Showing 1–50 of 71 results for author: Braga-Ribas, F

Size, shape, density, and atmospheric limit of (50000) Quaoar revealed from 14 years of stellar occultation

Authors: Giuliano Margoti, Felipe Braga-Ribas, José Luis Ortiz, Bruno Sicardy, Josselin Desmars, B. E. Morgado, Eros de Oliveira Gradovski, Chrystian Luciano Pereira, Pablo Santos-Sanz, Altair Ramos Gomes-Júnior, Julio Ignacio Bueno de Camargo, Marcelo Assafin, Vieira-Martins Roberto, Yucel Kilic, Damya Souami, René Duffard, Gustavo Benedetti-Rossi, Tiago Pinheiro, Maísa Poiani, Eduardo Rondón, Marcelo Emilio, Dave Herald, Rafael Sfair, Nicolas Morales, Francois Colas , et al. (151 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from 28 stellar occultations by the large Trans-Neptunian Object (50000) Quaoar registered between 2018 and 2025. By performing a joint analysis of this occultation data-set, along with other 9 published events, we were able to fit an oblate ellipsoid shape, with equatorial semi-axes, a and b of 566.1+2.5-2.2 km, and a polar semi-axis, c, of 511.2+3.6-3.7 km. It provides an equi… ▽ More We present results from 28 stellar occultations by the large Trans-Neptunian Object (50000) Quaoar registered between 2018 and 2025. By performing a joint analysis of this occultation data-set, along with other 9 published events, we were able to fit an oblate ellipsoid shape, with equatorial semi-axes, a and b of 566.1+2.5-2.2 km, and a polar semi-axis, c, of 511.2+3.6-3.7 km. It provides an equivalent volumetric diameter of 1094.4 +/- 4.6 km and polar oblateness of 0.097 +/- 0.011. Considering an absolute magnitude of H = 2.79 +/- 0.35, we derive a geometric albedo of pV = 0.125 +/- 0.038. We have derived new upper limits to the surface pressure of a CH4 atmosphere of 0.15 nbar (1-sigma) and 0.65 nbar (3-sigma). We also provide a table with the 36 new astrometric positions for Quaoar. Using the new system mass derived from Weywot's orbit around Quaoar, we calculated a density of 1.760 +/- 0.109 g/cm3. Moreover, from the derived size and rotation period (8.8394 +/- 0.0002 hours (Ortiz et al. 2003)), we calculate that, if Quaoar is in Maclaurin hydrostatic equilibrium state, it would have a density of 1.859 +/- 0.200 g/cm3. This result, within the error bars, is compatible with the value we found. Therefore, this work shows that Quaoar can be a Maclaurin object, being eligible as a dwarf planet. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Detection and characterisation of binary asteroid candidates through stellar occultations

Authors: R. Lallemand, J. Desmars, B. Sicardy, Z. Liu, P. Tanga, L. Liberato, B. Carry, A. Leroy, Y. Kilic, M. Assafin, A. Siakas, L. Abe, D. Mary, R. Leiva, F. Casarramona, D. Smith, D. Antuszewicz, J. -L. Dauvergne, G. Langin, P. Henarejos, P. -L. Phan, F. Braga-Ribas, A. Castro, A. Pal, Á. Sódor , et al. (234 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Binary asteroids provide key access to fundamental parameters of Solar System remnants and planetary formations. However, the current knowledge of binary asteroids remains strongly biased by observational limitations, and main belt binary systems are still poorly characterised since current techniques preferentially detect either widely separated binaries close and bright systems. In this context,… ▽ More Binary asteroids provide key access to fundamental parameters of Solar System remnants and planetary formations. However, the current knowledge of binary asteroids remains strongly biased by observational limitations, and main belt binary systems are still poorly characterised since current techniques preferentially detect either widely separated binaries close and bright systems. In this context, the high-precision astrometry of the Gaia mission has revealed a new population of candidate binaries exhibiting dynamical signatures consistent with unresolved companions. This work is part of the GaiaMoons program, and our aim with it was to characterise a sample of 357 potential binary asteroid targets and confirm or refute their binary nature. The properties of these candidates were derived from the high-precision photometric and astrometric observations provided by Gaia. We adopted stellar occultation as the observational method to study these targets. Between October 2023 and February 2026, we successfully carried out 165 observations for 101 targets. We subsequently analysed these events in the context of the available literature and previously reported observations. Thirty three observation led at least two positives for 24 objects that have undergone unprecedented occultation observation campaigns, with four objects showing indications of binary or contact binary features, namely 1127 Mimi, 35420 1998 AG6, 206 Hersilia, and 36882 2000 SW155. For the vast majority of these objects, the resulting dataset from all reduced observations provides unique physical and astrometric constraints, as they had never been observed through stellar occultations before. GaiaMoons illustrates how stellar occultation campaigns associated with Gaia observations generate a self-improving cycle to find new binary, thereby probing size and shape to constrain future observations. △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2026; v1 submitted 11 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Constraining the size, shape, and albedo of the large Trans-Neptunian Object (28978) Ixion with multi-chord stellar occultations

Authors: Y. Kilic, F. Braga-Ribas, C. L. Pereira, J. L. Ortiz, B. Sicardy, P. Santos-Sanz, O. Erece, J. L. Rizos, J. M. Gómez-Limón, G. Margoti, D. Souami, B. Morgado, A. Gomes-Junior, L. M. Catani, J. Desmars, M. Kretlow, F. Rommel, R. Duffard, A. Alvarez-Candal, J. I. B. Camargo, M. Kaplan, N. Morales, D. Herald, M. Assafin, G. Benedetti-Rossi , et al. (59 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are among the most primitive remnants of the early Solar System, and constraining their sizes, shapes, albedos, and surface properties is essential for understanding their origin and evolution. Stellar occultations provide highly accurate size and shape measurements for TNOs, while photometry constrains their albedo and surface colours. (28978) Ixion is one of the la… ▽ More Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are among the most primitive remnants of the early Solar System, and constraining their sizes, shapes, albedos, and surface properties is essential for understanding their origin and evolution. Stellar occultations provide highly accurate size and shape measurements for TNOs, while photometry constrains their albedo and surface colours. (28978) Ixion is one of the largest TNOs and a prominent Plutino, making it a key target for comparative studies. We aim to constrain Ixion's projected size, shape, absolute magnitude, geometric albedo, and surface colours, and to search for evidence of an atmosphere or circum-object material. We analysed stellar occultation campaigns by Ixion conducted between 2020 and 2023 within the Lucky Star collaboration, comprising 51 observations from eight events, including 30 positive detections. Five multi-chord events enabled a global limb fit and an accurate reconstruction of Ixion's projected shape. The occultations reveal a slightly elongated limb well represented by a single projected ellipse, yielding an area-equivalent diameter of $D_{\mathrm{equiv}} = 696.78^{+10.75}_{-8.87}$ km and an apparent oblateness $ε' = 0.081^{+0.004}_{-0.010}$. Typical radial residuals of order $\sim$10 km indicate a largely stable shape across epochs, with modest epoch-dependent variations. Calibrated photometric data yield an absolute magnitude of $H_V = 3.845 \pm 0.006$, a phase-curve slope of $β= 0.1301 \pm 0.0078$ mag deg$^{-1}$, and a visible geometric albedo of $p_V = 0.106^{+0.003}_{-0.003}$, with colours consistent with moderately red TNO surfaces. No atmosphere or circum-object material is detected down to our sensitivity limits. The best-sampled event also allows a precise measurement of the angular diameter of the occulted star Gaia DR3 4056440205544338944, $θ_\star = 0.670 \pm 0.010$ mas. △ Less

Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 22 pages, 7 figures, and 9 tables

Journal ref: A&A 707, A70 (2026)

Dynamical environment and stability around Centaur (2060) Chiron

Authors: Gustavo Madeira, Bruno Morgado, Chrystian Pereira, Giovana Ramon, Rafael Sfair, Felipe Braga-Ribas

Abstract: A recent stellar occultation revealed that the Centaur (2060) Chiron hosts a broad disk extending beyond ~200 km from its centre, embedding three ring-like structures (Chi1R, Chi2R, and Chi3R), while a tenuous outer ring (Chi4R) lies beyond the Roche limit. Here, we present a first dynamical assessment of the system's stability through numerical simulations of test particles, accounting for Chiron… ▽ More A recent stellar occultation revealed that the Centaur (2060) Chiron hosts a broad disk extending beyond ~200 km from its centre, embedding three ring-like structures (Chi1R, Chi2R, and Chi3R), while a tenuous outer ring (Chi4R) lies beyond the Roche limit. Here, we present a first dynamical assessment of the system's stability through numerical simulations of test particles, accounting for Chiron's triaxial figure. For an equatorial ellipticity of C22~0.02, as inferred from the most recent shape estimates, our simulations reveal a chaotic inner zone extending to ~260 km, where particle lifetimes reach up to a year, while particles beyond ~260 km can remain stable for at least a decade. These results suggest that the innermost portion of the disk is ephemeral and can only persist if continuously replenished. For lower ellipticity values (C22<0.012), however, the entire disk is located within the stable region, regardless of Chiron's mass. Under the physical parameters currently available in the literature, Chi2R is possibly linked to the 1:3 spin-orbit resonance, while Chi1R cannot be linked to the 1:2 resonance, as previously proposed, since this resonance is unstable. Instead, Chi1R and Chi3R may be associated with the 2:5 and 1:5 spin-orbit resonances, respectively. Both the 1:3 and 1:5 resonances are bifurcated, generating chaotic zones that may explain the gap in Chi2R and the longitudinal asymmetry observed in Chi3R. △ Less

Submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Accepted in Astrophysical Journal

The rings of (2060) Chiron: Evidence of an evolving system

Authors: C. L. Pereira, F. Braga-Ribas, B. Sicardy, R. Leiva, M. Assafin, B. E. Morgado, J. L. Ortiz, P. Santos-Sanz, J. I. B. Camargo, G. Margoti, Y. Kilic, G. Benedetti-Rossi, R. Vieira-Martins, T. F. L. L. Pinheiro, R. Sfair, F. L. Rommel, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, R. C. Boufleur, R. Duffard, J. Desmars, D. Souami, N. Morales, F. Arrese, K. Barkaoui, A. Burdanov , et al. (32 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The centaur (2060) Chiron has long been a candidate for hosting material in orbit, based on occultation and photometric and spectroscopic data. Here, we present a multichord stellar occultation observed on 2023 September 10 UT that reveals new and complex structures surrounding Chiron. High-cadence light curves show multiple secondary events that are best explained (when compared with a multishell… ▽ More The centaur (2060) Chiron has long been a candidate for hosting material in orbit, based on occultation and photometric and spectroscopic data. Here, we present a multichord stellar occultation observed on 2023 September 10 UT that reveals new and complex structures surrounding Chiron. High-cadence light curves show multiple secondary events that are best explained (when compared with a multishell interpretation) with a system of three confined rings located at average radii of 273, 325, and 438 km, the outermost of which lies beyond Chiron's Roche limit. The rings appear coplanar, with a mean pole orientation of λ = 151° +/- 4° and \b{eta} = 20° +/- 6°. A broader, disklike structure extends from about 200 to 800 km, and a newly detected faint feature is observed at ~1380 km. Chiron thus appears as the fourth small solar system body known for hosting a ring system. Comparisons with previous occultation events that have occurred since 1994 show that these features are not permanent. With these observations, we may witness for the first time the ongoing formation and evolution of a ring system. △ Less

Submitted 14 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. Published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

Journal ref: ApJL 992 L19 (2025)

JWST occultation reveals unforeseen complexity in Chariklo's ring system

Authors: Pablo Santos-Sanz, Altair R. Gomes-Júnior, Bruno E. Morgado, Yucel Kilic, Csilla E. Kalup, Csaba Kiss, Chrystian L. Pereira, Bryan J. Holler, Nicolás Morales, José Luis Ortiz, Bruno Sicardy, Juan Luis Rizos, John Stansberry, Richard G. French, Heidi B. Hammel, Zhong-Yi Lin, Damya Souami, Josselin Desmars, Stefanie N. Milam, Felipe Braga-Ribas, Marcelo Assafin, Gustavo Benedetti-Rossi, Julio I. B. Camargo, René Duffard, Flavia L. Rommel , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Ring systems have been discovered around several small bodies in the outer Solar System through stellar occultations. While such measurements provide key information about ring geometry and dynamical interactions, little is known about their origins, lifetimes, evolutionary pathways, or compositions. Here we report near-infrared observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) of a stellar… ▽ More Ring systems have been discovered around several small bodies in the outer Solar System through stellar occultations. While such measurements provide key information about ring geometry and dynamical interactions, little is known about their origins, lifetimes, evolutionary pathways, or compositions. Here we report near-infrared observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) of a stellar occultation by (10199) Chariklo, a Centaur known to host a double-ring system. Our JWST measurements show that Chariklo's inner dense ring has become significantly more opaque than in previous observations, pointing to ongoing replenishment processes or dynamical restructuring. In contrast, the outer ring exhibits a much weaker near-infrared occultation signature than seen in earlier visible-light detections. This discrepancy may reflect material loss, suggesting that the outer ring could be transient, or may arise from wavelength-dependent opacity. These scenarios, which are not mutually exclusive, point to an unprecedented level of complexity in small-body ring systems, distinct from those observed around any other minor bodies in the Solar System. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2025; v1 submitted 7 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: This manuscript contains 32 pages, 10 figures, and 4 tables

