, Jonathan Braine, Elias Brinks, Vassilis Charmandaris, Francoise Combes, Jeremy Fensch, Ute Lisenfeld, Stacy McGaugh, J. Chris Mihos, Marcel. S. Pawlowski, Yves. Revaz, Peter. M. Weilbacher

Abstract: Tidal dwarf galaxies (TDGs) are low-mass objects that form within tidal and/or collisional debris ejected from more massive interacting galaxies. We use CO($1-0$) observations from ALMA and integral-field spectroscopy from MUSE to study molecular and ionized gas in three TDGs: two around the collisional galaxy NGC 5291 and one in the late-stage merger NGC 7252. The CO and H$α$ emission is more com… ▽ More Tidal dwarf galaxies (TDGs) are low-mass objects that form within tidal and/or collisional debris ejected from more massive interacting galaxies. We use CO($1-0$) observations from ALMA and integral-field spectroscopy from MUSE to study molecular and ionized gas in three TDGs: two around the collisional galaxy NGC 5291 and one in the late-stage merger NGC 7252. The CO and H$α$ emission is more compact than the HI emission and displaced from the HI dynamical center, so these gas phases cannot be used to study the internal dynamics of TDGs. We use CO, HI, and H$α$ data to measure the surface densities of molecular gas ($Σ_{\rm mol}$), atomic gas ($Σ_{\rm atom}$) and star-formation rate ($Σ_{\rm SFR}$), respectively. We confirm that TDGs follow the same spatially integrated $Σ_{\rm SFR}-Σ_{\rm gas}$ relation of regular galaxies, where $Σ_{\rm gas} = Σ_{\rm mol} + Σ_{\rm atom}$, even though they are HI dominated. We find a more complex behaviour in terms of the spatially resolved $Σ_{\rm SFR}-Σ_{\rm mol}$ relation on sub-kpc scales. The majority ($\sim$60$\%$) of SF regions in TDGs lie on the same $Σ_{\rm SFR}-Σ_{\rm mol}$ relation of normal spiral galaxies but show a higher dispersion around the mean. The remaining fraction of SF regions ($\sim$40$\%$) lie in the starburst region and are associated with the formation of massive super star clusters, as shown by Hubble Space Telescope images. We conclude that the local SF activity in TDGs proceeds in a hybrid fashion, with some regions comparable to normal spiral galaxies and others to extreme starbursts. △ Less

Submitted 12 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: 11 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

GOALS-JWST: Gas Dynamics and Excitation in NGC7469 revealed by NIRSpec

Authors: Marina Bianchin, Vivian U, Yiqing Song, Thomas S. -Y. Lai, Raymond P. Remigio, Loreto Barcos-Munoz, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Lee Armus, Hanae Inami, Kirsten L. Larson, Aaron S. Evans, Torsten Boker, Justin A. Kader, Sean T. Linden, Vassilis Charmandaris, Matthew A. Malkan, Jeff Rich, Thomas Bohn, Anne M. Medling, Sabrina Stierwalt, Joseph M. Mazzarella, David R. Law, George C. Privon, Susanne Aalto, Philip Appleton , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present new JWST-NIRSpec IFS data for the luminous infrared galaxy NGC7469: a nearby (70.6Mpc) active galaxy with a Sy 1.5 nucleus that drives a highly ionized gas outflow and a prominent nuclear star-forming ring. Using the superb sensitivity and high spatial resolution of the JWST instrument NIRSpec-IFS, we investigate the role of the Seyfert nucleus in the excitation and dynamics of the circ… ▽ More We present new JWST-NIRSpec IFS data for the luminous infrared galaxy NGC7469: a nearby (70.6Mpc) active galaxy with a Sy 1.5 nucleus that drives a highly ionized gas outflow and a prominent nuclear star-forming ring. Using the superb sensitivity and high spatial resolution of the JWST instrument NIRSpec-IFS, we investigate the role of the Seyfert nucleus in the excitation and dynamics of the circumnuclear gas. Our analysis focuses on the [Fe ii], H2, and hydrogen recombination lines that trace the radiation/shocked-excited molecular and ionized ISM around the AGN. We investigate the gas excitation through H2/Brγ and [Fe ii]/Pa\b{eta} emission line ratios and find that photoionization by the AGN dominates within the central 300 pc of the galaxy and together with a small region show ing signatures of shock-heated gas; these shock-heated regions are likely associated with a compact radio jet. In addition, the velocity field and velocity dispersion maps reveal complex gas kinematics. Rotation is the dominant feature, but we also identify non-circular motions consistent with gas inflows as traced by the velocity residuals and the spiral pattern in the Paα velocity dispersion map. The inflow is consistent with the mass outflow rate and two orders of magnitude higher than the AGN accretion rate. The compact nuclear radio jet has enough power to drive the highly ionized outflow. This scenario suggests that the inflow and outflow are in a self-regulating feeding-feedback process, with a contribution from the radio jet helping to drive the outflow. △ Less

Submitted 15 February, 2024; v1 submitted 31 July, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: 15 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

GOALS-JWST: Small neutral grains and enhanced 3.3 micron PAH emission in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7469

Authors: Thomas S. -Y. Lai, Lee Armus, Marina Bianchin, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Sean T. Linden, George C. Privon, Hanae Inami, Vivian U, Thomas Bohn, Aaron S. Evans, Kirsten L. Larson, Brandon S. Hensley, J. -D. T. Smith, Matthew A. Malkan, Yiqing Song, Sabrina Stierwalt, Paul P. van der Werf, Jed McKinney, Susanne Aalto, Victorine A. Buiten, Jeff Rich, Vassilis Charmandaris, Philip Appleton, Loreto Barcos-Munoz, Torsten Boker , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) integral-field spectroscopy of the nearby luminous infrared galaxy, NGC 7469. We take advantage of the high spatial/spectral resolution and wavelength coverage of JWST /NIRSpec to study the 3.3 um neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) grain emission on ~60 pc scales. We find a clear change in the average grai… ▽ More We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) integral-field spectroscopy of the nearby luminous infrared galaxy, NGC 7469. We take advantage of the high spatial/spectral resolution and wavelength coverage of JWST /NIRSpec to study the 3.3 um neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) grain emission on ~60 pc scales. We find a clear change in the average grain properties between the star-forming ring and the central AGN. Regions in the vicinity of the AGN, with [NeIII]/[NeII]>0.25, tend to have larger grain sizes and lower aliphatic-to-aromatic (3.4/3.3) ratios indicating that smaller grains are preferentially removed by photo-destruction in the vicinity of the AGN. We find an overall suppression of the total PAH emission relative to the ionized gas in the central 1 kpc region of the AGN in NGC 7469 compared to what has been observed with Spitzer on 3 kpc scales. However, the fractional 3.3 um to total PAH power is enhanced in the starburst ring, possibly due to a variety of physical effects on sub-kpc scales, including recurrent fluorescence of small grains or multiple photon absorption by large grains. Finally, the IFU data show that while the 3.3 um PAH-derived star formation rate (SFR) in the ring is 8% higher than that inferred from the [NeII] and [NeIII] emission lines, the integrated SFR derived from the 3.3 um feature would be underestimated by a factor of two due to the deficit of PAHs around the AGN, as might occur if a composite system like NGC 7469 were to be observed at high-redshift. △ Less

Submitted 27 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, Submitted to ApJL

GOALS-JWST: Pulling Back the Curtain on the AGN and Star Formation in VV 114

Authors: J. Rich, S. Aalto, A. S. Evans, V. Charmandaris, G. C. Privon, T. Lai, H. Inami, S. Linden, L. Armus, T. Diaz-Santos, P. Appleton, L. Barcos-Muñoz, T. Böker, K. L. Larson, D. R. Law, M. A. Malkan, A. M. Medling, Y. Song, V. U, P. van der Werf, T. Bohn, M. J. I. Brown, L. Finnerty, C. Hayward, J. Howell , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Director's Discretionary Time Early Release Science (ERS) program 1328 targeting the nearby, Luminous Infrared Galaxy (LIRG), VV 114. We use the MIRI and NIRSpec instruments to obtain integral-field spectroscopy of the heavily obscured Eastern nucleus (V114E) and surrounding regions. The spatially resolved, high-resolution, spectra reve… ▽ More We present results from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Director's Discretionary Time Early Release Science (ERS) program 1328 targeting the nearby, Luminous Infrared Galaxy (LIRG), VV 114. We use the MIRI and NIRSpec instruments to obtain integral-field spectroscopy of the heavily obscured Eastern nucleus (V114E) and surrounding regions. The spatially resolved, high-resolution, spectra reveal the physical conditions in the gas and dust over a projected area of 2-3 kpc that includes the two brightest IR sources, the NE and SW cores. Our observations show for the first time spectroscopic evidence that the SW core hosts an AGN as evidenced by its very low 6.2 μm and 3.3 μm PAH equivalent widths (0.12 and 0.017 μm respectively) and mid and near-IR colors. Our observations of the NE core show signs of deeply embedded star formation including absorption features due to aliphatic hydrocarbons, large quantities of amorphous silicates, as well as HCN due to cool gas along the line of sight. We detect elevated [Fe II]/Pfα consistent with extended shocks coincident with enhanced emission from warm H$_{2}$, far from the IR-bright cores and clumps. We also identify broadening and multiple kinematic components in both H$_{2}$ and fine structure lines caused by outflows and previously identified tidal features. △ Less

Submitted 5 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 12 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL

GOALS-JWST: Revealing the Buried Star Clusters in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV 114