A high geometric albedo and small size of the Haumea cluster member (24835) 1995 SM55 from a stellar occultation and photometric observations

Authors: J. L. Ortiz, N. Morales, B. Sicardy, F. L. Rommel, F. Braga-Ribas, Y. Kilic, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, J. L. Rizos, B. Morgado, L. Catani, M. Kretlow, J. M. Gómez-Limón, J. Desmars, P. Santos-Sanz, O. Erece, I. Akoz, K. Uluc, S. Kaspi, A. Marciniak, V. Turcu, D. Moldovan, A. Sonka, E. Petrescu, A. Nedelcu, C. Nehir , et al. (76 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are among the most ancient bodies of the solar system. Understanding their physical properties is key to constraining their origin and the evolution of the outer regions beyond Neptune. Stellar occultations provide highly accurate size and shape information. (24835) 1995 SM55 is one of the few members of the Haumea cluster and thus of particular interest. We aimed to… ▽ More Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are among the most ancient bodies of the solar system. Understanding their physical properties is key to constraining their origin and the evolution of the outer regions beyond Neptune. Stellar occultations provide highly accurate size and shape information. (24835) 1995 SM55 is one of the few members of the Haumea cluster and thus of particular interest. We aimed to determine its projected size, absolute magnitude, and geometric albedo, and to compare these with Haumea. A stellar occultation on 25 February 2024 was observed from five sites, with seven positive detections and 33 negative chords. An elliptical fit to the occultation chords yields semi-axes of $(104.3 \pm 0.4) \times (83.5 \pm 0.5)$ km, giving an area-equivalent diameter of $186.7 \pm 1.8$ km, smaller than the 250 km upper limit from Herschel thermal data. Photometry provides an absolute magnitude $H_V = 4.55 \pm 0.03$, a phase slope of $0.04 \pm 0.02$ mag/deg, and a $V-R = 0.37 \pm 0.05$. The rotational variability has an amplitude $Δm = 0.05$ mag, but the period remains uncertain. Combining occultation and photometry, we derive a geometric albedo $p_V = 0.80 \pm 0.04$, one of the highest values measured for a TNO. This value is slightly higher than that of Haumea, consistent with the interpretation that 1995 SM55 belongs to the Haumea cluster. △ Less

Submitted 18 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in A&A (in press)

Journal ref: A&A 703, A147 (2025)

Size and Shape of Jupiter Trojan (2207) Antenor from Stellar Occultations

Authors: Feliphe S. Ferreira, Julio I. B. Camargo, Bruno E. Morgado, Viviane Peixoto, Josselin Desmars, Felipe Braga-Ribas, Altair Gomes-Junior, Bruno Sicardy, Jose Ortiz, R. Vieira-Martins, C. Pereira, Luana Liberato, Marcelo Assafin, Yucel Kilic, Rodrigo Boufleur, Flavia Rommel, Gustavo Benedetti-Rossi, Martin Banda-Huarca, Franck Marchis, Paolo Tanga, Benoit Blanc, Erick Bondoux, Alexandra Burnett, S. Calavia-Belloc, O. Canales-Moreno , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Librating around the Lagrange L5, the Jupiter's Trojan (2207) Antenor has been observed in recent years and its rotational light curve suggests it to be a very likely binary asteroid candidate. From stellar occultations, we report results from three events from Europe and North America to estimate the 2D apparent size and shape of Jupiter's Trojan (2207) Antenor. For the best-fitted ellipse in the… ▽ More Librating around the Lagrange L5, the Jupiter's Trojan (2207) Antenor has been observed in recent years and its rotational light curve suggests it to be a very likely binary asteroid candidate. From stellar occultations, we report results from three events from Europe and North America to estimate the 2D apparent size and shape of Jupiter's Trojan (2207) Antenor. For the best-fitted ellipse in the sky-plane, we determined that Antenor has a 2D apparent equatorial radius of 54.30 +/- 0.99 km at the moment of the occultations, with an apparent oblateness of 0.144 +/- 0.051. We highlight the positive detection from 2021 June 12, which shows an intriguing feature that can be interpreted as a very large topographical feature (of about 11 km) of the body or that can provide further evidence that this object is, in fact, a close or contact binary. We also determine astrometric positions, with uncertainties of a few milliarcseconds (mas) for our preferred solutions. △ Less

Submitted 25 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Manuscript accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal. 14 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables

NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory Observations of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS (C/2025 N1)

Authors: Colin Orion Chandler, Pedro H. Bernardinelli, Mario Jurić, Devanshi Singh, Henry H. Hsieh, Ian Sullivan, R. Lynne Jones, Jacob A. Kurlander, Dmitrii Vavilov, Siegfried Eggl, Matthew Holman, Federica Spoto, Megan E. Schwamb, Lauren A. MacArthur, Rahil Makadia, Marco Micheli, Aren Heinze, Eric J. Christensen, Wilson Beebe, Aaron Roodman, Kian-Tat Lim, Tim Jenness, James Bosch, Brianna M. Smart, Eric Bellm , et al. (283 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on the observation and measurement of astrometry, photometry, morphology, and activityof the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS, also designated C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) with the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory. Comet 3I/ATLAS, the third known interstellar object, was discovered on UT 2025 July 1. Rubin Observatory had coincidentally collected images of the object's region of the sky during routine… ▽ More We report on the observation and measurement of astrometry, photometry, morphology, and activityof the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS, also designated C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) with the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory. Comet 3I/ATLAS, the third known interstellar object, was discovered on UT 2025 July 1. Rubin Observatory had coincidentally collected images of the object's region of the sky during routine commissioning. Facilitated by Rubin's high resolution and large aperture, we successfully recovered object detections from Rubin observations spanning UT 2025 June 21 (10 days before discovery, when 3I/ATLAS was 4.5 au from the Sun) through the date of discovery, and we acquired additional images through UT 2025 July 20 as part of commissioning. We measure on-sky locations of 3I/ATLAS in Rubin ugrizy bands, with a typical precision of about 70 mas, and briefly describe the reason this is coarser than our measured static source astrometric precision of about 3 mas in Rubin images. We measure grizy magnitudes of 3I/ATLAS photometry at about 0.01 mag precision, detecting no short-term photometric variability above 0.01 mag. We derive an estimated near-nucleus dust-to-nucleus scattering cross-section ratio of eta >= 13 on UT 2025 July 2 based on Rubin photometry and an upper limit nucleus size computed from Hubble Space Telescope observations. We find Rubin colors of g - r = (0.657 +/- 0.013) mag, r - i = (0.235 +/- 0.018) mag, i - z = (0.147 +/- 0.042) mag, z - y = (0.047 +/- 0.052) mag. These data represent the earliest observations of this object by a large (>=8-meter class) telescope and illustrate the type of measurements (and discoveries) Rubin's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will begin to provide after it begins in early 2026. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2026; v1 submitted 17 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Collaboration between the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory and the LSST Solar System Science Collaboration (SSSC)

Year six photometric measurements of known Trans-Neptunian Objects and Centaurs by the Dark Energy Survey

Authors: Feliphe S. Ferreira, Julio I. B. Camargo, Rodrigo Boufleur, M. V. Banda-Huarca, Adriano Pieres, Viviane F. Peixoto, Marcelo Assafin, P. H. Bernardinelli, H. W. Lin, Felipe Braga-Ribas, Altair Gomes-Junior, Roberto Vieira-Martins, L. N. da Costa, T. M. C. Abbott, M. Aguena, Sahar S. Allam, O. Alves, J. Annis, D. Bacon, D. Brooks, D. L. Burke, A. Carneiro Rosell, J. Carretero, S. Desai, P. Doel , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We identified known Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) and Centaurs in the complete Dark Energy Survey (DES) year six catalog (DES Y6) through the Sky Body Tracker (SkyBoT) tool. We classified our dataset of 144 objects into a widely used 4-class taxonomic system of TNOs. No such previous classification was available in the literature for most of these objects. From absolute magnitudes and average alb… ▽ More We identified known Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) and Centaurs in the complete Dark Energy Survey (DES) year six catalog (DES Y6) through the Sky Body Tracker (SkyBoT) tool. We classified our dataset of 144 objects into a widely used 4-class taxonomic system of TNOs. No such previous classification was available in the literature for most of these objects. From absolute magnitudes and average albedos, an estimation of the diameters of all these objects is obtained. Correlations involving colours, orbital parameters, dynamical classes and sizes are also discussed. In particular, our largest reddest object has a diameter of $390^{+68}_{-53}$ km and our largest cold classical, $255^{+19}_{-17}$ km. Also, a weak correlation between colour and inclination is found within the population of resonant TNOs in addition to weak correlations between colour and phase slope in different bands. △ Less

Submitted 7 September, 2025; v1 submitted 23 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 23 pages, 13 figures, 11 tables

The trans-Neptunian object (119951) 2002 KX14 revealed via multiple stellar occultations

Authors: J. L. Rizos, J. L. Ortiz, F. L. Rommel, B. Sicardy, N. Morales, P. Santos-Sanz, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, J. Desmars, D. Souami, M. Kretlow, A. Alvarez-Candal, J. M. Gómez-Limón, R. Duffard, Y. Kilic, R. Morales, B. J. Holler, M. Vara-Lubiano, A. Marciniak, V. Kashuba, N. Koshkin, S. Kashuba, A. Pal, G. M. Szabó, A. Derekas, L. Szigeti , et al. (33 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: (119951) 2002 KX14 is a large classical TNO with limited previous observations and unresolved questions regarding its physical properties. Five stellar occultations by 2002 KX14 were observed from 2020 to 2023, involving multiple telescopes across different locations in Europe and the Americas. The five occultations resulted in 15 positive chords, accurately measuring the 2002 KX14's shape and siz… ▽ More (119951) 2002 KX14 is a large classical TNO with limited previous observations and unresolved questions regarding its physical properties. Five stellar occultations by 2002 KX14 were observed from 2020 to 2023, involving multiple telescopes across different locations in Europe and the Americas. The five occultations resulted in 15 positive chords, accurately measuring the 2002 KX14's shape and size. The projected ellipse has semi-major and semi-minor axes of $241.0 \pm 7.2$ km and $157.1 \pm 5.2$ km, respectively, corresponding to an average area-equivalent diameter of $389.2 \pm 8.7$ km. The geometric albedo was estimated at $11.9 \pm 0.7\%$. △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2026; v1 submitted 24 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Journal ref: A&A 697, A62 (2025)

Investigating the formation of small Solar System objects using stellar occultations by satellites: present, future and its use to update satellite orbits

Authors: Felipe Braga-Ribas, Frederic Vachier, Josselin Desmars, Giuliano Margoti, Bruno Sicardy

Abstract: The history of the outer solar system is intrinsically related to the Giant Planets migration. A massive disk of material within a radius of 30~au was scattered during the planetary migration, creating different dynamic populations in the Transneptunian region. They were formed in a collisional environment when massive collisions allowed them to grow and form much smaller moons than the primary bo… ▽ More The history of the outer solar system is intrinsically related to the Giant Planets migration. A massive disk of material within a radius of 30~au was scattered during the planetary migration, creating different dynamic populations in the Transneptunian region. They were formed in a collisional environment when massive collisions allowed them to grow and form much smaller moons than the primary body. The dynamical group, known as the Cold Classicals, was formed in a sparse disk from 42 to about 47~au and did not suffer much from planet migration. Observations show that many of Cold Classical are binary, consistent with the streaming instability process. The stellar occultation technique, with a spatial resolution of a few kilometres, can be used to search for binaries where other techniques are unable to do so, and to characterise the known satellites of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNO), constraining their formation scenarios. We review here the first stellar occultations by TNO's satellites (besides Charon), discuss the methods used to detect these events. We also fit new orbital elements and system mass for Vanth (Orcus/1) and Weywot (Quaoar/1), finding reasonable solutions for pure Keplerian orbits. Finally, we discuss the prospects regarding the stellar occultations by TNO binaries and their implications for the study of the history of the Solar System. △ Less

Submitted 2 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Special issue on "Major advances in Planetary Science thanks to Stellar Occultations"

Journal ref: Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A., Volume 383, issue 2291, 20240200 (2025)

Stellar occultation observations of (38628) Huya and its satellite: a detailed look into the system

Authors: F. L. Rommel, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, B. C. N. Proudfoot, J. L. Ortiz, B. E. Morgado, B. Sicardy, N. Morales, F. Braga-Ribas, J. Desmars, R. Vieira-Martins, B. J. Holler, Y. Kilic, W. Grundy, J. L. Rizos, J. I. B. Camargo, G. Benedetti-Rossi, A. Gomes-Júnior, M. Assafin, P. Santos-Sanz, M. Kretlow, M. Vara-Lubiano, R. Leiva, D. A. Ragozzine, R. Duffard, H. Kučáková , et al. (56 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The physical and orbital parameters of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) provide valuable information about the Solar System's formation and evolution. In particular, the characterization of binaries provides insights into the formation mechanisms that may be playing a role at such large distances from the Sun. Studies show two distinct populations, and (38628) Huya occupies an intermediate position… ▽ More The physical and orbital parameters of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) provide valuable information about the Solar System's formation and evolution. In particular, the characterization of binaries provides insights into the formation mechanisms that may be playing a role at such large distances from the Sun. Studies show two distinct populations, and (38628) Huya occupies an intermediate position between the unequal-size binaries and those with components of roughly equal sizes. In this work, we predicted and observed three stellar occultation events by Huya. Huya and its satellite - S/2012 (38628) 1 - were detected during occultations in March 2021 and again in June 2023. Additionally, an attempt to detect Huya in February 2023 resulted in an additional single-chord detection of the secondary. A spherical body with a minimum diameter of D = 165 km can explain the three single-chord observations and provide a lower limit for the satellite size. The astrometry of Huya's system, as derived from the occultations and supplemented by observations from the Hubble Space Telescope and Keck Observatory, provided constraints on the satellite orbit and the mass of the system. Therefore, assuming the secondary is in an equatorial orbit around the primary, the limb fitting was constrained by the satellite orbit position angle. The system density, calculated by summing the most precise measurement of Huya's volume to the spherical satellite average volume, is $ρ_{1}$ = 1073 $\pm$ 66 kg m$^{-3}$. The density that the object would have assuming a Maclaurin equilibrium shape with a rotational period of 6.725 $\pm$ 0.01 hours is $ρ_{2}$ = 768 $\pm$ 42 kg m$^{-3}$. This difference rules out the Maclaurin equilibrium assumption for the main body shape. △ Less

Submitted 16 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Manuscript accepted by Planetary Science Journal (PSJ)

Physical Characteristics of Jupiter's Trojan (1437) Diomedes from a Tri-chord Stellar Occultation in 2020 and Dimensionless 3D Model

Authors: H. Dutra, M. Assafin, B. Sicardy, J. L. Ortiz, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, B. E. Morgado, G. Benedetti-Rossi, F. Braga-Ribas, G. Margoti, E. Gradovski, J. I. B. Camargo, R. Boufleur, R. Vieira-Martins, J. Desmars, D. Oesper, K. Bender, C. Kitting, R. Nolthenius

Abstract: Jupiter Trojans preserve primitive formation characteristics due to their collisionless stable orbits. Determination of their shapes and size-frequency distribution constrains the collisional evolution of their parent population which also originated the Kuiper Belt. We started a program to find precise sizes/shapes for Trojans, combining stellar occultations and DAMIT 3D shape models. We report r… ▽ More Jupiter Trojans preserve primitive formation characteristics due to their collisionless stable orbits. Determination of their shapes and size-frequency distribution constrains the collisional evolution of their parent population which also originated the Kuiper Belt. We started a program to find precise sizes/shapes for Trojans, combining stellar occultations and DAMIT 3D shape models. We report results for Diomedes, by fitting its dimensionless 3D model to 3 chords of a stellar occultation observed in 2020, using iterative $χ^{2}$ procedures. The pole coordinates, rotation period, volume-equivalent radius and geometric albedo were: $λ$ = 153.73$^{o}$ $\pm$ 2.5$^{o}$, $β$ = 12.69$^{o}$ $\pm$ 2.6$^{o}$, $P$ = 24.4984 $\pm$ 0.0002 h, $R_{eq}$ = 59.4 $\pm$ 0.3 km and $p_{V}$ = 0.030 $\pm$ 0.004. A precise position was obtained too. △ Less

Submitted 2 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 14 pages, 6 figures, 7 tables

Centaur 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 and its near-nucleus environment from a stellar occultation

Authors: C. L. Pereira, F. Braga-Ribas, B. Sicardy, B. E. Morgado, J. L. Ortiz, M. Assafin, R. Miles, J. Desmars, J. I. B. Camargo, G. Benedetti-Rossi, M. Kretlow, R. Vieira-Martins

Abstract: Comets offer valuable insights into the early Solar System's conditions and processes. Stellar occultations enables detailed study of cometary nuclei typically hidden by their coma. Observing the star's light passing through the coma helps infer dust's optical depth near the nucleus and determine dust opacity detection limits. 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1, a Centaur with a diameter of approximately… ▽ More Comets offer valuable insights into the early Solar System's conditions and processes. Stellar occultations enables detailed study of cometary nuclei typically hidden by their coma. Observing the star's light passing through the coma helps infer dust's optical depth near the nucleus and determine dust opacity detection limits. 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1, a Centaur with a diameter of approximately 60 km, lies in a region transitioning from Centaurs to Jupiter-Family comets. Our study presents the first-ever observed occultation by 29P, allowing in the future a more refined orbit and thus better predictions for other occultations. The light curve reveals a solid-body detection lasting $3.65\pm0.05$ seconds, corresponding to a chord length of approximately 54 km. This provides a lower limit for the object's radius, measured at $27.0\pm0.7$ km. We identified features on both sides of the main-body occultation around 1,700 km from the nucleus in the sky plane for which upper limits on apparent opacity and equivalent width were determined. Gradual dimming within 23 km of the nucleus during ingress only is interpreted as a localised dust cloud/jet above the surface, with an optical depth of approximately $τ\sim 0.18$. △ Less

Submitted 25 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 16 pages. 7 figures. 1 table

Stellar occultations by Trans-Neptunian Objects

Authors: Bruno Sicardy, Felipe Braga-Ribas, Marc W. Buie, José Luis Ortiz, Françoise Roques

Abstract: Stellar occultations provide a powerful tool to explore objects of the outer solar system. The Gaia mission now provides milli-arcsec accuracy on the predictions of these events and makes possible observations that were previously unthinkable. Occultations return kilometric accuracies on the three-dimensional shape of bodies irrespective of their geocentric distances, with the potential of detecti… ▽ More Stellar occultations provide a powerful tool to explore objects of the outer solar system. The Gaia mission now provides milli-arcsec accuracy on the predictions of these events and makes possible observations that were previously unthinkable. Occultations return kilometric accuracies on the three-dimensional shape of bodies irrespective of their geocentric distances, with the potential of detecting topographic features along the limb. From the shape, accurate values of albedo can be derived, and if the mass is known, the bulk density is pinned down, thus constraining the internal structure and equilibrium state of the object. Occultations are also extremely sensitive to tenuous atmospheres, down to the nanobar level. They allowed the monitoring of Pluto's and Triton's atmospheres in the last three decades, constraining their seasonal evolution. They may unveil in the near future atmospheres around other remote bodies of the solar system. Since 2013, occultations have led to the surprising discovery of ring systems around the Centaur object Chariklo, the dwarf planet Haumea and the large trans-Neptunian object Quaoar, while revealing dense material around the Centaur Chiron. This suggests that rings are probably much more common features than previously thought. Meanwhile, they have raised new dynamical questions concerning the confining effect of resonances forced by irregular objects on ring particles. Serendipitous occultations by km-sized trans-Neptunian or Oort objects has the potential to provide the size distribution of a population that suffered few collisions until now, thus constraining the history of primordial planetesimals in the 1-100 km range. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 76 pages, 22 figures, 7 tables, accepted for publication in The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review

Journal ref: Astron Astrophys Rev 32, 6 (2024)

Physical properties of trans-Neptunian object (143707) 2003 UY117 derived from stellar occultation and photometric observations

Authors: M. Kretlow, J. L. Ortiz, J. Desmars, N. Morales, F. L. Rommel, P. Santos-Sanz, M. Vara-Lubiano, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, A. Alvarez-Candal, R. Duffard, F. Braga-Ribas, B. Sicardy, A. Castro-Tirado, E. J. Fernández-García, M. Sánchez, A. Sota, M. Assafin, G. Benedetti-Rossi, R. Boufleur, J. I. B. Camargo, S. Cikota, A. Gomes-Junior, J. M. Gómez-Limón, Y. Kilic, J. Lecacheux , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are considered to be among the most primitive objects in our Solar System. Knowledge of their primary physical properties is essential for understanding their origin and the evolution of the outer Solar System. We predicted a stellar occultation by this TNO for 2020 October 23 UT and ran a specific campaign to investigate this event. We derived the projected profil… ▽ More Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are considered to be among the most primitive objects in our Solar System. Knowledge of their primary physical properties is essential for understanding their origin and the evolution of the outer Solar System. We predicted a stellar occultation by this TNO for 2020 October 23 UT and ran a specific campaign to investigate this event. We derived the projected profile shape and size from the occultation observations by means of an elliptical fit to the occultation chords. We also performed photometric observations of (143707) 2003 UY117 to obtain the absolute magnitude and the rotational period from the observed rotational light curve. Finally, we combined these results to derive the three-dimensional shape, volume-equivalent diameter, and geometric albedo for this TNO. From the stellar occultation, we obtained a projected ellipse with axes of $(282 \pm 18) \times (184 \pm 32)$ km. The area-equivalent diameter for this ellipse is $D_\textrm{eq,A} = 228 \pm 21$ km. From our photometric $R$ band observations, we derived an absolute magnitude of $H_V = 5.97 \pm 0.07$ mag using $V-R = 0.46 \pm 0.07$ mag, which was derived from a $V$ band subset of these data. The rotational light curve has a peak-to-valley amplitude of $Δm = 0.36 \pm 0.13$ mag. We find the most likely rotation period to be $P = 12.376 \pm 0.0033$ hours. By combining the occultation with the rotational light curve results and assuming a triaxial ellipsoid, we derived axes of $a \times b \times c = (332 \pm 24)$ km $\times$ $(216 \pm 24)$ km $\times$ $(180\substack{+28\\-24})$ km for this ellipsoid, and therefore a volume-equivalent diameter of $D_\textrm{eq,V} = 235 \pm 25$ km. Finally, the values for the absolute magnitude and for the area-equivalent diameter yield a geometric albedo of $p_V = 0.139 \pm 0.027$. △ Less

Submitted 1 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics on Sept 13, 2024

A study of centaur (54598) Bienor from multiple stellar occultations and rotational light curves

Authors: J. L. Rizos, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, J. L. Ortiz, F. L. Rommel, B. Sicardy, N. Morales, P. Santos-Sanz, R. Leiva, M. Vara-Lubiano, R. Morales, M. Kretlow, A. Alvarez-Candal, B. J. Holler, R. Duffard, J. M. Gómez-Limón, J. Desmars, D. Souami, M. Assafin, G. Benedetti-Rossi, F. Braga-Ribas, J. I. B. Camargo, F. Colas, J. Lecacheux, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, R. Vieira-Martins , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Centaurs, distinguished by their volatile-rich compositions, play a pivotal role in understanding the formation and evolution of the early solar system, as they represent remnants of the primordial material that populated the outer regions. Stellar occultations offer a means to investigate their physical properties, including shape, rotational state, or the potential presence of satellites and rin… ▽ More Centaurs, distinguished by their volatile-rich compositions, play a pivotal role in understanding the formation and evolution of the early solar system, as they represent remnants of the primordial material that populated the outer regions. Stellar occultations offer a means to investigate their physical properties, including shape, rotational state, or the potential presence of satellites and rings. This work aims to conduct a detailed study of the centaur (54598) Bienor through stellar occultations and rotational light curves from photometric data collected during recent years. We successfully predicted three stellar occultations by Bienor, which were observed from Japan, Eastern Europe, and the USA. In addition, we organized observational campaigns from Spain to obtain rotational light curves. At the same time, we develop software to generate synthetic light curves from three-dimensional shape models, enabling us to validate the outcomes through computer simulations. We resolve Bienor's projected ellipse for December 26, 2022, determine a prograde sense of rotation, and confirm an asymmetric rotational light curve. We also retrieve the axes of its triaxial ellipsoid shape as a = (127 $\pm$ 5) km, b = (55 $\pm$ 4) km, and c = (45 $\pm$ 4) km. Moreover, we refine the rotation period to 9.1736 $\pm$ 0.0002 hours and determine a geometric albedo of (6.5 $\pm$ 0.5) %, higher than previously determined by other methods. Finally, by comparing our findings with previous results and simulated rotational light curves, we analyze whether an irregular or contact-binary shape, the presence of an additional element such as a satellite, or significant albedo variations on Bienor's surface, may be present. △ Less