Authors: Sean T. Linden, Aaron S. Evans, Lee Armus, Jeffrey A. Rich, Kirsten L. Larson, Thomas Lai, George C. Privon, Vivian U, Hanae Inami, Thomas Bohn, Yiqing Song, Loreto Barcos-Muñoz, Vassilis Charmandaris, Anne M. Medling, Sabrina Stierwalt, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Torsten Böker, Paul van der Werf, Susanne Aalto, Philip Appleton, Michael J. I. Brown, Christopher C. Hayward, Justin H. Howell, Kazushi Iwasawa, Francisca Kemper , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results of a {\it James Webb Space Telescope} NIRCam investigation into the young massive star cluster (YMC) population in the luminous infrared galaxy VV 114. We identify 374 compact YMC candidates with a $S/N \geq 3$, 5, and 5 at F150W, F200W, and F356W respectively. A direct comparison with our {\it HST} cluster catalog reveals that $\sim 20\%$ of these sources are undetected at… ▽ More We present the results of a {\it James Webb Space Telescope} NIRCam investigation into the young massive star cluster (YMC) population in the luminous infrared galaxy VV 114. We identify 374 compact YMC candidates with a $S/N \geq 3$, 5, and 5 at F150W, F200W, and F356W respectively. A direct comparison with our {\it HST} cluster catalog reveals that $\sim 20\%$ of these sources are undetected at optical wavelengths. Based on {\it yggdrasil} stellar population models, we identify 17 YMC candidates in our {\it JWST} imaging alone with F150W-F200W and F200W-F356W colors suggesting they are all very young, dusty ($A_{V} = 5 - 15$), and massive ($10^{5.8} < M_{\odot} < 10^{6.1}$). The discovery of these `hidden' sources, many of which are found in the `overlap' region between the two nuclei, quadruples the number of $t < 3$ Myr clusters, and nearly doubles the number of $t < 6$ Myr clusters detected in VV 114. Now extending the cluster age distribution ($dN/dτ\propto τ^γ$) to the youngest ages, we find a slope of $γ= -1.30 \pm 0.39$ for $10^{6} < τ(\mathrm{yr}) < 10^{7}$, which is consistent with the previously determined value from $10^{7} < τ(\mathrm{yr}) < 10^{8.5}$, and confirms that VV 114 has a steep age distribution slope for all massive star clusters across the entire range of cluster ages observed. Finally, the consistency between our {\it JWST}- and {\it HST}-derived age distribution slopes indicates that the balance between cluster formation and destruction has not been significantly altered in VV 114 over the last 0.5 Gyr. △ Less

Submitted 21 February, 2023; v1 submitted 11 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 13 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, published in the Astrophysical Journal

GOALS-JWST: Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Nucleus of NGC 7469

Authors: L. Armus, T. Lai, V. U, K. L. Larson, T. Diaz-Santos, A. S. Evans, M. A. Malkan, J. Rich, A. M. Medling, D. R. law, H. Inami, F. Muller-Sanchez, V. Charmandaris, P. can der Werf, S. Stierwalt, S. Linden, G. C. Privon, L. Barcos-Munoz, C. Hayward, Y. Song, P. Appleton, S. Aalto, T. Bohn, T. Boker, M. J. I. Brown , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present mid-infrared spectroscopic observations of the nucleus of the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 7469 taken with the MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) as part of Directors Discretionary Time Early Release Science (ERS) program 1328. The high resolution nuclear spectrum contains 19 emission lines covering a wide range of ionization. The high ionization lines show broad, blu… ▽ More We present mid-infrared spectroscopic observations of the nucleus of the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 7469 taken with the MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) as part of Directors Discretionary Time Early Release Science (ERS) program 1328. The high resolution nuclear spectrum contains 19 emission lines covering a wide range of ionization. The high ionization lines show broad, blueshifted emission reaching velocities up to 1700 km s$^{-1}$ and FWHM ranging from $\sim500 - 1100$ km s$^{-1}$. The width of the broad emission and the broad to narrow line flux ratios correlate with ionization potential. The results suggest a decelerating, stratified, AGN driven outflow emerging from the nucleus. The estimated mass outflow rate is one to two orders of magnitude larger than the current black hole accretion rate needed to power the AGN. Eight pure rotational H$_{2}$ emission lines are detected with intrinsic widths ranging from FWHM $\sim 125-330$ km s$^{-1}$. We estimate a total mass of warm H$_{2}$ gas of $\sim1.2\times10^{7}$M$_{\odot}$ in the central 100 pc. The PAH features are extremely weak in the nuclear spectrum, but a $6.2μ$m PAH feature with an equivalent width $\sim0.07μ$m and a flux of $2.7\times10^{-17}$ W m$^{-2}$ is detected. The spectrum is steeply rising in the mid-infrared, with a silicate strength $\sim0.02$, significantly smaller than seen in most PG QSOs, but comparable to other Seyfert 1's. These early MIRI mid-infrared IFU data highlight the power of JWST to probe the multi-phase interstellar media surrounding actively accreting supermassive black holes. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

GOALS-JWST: Tracing AGN Feedback on the Star-Forming ISM in NGC 7469

Authors: Thomas S. -Y. Lai, Lee Armus, Vivian U, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Kirsten L. Larson, Aaron Evans, Matthew A. Malkan, Philip Appleton, Jeff Rich, Francisco Muller-Sanchez, Hanae Inami, Thomas Bohn, Jed McKinney, Luke Finnerty, David R. Law, Sean Linden, Anne M. Medling, George C. Privon, Yiqing Song, Sabrina Stierwalt, Paul P. van der Werf, Loreto Barcos-Muñoz, J. D. T. Smith, Aditya Togi, Susanne Aalto , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) integral-field spectroscopy of the nearby merging, luminous infrared galaxy, NGC 7469. This galaxy hosts a Seyfert type-1.5 nucleus, a highly ionized outflow, and a bright, circumnuclear star-forming ring, making it an ideal target to study AGN feedback in the local Universe. We take advantage of the high spatial/spectral… ▽ More We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) integral-field spectroscopy of the nearby merging, luminous infrared galaxy, NGC 7469. This galaxy hosts a Seyfert type-1.5 nucleus, a highly ionized outflow, and a bright, circumnuclear star-forming ring, making it an ideal target to study AGN feedback in the local Universe. We take advantage of the high spatial/spectral resolution of JWST/MIRI to isolate the star-forming regions surrounding the central active nucleus and study the properties of the dust and warm molecular gas on ~100 pc scales. The starburst ring exhibits prominent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) emission, with grain sizes and ionization states varying by only ~30%, and a total star formation rate of $\rm 10 - 30 \ M_\odot$/yr derived from fine structure and recombination emission lines. Using pure rotational lines of H2, we detect 1.2$\times$10$^{7} \rm \ M_\odot$ of warm molecular gas at a temperature higher than 200 K in the ring. All PAH bands get significantly weaker towards the central source, where larger and possibly more ionized grains dominate the emission. However, the bulk of the dust and molecular gas in the ring appears unaffected by the ionizing radiation or the outflowing wind from the AGN. These observations highlight the power of JWST to probe the inner regions of dusty, rapidly evolving galaxies for signatures of feedback and inform models that seek to explain the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and their hosts. △ Less

Submitted 14 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 13 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, Submitted to ApJL

GOALS-JWST: NIRCam and MIRI Imaging of the Circumnuclear Starburst Ring in NGC 7469

Authors: Thomas Bohn, Hanae Inami, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Lee Armus, Sean T. Linden, Vivian U, Jason Surace, Kirsten L. Larson, Aaron S. Evans, Shunshi Hoshioka, Thomas Lai, Yiqing Song, Joseph M. Mazzarella, Loreto Barcos-Munoz, Vassilis Charmandaris, Justin H. Howell, Anne M. Medling, George C. Privon, Jeffrey A. Rich, Sabrina Stierwalt, Susanne Aalto, Torsten Boker, Michael J. I. Brown, Kazushi Iwasawa, Matthew A. Malkan , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) imaging of NGC 7469 with the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI). NGC 7469 is a nearby, $z=0.01627$, luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) that hosts both a Seyfert Type-1.5 nucleus and a circumnuclear starburst ring with a radius of $\sim$0.5 kpc. The new near-infrared (NIR) JWST imaging reveals 66 star-forming regions, 37 of… ▽ More We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) imaging of NGC 7469 with the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI). NGC 7469 is a nearby, $z=0.01627$, luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) that hosts both a Seyfert Type-1.5 nucleus and a circumnuclear starburst ring with a radius of $\sim$0.5 kpc. The new near-infrared (NIR) JWST imaging reveals 66 star-forming regions, 37 of which were not detected by HST observations. Twenty-eight of the 37 sources have very red NIR colors that indicate obscurations up to A$_{\rm{v}}\sim7$ and a contribution of at least 25$\%$ from hot dust emission to the 4.4$μ$m band. Their NIR colors are also consistent with young ($<$5 Myr) stellar populations and more than half of them are coincident with the MIR emission peaks. These younger, dusty star-forming regions account for $\sim$6$\%$ and $\sim$17$\%$ of the total 1.5$μ$m and 4.4$μ$m luminosity of the starburst ring, respectively. Thanks to JWST, we find a significant number of young dusty sources that were previously unseen due to dust extinction. The newly identified 28 young sources are a significant increase compared to the number of HST-detected young sources (4-5). This makes the total percentage of the young population rise from $\sim$15$\%$ to 48$\%$. These results illustrate the effectiveness of JWST in identifying and characterizing previously hidden star formation in the densest star-forming environments around AGN. △ Less

Submitted 12 December, 2022; v1 submitted 9 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 4 figures, 1 table, Accepted by ApJL

Characterizing Compact 15-33 GHz Radio Continuum Sources in Local U/LIRGs

Authors: Y. Song, S. T. Linden, A. S. Evans, L. Barcos-Munoz, E. J. Murphy, E. Momjian, T. Diaz-Santos, K. L. Larson, G. C. Privon, X. Huang, L. Armus, J. M. Mazzarella, V. U, H. Inami, V. Charmandaris, C. Ricci, K. L. Emig, J. McKinney, I. Yoon, D. Kunneriath, T. S. -Y. Lai, E. E. Rodas-Quito, A. Saravia, T. Gao, W. Meynardie , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the analysis of $\sim 100$pc-scale compact radio continuum sources detected in 63 local (Ultra) Luminous Infrared Galaxies (U/LIRGs; $L_{\rm IR} \ge 10^{11} L_\odot$), using FWHM $\lesssim 0''.1 - 0''.2$ resolution 15 and 33 GHz observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. We identify a total of 133 compact radio sources with effective radii of 8 - 170pc, which are classified… ▽ More We present the analysis of $\sim 100$pc-scale compact radio continuum sources detected in 63 local (Ultra) Luminous Infrared Galaxies (U/LIRGs; $L_{\rm IR} \ge 10^{11} L_\odot$), using FWHM $\lesssim 0''.1 - 0''.2$ resolution 15 and 33 GHz observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. We identify a total of 133 compact radio sources with effective radii of 8 - 170pc, which are classified into four main categories -- "AGN" (AGN), "AGN/SBnuc" (AGN-starburst composite nucleus), "SBnuc" (starburst nucleus) and "SF" (star-forming clumps) -- based on ancillary datasets and the literature. We find that "AGN" and "AGN/SBnuc" more frequently occur in late-stage mergers and have up to 3 dex higher 33 GHz luminosities and surface densities compared with "SBnuc" and "SF", which may be attributed to extreme nuclear starburst and/or AGN activity in the former. Star formation rates (SFRs) and surface densities ($Σ_{\rm SFR}$) are measured for "SF" and "SBnuc" using both the total 33 GHz continuum emission (SFR $\sim 0.14 - 13$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, $Σ_{\rm SFR} \sim 13 - 1600$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-2}$) and the thermal free-free emission from HII regions (median SFR$_{\rm th} \sim 0.4$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, $Σ_{\rm SFR_{th}} \sim 44$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-2}$). These values are 1 - 2 dex higher than those measured for similar-sized clumps in nearby normal (non-U/LIRGs). The latter also have much flatter median 15 - 33 GHz spectral index ($\sim -0.08$) compared with "SBnuc" and "SF" ($\sim -0.46$), which may reflect higher non-thermal contribution from supernovae and/or ISM densities in local U/LIRGs that directly result from and/or lead to their extreme star-forming activities on 100\,pc scales. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