Submitted 27 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Journal ref: A&A 689, A82 (2024)

Constraints on Triton atmospheric evolution from occultations: 1989-2022

Authors: B. Sicardy, A. Tej, A. R. Gomes-Junior, F. D. Romanov, T. Bertrand, N. M. Ashok, E. Lellouch, B. E. Morgado, M. Assafin, J. Desmars, J. I. B. Camargo, Y. Kilic, J. L. Ortiz, R. Vieira-Martins, F. Braga-Ribas, J. P. Ninan, B. C. Bhatt, S. Pramod Kumar, V. Swain, S. Sharma, A. Saha, D. K. Ojha, G. Pawar, S. Deshmukh, A. Deshpande , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Context - Around the year 2000, Triton's south pole experienced an extreme summer solstice that occurs every about 650 years, when the subsolar latitude reached about 50°. Bracketing this epoch, a few occultations probed Triton's atmosphere in 1989, 1995, 1997, 2008 and 2017. A recent ground-based stellar occultation observed on 6 October 2022 provides a new measurement of Triton's atmospheric pre… ▽ More Context - Around the year 2000, Triton's south pole experienced an extreme summer solstice that occurs every about 650 years, when the subsolar latitude reached about 50°. Bracketing this epoch, a few occultations probed Triton's atmosphere in 1989, 1995, 1997, 2008 and 2017. A recent ground-based stellar occultation observed on 6 October 2022 provides a new measurement of Triton's atmospheric pressure which is presented here. Aims- The goal is to constrain the Volatile Transport Models (VTMs) of Triton's atmosphere that is basically in vapor pressure equilibrium with the nitrogen ice at its surface. Methods - Fits to the occultation light curves yield Triton's atmospheric pressure at the reference radius 1400 km, from which the surface pressure is induced. Results - The fits provide a pressure p_1400= 1.211 +/- 0.039 microbar at radius 1400 km (47 km altitude), from which a surface pressure of p_surf= 14.54 +/- 0.47 microbar is induced (1-sigma error bars). To within error bars, this is identical to the pressure derived from the previous occultation of 5 October 2017, p_1400 = 1.18 +/- 0.03 microbar and p_surf= 14.1 +/- 0.4 microbar, respectively. Based on recent models of Triton's volatile cycles, the overall evolution over the last 30 years of the surface pressure is consistent with N2 condensation taking place in the northern hemisphere. However, models typically predict a steady decrease in surface pressure for the period 2005-2060, which is not confirmed by this observation. Complex surface-atmosphere interactions, such as ice albedo runaway and formation of local N2 frosts in the equatorial regions of Triton could explain the relatively constant pressure between 2017 and 2022. △ Less

Submitted 4 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Physical properties of Centaur (60558) 174P/Echeclus from stellar occultations

Authors: C. L. Pereira, F. Braga-Ribas, B. Sicardy, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, J. L. Ortiz, H. C. Branco, J. I. B. Camargo, B. E. Morgado, R. Vieira-Martins, M. Assafin, G. Benedetti-Rossi, J. Desmars, M. Emilio, R. Morales, F. L. Rommel, T. Hayamizu, T. Gondou, E. Jehin, R. A. Artola, A. Asai, C. Colazo, E. Ducrot, R. Duffard, J. Fabrega, E. Fernandez-Valenzuela , et al. (20 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Centaur (60558) Echeclus was discovered on March 03, 2000, orbiting between the orbits of Jupiter and Uranus. After exhibiting frequent outbursts, it also received a comet designation, 174P. If the ejected material can be a source of debris to form additional structures, studying the surroundings of an active body like Echeclus can provide clues about the formation scenarios of rings, jets, or… ▽ More The Centaur (60558) Echeclus was discovered on March 03, 2000, orbiting between the orbits of Jupiter and Uranus. After exhibiting frequent outbursts, it also received a comet designation, 174P. If the ejected material can be a source of debris to form additional structures, studying the surroundings of an active body like Echeclus can provide clues about the formation scenarios of rings, jets, or dusty shells around small bodies. Stellar occultation is a handy technique for this kind of investigation, as it can, from Earth-based observations, detect small structures with low opacity around these objects. Stellar occultation by Echeclus was predicted and observed in 2019, 2020, and 2021. We obtain upper detection limits of rings with widths larger than 0.5 km and optical depth of $τ$ = 0.02. These values are smaller than those of Chariklo's main ring; in other words, a Chariklo-like ring would have been detected. The occultation observed in 2020 provided two positive chords used to derive the triaxial dimensions of Echeclus based on a 3D model and pole orientation available in the literature. We obtained $a = 37.0\pm0.6$ km, $b = 28.4 \pm 0.5$ km, and $c= 24.9 \pm 0.4$ km, resulting in an area-equivalent radius of $30.0 \pm 0.5$ km. Using the projected limb at the occultation epoch and the available absolute magnitude ($\rm{H}_{\rm{v}} = 9.971 \pm 0.031$), we calculate an albedo of $p_{\rm{v}} = 0.050 \pm 0.003$. Constraints on the object's density and internal friction are also proposed. △ Less

Submitted 24 November, 2023; v1 submitted 27 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: Corrected and typeset version

Kilometer-precise (UII) Umbriel physical properties from the multichord stellar occultation on 2020 September 21

Authors: M. Assafin, S. Santos-Filho, B. E. Morgado, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, B. Sicardy, G. Margoti, G. Benedetti-Rossi, F. Braga-Ribas, T. Laidler, J. I. B. Camargo, R. Vieira-Martins, T. Swift, D. Dunham, T. George, J. Bardecker, C. Anderson, R. Nolthenius, K. Bender, G. Viscome, D. Oesper, R. Dunford, K. Getrost, C. Kitting, K. Green, R. Bria , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the results of the stellar occultation by (UII) Umbriel on September 21st, 2020. The shadow crossed the USA and Canada, and 19 positive chords were obtained. A limb parameter accounted for putative topographic features in the limb fittings. Ellipse fittings were not robust - only upper limits were derived for the true size/shape of a putative Umbriel ellipsoid. The adopted spherical solu… ▽ More We report the results of the stellar occultation by (UII) Umbriel on September 21st, 2020. The shadow crossed the USA and Canada, and 19 positive chords were obtained. A limb parameter accounted for putative topographic features in the limb fittings. Ellipse fittings were not robust - only upper limits were derived for the true size/shape of a putative Umbriel ellipsoid. The adopted spherical solution gives radius = 582.4 +/- 0.8 km, smaller/close to 584.7 +/- 2.8 km from Voyager II. The apparent ellipse fit results in a true semi-major axis of 584.9 +/- 3.8 km, semi-minor axes of 582.3 +/- 0.6 km and true oblateness of 0.004 +/- 0.008 for a putative ellipsoid. The geometric albedo was pV = 0.26 +/- 0.01. The density was rho = 1.54 +/- 0.04 g cm-3. The surface gravity was 0.251 +/- 0.006 m s-2 and the escape velocity 0.541 +/- 0.006 km s-1 . Upper limits of 13 and 72 nbar (at 1 sigma and 3 sigma levels, respectively) were obtained for the surface pressure of a putative isothermal CO2 atmosphere at T = 70 K. A milliarcsecond precision position was derived: RA = 02h 30m 28.84556s +/- 0.1 mas, DE = 14o 19' 36.5836" +/- 0.2 mas. A large limb parameter of 4.2 km was obtained, in striking agreement with opposite southern hemisphere measurements by Voyager II in 1986. Occultation and Voyager results indicate that the same strong topography variation in the surface of Umbriel is present on both hemispheres. △ Less

Submitted 17 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

The 2021 mutual phenomena involving the Galilean satellites of Jupiter and the inner satellite Thebe

Authors: L. M. Catani, M. Assafin, B. E. Morgado, S. Santos-Filho, F. Braga-Ribas, R. Vieira-Martins, J. Arcas-Silva, A. C. Milone, I. J. Lima, R. B. Botelho

Abstract: Astrometric studies and orbital modeling of planetary moons have contributed significantly to advancing our understanding of their orbital dynamics. These studies require precise positions measured over extended periods. In this paper, we present the results of the 2021 Brazilian Jovian mutual phenomena campaign. The data correspond to eight events between Galilean satellites, in addition to a rar… ▽ More Astrometric studies and orbital modeling of planetary moons have contributed significantly to advancing our understanding of their orbital dynamics. These studies require precise positions measured over extended periods. In this paper, we present the results of the 2021 Brazilian Jovian mutual phenomena campaign. The data correspond to eight events between Galilean satellites, in addition to a rare eclipse of Thebe, an inner satellite, totaling nine events. A geometric model along with the DE440/JUP365 ephemerides was used to reproduce the events and simulate the light curves. A Monte Carlo method and chi-squared statistics were used to fit the simulated light curves to the observations. The reflectance model adopted for our simulations was the complete version of the Oren-Nayer model. The average uncertainty of the relative positions of the Galilean satellites was 5 mas (15 km) and for the inner Thebe satellite 32 mas (96 km). The seven mutual events (nine independent observations) here analyzed represent and addition of 17% events (10% light curves) with respect to the PHEMU21 international campaign. Furthermore, our result of Thebe eclipse is only the second measurement published to date. Our results contribute to the ephemeris database, being fundamental to improving satellite orbits and thus minimizing their uncertainties. △ Less

Submitted 1 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures

Constraints on (2060) Chiron's size, shape, and surrounding material from the November 2018 and September 2019 stellar occultations

Authors: Felipe Braga-Ribas, C. L. Pereira, B. Sicardy, J. L. Ortiz, J. Desmars, A. Sickafoose, M. Emilio, B. Morgado, G. Margoti, F. L. Rommel, J. I. B. Camargo, M. Assafin, R. Vieira-Martins, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, P. Santos-Sanz, N. Morales, M. Kretlow, J. Lecacheux, F. Colas, R. Boninsegna, O. Schreurs, J. L. Dauvergne, E. Fernandez, H. J. van Heerden, H. González , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: After the discovery of rings around the largest known Centaur object, (10199) Chariklo, we carried out observation campaigns of stellar occultations produced by the second-largest known Centaur object, (2060) Chiron, to better characterize its physical properties and presence of material on its surroundings. We predicted and successfully observed two stellar occultations by Chiron. These observati… ▽ More After the discovery of rings around the largest known Centaur object, (10199) Chariklo, we carried out observation campaigns of stellar occultations produced by the second-largest known Centaur object, (2060) Chiron, to better characterize its physical properties and presence of material on its surroundings. We predicted and successfully observed two stellar occultations by Chiron. These observations were used to constrain its size and shape by fitting elliptical limbs with equivalent surface radii in agreement with radiometric measurements. Constraints on the (2060) Chiron shape are reported for the first time. Assuming an equivalent radius of R$_{equiv}$ = 105$^{+6}_{-7}$ km, we obtained a semi-major axis of a = 126 $\pm$ 22 km. Considering Chiron's true rotational light curve amplitude and assuming it has a Jacobi equilibrium shape, we were able to derive a 3D shape with a semi-axis of a = 126 $\pm$ 22 km, b = 109 $\pm$ 19 km, and c = 68 $\pm$ 13 km, implying in a volume-equivalent radius of R$_{vol}$ = 98 $\pm$ 17 km, implying a density of 1119 $\pm$ 4 kg m$^{-3}$. We determined the physical properties of the 2011 secondary events around Chiron, which may then be directly compared with those of Chariklo rings, as the same method was used. Data obtained from SAAO in 2018 do not show unambiguous evidence of the proposed rings, mainly due to the large sampling time. Meanwhile, we discarded the possible presence of a permanent ring similar to (10199) Chariklo's C1R in optical depth and extension. Using the first multi-chord stellar occultation by (2060) Chiron and considering it to have a Jacobi equilibrium shape, we derived its 3D shape. New observations of a stellar occultation by (2060) Chiron are needed to further investigate the material's properties around Chiron, such as the occultation predicted for September 10, 2023. △ Less

Submitted 19 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Journal ref: A&A 676, A72 (2023)

A large topographic feature on the surface of the trans-Neptunian object (307261) 2002 MS$_4$ measured from stellar occultations

Authors: F. L. Rommel, F. Braga-Ribas, J. L. Ortiz, B. Sicardy, P. Santos-Sanz, J. Desmars, J. I. B. Camargo, R. Vieira-Martins, M. Assafin, B. E. Morgado, R. C. Boufleur, G. Benedetti-Rossi, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, B. J. Holler, D. Souami, R. Duffard, G. Margoti, M. Vara-Lubiano, J. Lecacheux, J. L. Plouvier, N. Morales, A. Maury, J. Fabrega, P. Ceravolo , et al. (179 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This work aims at constraining the size, shape, and geometric albedo of the dwarf planet candidate 2002 MS4 through the analysis of nine stellar occultation events. Using multichord detection, we also studied the object's topography by analyzing the obtained limb and the residuals between observed chords and the best-fitted ellipse. We predicted and organized the observational campaigns of nine st… ▽ More This work aims at constraining the size, shape, and geometric albedo of the dwarf planet candidate 2002 MS4 through the analysis of nine stellar occultation events. Using multichord detection, we also studied the object's topography by analyzing the obtained limb and the residuals between observed chords and the best-fitted ellipse. We predicted and organized the observational campaigns of nine stellar occultations by 2002 MS4 between 2019 and 2022, resulting in two single-chord events, four double-chord detections, and three events with three to up to sixty-one positive chords. Using 13 selected chords from the 8 August 2020 event, we determined the global elliptical limb of 2002 MS4. The best-fitted ellipse, combined with the object's rotational information from the literature, constrains the object's size, shape, and albedo. Additionally, we developed a new method to characterize topography features on the object's limb. The global limb has a semi-major axis of 412 $\pm$ 10 km, a semi-minor axis of 385 $\pm$ 17 km, and the position angle of the minor axis is 121 $^\circ$ $\pm$ 16$^\circ$. From this instantaneous limb, we obtained 2002 MS4's geometric albedo and the projected area-equivalent diameter. Significant deviations from the fitted ellipse in the northernmost limb are detected from multiple sites highlighting three distinct topographic features: one 11 km depth depression followed by a 25$^{+4}_{-5}$ km height elevation next to a crater-like depression with an extension of 322 $\pm$ 39 km and 45.1 $\pm$ 1.5 km deep. Our results present an object that is $\approx$138 km smaller in diameter than derived from thermal data, possibly indicating the presence of a so-far unknown satellite. However, within the error bars, the geometric albedo in the V-band agrees with the results published in the literature, even with the radiometric-derived albedo. △ Less

Submitted 23 August, 2023; v1 submitted 15 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Journal ref: A&A 678, A167 (2023)

The changing material around (2060) Chiron from an occultation on 2022 December 15

Authors: J. L. Ortiz, C. L. Pereira, B. Sicardy, F. Braga-Ribas, A. Takey, A. M. Fouad, A. A. Shaker, S. Kaspi, N. Brosch, M. Kretlow, R. Leiva, J. Desmars, B. E. Morgado, N. Morales, M. Vara-Lubiano, P. Santos-Sanz, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, D. Souami, R. Duffard, F. L. Rommel, Y. Kilic, O. Erece, D. Koseoglu, E. Ege, R. Morales , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We could accurately predict the shadow path and successfully observe an occultation of a bright star by Chiron on 2022 December 15. The Kottamia Astronomical Observatory in Egypt did not detect the occultation by the solid body, but we detected three extinction features in the light curve that had symmetrical counterparts with respect to the central time of the occultation. One of the features is… ▽ More We could accurately predict the shadow path and successfully observe an occultation of a bright star by Chiron on 2022 December 15. The Kottamia Astronomical Observatory in Egypt did not detect the occultation by the solid body, but we detected three extinction features in the light curve that had symmetrical counterparts with respect to the central time of the occultation. One of the features is broad and shallow, whereas the other two features are sharper with a maximum extinction of $\sim$25$\%$ at the achieved spatial resolution of 19 km per data point. From the Wise observatory in Israel, we detected the occultation caused by the main body and several extinction features surrounding the body. When all the secondary features are plotted in the sky plane we find that they can be caused by a broad $\sim$580 km disk with concentrations at radii of 325 \pm 16 km and 423 \pm 11 km surrounding Chiron. At least one of these structures appears to be outside the Roche limit. The ecliptic coordinates of the pole of the disk are $λ$ = 151$^\circ~\pm$ 8$^\circ$ and $β$ = 18$^\circ~\pm$ 11$^\circ$, in agreement with previous results. We also show our long-term photometry indicating that Chiron had suffered a brightness outburst of at least 0.6 mag between March and September 2021 and that Chiron was still somewhat brighter at the occultation date than at its nominal pre-outburst phase. The outermost extinction features might be consistent with a bound or temporarily bound structure associated with the brightness increase. However, the nature of the brightness outburst is unclear, and it is also unclear whether the dust or ice released in the outburst could be feeding a putative ring structure or if it emanated from it. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: 6 pages, 4, figures

Journal ref: A&A 676, L12 (2023)

The two rings of (50000) Quaoar

Authors: C. L. Pereira, B. Sicardy, B. E. Morgado, F. Braga-Ribas, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, D. Souami, B. J. Holler, R. C. Boufleur, G. Margoti, M. Assafin, J. L. Ortiz, P. Santos-Sanz, B. Epinat, P. Kervella, J. Desmars, R. Vieira-Martins, Y. Kilic, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, J. I. B. Camargo, M. Emilio, M. Vara-Lubiano, M. Kretlow, L. Albert, C. Alcock, J. G. Ball , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Quaoar is a classical Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) with an area equivalent diameter of 1,100 km and an orbital semi-major axis of 43.3 astronomical units. Based on stellar occultations observed between 2018 and 2021, an inhomogeneous ring (Q1R, Quaoar's first ring) was detected around this body. Aims. A new stellar occultation by Quaoar was observed on August 9th, 2022 aiming to improve Quaoar's s… ▽ More Quaoar is a classical Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) with an area equivalent diameter of 1,100 km and an orbital semi-major axis of 43.3 astronomical units. Based on stellar occultations observed between 2018 and 2021, an inhomogeneous ring (Q1R, Quaoar's first ring) was detected around this body. Aims. A new stellar occultation by Quaoar was observed on August 9th, 2022 aiming to improve Quaoar's shape models and the physical parameters of Q1R while searching for additional material around the body. Methods. The occultation provided nine effective chords across Quaoar, pinning down its size, shape, and astrometric position. Large facilities, such as Gemini North and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), were used to obtain high acquisition rates and signal-to-noise ratios. The light curves were also used to characterize the Q1R ring (radial profiles and orbital elements). Results. Quaoar's elliptical fit to the occultation chords yields the limb with an apparent semi-major axis of $579.5\pm4.0$ km, apparent oblateness of $0.12\pm0.01$, and area-equivalent radius of $543\pm2$ km. Quaoar's limb orientation is consistent with Q1R and Weywot orbiting in Quaoar's equatorial plane. The orbital radius of Q1R is refined to a value of $4,057\pm6$ km. The radial opacity profile of the more opaque ring profile follows a Lorentzian shape that extends over 60 km, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of $\sim5$ km and a peak normal optical depth of 0.4. Besides the secondary events related to the already reported rings, new secondary events detected during the August 2022 occultation in three different data sets are consistent with another ring around Quaoar with a radius of $2,520\pm20$ km, assuming the ring is circular and co-planar with Q1R. This new ring has a typical width of 10 km and a normal optical depth of $\sim$0.004. Like Q1R, it also lies outside Quaoar's classical Roche limit. △ Less

Submitted 20 April, 2023; v1 submitted 18 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (17-April-2023). 18 pages, 12 figures

Journal ref: A&A 673, L4 (2023)

The multichord stellar occultation by the centaur Bienor on January 11, 2019

Authors: E. Fernández-Valenzuela, N. Morales, M. Vara-Lubiano, J. L. Ortiz, G. Benedetti-Rossi, B. Sicardy, M. Kretlow, P. Santos-Sanz, B. Morgado, D. Souami, F. Organero, L. Ana, F. Fonseca, A. Román, S. Alonso, R. Gonçalves, M. Ferreira, R. Iglesias-Marzoa, J. L. Lamadrid, A. Alvarez-Candal, M. Assafin, F. Braga-Ribas, J. I. B. Camargo, F. Colas, J. Desmars , et al. (20 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Within our program of physical characterization of trans-Neptunian objects and centaurs, we predicted a stellar occultation by the centaur (54598) Bienor to occur on January 11, 2019, with good observability potential. We obtained high accuracy astrometric data to refine the prediction, resulting in a shadow path favorable for the Iberian Peninsula. This encouraged us to carry out an occultation o… ▽ More Within our program of physical characterization of trans-Neptunian objects and centaurs, we predicted a stellar occultation by the centaur (54598) Bienor to occur on January 11, 2019, with good observability potential. We obtained high accuracy astrometric data to refine the prediction, resulting in a shadow path favorable for the Iberian Peninsula. This encouraged us to carry out an occultation observation campaign that resulted in five positive detections from four observing sites. This is the fourth centaur for which a multichord (more than two chords) stellar occultation has been observed so far, the other three being (2060) Chiron, (10199) Chariklo, and (95626) 2002 GZ$_{32}$. From the analysis of the occultation chords, combined with the rotational light curve obtained shortly after the occultation, we determined that Bienor has an area-equivalent diameter of $150\pm20$ km. This diameter is $\sim30$ km smaller than the one obtained from thermal measurements. The position angle of the short axis of the best fitting ellipse obtained through the analysis of the stellar occultation does not match that of the spin axis derived from long-term photometric models. We also detected a strong irregularity in one of the minima of the rotational light curve that is present no matter the aspect angle at which the observations were done. We present different scenarios to reconcile the results from the different techniques. We did not detect secondary drops related to potential rings or satellites. Nonetheless, similar rings in size to that of Chariklo's cannot be discarded due to low data accuracy. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A\&A

Journal ref: A&A 669, A112 (2023)

A stellar occultation by the transneptunian object (50000) Quaoar observed by CHEOPS

Authors: B. E. Morgado, G. Bruno, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, I. Pagano, B. Sicardy, A. Fortier, J. Desmars, P. F. L. Maxted, F. Braga-Ribas, D. Queloz, S. G. Sousa, J. L. Ortiz, A. Brandeker, A. Collier Cameron, C. L. Pereira, H. G. Florén, N. Hara, D. Souami, K. G. Isaak, G. Olofsson, P. Santos-Sanz, T. G. Wilson, J. Broughton, Y. Alibert, R. Alonso , et al. (60 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Stellar occultation is a powerful technique that allows the determination of some physical parameters of the occulting object. The result depends on the photometric accuracy, the temporal resolution, and the number of chords obtained. Space telescopes can achieve high photometric accuracy as they are not affected by atmospheric scintillation. Using ESA's CHEOPS space telescope, we observed a stell… ▽ More Stellar occultation is a powerful technique that allows the determination of some physical parameters of the occulting object. The result depends on the photometric accuracy, the temporal resolution, and the number of chords obtained. Space telescopes can achieve high photometric accuracy as they are not affected by atmospheric scintillation. Using ESA's CHEOPS space telescope, we observed a stellar occultation by the Transneptunian object (50000) Quaoar. We compare the obtained chord with previous occultations by this object and determine its astrometry with sub-milliarcsecond precision. Also, we determine upper limits to the presence of a global methane atmosphere on the occulting body. We predicted and observed a stellar occultation by Quaoar using the CHEOPS space telescope. We measured the occultation light curve from this data-set and determined the dis- and re-appearance of the star behind the occulting body. Furthermore, a ground-based telescope in Australia was used to constrain Quaoar's limb. Combined with results from previous works, these measurements allow us to obtain a precise position of Quaoar at the occultation time. We present results obtained from the first stellar occultation by a Transneptunian object (TNO) using space telescope orbiting Earth. It was the occultation by Quaoar observed on 2020 June 11. We used the CHEOPS light curve to obtain a surface pressure upper limit of 85 nbar for the detection of a global methane atmosphere. Also, combining this observation with a ground-based observation we fit Quaoar's limb to determine its astrometric position with an uncertainty below 1.0 mas. This observation is a first of its kind, and it shall be considered as a proof of concept of stellar occultation observations of Transneptunian objects with space telescopes orbiting Earth. Moreover, it shows significant prospects for the James Webb Space Telescope. △ Less