GOALS-JWST: Resolving the Circumnuclear Gas Dynamics in NGC 7469 in the Mid-Infrared

Authors: Vivian U, Thomas Lai, Marina Bianchin, Raymond P. Remigio, Lee Armus, Kirsten L. Larson, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Aaron Evans, Sabrina Stierwalt, David R. Law, Matthew A. Malkan, Sean Linden, Yiqing Song, Paul P. van der Werf, Tianmu Gao, George C. Privon, Anne M. Medling, Loreto Barcos-Muñoz, Christopher C. Hayward, Hanae Inami, Jeff Rich, Susanne Aalto, Philip Appleton, Thomas Bohn, Torsten Böker , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The nearby, luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 7469 hosts a Seyfert nucleus with a circumnuclear star-forming ring and is thus the ideal local laboratory for investigating the starburst--AGN connection in detail. We present integral-field observations of the central 1.3 kpc region in NGC 7469 obtained with the JWST Mid-InfraRed Instrument. Molecular and ionized gas distributions and kinematics at… ▽ More The nearby, luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 7469 hosts a Seyfert nucleus with a circumnuclear star-forming ring and is thus the ideal local laboratory for investigating the starburst--AGN connection in detail. We present integral-field observations of the central 1.3 kpc region in NGC 7469 obtained with the JWST Mid-InfraRed Instrument. Molecular and ionized gas distributions and kinematics at a resolution of {\sim}100 pc over the 4.9 - 7.6μm region are examined to study gas dynamics influenced by the central AGN. The low-ionization [Fe II] λ5.34μm and [Ar II] λ6.99μm lines are bright on the nucleus and in the starburst ring, as opposed to H2 S(5) λ6.91μm which is strongly peaked at the center and surrounding ISM. The high-ionization [Mg V] line is resolved and shows a broad, blueshifted component associated with the outflow. It has a nearly face-on geometry that is strongly peaked on the nucleus, where it reaches a maximum velocity of -650 km/s, and extends about 400 pc to the East. Regions of enhanced velocity dispersion in H2 and [Fe II] {\sim}180 pc from the AGN that also show high L(H2)/L(PAH) and L([Fe II])/L(Pfα) ratios to the W and N of the nucleus pinpoint regions where the ionized outflow is depositing energy, via shocks, into the dense interstellar medium between the nucleus and the starburst ring. These resolved mid-infrared observations of the nuclear gas dynamics demonstrate the power of JWST and its high-sensitivity integral-field spectroscopic capability to resolve feedback processes around supermassive black holes in the dusty cores of nearby LIRGs. △ Less

Submitted 29 September, 2022; v1 submitted 2 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 14 pages, 6 figures, 1 table; accepted for publication in ApJL

GOALS-JWST: Hidden Star Formation and Extended PAH Emission in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV 114

Authors: Aaron S. Evans, David Frayer, Vassilis Charmandaris, Lee Armus, Hanae Inami, Jason Surace, Sean Linden, Baruch Soifer, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Kirsten Larson, Jeffrey Rich, Yiqing Song, Loreto Barcos-Munoz, Joseph Mazzarella, George Privon, Vivian U, Anne Medling, Torsten Boeker, Susanne Aalto, Kazushi Iwasawa, Justin Howell, Paul van der Werf, Philip N. Appleton, Thomas Bohn, Michael Brown , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) images of the luminous infrared (IR) galaxy VV 114 are presented. This redshift ~ 0.020 merger has a western component (VV 114W) rich in optical star clusters and an eastern component (VV 114E) hosting a luminous mid-IR nucleus hidden at UV and optical wavelengths by dust lanes. With MIRI, the VV 114E nucleus resolves primarily into… ▽ More James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) images of the luminous infrared (IR) galaxy VV 114 are presented. This redshift ~ 0.020 merger has a western component (VV 114W) rich in optical star clusters and an eastern component (VV 114E) hosting a luminous mid-IR nucleus hidden at UV and optical wavelengths by dust lanes. With MIRI, the VV 114E nucleus resolves primarily into bright NE and SW cores separated by 630 pc. This nucleus comprises 45% of the 15um light of VV 114, with the NE and SW cores having IR luminosities, L_ IR (8-1000um) ~ 8+/-0.8x10^10 L_sun and ~ 5+/-0.5x10^10 L_sun, respectively, and IR densities, Sigma_IR >~ 2+/-0.2x10^13 L_sun / kpc^2 and >~ 7+/-0.7x10^12 L_sun / kpc^2, respectively -- in the range of Sigma_IR for the Orion star-forming core and the nuclei of Arp 220. The NE core, previously speculated to have an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN), has starburst-like mid-IR colors. In contrast, the VV 114E SW has AGN-like colors. Approximately 40 star-forming knots with L_IR ~ 0.02-5x10^10 L_sun are identified, 25% of which have no optical counterpart. Finally, diffuse emission accounts for 40-60% of the mid-IR emission. Mostly notably, filamentary Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) emission stochastically excited by UV and optical photons accounts for half of the 7.7um light of VV 114. This study illustrates the ability of JWST to detect obscured compact activity and distributed PAH emission in the most extreme starburst galaxies in the local Universe. △ Less

Submitted 30 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, Submitted to ApJL

GOALS-JWST: Unveiling Dusty Compact Sources in the Merging Galaxy IIZw096

Authors: Hanae Inami, Jason Surace, Lee Armus, Aaron S. Evans, Kirsten L. Larson, Loreto Barcos-Munoz, Sabrina Stierwalt, Joseph M. Mazzarella, George C. Privon, Yiqing Song, Sean Linden, Christopher C. Hayward, Torsten Boker, Vivian U, Thomas Bohn, Vassilis Charmandaris, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Justin H. Howell, Thomas Lai, Anne M. Medling, Jeffrey A. Rich, Susanne Aalto, Philip Appleton, Michael J. I. Brown, Shunshi Hoshioka , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We have used the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to obtain the first spatially resolved, mid-infrared (mid-IR) images of IIZw096, a merging luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) at $z = 0.036$. Previous observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope suggested that the vast majority of the total IR luminosity (LIR) of the system originated from a small region outsid… ▽ More We have used the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to obtain the first spatially resolved, mid-infrared (mid-IR) images of IIZw096, a merging luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) at $z = 0.036$. Previous observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope suggested that the vast majority of the total IR luminosity (LIR) of the system originated from a small region outside of the two merging nuclei. New observations with JWST/MIRI now allow an accurate measurement of the location and luminosity density of the source that is responsible for the bulk of the IR emission. We estimate that 40-70% of the IR bolometric luminosity, or $3-5 \times 10^{11}\,{\rm{L_{\odot}}}$, arises from a source no larger than 175pc in radius, suggesting a luminosity density of at least $3-5 \times 10^{12} \, {\rm{L_{\odot} \, kpc^{-2}}}$. In addition, we detect 11 other star forming sources, five of which were previously unknown. The MIRI F1500W/F560W colors of most of these sources, including the source responsible for the bulk of the far-IR emission, are much redder than the nuclei of local LIRGs. These observations reveal the power of JWST to disentangle the complex regions at the hearts of merging, dusty galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2022; v1 submitted 22 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 3 figures, 1 table, Accepted for publication in ApJL

Low frequency radio continuum imaging and SED modeling of 11 LIRGs: radio-only and FUV to radio bands

Authors: Subhrata Dey, Arti Goyal, Katarzyna Małek, Timothy J. Galvin, Nicholas Seymour, Tanio Díaz Santos, Julia Piotrowska, Vassilis Charmandaris

Abstract: We present the detailed analysis of 11 local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) from ultraviolet through far-infrared to radio ($\sim$70 MHz to $\sim$15 GHz) bands. We derive the astrophysical properties through spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling using the Code Investigating GALaxy Emission (CIGALE) and UltraNest codes. The radio SEDs include our new observations at 325 and 610 MHz from t… ▽ More We present the detailed analysis of 11 local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) from ultraviolet through far-infrared to radio ($\sim$70 MHz to $\sim$15 GHz) bands. We derive the astrophysical properties through spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling using the Code Investigating GALaxy Emission (CIGALE) and UltraNest codes. The radio SEDs include our new observations at 325 and 610 MHz from the GMRT and the measurements from public archives. Our main results are (1) radio SEDs show turnovers and bends, (2) the synchrotron spectral index of the fitted radio spectra ranges between $-$0.5 and $-$1.7, and (3) the infrared luminosity, dust mass, dust temperature, stellar mass, star-formation rates (SFRs) and AGN fraction obtained from CIGALE falls in the range exhibited by galaxies of the same class. The ratio of 60$μ$m infrared and 1.4 GHz radio luminosity, the 1.4 GHz thermal fraction, and emission measure range between 2.1 and 2.9, 0.1% and 10%, 0.02 and 269.5$\times$10$^{6}$ cm$^{-6}$ pc, respectively. We conclude that the turnovers seen in the radio SEDs are due to free-free absorption; this is supported by the low AGN fraction derived from the CIGALE analysis. The decomposed 1.4 GHz thermal and nonthermal radio luminosities allowed us to compute the star formation rate (SFR) using scaling relations. A positive correlation is observed between the SFR$_{IR}$ obtained 10 Myr ago (compared to 100 Myr ago) and 1.4 GHz radio (total and nonthermal) because similar synchrotron lifetimes are expected for typical magnetic field strengths observed in these galaxies ($\approx$50$μ$G). △ Less

Submitted 18 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: ApJ accepted. Comments are welcome

Constraints on the structure and seasonal variations of Triton's atmosphere from the 5 October 2017 stellar occultation and previous observations

Authors: J. Marques Oliveira, B. Sicardy, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, J. L. Ortiz, D. F. Strobel, T. Bertrand, F. Forget, E. Lellouch, J. Desmars, D. Bérard, A. Doressoundiram, J. Lecacheux, R. Leiva, E. Meza, F. Roques, D. Souami, T. Widemann, P. Santos-Sanz, N. Morales, R. Duffard, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, A. J. Castro-Tirado, F. Braga-Ribas, B. E. Morgado, M. Assafin , et al. (212 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A stellar occultation by Neptune's main satellite, Triton, was observed on 5 October 2017 from Europe, North Africa, and the USA. We derived 90 light curves from this event, 42 of which yielded a central flash detection. We aimed at constraining Triton's atmospheric structure and the seasonal variations of its atmospheric pressure since the Voyager 2 epoch (1989). We also derived the shape of th… ▽ More A stellar occultation by Neptune's main satellite, Triton, was observed on 5 October 2017 from Europe, North Africa, and the USA. We derived 90 light curves from this event, 42 of which yielded a central flash detection. We aimed at constraining Triton's atmospheric structure and the seasonal variations of its atmospheric pressure since the Voyager 2 epoch (1989). We also derived the shape of the lower atmosphere from central flash analysis. We used Abel inversions and direct ray-tracing code to provide the density, pressure, and temperature profiles in the altitude range $\sim$8 km to $\sim$190 km, corresponding to pressure levels from 9 μbar down to a few nanobars. Results. (i) A pressure of 1.18$\pm$0.03 μbar is found at a reference radius of 1400 km (47 km altitude). (ii) A new analysis of the Voyager 2 radio science occultation shows that this is consistent with an extrapolation of pressure down to the surface pressure obtained in 1989. (iii) A survey of occultations obtained between 1989 and 2017 suggests that an enhancement in surface pressure as reported during the 1990s might be real, but debatable, due to very few high S/N light curves and data accessible for reanalysis. The volatile transport model analysed supports a moderate increase in surface pressure, with a maximum value around 2005-2015 no higher than 23 μbar. The pressures observed in 1995-1997 and 2017 appear mutually inconsistent with the volatile transport model presented here. (iv) The central flash structure does not show evidence of an atmospheric distortion. We find an upper limit of 0.0011 for the apparent oblateness of the atmosphere near the 8 km altitude. △ Less

Submitted 25 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: 52 pages, 26 figures in the main paper, 2 figures in appendix B, 9 figures in appendix C, 1 long table over 5 pages

Journal ref: A&A 659, A136 (2022)

Massive Star Cluster Formation and Destruction in Luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS II: An ACS/WFC3 Survey of Nearby LIRGs

Authors: Sean Linden, Aaron Evans, Kirsten Larson, George Privon, Lee Armus, Jeff Rich, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Eric Murphy, Yiqing Song, Loreto Barcos-Munoz, Justin Howell, Vassilis Charmandaris, Hanae Inami, Vivian U, Jason Surace, Joseph Mazzarella, Daniela Calzetti

Abstract: We present the results of a Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 near-UV and ACS/WFC optical study into the star cluster populations of 10 luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) in the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS). Through integrated broadband photometry we have derived ages, masses, and extinctions for a total of 1027 star clusters in galaxies with $d_{L} <$ 110 Mpc in… ▽ More We present the results of a Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 near-UV and ACS/WFC optical study into the star cluster populations of 10 luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) in the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS). Through integrated broadband photometry we have derived ages, masses, and extinctions for a total of 1027 star clusters in galaxies with $d_{L} <$ 110 Mpc in order to avoid issues related to cluster blending. The measured cluster age distribution slope of $dN/dτ\propto τ^{-0.5 +/- 0.2}$ is steeper than what has been observed in lower-luminosity star-forming galaxies. Further, differences in the slope of the observed cluster age distribution between inner- ($dN/dτ\propto τ^{-1.07 +/- 0.12}$) and outer-disk ($dN/dτ\propto τ^{-0.37 +/- 0.09}$) star clusters provides evidence of mass-dependent cluster destruction in the central regions of LIRGs driven primarily by the combined effect of strong tidal shocks and encounters with massive GMCs. Excluding the nuclear ring surrounding the Seyfert 1 nucleus in NGC 7469, the derived cluster mass function (CMF: $dN/dM \propto M^α$) has marginal evidence for a truncation in the power-law (PL) at $M_{t} \sim 2$x$10^{6} M_{\odot}$ for our three most cluster-rich galaxies, which are all classified as early-stage mergers. Finally, we find evidence of a flattening of the CMF slope of $dN/dM \propto M^{-1.42 \pm 0.1}$ for clusters in late-stage mergers relative to early-stage ($α= -1.65 \pm 0.02$), which we attribute to an increase in the formation of massive clusters over the course of the interaction. △ Less

Submitted 7 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Comments: 70 pages, 21 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

A hard X-ray view of Luminous and Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS: I - AGN obscuration along the merger sequence

Authors: C. Ricci, G. C. Privon, R. W. Pfeifle, L. Armus, K. Iwasawa, N. Torres-Alba, S. Satyapal, F. E. Bauer, E. Treister, L. C. Ho, S. Aalto, P. Arevalo, L. Barcos-Munoz, V. Charmandaris, T. Diaz-Santos, A. S. Evans, T. Gao, H. Inami, M. J. Koss, G. Lansbury, S. T. Linden, A. Medling, D. B. Sanders, Y. Song, D. Stern , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The merger of two or more galaxies can enhance the inflow of material from galactic scales into the close environments of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), obscuring and feeding the supermassive black hole (SMBH). Both recent simulations and observations of AGN in mergers have confirmed that mergers are related to strong nuclear obscuration. However, it is still unclear how AGN obscuration evolves in… ▽ More The merger of two or more galaxies can enhance the inflow of material from galactic scales into the close environments of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), obscuring and feeding the supermassive black hole (SMBH). Both recent simulations and observations of AGN in mergers have confirmed that mergers are related to strong nuclear obscuration. However, it is still unclear how AGN obscuration evolves in the last phases of the merger process. We study a sample of 60 Luminous and Ultra-luminous IR galaxies (U/LIRGs) from the GOALS sample observed by NuSTAR. We find that the fraction of AGN that are Compton-thick (CT; $N_{\rm H}\geq 10^{24}\rm\,cm^{-2}$) peaks at $74_{-19}^{+14}\%$ at a late merger stage, prior to coalescence, when the nuclei have projected separations of $d_{\rm sep}\sim 0.4-6$ kpc. A similar peak is also observed in the median $N_{\rm H}$ [$(1.6\pm0.5)\times10^{24}\rm\,cm^{-2}$]. The vast majority ($85^{+7}_{-9}\%$) of the AGN in the final merger stages ($d_{\rm sep}\lesssim 10$ kpc) are heavily obscured ($N_{\rm H}\geq 10^{23}\rm\,cm^{-2}$), and the median $N_{\rm H}$ of the accreting SMBHs in our sample is systematically higher than that of local hard X-ray selected AGN, regardless of the merger stage. This implies that these objects have very obscured nuclear environments, with the $N_{\rm H}\geq 10^{23}\rm\,cm^{-2}$ gas almost completely covering the AGN in late mergers. CT AGN tend to have systematically higher absorption-corrected X-ray luminosities than less obscured sources. This could either be due to an evolutionary effect, with more obscured sources accreting more rapidly because they have more gas available in their surroundings, or to a selection bias. The latter scenario would imply that we are still missing a large fraction of heavily obscured, lower luminosity ($L_{2-10}\lesssim 10^{43}\rm\,erg\,s^{-1}$) AGN in U/LIRGs. △ Less

Submitted 9 August, 2021; v1 submitted 22 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

A Comparison between Nuclear Ring Star Formation in LIRGs and Normal Galaxies with the Very Large Array

Authors: Y. Song, S. T. Linden, A. S. Evans, L. Barcos-Muñoz, G. C. Privon, I. Yoon, E. J. Murphy, K. L. Larson, T. Díaz-Santos, L. Armus, Joseph M. Mazzarella, J. Howell, H. Inami, N. Torres-Albà, V. U, V. Charmandaris, E. Momjian, J. McKinney, D. Kunneriath

Abstract: Nuclear rings are excellent laboratories for studying intense star formation. We present results from a study of nuclear star-forming rings in five nearby normal galaxies from the Star Formation in Radio Survey (SFRS) and four local LIRGs from the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) at sub-kpc resolutions using VLA high-frequency radio continuum observations. We find that nuclear ring… ▽ More Nuclear rings are excellent laboratories for studying intense star formation. We present results from a study of nuclear star-forming rings in five nearby normal galaxies from the Star Formation in Radio Survey (SFRS) and four local LIRGs from the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) at sub-kpc resolutions using VLA high-frequency radio continuum observations. We find that nuclear ring star formation (NRSF) contributes 49 - 60\% of the total star formation of the LIRGs, compared to 7 - 40\% for the normal galaxies. We characterize a total of 58 individual star-forming regions in these rings, and find that with measured sizes of 10 - 200 pc, NRSF regions in the LIRGs have SFR and $Σ_\mathrm{SFR}$ up to 1.7 M$_\odot$yr$^{-1}$ and 402 M$_\odot$yr$^{-1}$kpc$^{-2}$, respectively, which are about 10 times higher than NRSF regions in the normal galaxies with similar sizes, and comparable to lensed high-$z$ star-forming regions. At $\sim 100 - 300$ pc scales, we estimate low contributions ($< 50\%$) of thermal free-free emission to total radio continuum emission at 33 GHz in the NRSF regions in the LIRGs, but large variations possibly exist at smaller physical scales. Finally, using archival sub-kpc resolution CO (J=1-0) data of nuclear rings in the normal galaxies and NGC 7469 (LIRG), we find a large scatter in gas depletion times at similar molecular gas surface densities, which tentatively points to a multi-modal star formation relation on sub-kpc scales. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Regulating Star Formation in Nearby Dusty Galaxies: Low Photoelectric Efficiencies in the Most Compact Systems

Authors: Jed McKinney, Lee Armus, Alexandra Pope, Tanio Diaz-Santos, Vassilis Charmandaris, Hanae Inami, Yiqing Song, Aaron Evans

Abstract: Star formation in galaxies is regulated by the heating and cooling in the interstellar medium. In particular, the processing of molecular gas into stars will depend strongly on the ratio of gas heating to gas cooling in the neutral gas around sites of recent star-formation. In this work, we combine mid-infrared (mid-IR) observations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), the dominant heating… ▽ More Star formation in galaxies is regulated by the heating and cooling in the interstellar medium. In particular, the processing of molecular gas into stars will depend strongly on the ratio of gas heating to gas cooling in the neutral gas around sites of recent star-formation. In this work, we combine mid-infrared (mid-IR) observations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), the dominant heating mechanism of gas in the interstellar medium (ISM), with [C II], [O I], and [Si II] fine-structure emission, the strongest cooling channels in dense, neutral gas. The ratio of IR cooling line emission to PAH emission measures the photoelectric efficiency, a property of the ISM which dictates how much energy carried by ultraviolet photons gets transferred into the gas. We find that star-forming, IR luminous galaxies in the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) with high IR surface densities have low photoelectric efficiencies. These systems also have, on average, higher ratios of radiation field strength to gas densities, and larger average dust grain size distributions. The data support a scenario in which the most compact galaxies have more young star-forming regions per unit area, which exhibit less efficient gas heating. These conditions may be more common at high-z, and may help explain the higher star-formation rates at cosmic noon. We make predictions on how this can be investigated with JWST. △ Less

Submitted 6 January, 2021; v1 submitted 4 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021.