Submitted 12 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 9 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: A&A 664, L15 (2022)

Occultation Portal: a web-based platform for data collection and analysis of stellar occultations

Authors: Y. Kilic, F. Braga-Ribas, M. Kaplan, O. Erece, D. Souami, M. Dindar, J. Desmars, B. Sicardy, B. E. Morgado, M. N. Shameoni, F. L. Rommel, A. R. Gomes-Júnior

Abstract: Recording a stellar occultation is one powerful method that gives direct information about the physical properties of the occulting solar system object. In order to obtain reliable and accurate results, simultaneous observations from different locations across-track of the projected path are of great importance. However, organising all the observing stations, aggregating, and analysing the data is… ▽ More Recording a stellar occultation is one powerful method that gives direct information about the physical properties of the occulting solar system object. In order to obtain reliable and accurate results, simultaneous observations from different locations across-track of the projected path are of great importance. However, organising all the observing stations, aggregating, and analysing the data is time-consuming and not that easy. We have developed a web portal named Occultation Portal (OP) to manage all those occultation observation campaigns from a central server. With this portal, the instrumental and observational information of all observers participating in a stellar occultation campaign and the concerned data are archived systematically in a standard format. The researchers can then visualise the archived data on an event basis. The investigators can also extract the light curve for each data-set with the added reduction pipeline to the portal base. This paper describes in detail the portal structure and the developed features. △ Less

Submitted 20 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: 13 pages, 12 figures, 1 table, and 1 listing, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Physical properties of the trans-Neptunian object (38628) Huya from a multi-chord stellar occultation

Authors: P. Santos-Sanz, J. L. Ortiz, B. Sicardy, M. Popescu, G. Benedetti-Rossi, N. Morales, M. Vara-Lubiano, J. I. B. Camargo, C. L. Pereira, F. L. Rommel, M. Assafin, J. Desmars, F. Braga-Ribas, R. Duffard, J. Marques Oliveira, R. Vieira-Martins, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, B. E. Morgado, M. Acar, S. Anghel, E. Atalay, A. Ateş, H. Bakış, V. Bakış, Z. Eker , et al. (63 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Within our international program to obtain accurate physical properties of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) we predicted a stellar occultation by the TNO (38628) Huya of the star Gaia DR2 4352760586390566400 (mG = 11.5 mag.) for March 18, 2019. After an extensive observational campaign, we updated the prediction and it turned out to be favorable to central Europe. Therefore, we mobilized half a hund… ▽ More Within our international program to obtain accurate physical properties of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) we predicted a stellar occultation by the TNO (38628) Huya of the star Gaia DR2 4352760586390566400 (mG = 11.5 mag.) for March 18, 2019. After an extensive observational campaign, we updated the prediction and it turned out to be favorable to central Europe. Therefore, we mobilized half a hundred professional and amateur astronomers, and the occultation was finally detected from 21 telescopes located at 18 sites. This makes the Huya event one of the best ever observed stellar occultation by a TNO in terms of the number of chords. We determine accurate size, shape, and geometric albedo, and we also provide constraints on the density and other internal properties of this TNO. The 21 positive detections of the occultation by Huya allowed us to obtain well-separated chords which permitted us to fit an ellipse for the limb of the body at the moment of the occultation (i.e., the instantaneous limb) with kilometric accuracy. The projected semi-major and minor axes of the best ellipse fit obtained using the occultation data are (a', b') = (217.6 $\pm$ 3.5 km, 194.1 $\pm$ 6.1 km) with a position angle of the minor axis P' = 55.2 $\pm$ 9.1 degrees. From this fit, the projected area-equivalent diameter is 411.0 $\pm$ 7.3 km. This diameter is compatible with the equivalent diameter for Huya obtained from radiometric techniques (D = 406 $\pm$ 16 km). From this instantaneous limb, we obtained the geometric albedo for Huya (p$\rm_V$ = 0.079 $\pm$ 0.004) and we explored possible 3D shapes and constraints to the mass density for this TNO. We did not detect the satellite of Huya through this occultation, but the presence of rings or debris around Huya is constrained using the occultation data. We also derived an upper limit for a putative Pluto-like global atmosphere of about p$_{\rm surf}$ = 10 nbar. △ Less

Submitted 30 May, 2022; v1 submitted 25 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (30-April-2022). 19 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: A&A 664, A130 (2022)

The multichord stellar occultation on 2019 October 22 by the trans-Neptunian object (84922) 2003 VS$_2$

Authors: M. Vara-Lubiano, G. Benedetti-Rossi, P. Santos-Sanz, J. L. Ortiz, B. Sicardy, M. Popescu, N. Morales, F. L. Rommel, B. Morgado, C. L. Pereira, A. Álvarez-Candal, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, D. Souami, D. Ilic, O. Vince, R. Bachev, E. Semkov, D. A. Nedelcu, A. Şonka, L. Hudin, M. Boaca, V. Inceu, L. Curelaru, R. Gherase, V. Turcu , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We predicted, observed, and analyzed the multichord stellar occultation of the Second Gaia Data Release (Gaia DR2) source 3449076721168026624 (m$_v$ = 14.1 mag) by the plutino object 2003 VS$_2$ (hereafter, VS$_2$) on 2019 October 22. We also carried out photometric observations to derive the rotational light curve amplitude and rotational phase of VS$_2$ during the stellar occultation. Combining… ▽ More We predicted, observed, and analyzed the multichord stellar occultation of the Second Gaia Data Release (Gaia DR2) source 3449076721168026624 (m$_v$ = 14.1 mag) by the plutino object 2003 VS$_2$ (hereafter, VS$_2$) on 2019 October 22. We also carried out photometric observations to derive the rotational light curve amplitude and rotational phase of VS$_2$ during the stellar occultation. Combining the results and assuming a triaxial shape, we derived the 3D shape of VS$_2$. Out of the 39 observatories involved in the observational campaign, 12 sites reported a positive detection; this makes it one of the best observed stellar occultations by a TNO so far. We obtained a rotational light curve amplitude of $Δ$m = 0.264 $\pm$ 0.017 mag, a mean area-equivalent diameter of D$_{A_{eq}}$ = 545 $\pm$ 13 km, and a geometric albedo of 0.134 $\pm$ 0.010. The best triaxial shape obtained for VS$_2$ has semiaxes a = 339 $\pm$ 5 km, b = 235 $\pm$ 6 km, and c = 226 $\pm$ 8 km. The derived aspect angle is $θ$ = 59$° \pm$ 2$°$ or its supplementary $θ$ = 121$° \pm$ 2$°$, depending on the north-pole position. The spherical-volume equivalent diameter is D$_{V_{eq}}$ = 524 $\pm$ 7 km. If we consider large albedo patches on its surface, the semi-major axis of the ellipsoid could be ~10 km smaller. These results are compatible with the previous ones determined from the single-chord 2013 and four-chord 2014 stellar occultations and with the effective diameter and albedo derived from Herschel and Spitzer data. They provide evidence that VS$_2$'s 3D shape is not compatible with a homogeneous triaxial body in hydrostatic equilibrium, but it might be a differentiated body and/or might be sustaining some stress. No secondary features related to rings or material orbiting around VS$_2$ were detected. △ Less

Submitted 25 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Journal ref: A&A 663, A121 (2022)

Milliarcsecond astrometry for the Galilean moons using stellar occultations

Authors: B. E. Morgado, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, F. Braga-Ribas, R. Vieira-Martins, J. Desmars, V. Lainey, E. D'aversa, D. Dunham, J. Moore, K. Baillié, D. Herald, M. Assafin, B. Sicardy, S. Aoki, J. Bardecker, J. Barton, T. Blank, D. Bruns, N. Carlson, R. W. Carlson, K. Cobble, J. Dunham, D. Eisfeldt, M. Emilio, C. Jacques , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A stellar occultation occurs when a Solar System object passes in front of a star for an observer. This technique allows the determination of sizes and shapes of the occulting body with kilometer precision. Also, this technique constrains the occulting body's positions, albedos, densities, etc. In the context of the Galilean moons, these events can provide their best ground-based astrometry, with… ▽ More A stellar occultation occurs when a Solar System object passes in front of a star for an observer. This technique allows the determination of sizes and shapes of the occulting body with kilometer precision. Also, this technique constrains the occulting body's positions, albedos, densities, etc. In the context of the Galilean moons, these events can provide their best ground-based astrometry, with uncertainties in the order of 1 mas ($\sim$ 3 km at Jupiter's distance during opposition). We organized campaigns and successfully observed a stellar occultation by Io (JI) in 2021, one by Ganymede (JIII) in 2020, and one by Europa (JII) in 2019, with stations in North and South America. Also, we re-analyzed two previously published events, one by Europa in 2016 and another by Ganymede in 2017. Then, we fit the known 3D shape of the occulting satellite and determine its center of figure. That resulted in astrometric positions with uncertainties in the milliarcsecond level. The positions obtained from these stellar occultations can be used together with dynamical models to ensure highly accurate orbits of the Galilean moons. These orbits can help plan future space probes aiming at the Jovian system, such as JUICE by ESA and Europa Clipper by NASA, and allow more efficient planning of flyby maneuvers. △ Less

Submitted 22 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 19 pages, 25 figures, Accepted on March 14, 2022 for publication in The Astronomical Journal

Journal ref: The Astronomical Journal, Volume 163, Number 5, 2022

Constraints on the structure and seasonal variations of Triton's atmosphere from the 5 October 2017 stellar occultation and previous observations

Authors: J. Marques Oliveira, B. Sicardy, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, J. L. Ortiz, D. F. Strobel, T. Bertrand, F. Forget, E. Lellouch, J. Desmars, D. Bérard, A. Doressoundiram, J. Lecacheux, R. Leiva, E. Meza, F. Roques, D. Souami, T. Widemann, P. Santos-Sanz, N. Morales, R. Duffard, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, A. J. Castro-Tirado, F. Braga-Ribas, B. E. Morgado, M. Assafin , et al. (212 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A stellar occultation by Neptune's main satellite, Triton, was observed on 5 October 2017 from Europe, North Africa, and the USA. We derived 90 light curves from this event, 42 of which yielded a central flash detection. We aimed at constraining Triton's atmospheric structure and the seasonal variations of its atmospheric pressure since the Voyager 2 epoch (1989). We also derived the shape of th… ▽ More A stellar occultation by Neptune's main satellite, Triton, was observed on 5 October 2017 from Europe, North Africa, and the USA. We derived 90 light curves from this event, 42 of which yielded a central flash detection. We aimed at constraining Triton's atmospheric structure and the seasonal variations of its atmospheric pressure since the Voyager 2 epoch (1989). We also derived the shape of the lower atmosphere from central flash analysis. We used Abel inversions and direct ray-tracing code to provide the density, pressure, and temperature profiles in the altitude range $\sim$8 km to $\sim$190 km, corresponding to pressure levels from 9 μbar down to a few nanobars. Results. (i) A pressure of 1.18$\pm$0.03 μbar is found at a reference radius of 1400 km (47 km altitude). (ii) A new analysis of the Voyager 2 radio science occultation shows that this is consistent with an extrapolation of pressure down to the surface pressure obtained in 1989. (iii) A survey of occultations obtained between 1989 and 2017 suggests that an enhancement in surface pressure as reported during the 1990s might be real, but debatable, due to very few high S/N light curves and data accessible for reanalysis. The volatile transport model analysed supports a moderate increase in surface pressure, with a maximum value around 2005-2015 no higher than 23 μbar. The pressures observed in 1995-1997 and 2017 appear mutually inconsistent with the volatile transport model presented here. (iv) The central flash structure does not show evidence of an atmospheric distortion. We find an upper limit of 0.0011 for the apparent oblateness of the atmosphere near the 8 km altitude. △ Less

Submitted 25 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: 52 pages, 26 figures in the main paper, 2 figures in appendix B, 9 figures in appendix C, 1 long table over 5 pages

Journal ref: A&A 659, A136 (2022)

SORA: Stellar Occultation Reduction and Analysis

Authors: A. R. Gomes-Júnior, B. E. Morgado, G. Benedetti-Rossi, R. C. Boufleur, F. L. Rommel, M. V. Banda-Huarca, Y. Kilic, F. Braga-Ribas, B. Sicardy