Comments: 17 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

The 2017 May 20$^{\rm th}$ stellar occultation by the elongated centaur (95626) 2002 GZ$_{32}$

Authors: P. Santos-Sanz, J. L. Ortiz, B. Sicardy, G. Benedetti-Rossi, N. Morales, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, R. Duffard, R. Iglesias-Marzoa, J. L. Lamadrid, N. Maícas, L. Pérez, K. Gazeas, J. C. Guirado, V. Peris, F. J. Ballesteros, F. Organero, L. Ana-Hernández, F. Fonseca, A. Alvarez-Candal, Y. Jiménez-Teja, M. Vara-Lubiano, F. Braga-Ribas, J. I. B. Camargo, J. Desmars, M. Assafin , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We predicted a stellar occultation of the bright star Gaia DR1 4332852996360346368 (UCAC4 385-75921) (m$_{\rm V}$= 14.0 mag) by the centaur 2002 GZ$_{32}$ for 2017 May 20$^{\rm th}$. Our latest shadow path prediction was favourable to a large region in Europe. Observations were arranged in a broad region inside the nominal shadow path. Series of images were obtained with 29 telescopes throughout E… ▽ More We predicted a stellar occultation of the bright star Gaia DR1 4332852996360346368 (UCAC4 385-75921) (m$_{\rm V}$= 14.0 mag) by the centaur 2002 GZ$_{32}$ for 2017 May 20$^{\rm th}$. Our latest shadow path prediction was favourable to a large region in Europe. Observations were arranged in a broad region inside the nominal shadow path. Series of images were obtained with 29 telescopes throughout Europe and from six of them (five in Spain and one in Greece) we detected the occultation. This is the fourth centaur, besides Chariklo, Chiron and Bienor, for which a multi-chord stellar occultation is reported. By means of an elliptical fit to the occultation chords we obtained the limb of 2002 GZ$_{32}$ during the occultation, resulting in an ellipse with axes of 305 $\pm$ 17 km $\times$ 146 $\pm$ 8 km. From this limb, thanks to a rotational light curve obtained shortly after the occultation, we derived the geometric albedo of 2002 GZ$_{32}$ ($p_{\rm V}$ = 0.043 $\pm$ 0.007) and a 3-D ellipsoidal shape with axes 366 km $\times$ 306 km $\times$ 120 km. This shape is not fully consistent with a homogeneous body in hydrostatic equilibrium for the known rotation period of 2002 GZ$_{32}$. The size (albedo) obtained from the occultation is respectively smaller (greater) than that derived from the radiometric technique but compatible within error bars. No rings or debris around 2002 GZ$_{32}$ were detected from the occultation, but narrow and thin rings cannot be discarded. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS (8-Dec.-2020), 15 pages, 9 figures

Origins Space Telescope: From First Light to Life -- ESA Voyage 2050 White Paper

Authors: M. C. Wiedner, S. Aalto, J. Birkby, D. Burgarella, P. Caselli, V. Charmandaris, A. Cooray, E. De Beck, J. -M. Desert, M. Gerin, J. Goicoechea, M. Griffin, P. Hartogh, F. Helmich, M. Hogerheijde, L. Hunt, A. Karska, Q. Krall, D. Leisawitz, G. Melnick, M. Meixner, M. Mikako, Ch. Pearson, D. Rigopoulou, T. Roellig , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Origins Space Telescope (Origins) is one of four science and technology definition studies selected by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in preparation of the 2020 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal survey in the US. Origins will trace the history of our origins from the time dust and heavy elements permanently altered the cosmic landscape to present-day life. It is designed… ▽ More The Origins Space Telescope (Origins) is one of four science and technology definition studies selected by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in preparation of the 2020 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal survey in the US. Origins will trace the history of our origins from the time dust and heavy elements permanently altered the cosmic landscape to present-day life. It is designed to answer three major science questions: How do galaxies form stars, make metals, and grow their central supermassive black holes from reionization? How do the conditions for habitability develop during the process of planet formation? Do planets orbiting M-dwarf stars support life? Origins operates at mid- to far-infrared wavelengths from ~2.8 to 588 μm, is more than 1000 times more sensitive than prior far-IR missions due to its cold (~4.5 K) aperture and state-of-the-art instruments. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: 24 pages, 12 figures, 5 tables. Submitted as White paper to Voyage 2050 Long-term planning of the ESA Science Programme. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1912.06213

A Compton-thick nucleus in the dual AGN of Mrk 266

Authors: K. Iwasawa, C. Ricci, G. C. Privon, N. Torres-Albà, H. Inami, V. Charmandaris, A. S. Evans, J. M. Mazzarella, T. Díaz-Santos

Abstract: We present results of our analysis of NuSTAR data of the luminous infrared galaxy Mrk 266, which contains two nuclei, SW and NE, resolved in previous Chandra imaging. Combining with the Chandra data, we intepret the hard X-ray spectrum obtained from a NuSTAR observation as resulting from steeply rising flux from a Compton-thick AGN in the SW nucleus which is very faint in the Chandra band, confirm… ▽ More We present results of our analysis of NuSTAR data of the luminous infrared galaxy Mrk 266, which contains two nuclei, SW and NE, resolved in previous Chandra imaging. Combining with the Chandra data, we intepret the hard X-ray spectrum obtained from a NuSTAR observation as resulting from steeply rising flux from a Compton-thick AGN in the SW nucleus which is very faint in the Chandra band, confirming the previous claim of Mazzarella et al. (2012). This hard X-ray component is dominated by reflection, and its intrinsic 2-10 keV luminosity is likely to be ~1e43 erg/s. Although it is bright in soft X-ray, only moderately absorbed NE nucleus has a 2-10 keV luminosity of 4e41 erg/s, placing it in the low-luminosity AGN class. These results have implications for understanding the detectability and duty cycles of emission from dual AGN in heavily obscured mergers. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2020; v1 submitted 7 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 7 pages, 5 figures. Language corrections and a minor correction in Fig. 5 included

Journal ref: A&A 640, A95 (2020)

The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation

Authors: J. L. Ortiz, P. Santos-Sanz, B. Sicardy, G. Benedetti-Rossi, D. Bérard, N. Morales, R. Duffard, F. Braga-Ribas, U. Hopp, C. Ries, V. Nascimbeni, F. Marzari, V. Granata, A. Pál, C. Kiss, T. Pribulla, R. Komžík, K. Hornoch, P. Pravec, P. Bacci, M. Maestripieri, L. Nerli, L. Mazzei, M. Bachini, F. Martinelli , et al. (68 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Among the four known transneptunian dwarf planets, Haumea is an exotic, very elongated, and fast rotating body. In contrast to the other dwarf planets, its size, shape, albedo, and density are not well constrained. Here we report results of a multi-chord stellar occultation, observed on 2017 January 21. Secondary events observed around the main body are consistent with the presence of a ring of op… ▽ More Among the four known transneptunian dwarf planets, Haumea is an exotic, very elongated, and fast rotating body. In contrast to the other dwarf planets, its size, shape, albedo, and density are not well constrained. Here we report results of a multi-chord stellar occultation, observed on 2017 January 21. Secondary events observed around the main body are consistent with the presence of a ring of opacity 0.5, width 70 km, and radius 2,287$_{-45}^{+75}$ km. The Centaur Chariklo was the first body other than a giant planet to show a ring system and the Centaur Chiron was later found to possess something similar to Chariklo's rings. Haumea is the first body outside the Centaur population with a ring. The ring is coplanar with both Haumea's equator and the orbit of its satellite Hi'iaka. Its radius places close to the 3:1 mean motion resonance with Haumea's spin period. The occultation by the main body provides an instantaneous elliptical limb with axes 1,704 $\pm$ 4 km x 1,138 $\pm$ 26 km. Combined with rotational light-curves, it constrains Haumea's 3D orientation and its triaxial shape, which is inconsistent with a homogeneous body in hydrostatic equilibrium. Haumea's largest axis is at least 2,322 $\pm$ 60 km, larger than thought before. This implies an upper limit of 1,885 $\pm$ 80 kg m$^{-3}$ for Haumea's density, smaller and less puzzling than previous estimations, and a geometric albedo of 0.51 $\pm$ 0.02, also smaller than previous estimations. No global N$_2$ or CH$_4$ atmosphere with pressures larger than 15 and 50 nbar (3-$σ$ limits), respectively, is detected. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Journal ref: Nature, Volume 550, Issue 7675, pp. 219-223 (2017)

ALMA [N ıı] 205 μm Imaging Spectroscopy of the Lensed Submillimeter galaxy ID 141 at redshift 4.24

Authors: Cheng Cheng, Xiaoyue Cao, Nanyao Lu, Ran Li, Chentao Yang, Dimitra Rigopoulou, Vassilis Charmandaris, Yu Gao, Cong Kevin Xu, Paul van der Werf, Tanio Diaz Santos, George C. Privon, Yinghe Zhao, Tianwen Cao, Y. Sophia Dai, Jia-Sheng Huang, David Sanders, Chunxiang Wang, Zhong Wang, Lei Zhu