Abstract: The stellar occultation technique provides competitive accuracy in determining the sizes, shapes, astrometry, etc., of the occulting body, comparable to in-situ observations by spacecraft. With the increase in the number of known Solar System objects expected from the LSST, the highly precise astrometric catalogues, such as Gaia, and the improvement of ephemerides, occultations observations will b… ▽ More The stellar occultation technique provides competitive accuracy in determining the sizes, shapes, astrometry, etc., of the occulting body, comparable to in-situ observations by spacecraft. With the increase in the number of known Solar System objects expected from the LSST, the highly precise astrometric catalogues, such as Gaia, and the improvement of ephemerides, occultations observations will become more common with a higher number of chords in each observation. In the context of the Big Data era, we developed SORA, an open-source python library to reduce and analyse stellar occultation data efficiently. It includes routines from predicting such events up to the determination of Solar System bodies' sizes, shapes, and positions. △ Less

Submitted 5 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures

Pluto's atmosphere in plateau phase since 2015 from a stellar occultation at Devasthal

Authors: Bruno Sicardy, Nagarhalli M. Ashok, Anandmayee Tej, Ganesh Pawar, Shishir Deshmukh, Ameya Deshpande, Saurabh Sharma, Josselin Desmars, Marcelo Assafin, Jose Luis Ortiz, Gustavo Benedetti-Rossi, Felipe Braga-Ribas, Roberto Vieira-Martins, Pablo Santos-Sanz, Krishan Chand, Bhuwan C. Bhatt

Abstract: A stellar occultation by Pluto was observed on 6 June 2020 with the 1.3-m and 3.6-m telescopes located at Devasthal, Nainital, India, using imaging systems in the I and H bands, respectively. From this event, we derive a surface pressure for Pluto's atmosphere of $p_{\rm surf}= 12.23^{+0.65}_{-0.38} $~$μ$bar. This shows that Pluto's atmosphere is in a plateau phase since mid-2015, a result which i… ▽ More A stellar occultation by Pluto was observed on 6 June 2020 with the 1.3-m and 3.6-m telescopes located at Devasthal, Nainital, India, using imaging systems in the I and H bands, respectively. From this event, we derive a surface pressure for Pluto's atmosphere of $p_{\rm surf}= 12.23^{+0.65}_{-0.38} $~$μ$bar. This shows that Pluto's atmosphere is in a plateau phase since mid-2015, a result which is in excellent agreement with the Pluto volatile transport model of Meza et al. (2019}. This value does not support the pressure decrease reported by independent teams, based on occultations observed in 2018 and 2019, see Young et al. (2021} and Arimatu et al. (2020), respectively. △ Less

Submitted 14 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures, revised and accepted version for ApJL

Refined physical parameters for Chariklo's body and rings from stellar occultations observed between 2013 and 2020

Authors: B. E. Morgado, B. Sicardy, F. Braga-Ribas, J. Desmars, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, D. Bérard, R. Leiva, J. L. Ortiz, R. Vieira-Martins, G. Benedetti-Rossi, P. Santos-Sanz, J. I. B. Camargo, R. Duffard, F. L. Rommel, M. Assafin, R. C. Boufleur, F. Colas, M. Kretlow, W. Beisker, R. Sfair, C. Snodgrass, N. Morales, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, L. S. Amaral, A. Amarante , et al. (56 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Centaur (10199) Chariklo has the first rings system discovered around a small object. It was first observed using stellar occultation in 2013. Stellar occultations allow the determination of sizes and shapes with kilometre accuracy and obtain characteristics of the occulting object and its vicinity. Using stellar occultations observed between 2017 and 2020, we aim at constraining Chariklo's an… ▽ More The Centaur (10199) Chariklo has the first rings system discovered around a small object. It was first observed using stellar occultation in 2013. Stellar occultations allow the determination of sizes and shapes with kilometre accuracy and obtain characteristics of the occulting object and its vicinity. Using stellar occultations observed between 2017 and 2020, we aim at constraining Chariklo's and its rings physical parameters. We also determine the rings' structure, and obtain precise astrometrical positions of Chariklo. We predicted and organised several observational campaigns of stellar occultations by Chariklo. Occultation light curves were measured from the data sets, from which ingress and egress times, and rings' width and opacity were obtained. These measurements, combined with results from previous works, allow us to obtain significant constraints on Chariklo's shape and rings' structure. We characterise Chariklo's ring system (C1R and C2R), and obtain radii and pole orientations that are consistent with, but more accurate than, results from previous occultations. We confirmed the detection of W-shaped structures within C1R and an evident variation of radial width. The observed width ranges between 4.8 and 9.1 km with a mean value of 6.5 km. One dual observation (visible and red) does not reveal any differences in the C1R opacity profiles, indicating ring particle's size larger than a few microns. The C1R ring eccentricity is found to be smaller than 0.022 (3-sigma), and its width variations may indicate an eccentricity higher than 0.005. We fit a tri-axial shape to Chariklo's detections over eleven occultations and determine that Chariklo is consistent with an ellipsoid with semi-axes of 143.8, 135.2 and 99.1 km. Ultimately, we provided seven astrometric positions at a milliarcseconds accuracy level, based on Gaia EDR3, and use it to improve Chariklo's ephemeris. △ Less

Submitted 16 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 32 pages, 11 Figures in the main text, paper was accepted for publication in Section 10. Planets and planetary systems of Astronomy and Astrophysics on 12/07/2021

Journal ref: A&A 652, A141 (2021)

The 2017 May 20$^{\rm th}$ stellar occultation by the elongated centaur (95626) 2002 GZ$_{32}$

Authors: P. Santos-Sanz, J. L. Ortiz, B. Sicardy, G. Benedetti-Rossi, N. Morales, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, R. Duffard, R. Iglesias-Marzoa, J. L. Lamadrid, N. Maícas, L. Pérez, K. Gazeas, J. C. Guirado, V. Peris, F. J. Ballesteros, F. Organero, L. Ana-Hernández, F. Fonseca, A. Alvarez-Candal, Y. Jiménez-Teja, M. Vara-Lubiano, F. Braga-Ribas, J. I. B. Camargo, J. Desmars, M. Assafin , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We predicted a stellar occultation of the bright star Gaia DR1 4332852996360346368 (UCAC4 385-75921) (m$_{\rm V}$= 14.0 mag) by the centaur 2002 GZ$_{32}$ for 2017 May 20$^{\rm th}$. Our latest shadow path prediction was favourable to a large region in Europe. Observations were arranged in a broad region inside the nominal shadow path. Series of images were obtained with 29 telescopes throughout E… ▽ More We predicted a stellar occultation of the bright star Gaia DR1 4332852996360346368 (UCAC4 385-75921) (m$_{\rm V}$= 14.0 mag) by the centaur 2002 GZ$_{32}$ for 2017 May 20$^{\rm th}$. Our latest shadow path prediction was favourable to a large region in Europe. Observations were arranged in a broad region inside the nominal shadow path. Series of images were obtained with 29 telescopes throughout Europe and from six of them (five in Spain and one in Greece) we detected the occultation. This is the fourth centaur, besides Chariklo, Chiron and Bienor, for which a multi-chord stellar occultation is reported. By means of an elliptical fit to the occultation chords we obtained the limb of 2002 GZ$_{32}$ during the occultation, resulting in an ellipse with axes of 305 $\pm$ 17 km $\times$ 146 $\pm$ 8 km. From this limb, thanks to a rotational light curve obtained shortly after the occultation, we derived the geometric albedo of 2002 GZ$_{32}$ ($p_{\rm V}$ = 0.043 $\pm$ 0.007) and a 3-D ellipsoidal shape with axes 366 km $\times$ 306 km $\times$ 120 km. This shape is not fully consistent with a homogeneous body in hydrostatic equilibrium for the known rotation period of 2002 GZ$_{32}$. The size (albedo) obtained from the occultation is respectively smaller (greater) than that derived from the radiometric technique but compatible within error bars. No rings or debris around 2002 GZ$_{32}$ were detected from the occultation, but narrow and thin rings cannot be discarded. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS (8-Dec.-2020), 15 pages, 9 figures

Stellar occultations enable milliarcsecond astrometry for Trans-Neptunian objects and Centaurs

Authors: F. L. Rommel, F. Braga-Ribas, J. Desmars, J. I. B. Camargo, J. L. Ortiz, B. Sicardy, R. Vieira-Martins, M. Assafin, P. Santos-Sanz, R. Duffard, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, J. Lecacheux, B. E. Morgado, G. Benedetti-Rossi, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, C. L. Pereira, D. Herald, W. Hanna, J. Bradshaw, N. Morales, J. Brimacombe, A. Burtovoi, T. Carruthers, J. R. de Barros, M. Fiori , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Centaurs are remnants of our planetary system formation, and their physical properties have invaluable information for evolutionary theories. Stellar occultation is a ground-based method for studying these small bodies and has presented exciting results. These observations can provide precise profiles of the involved body, allowing an accurate determination of it… ▽ More Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Centaurs are remnants of our planetary system formation, and their physical properties have invaluable information for evolutionary theories. Stellar occultation is a ground-based method for studying these small bodies and has presented exciting results. These observations can provide precise profiles of the involved body, allowing an accurate determination of its size and shape. The goal is to show that even single-chord detections of TNOs allow us to measure their milliarcsecond astrometric positions in the reference frame of the Gaia second data release (DR2). Accurated ephemerides can then be generated, allowing predictions of stellar occultations with much higher reliability. We analyzed data from stellar occultations to obtain astrometric positions of the involved bodies. The events published before the Gaia era were updated so that the Gaia DR2 catalog is the reference. Previously determined sizes were used to calculate the position of the object center and its corresponding error with respect to the detected chord and the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) propagated Gaia DR2 star position. We derive 37 precise astrometric positions for 19 TNOs and 4 Centaurs. Twenty-one of these events are presented here for the first time. Although about 68\% of our results are based on single-chord detection, most have intrinsic precision at the submilliarcsecond level. Lower limits on the diameter and shape constraints for a few bodies are also presented as valuable byproducts. Using the Gaia DR2 catalog, we show that even a single detection of a stellar occultation allows improving the object ephemeris significantly, which in turn enables predicting a future stellar occultation with high accuracy. Observational campaigns can be efficiently organized with this help, and may provide a full physical characterization of the involved object. △ Less

Submitted 23 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Comments: 16 pages, 28 figures. The manuscript was accepted and is to be published

Journal ref: A&A 644, A40 (2020)

A multi-chord stellar occultation by the large trans-Neptunian object (174567) Varda

Authors: D. Souami, F. Braga-Ribas, B. Sicardy, B. Morgado, J. L. Ortiz, J. Desmars, J. I. B. Camargo, F. Vachier, J. Berthier, B. Carry, C. J. Anderson, R. Showers, K. Thomason, P. D. Maley, W. Thomas, M. W. Buie, R. Leiva, J. M. Keller, R. Vieira-Martins, M. Assafin, P. Santos-Sanz, N. Morales, R. Duffard, G. Benedetti-Rossi, A. R. Gomes-Júnior , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from the first recorded stellar occultation by the large trans-Neptunian object (174567) Varda that was observed on September 10$^{\rm th}$, 2018. Varda belongs to the high-inclination dynamically excited population, and has a satellite, Ilmarë, which is half the size of Varda. We determine the size and albedo of Varda and constrain its 3D shape and density. Thirteen different s… ▽ More We present results from the first recorded stellar occultation by the large trans-Neptunian object (174567) Varda that was observed on September 10$^{\rm th}$, 2018. Varda belongs to the high-inclination dynamically excited population, and has a satellite, Ilmarë, which is half the size of Varda. We determine the size and albedo of Varda and constrain its 3D shape and density. Thirteen different sites in the USA monitored the event, five of which detected an occultation by the main body. A best-fitting ellipse to the occultation chords provides the instantaneous limb of the body, from which the geometric albedo is computed. The size and shape of Varda are evaluated, and its bulk density is constrained, using Varda's mass known from previous works. The best-fitting elliptical limb has semi-major (equatorial) axis of $(383 \pm 3)$km and an apparent oblateness $0.066\pm0.047$ corresponding to an apparent area-equivalent radius $R'_{\rm equiv}= (370\pm7)$km and geometric albedo $p_v=0.099\pm 0.002 $ assuming a visual absolute magnitude $H_V=3.81\pm0.01$. Using three possible rotational periods for the body (4.76h, 5.91h, and 7.87h), we derive corresponding MacLaurin solutions. Furthermore, given the low-amplitude ($0.06\pm0.01$) mag of the single-peaked rotational light-curve for the aforementioned periods, we consider the double periods. For the 5.91h period (the most probable) and its double (11.82h), we find bulk densities and true oblateness of $ρ=(1.78\pm0.06)$ g cm$^{-3}$, $ε=0.235\pm0.050$ and $ρ=(1.23\pm0.04)$ g cm$^{-3}$, $ε=0.080\pm0.049$. However, it must be noted that the other solutions cannot be excluded just yet. △ Less