Abstract: We present the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observation of the Sub-millimeter galaxy (SMG) ID 141 at z=4.24 in the [N II] 205 $μ$m line (hereafter [N II]) and the underlying continuum at (rest-frame) 197.6 $μ$m. Benefiting from lensing magnification by a galaxy pair at z=0.595, ID 141 is one of the brightest z$>4$ SMGs. At the angular resolutions of $\sim1.2"$ to $1.5"$ (… ▽ More We present the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observation of the Sub-millimeter galaxy (SMG) ID 141 at z=4.24 in the [N II] 205 $μ$m line (hereafter [N II]) and the underlying continuum at (rest-frame) 197.6 $μ$m. Benefiting from lensing magnification by a galaxy pair at z=0.595, ID 141 is one of the brightest z$>4$ SMGs. At the angular resolutions of $\sim1.2"$ to $1.5"$ ($1" \sim6.9$ kpc), our observation clearly separates, and moderately resolves the two lensed images in both continuum and line emission at $\rm S/N>5$ . Our continuum-based lensing model implies an averaged amplification factor of $\sim5.8$ and reveals that the de-lensed continuum image has the Sérsic index $\simeq 0.95$ and the Sérsic radius of $\sim0.18" (\sim 1.24$ kpc). Furthermore, the reconstructed [N II] velocity field in the source plane is dominated by a rotation component with a maximum velocity of $\sim 300$ km/s at large radii, indicating a dark matter halo mass of $\sim 10^{12}M_{\odot}$. This, together with the reconstructed velocity dispersion field being smooth and modest in value ($<100$ km/s) over much of the outer parts of the galaxy, favours the interpretation of ID 141 being a disk galaxy dynamically supported by rotation. The observed [N II]/CO (7-6) and [N II]/[C II] 158 $μ$m line luminosity ratios, which are consistent with the corresponding line ratio vs. far-infrared color correlation from local luminous infrared galaxies, imply a de-lensed star formation rate of ($1.8\pm 0.6)\times10^3M_\odot$/yr and provide an independent estimate on the size of the star-forming region $0.7^{+0.3}_{-0.3}$ kpc in radius. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2020; v1 submitted 1 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Comments: 13 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables. Lensing model code can be found here https://gitlab.com/cxylzlx/tiny_lens

The large Trans-Neptunian Object 2002 TC$_{302}$ from combined stellar occultation, photometry and astrometry data

Authors: J. L. Ortiz, P. Santos-Sanz, B. Sicardy, G. Benedetti-Rossi, R. Duffard, N. Morales, F. Braga-Ribas, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, V. Nascimbeni, D. Nardiello, A. Carbognani, L. Buzzi, A. Aletti, P. Bacci, M. Maestripieri, L. Mazzei, H. Mikuz, J. Skvarc, F. Ciabattari, F. Lavalade, G. Scarfi, J. M. Mari, M. Conjat, S. Sposetti, M. Bachini , et al. (56 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: On 28th January 2018, the large Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) 2002TC302 occulted a m$_v= $15.3 star with ID 130957813463146112 in the Gaia DR2 stellar catalog. 12 positive occultation chords were obtained from Italy, France, Slovenia and Switzerland. Also, 4 negative detections were obtained near the north and south limbs. This represents the best observed stellar occultation by a TNO other than Pl… ▽ More On 28th January 2018, the large Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) 2002TC302 occulted a m$_v= $15.3 star with ID 130957813463146112 in the Gaia DR2 stellar catalog. 12 positive occultation chords were obtained from Italy, France, Slovenia and Switzerland. Also, 4 negative detections were obtained near the north and south limbs. This represents the best observed stellar occultation by a TNO other than Pluto, in terms of the number of chords published thus far. From the 12 chords, an accurate elliptical fit to the instantaneous projection of the body, compatible with the near misses, can be obtained. The resulting ellipse has major and minor axes of 543 $\pm$ 18 km and 460 $\pm$ 11 km, respectively, with a position angle of 3 $\pm$ 1 degrees for the minor axis. This information, combined with rotational light curves obtained with the 1.5m telescope at Sierra Nevada Observatory and the 1.23m telescope at Calar Alto observatory, allows us to derive possible 3D shapes and density estimations for the body, based on hydrostatic equilibrium assumptions. The effective area equivalent diameter is $\sim$ 84 km smaller than the radiometrically derived diameter using thermal data from Herschel and Spitzer Space Telescopes. This might indicate the existence of an unresolved satellite of up to $\sim$ 300 km in diameter, to account for all the thermal flux, although the occultation and thermal diameters are compatible within their error bars given the considerable uncertainty of the thermal results. The existence of a potential satellite also appears to be consistent with other ground-based data presented here. From the effective occultation diameter combined with H$_V$ measurements we derive a geometric albedo of 0.147 $\pm$ 0.005, which would be somewhat smaller if 2002TC302 has a satellite. The best occultation light curves do not show any signs of ring features or any signatures of a global atmosphere. △ Less

Submitted 18 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 14 pages, 9 figures

Journal ref: A&A 639, A134 (2020)

A Hard X-ray Test of HCN Enhancements as a Tracer of Embedded Black Hole Growth

Authors: G. C. Privon, C. Ricci, S. Aalto, S. Viti, L. Armus, T. Díaz-Santos, E. González-Alfonso, K. Iwasawa, D. L. Jeff, E. Treister, F. Bauer, A. S. Evans, P. Garg, R. Herrero-Illana, J. M. Mazzarella, K. Larson, L. Blecha, L. Barcos-Muñoz, V. Charmandaris, S. Stierwalt, M. A. Pérez-Torres

Abstract: Enhanced emission from the dense gas tracer HCN (relative to HCO$^+ $) has been proposed as a signature of active galactic nuclei (AGN). In a previous single-dish millimeter line survey we identified galaxies with HCN/HCO$ ^+ $ (1-0) intensity ratios consistent with those of many AGN but whose mid-infrared spectral diagnostics are consistent with little to no ( $\lesssim15\% $) contribution of an… ▽ More Enhanced emission from the dense gas tracer HCN (relative to HCO$^+ $) has been proposed as a signature of active galactic nuclei (AGN). In a previous single-dish millimeter line survey we identified galaxies with HCN/HCO$ ^+ $ (1-0) intensity ratios consistent with those of many AGN but whose mid-infrared spectral diagnostics are consistent with little to no ( $\lesssim15\% $) contribution of an AGN to the bolometric luminosity. To search for putative heavily obscured AGN, we present and analyze \nustar hard X-ray (3-79 keV) observations of four such galaxies from the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey. We find no X-ray evidence for AGN in three of the systems and place strong upper limits on the energetic contribution of any heavily obscured ($N_{\rm H}>10^{24}$ cm$^{-2}$) AGN to their bolometric luminosity. The X-ray flux upper limits are presently an order of magnitude below what XDR-driven chemistry model predict are necessary to drive HCN enhancements. In a fourth system we find a hard X-ray excess consistent with the presence of an AGN, but contributing only $\sim3\%$ of the bolometric luminosity. It is also unclear if the AGN is spatially associated with the HCN enhancement. We further explore the relationship between HCN/HCO$^+$ (for several $\mathrm{J}_\mathrm{upper}$ levels) and $L_\mathrm{AGN}/L_\mathrm{IR}$ for a larger sample of systems in the literature. We find no evidence for correlations between the line ratios and the AGN fraction derived from X-rays, indicating that HCN/HCO$^+$ intensity ratios are not driven by the energetic dominance of AGN, nor are they reliable indicators of whether SMBH accretion is ongoing. △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2020; v1 submitted 6 April, 2020; originally announced April 2020.

Comments: 14 pages, 4 figures. accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Journal ref: ApJ 893 149 (2020)

ALMA Imaging of the CO(7-6) Line Emission in the Submillimeter Galaxy LESS 073 at redshift 4.755$^\star$

Authors: Yinghe Zhao, Nanyao Lu, Tanio Díaz-Santos, Yu Gao, C. Kevin Xu, Vassilis Charmandaris, Hanae Inami, Dimitra Rigopoulou, David B. Sanders, Jiasheng Huang, Zhong Wang

Abstract: In this paper we present our imaging observations on the CO(7-6) line and its underlying continuum emission of the young submillimeter galaxy LESS 073 at redshift 4.755, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). At the achieved resolution of $\sim$$1^{\prime\prime}.2\times0^{\prime\prime}.9$ ($8\times6$~kpc$^2$), the CO(7-6) emission is largely unresolved (with a deconvolved s… ▽ More In this paper we present our imaging observations on the CO(7-6) line and its underlying continuum emission of the young submillimeter galaxy LESS 073 at redshift 4.755, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). At the achieved resolution of $\sim$$1^{\prime\prime}.2\times0^{\prime\prime}.9$ ($8\times6$~kpc$^2$), the CO(7-6) emission is largely unresolved (with a deconvolved size of $1^{\prime\prime}.1(\pm0^{\prime\prime}.5) \times 0^{\prime\prime}.9(\pm0^{\prime\prime}.8)$), and the continuum emission is totally unresolved. The CO(7-6) line emission has an integrated flux of $0.86\pm0.08$~Jy km/s, and a line width of $343\pm40$ km/s. The continuum emission has a flux density of 0.51 mJy. By fitting the observed far-infrared (FIR) spectral energy distribution of LESS 073 with a single-temperature modified blackbody function, we obtained a dust temperature $T_{\rm dust}=57.6\pm3.5$ K, 60-to-100 $μ$m flux density ratio $f_{60}/f_{100}=0.86\pm0.08$, and total infrared luminosity $L_{\rm IR}=(5.8\pm0.9) \times 10^{12}~L_\odot$. The SED-fit-based $f_{60}/f_{100}$ is consistent with those estimated from various line ratios as advocated by our earlier work, indicating that those proposed line-ratio-based method can be used to practically derive $f_{60}/f_{100}$ for high-$z$ sources. The total molecular gas mass of LESS 073 is $(3.3\pm1.7) \times10^{10}~M_\odot$, and the inferred gas depletion time is about 43 Myr. △ Less

Submitted 12 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: 8 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Journal ref: ApJ, 892, 145 (2020)

A hyper luminous starburst at z=4.72 magnified by a lensing galaxy pair at z=1.48

Authors: L. Ciesla, M. Béthermin, E. Daddi, J. Richard, T. Diaz-Santos, M. T. Sargent, D. Elbaz, M. Boquien, T. Wang, C. Schreiber, C. Yang, J. Zabl, M. Fraser, M. Aravena, R. J. Assef, A. J. Baker, A. Beelen, A. Boselli, F. Bournaud, D. Burgarella, V. Charmandaris, P. Côté, B. Epinat, L. Ferrarese, R. Gobat , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: [Abridged] We discovered in the Herschel Reference Survey an extremely bright IR source with $S_{500}$~120mJy (Red Virgo 4 - RV4). Based on IRAM/EMIR and IRAM/NOEMA detections of the CO(5-4), CO(4-3), and [CI] lines, RV4 is located at z=4.724, yielding a total observed L$_{IR}$ of 1.1+/-0.6x0$^{14}$L$_{\odot}$. At the position of the Herschel emission, three blobs are detected with the VLA at 10cm… ▽ More [Abridged] We discovered in the Herschel Reference Survey an extremely bright IR source with $S_{500}$~120mJy (Red Virgo 4 - RV4). Based on IRAM/EMIR and IRAM/NOEMA detections of the CO(5-4), CO(4-3), and [CI] lines, RV4 is located at z=4.724, yielding a total observed L$_{IR}$ of 1.1+/-0.6x0$^{14}$L$_{\odot}$. At the position of the Herschel emission, three blobs are detected with the VLA at 10cm. The CO(5-4) line detection of each blob confirms that they are at the same redshift with the same line width, indicating that they are multiple images of the same source. In Spitzer and deep optical observations, two sources, High-z Lens 1 (HL1) West and HL1 East, are detected at the center of the three VLA/NOEMA blobs. These two sources are placed at z=1.48 with XSHOOTER spectra, suggesting that they could be merging and gravitationally lensing the emission of RV4. HL1 is the second most distant lens known to date in strong lensing systems. The Einstein radius of the lensing system is 2.2"+/-0.2 (20kpc). The high redshift of HL1 and the large Einstein radius are highly unusual for a strong lensing system. We present the ISM properties of the background source RV4. Different estimates of the gas depletion time yield low values suggesting that RV4 is a SB galaxy. Among all high-z SMGs, this source exhibits one of the lowest L$_{[CI]}$ to L$_{IR}$ ratios, 3.2+/-0.9x10$^{-6}$, suggesting an extremely short gas tdepl of only 14+/-5Myr. It also shows a relatively high L$_{[CI]}$ to L$_{CO(4-3)}$ ratio (0.7+/-0.2) and low L$_{CO(5-4)}$ to L$_{IR}$ ratio (only ~50% of the value expected for normal galaxies) hinting a low density of gas. Finally, we discuss that the short tdepl of RV4 can be explained by either a very high SFE, which is difficult to reconcile with major mergers simulations of high-z galaxies, or a rapid decrease of SF, which would bias the estimate of tdepl toward low value. △ Less

Submitted 10 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020.

Comments: 14 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 635, A27 (2020)

Star-forming Clumps in Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies

Authors: K. L. Larson, T. Díaz-Santos, L. Armus, G. C. Privon, S. T. Linden, A. S. Evans, J. Howell, V. Charmandaris, V. U, D. B. Sanders, S. Stierwalt, L. Barcos-Muñoz, J. Rich, A. Medling, D. Cook, A. Oklopĉić, E. J. Murphy, P. Bonfini

Abstract: We present $HST$ narrow-band near-infrared imaging of Pa$α$ and Pa$β$ emission of 48 local Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs) from the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS). These data allow us to measure the properties of 810 spatially resolved star-forming regions (59 nuclei and 751 extra-nuclear clumps), and directly compare their properties to those found in both local and high-redsh… ▽ More We present $HST$ narrow-band near-infrared imaging of Pa$α$ and Pa$β$ emission of 48 local Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs) from the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS). These data allow us to measure the properties of 810 spatially resolved star-forming regions (59 nuclei and 751 extra-nuclear clumps), and directly compare their properties to those found in both local and high-redshift star-forming galaxies. We find that in LIRGs, the star-forming clumps have radii ranging from $\sim90-900$ pc and star formation rates (SFRs) of $\sim1\times10^{-3}$ to 10 M$_\odot$yr$^{-1}$, with median values for extra-nuclear clumps of 170 pc and 0.03 M$_\odot$yr$^{-1}$. The detected star-forming clumps are young, with a median stellar age of $8.7$ Myrs, and a median stellar mass of $5\times10^{5}$ M$_\odot$. The SFRs span the range of those found in normal local star-forming galaxies to those found in high-redshift star-forming galaxies at $\rm{z}=1-3$. The luminosity function of the LIRG clumps has a flatter slope than found in lower-luminosity, star-forming galaxies, indicating a relative excess of luminous star-forming clumps. In order to predict the possible range of star-forming histories and gas fractions, we compare the star-forming clumps to those measured in the MassiveFIRE high-resolution cosmological simulation. The star-forming clumps in MassiveFIRE cover the same range of SFRs and sizes found in the local LIRGs and have total gas fractions that extend from 10 to 90%. If local LIRGs are similar to these simulated galaxies, we expect future observations with ALMA will find a large range of gas fractions, and corresponding star formation efficiencies, among the star-forming clumps in LIRGs. △ Less

Submitted 21 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019.

NELIOTA: Methods, statistics and results for meteoroids impacting the Moon

Authors: Alexios Liakos, Alceste Bonanos, Emmanouil Xilouris, Detlef Koschny, Ioannis Bellas-Velidis, Panayotis Boumis, Vassilios Charmandaris, Anastasios Dapergolas, Anastasios Fytsilis, Athanassios Maroussis, Richard Moissl

Abstract: This paper contains the results from the first 30 months of the NELIOTA project for impacts of NEOs/meteoroids on the lunar surface. Our analysis on the statistics concerning the efficiency of the campaign and the parameters of the projectiles and the impacts is presented. The parameters of the lunar impact flashes based on simultaneous observations in two wavelength bands are used to estimate the… ▽ More This paper contains the results from the first 30 months of the NELIOTA project for impacts of NEOs/meteoroids on the lunar surface. Our analysis on the statistics concerning the efficiency of the campaign and the parameters of the projectiles and the impacts is presented. The parameters of the lunar impact flashes based on simultaneous observations in two wavelength bands are used to estimate the distributions of the masses, sizes and frequency of the impactors. These statistics can be used both in space engineering and science. The photometric fluxes of the flashes are measured using aperture photometry and their apparent magnitudes are calculated using standard stars. Assuming that the flashes follow a black body law of irradiation, the temperatures can be derived analytically, while the parameters of the projectiles are estimated using fair assumptions on their velocity and luminous efficiency of the impacts. 79 lunar impact flashes have been observed with the 1.2 m Kryoneri telescope in Greece. The masses of the meteoroids range between 0.7 g and 8 kg and their respective sizes between 1-20 cm depending on their assumed density, impact velocity, and luminous efficiency. We find a strong correlation between the observed magnitudes of the flashes and the masses of the meteoroids. Moreover, an empirical relation between the emitted energies of each band has been derived allowing the estimation of the physical parameters of the meteoroids that produce low energy impact flashes. The NELIOTA project has so far the highest detection rate and the faintest limiting magnitude for lunar impacts compared to other ongoing programs. Based on the impact frequency distribution on Moon, we estimate that sporadic meteoroids with typical masses less than 100 g and sizes less than 5 cm enter the mesosphere of the Earth with a rate ~108 meteoroids/hr and also impact Moon with a rate of ~8 meteoroids/hr. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019.

Comments: 31 pages, submitted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 633, A112 (2020)

The Hubble Catalog of Variables (HCV)

Authors: A. Z. Bonanos, M. Yang, K. V. Sokolovsky, P. Gavras, D. Hatzidimitriou, I. Bellas-Velidis, G. Kakaletris, D. J. Lennon, A. Nota, R. L. White, B. C. Whitmore, K. A. Anastasiou, M. Arévalo, C. Arviset, D. Baines, T. Budavari, V. Charmandaris, C. Chatzichristodoulou, E. Dimas, J. Durán, I. Georgantopoulos, A. Karampelas, N. Laskaris, S. Lianou, A. Livanis , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has obtained multi-epoch observations providing the opportunity for a comprehensive variability search aiming to uncover new variables. We have therefore undertaken the task of creating a catalog of variable sources based on version 3 of the Hubble Source Catalog (HSC), which relies on publicly available images obtained with the WFPC2, ACS, and WFC3 instruments onb… ▽ More The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has obtained multi-epoch observations providing the opportunity for a comprehensive variability search aiming to uncover new variables. We have therefore undertaken the task of creating a catalog of variable sources based on version 3 of the Hubble Source Catalog (HSC), which relies on publicly available images obtained with the WFPC2, ACS, and WFC3 instruments onboard the HST. We adopted magnitude-dependent thresholding in median absolute deviation (a robust measure of light curve scatter) combined with sophisticated preprocessing techniques and visual quality control to identify and validate variable sources observed by Hubble with the same instrument and filter combination five or more times. The Hubble Catalog of Variables (HCV) includes 84,428 candidate variable sources (out of 3.7 million HSC sources that were searched for variability) with $V \leq 27$ mag; for 11,115 of them the variability is detected in more than one filter. The data points in the light curves of the variables in the HCV catalog range from five to 120 points (typically having less than ten points); the time baseline ranges from under a day to over 15 years; while $\sim$8% of all variables have amplitudes in excess of 1 mag. Visual inspection performed on a subset of the candidate variables suggests that at least 80% of the candidate variables that passed our automated quality control are true variable sources rather than spurious detections resulting from blending, residual cosmic rays, and calibration errors. The HCV is the first, homogeneous catalog of variable sources created from archival HST data and currently is the deepest catalog of variables available. The catalog includes variable stars in our Galaxy and nearby galaxies, as well as transients and variable active galactic nuclei. (abbreviated) △ Less

Submitted 24 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019.

Comments: 33 pages, 15 figures, 11 tables; accepted in A&A. The HCV is available from the ESA Hubble Science Archive (eHST) (http://archives.esac.esa.int/ehst) at ESAC, and can be easily explored using the HCV Explorer (http://archives.esac.esa.int/hcv-explorer). The HCV is also hosted at STScI in the form of a High Level Science Product (HLSP) in MAST (https://archive.stsci.edu/hlsp/hcv)

Multi-wavelength structure analysis of local cluster galaxies. The WINGS project

Authors: A. Psychogyios, M. Vika, V. Charmandaris, S. Bamford, G. Fasano, B. Häußler, A. Moretti, B. Poggianti, B. Vulcani

Abstract: We present a multi-wavelength analysis of the galaxies in nine clusters selected from the WINGS dataset, examining how galaxy structure varies as a function of wavelength and environment using the state of the art software GALAPAGOSII. We simultaneously fit single Sérsic functions on three optical (u, B and V) and two near-infrared (J and K) bands thus creating a wavelength-dependent model of each… ▽ More We present a multi-wavelength analysis of the galaxies in nine clusters selected from the WINGS dataset, examining how galaxy structure varies as a function of wavelength and environment using the state of the art software GALAPAGOSII. We simultaneously fit single Sérsic functions on three optical (u, B and V) and two near-infrared (J and K) bands thus creating a wavelength-dependent model of each galaxy. We measure the magnitudes, effective radius ($R_{e}$) the Sérsic index ($n$), axis ratio and position angle in each band. The sample contains 790 cluster members (located close to the cluster center < 0.64 R$_{200}$ and 254 non-member galaxies that we further separate based on their morphology into ellipticals, lenticulars and spirals. We find that the Sérsic index of all galaxies inside clusters remains nearly constant with wavelength while $R_{e}$ decreases as wavelength increases for all morphological types. We do not observe a significant variation on n and $R_{e}$ as a function of projected local density and distance from the clusters center. Comparing the n and $R_{e}$ of bright cluster galaxies with a subsample of non-member galaxies we find that bright cluster galaxies are more concentrated (display high $n$ values) and are more compact (low $R_{e}$). Moreover, the light profile ($\mathcal{N}$) and size ($\mathcal{R}$) of bright cluster galaxies does not change as a function of wavelength in the same manner as non-member galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 7 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019.

Comments: 16 pages, 17 figures and 5 tables

AEDGE: Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration in Space

Authors: Yousef Abou El-Neaj, Cristiano Alpigiani, Sana Amairi-Pyka, Henrique Araujo, Antun Balaz, Angelo Bassi, Lars Bathe-Peters, Baptiste Battelier, Aleksandar Belic, Elliot Bentine, Jose Bernabeu, Andrea Bertoldi, Robert Bingham, Diego Blas, Vasiliki Bolpasi, Kai Bongs, Sougato Bose, Philippe Bouyer, Themis Bowcock, William Bowden, Oliver Buchmueller, Clare Burrage, Xavier Calmet, Benjamin Canuel, Laurentiu-Ioan Caramete , et al. (107 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We propose in this White Paper a concept for a space experiment using cold atoms to search for ultra-light dark matter, and to detect gravitational waves in the frequency range between the most sensitive ranges of LISA and the terrestrial LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/INDIGO experiments. This interdisciplinary experiment, called Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration (AEDGE), will also compl… ▽ More We propose in this White Paper a concept for a space experiment using cold atoms to search for ultra-light dark matter, and to detect gravitational waves in the frequency range between the most sensitive ranges of LISA and the terrestrial LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/INDIGO experiments. This interdisciplinary experiment, called Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration (AEDGE), will also complement other planned searches for dark matter, and exploit synergies with other gravitational wave detectors. We give examples of the extended range of sensitivity to ultra-light dark matter offered by AEDGE, and how its gravitational-wave measurements could explore the assembly of super-massive black holes, first-order phase transitions in the early universe and cosmic strings. AEDGE will be based upon technologies now being developed for terrestrial experiments using cold atoms, and will benefit from the space experience obtained with, e.g., LISA and cold atom experiments in microgravity. This paper is based on a submission (v1) in response to the Call for White Papers for the Voyage 2050 long-term plan in the ESA Science Programme. ESA limited the number of White Paper authors to 30. However, in this version (v2) we have welcomed as supporting authors participants in the Workshop on Atomic Experiments for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration held at CERN: ({\tt https://indico.cern.ch/event/830432/}), as well as other interested scientists, and have incorporated additional material. △ Less

Submitted 10 October, 2019; v1 submitted 2 August, 2019; originally announced August 2019.

Comments: V2 -- added support authors

Report number: KCL-PH-TH/2019-65, CERN-TH-2019-126

Journal ref: EPJ Quantum Technol. 7, 6 (2020)

Molecular gas and dust properties of galaxies from the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey

Authors: R. Herrero-Illana, G. C. Privon, A. S. Evans, T. Díaz-Santos, M. Á. Pérez-Torres, V. U, A. Alberdi, K. Iwasawa, L. Armus, S. Aalto, J. Mazzarella, J. Chu, D. B. Sanders, L. Barcos-Muñoz, V. Charmandaris, S. T. Linden, I. Yoon, D. T. Frayer, H. Inami, D. -C. Kim, H. J. Borish, J. Conway, E. J Murphy, Y. Song, S. Stierwalt , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present IRAM-30m Telescope $^{12}$CO and $^{13}$CO observations of a sample of 55 luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs) in the local universe. This sample is a subset of the Great Observatory All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS), for which we use ancillary multi-wavelength data to better understand their interstellar medium and star formation properties. Fifty-three (96%) of th… ▽ More We present IRAM-30m Telescope $^{12}$CO and $^{13}$CO observations of a sample of 55 luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs) in the local universe. This sample is a subset of the Great Observatory All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS), for which we use ancillary multi-wavelength data to better understand their interstellar medium and star formation properties. Fifty-three (96%) of the galaxies are detected in $^{12}$CO, and 29 (52%) are also detected in $^{13}$CO above a 3$σ$ level. The median full width at zero intensity (FWZI) velocity of the CO line emission is 661km s$^{-1}$, and $\sim$54% of the galaxies show a multi-peak CO profile. Herschel photometric data is used to construct the far-IR spectral energy distribution of each galaxy, which are fit with a modified blackbody model that allows us to derive dust temperatures and masses, and infrared luminosities. We make the assumption that the gas-to-dust mass ratio of (U)LIRGs is comparable to local spiral galaxies with a similar stellar mass (i.e., gas/dust of mergers is comparable to their progenitors) to derive a CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor of $\langleα\rangle=1.8^{+1.3}_{-0.8}M_\odot$(K km s$^{-1}$pc$^{2}$)$^{-1}$; such a value is comparable to that derived for (U)LIRGs based on dynamical mass arguments. We derive gas depletion times of $400-600$Myr for the (U)LIRGs, compared to the 1.3Gyr for local spiral galaxies. Finally, we re-examine the relationship between the $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratio and dust temperature, confirming a transition to elevated ratios in warmer systems. △ Less

Submitted 8 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Comments: 32 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 628, A71 (2019)

A Very Large Array Survey of Luminous Extranuclear Star-forming Regions in Luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS

Authors: S. T. Linden, Y. Song, A. S. Evans, E. J. Murphy, L. Armus, L. Barcos-Muñoz, K. Larson, T. Díaz-Santos, G. C. Privon, J. Howell, J. A. Surace, V. Charmandaris, V. U, A. M. Medling, J. Chu, E. Momjian

Abstract: We present the first results of a high-resolution Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) imaging survey of luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) in the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS). From the full sample of 68 galaxies, we have selected 25 LIRGs that show resolved extended emission at sufficient sensitivity to image individual regions of star-formation activity b… ▽ More We present the first results of a high-resolution Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) imaging survey of luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) in the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS). From the full sample of 68 galaxies, we have selected 25 LIRGs that show resolved extended emission at sufficient sensitivity to image individual regions of star-formation activity beyond the nucleus.~With wideband radio continuum observations, which sample the frequency range from $3-33$ GHz, we have made extinction-free measurements of the luminosities and spectral indicies for a total of 48 individual star-forming regions identified as having de-projected galactocentric radii ($r_{G}$) that lie outside the 13.2$μ$m core of the galaxy.~The median $3-33$ GHz spectral index and 33 GHz thermal fraction measured for these "extranuclear" regions is $-0.51 \pm 0.13$ and $65 \pm 11\%$ respectively.~These values are consistent with measurements made on matched spatial scales in normal star-forming galaxies, and suggests that these regions are more heavily-dominated by thermal free-free emission relative to the centers of local ULIRGs.~Further, we find that the median star-formation rate derived for these regions is $\sim 1 M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$, and when we place them on the sub-galactic star-forming main sequence of galaxies (SFMS), we find they are offset from their host galaxies' globally-averaged specific star-formation rates (sSFRs).~We conclude that while nuclear starburst activity drives LIRGs above the SFMS, extranuclear star-formation still proceeds in a more extreme fashion relative to what is seen in local spiral galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2019; originally announced June 2019.

Comments: 16 pages, 9 Figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

Robust Identification of Active Galactic Nuclei through HST Optical Variability in GOODS-S: Comparison with the X-ray and mid-IR Selected Samples

Authors: E. Pouliasis, I. Georgantopoulos, A. Z. Bonanos, M. Yang, K. V. Sokolovsky, D. Hatzidimitriou, G. Mountrichas, P. Gavras, V. Charmandaris, I. Bellas-Velidis, Z. T. Spetsieri, K. Tsinganos

Abstract: Identifying Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) through their X-ray emission is efficient, but necessarily biased against X-ray-faint objects. We aim to characterize this bias by comparing X-ray-selected AGNs to the ones identified through optical variability and mid-IR colours. We present a catalogue of AGNs selected through optical variability using all publicly available z-band Hubble Space Telescope… ▽ More Identifying Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) through their X-ray emission is efficient, but necessarily biased against X-ray-faint objects. We aim to characterize this bias by comparing X-ray-selected AGNs to the ones identified through optical variability and mid-IR colours. We present a catalogue of AGNs selected through optical variability using all publicly available z-band Hubble Space Telescope images in the GOODS-South field. For all objects in the catalogue, we compute X-ray upper limits or discuss detections in the deepest available 7 Ms Chandra Deep Field South images and present the Spitzer/IRAC mid-IR colours. For the variability study, we consider only sources observed over at least five epochs and over a time baseline of up to ten years. We adopt the elevated median absolute deviation as a variability indicator robust against individual outlier measurements and identify 113 variability-selected AGN candidates. Among these, 26 have an X-ray counterpart and lie within the conventional AGN area in the FX/Fopt diagram. The candidates with X-ray upper limits are on average optically fainter, have higher redshifts compared to the X-ray detected ones and are consistent with low luminosity AGNs. Out of 41 variable optical sources with IR detections, 13 fulfill the IR AGN colour selection criteria. Our work emphasizes the importance of optical variability surveys for constructing complete samples of AGNs including the ones that remain undetected even by the deepest X-ray and IR surveys. △ Less

Submitted 28 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019.

Comments: 22 pages, 23 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Tomography of the Cosmic Dawn and Reionization Eras with Multiple Tracers

Authors: Tzu-Ching Chang, Angus Beane, Olivier Dore, Adam Lidz, Lluis Mas-Ribas, Guochao Sun, Marcelo Alvarez, Ritoban Basu Thakur, Philippe Berger, Matthieu Bethermin, Jamie Bock, Charles M. Bradford, Patrick Breysse, Denis Burgarella, Vassilis Charmandaris, Yun-Ting Cheng, Kieran Cleary, Asantha Cooray, Abigail Crites, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Xiaohui Fan, Steve Finkelstein, Steve Furlanetto, Jacqueline Hewitt, Jonathon Hunacek , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Cosmic Dawn and Reionization epochs remain a fundamental but challenging frontier of astrophysics and cosmology. We advocate a large-scale, multi-tracer approach to develop a comprehensive understanding of the physics that led to the formation and evolution of the first stars and galaxies. We highlight the line intensity mapping technique to trace the multi-phase reionization topology on large… ▽ More The Cosmic Dawn and Reionization epochs remain a fundamental but challenging frontier of astrophysics and cosmology. We advocate a large-scale, multi-tracer approach to develop a comprehensive understanding of the physics that led to the formation and evolution of the first stars and galaxies. We highlight the line intensity mapping technique to trace the multi-phase reionization topology on large scales, and measure reionization history in detail. Besides 21cm, we advocate for Lya tomography mapping during the epoch of Wouthuysen-Field coupling as an additional probe of the cosmic dawn era. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019.

Comments: Astro2020 Science White Paper; 5 pages, 1 figure