Submitted 18 November, 2020; v1 submitted 11 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: 15 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: A&A 643, A125 (2020)

The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation

Authors: J. L. Ortiz, P. Santos-Sanz, B. Sicardy, G. Benedetti-Rossi, D. Bérard, N. Morales, R. Duffard, F. Braga-Ribas, U. Hopp, C. Ries, V. Nascimbeni, F. Marzari, V. Granata, A. Pál, C. Kiss, T. Pribulla, R. Komžík, K. Hornoch, P. Pravec, P. Bacci, M. Maestripieri, L. Nerli, L. Mazzei, M. Bachini, F. Martinelli , et al. (68 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Among the four known transneptunian dwarf planets, Haumea is an exotic, very elongated, and fast rotating body. In contrast to the other dwarf planets, its size, shape, albedo, and density are not well constrained. Here we report results of a multi-chord stellar occultation, observed on 2017 January 21. Secondary events observed around the main body are consistent with the presence of a ring of op… ▽ More Among the four known transneptunian dwarf planets, Haumea is an exotic, very elongated, and fast rotating body. In contrast to the other dwarf planets, its size, shape, albedo, and density are not well constrained. Here we report results of a multi-chord stellar occultation, observed on 2017 January 21. Secondary events observed around the main body are consistent with the presence of a ring of opacity 0.5, width 70 km, and radius 2,287$_{-45}^{+75}$ km. The Centaur Chariklo was the first body other than a giant planet to show a ring system and the Centaur Chiron was later found to possess something similar to Chariklo's rings. Haumea is the first body outside the Centaur population with a ring. The ring is coplanar with both Haumea's equator and the orbit of its satellite Hi'iaka. Its radius places close to the 3:1 mean motion resonance with Haumea's spin period. The occultation by the main body provides an instantaneous elliptical limb with axes 1,704 $\pm$ 4 km x 1,138 $\pm$ 26 km. Combined with rotational light-curves, it constrains Haumea's 3D orientation and its triaxial shape, which is inconsistent with a homogeneous body in hydrostatic equilibrium. Haumea's largest axis is at least 2,322 $\pm$ 60 km, larger than thought before. This implies an upper limit of 1,885 $\pm$ 80 kg m$^{-3}$ for Haumea's density, smaller and less puzzling than previous estimations, and a geometric albedo of 0.51 $\pm$ 0.02, also smaller than previous estimations. No global N$_2$ or CH$_4$ atmosphere with pressures larger than 15 and 50 nbar (3-$σ$ limits), respectively, is detected. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Journal ref: Nature, Volume 550, Issue 7675, pp. 219-223 (2017)

The large Trans-Neptunian Object 2002 TC$_{302}$ from combined stellar occultation, photometry and astrometry data

Authors: J. L. Ortiz, P. Santos-Sanz, B. Sicardy, G. Benedetti-Rossi, R. Duffard, N. Morales, F. Braga-Ribas, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, V. Nascimbeni, D. Nardiello, A. Carbognani, L. Buzzi, A. Aletti, P. Bacci, M. Maestripieri, L. Mazzei, H. Mikuz, J. Skvarc, F. Ciabattari, F. Lavalade, G. Scarfi, J. M. Mari, M. Conjat, S. Sposetti, M. Bachini , et al. (56 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: On 28th January 2018, the large Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) 2002TC302 occulted a m$_v= $15.3 star with ID 130957813463146112 in the Gaia DR2 stellar catalog. 12 positive occultation chords were obtained from Italy, France, Slovenia and Switzerland. Also, 4 negative detections were obtained near the north and south limbs. This represents the best observed stellar occultation by a TNO other than Pl… ▽ More On 28th January 2018, the large Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) 2002TC302 occulted a m$_v= $15.3 star with ID 130957813463146112 in the Gaia DR2 stellar catalog. 12 positive occultation chords were obtained from Italy, France, Slovenia and Switzerland. Also, 4 negative detections were obtained near the north and south limbs. This represents the best observed stellar occultation by a TNO other than Pluto, in terms of the number of chords published thus far. From the 12 chords, an accurate elliptical fit to the instantaneous projection of the body, compatible with the near misses, can be obtained. The resulting ellipse has major and minor axes of 543 $\pm$ 18 km and 460 $\pm$ 11 km, respectively, with a position angle of 3 $\pm$ 1 degrees for the minor axis. This information, combined with rotational light curves obtained with the 1.5m telescope at Sierra Nevada Observatory and the 1.23m telescope at Calar Alto observatory, allows us to derive possible 3D shapes and density estimations for the body, based on hydrostatic equilibrium assumptions. The effective area equivalent diameter is $\sim$ 84 km smaller than the radiometrically derived diameter using thermal data from Herschel and Spitzer Space Telescopes. This might indicate the existence of an unresolved satellite of up to $\sim$ 300 km in diameter, to account for all the thermal flux, although the occultation and thermal diameters are compatible within their error bars given the considerable uncertainty of the thermal results. The existence of a potential satellite also appears to be consistent with other ground-based data presented here. From the effective occultation diameter combined with H$_V$ measurements we derive a geometric albedo of 0.147 $\pm$ 0.005, which would be somewhat smaller if 2002TC302 has a satellite. The best occultation light curves do not show any signs of ring features or any signatures of a global atmosphere. △ Less

Submitted 18 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 14 pages, 9 figures

Journal ref: A&A 639, A134 (2020)

Volatile evolution and atmospheres of Trans-Neptunian Objects

Authors: Leslie A. Young, Felipe Braga-Ribas, Robert E. Johnson

Abstract: At 30-50 K, the temperatures typical for surfaces in the Kuiper Belt (e.g. Stern & Trafton 2008), only seven species have sublimation pressures higher than 1 nbar (Fray & Schmitt 2009): Ne, N$_2$, CO, Ar, O$_2$, CH$_4$, and Kr. Of these, N$_2$, CO, and CH$_4$ have been detected or inferred on the surfaces of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs). The presence of tenuous atmospheres above these volatile i… ▽ More At 30-50 K, the temperatures typical for surfaces in the Kuiper Belt (e.g. Stern & Trafton 2008), only seven species have sublimation pressures higher than 1 nbar (Fray & Schmitt 2009): Ne, N$_2$, CO, Ar, O$_2$, CH$_4$, and Kr. Of these, N$_2$, CO, and CH$_4$ have been detected or inferred on the surfaces of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs). The presence of tenuous atmospheres above these volatile ices depends on the sublimation pressures, which are very sensitive to the composition, temperatures, and mixing states of the volatile ices. Therefore, the retention of volatiles on a TNO is related to its formation environment and thermal history. The surface volatiles may be transported via seasonally varying atmospheres and their condensation might be responsible for the high surface albedos of some of these bodies. The most sensitive searches for tenuous atmospheres are made by the method of stellar occultation, which have been vital for the study of the atmospheres of Triton and Pluto, and has to-date placed upper limits on the atmospheres of 11 other bodies. The recent release of the Gaia astrometric catalog has led to a "golden age" in the ability to predict TNO occultations in order to increase the observational data base. △ Less

Submitted 10 March, 2020; originally announced March 2020.

GravityCam: Wide-field Imaging Surveys in the Visible from the Ground

Authors: C. Mackay, M. Dominik, I. A. Steele, C. Snodgrass, U. G. Jørgensen, J. Skottfelt, K. Stefanov, B. Carry, F. Braga-Ribas, A. Doressoundiram, V. D. Ivanov, P. Gandhi, D. F. Evans, M. Hundertmark, S. Serjeant, S. Ortolani

Abstract: GravityCam is a new concept of ground-based imaging instrument capable of delivering significantly sharper images from the ground than is normally possible without adaptive optics. Advances in optical and near infrared imaging technologies allow images to be acquired at high speed without significant noise penalty. Aligning these images before they are combined can yield a 3-5 fold improvement in… ▽ More GravityCam is a new concept of ground-based imaging instrument capable of delivering significantly sharper images from the ground than is normally possible without adaptive optics. Advances in optical and near infrared imaging technologies allow images to be acquired at high speed without significant noise penalty. Aligning these images before they are combined can yield a 3-5 fold improvement in image resolution. By using arrays of such detectors, survey fields may be as wide as the telescope optics allows. We describe the instrument and detail its application to accelerate greatly the rate of detection of Earth size planets by gravitational microlensing. GravityCam will improve substantially the quality of weak shear studies of dark matter distribution in distant clusters of galaxies. An extensive microlensing survey will also provide a vast dataset for asteroseismology studies, and GravityCam promises to generate a unique data set on the population of the Kuiper belt and possibly the Oort cloud. △ Less

Submitted 18 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019.

Comments: 13 pages, 9 figures. Paper presented at the Scientific Detector Workshop, Baltimore, 2017

The first observed stellar occultations by the irregular satellite (Saturn IX) Phoebe and improved rotational period

Authors: A. R. Gomes-Júnior, M. Assafin, F. Braga-Ribas, G. Benedetti-Rossi, B. Morgado, J. I. B. Camargo, R. Vieira-Martins, J. Desmars, B. Sicardy, T. Barry, J. Campbell-White, E. Fernández-Lajús, D. Giles, W. Hanna, T. Hayamizu, T. Hirose, A. De Horta, R. Horvat, K. Hosoi, E. Jehin, S. Kerr, D. I. Machado, L. A. Mammana, D. Maybour, M. Owada , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report six stellar occultations by (Saturn IX) Phoebe, an irregular satellite of Saturn, obtained between mid-2017 and mid-2019. The 2017 July 06 event is the first stellar occultation by an irregular satellite ever observed. The occultation chords were compared to a 3D shape model of the satellite obtained from Cassini observations. The rotation period available in the literature led to a sub-… ▽ More We report six stellar occultations by (Saturn IX) Phoebe, an irregular satellite of Saturn, obtained between mid-2017 and mid-2019. The 2017 July 06 event is the first stellar occultation by an irregular satellite ever observed. The occultation chords were compared to a 3D shape model of the satellite obtained from Cassini observations. The rotation period available in the literature led to a sub-observer point at the moment of the observed occultations where the chords could not fit the 3D model. A procedure was developed to identify the correct sub-observer longitude. It allowed us to obtain the rotation period with improved precision over currently known value from literature. We show that the difference between the observed and the predicted sub-observer longitude suggests two possible solutions for the rotation period. By comparing these values with recently observed rotational light curves and single-chord stellar occultations, we can identify the best solution for Phoebe's rotational period as $9.27365 \pm 0.00002$ h. From the stellar occultations, we also obtained 6 geocentric astrometric positions in the ICRS as realised by the Gaia-DR2 with uncertainties at the 1-mas level. △ Less

Submitted 27 October, 2019; originally announced October 2019.

Comments: 13 pages, 12 figures

The 2014-2015 Brazilian Mutual Phenomena campaign for the Jovian satellites and improved results for the 2009 events

Authors: B. Morgado, R. Vieira-Martins, M. Assafin, A. Dias-Oliveira, D. I. Machado, J. I. B. Camargo, M. Malacarne, R. Sfair, O. C. Winter, F. Braga-Ribas, G. Benedetti-Rossi, L. A. Boldrin, B. C. B. Camargo, H. S. Gaspar, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, J. O. Miranda, T. de Santana, L. L. Trabuco

Abstract: Progress in astrometry and orbital modelling of planetary moons in the last decade enabled better determinations of their orbits. These studies need accurate positions spread over extended periods. We present the results of the 2014-2015 Brazilian campaign for 40 mutual events from 47 observed light curves by the Galilean satellites plus one eclipse of Amalthea by Ganymede. We also reanalysed and… ▽ More Progress in astrometry and orbital modelling of planetary moons in the last decade enabled better determinations of their orbits. These studies need accurate positions spread over extended periods. We present the results of the 2014-2015 Brazilian campaign for 40 mutual events from 47 observed light curves by the Galilean satellites plus one eclipse of Amalthea by Ganymede. We also reanalysed and updated results for 25 mutual events observed in the 2009 campaign. All telescopes were equipped with narrow-band filters centred at 889 nm with a width of 15 nm to eliminate the scattered light from Jupiter. The albedos' ratio was determined using images before and after each event. We simulated images of moons, umbra, and penumbra in the sky plane, and integrated their fluxes to compute albedos, simulate light curves and fit them to the observed ones using a chi-square fitting procedure. For that, we used the complete version of the Oren-Nayer reflectance model. The relative satellite positions mean uncertainty was 11.2 mas ($\sim$35 km) and 10.1 mas ($\sim$31 km) for the 2014-2015 and 2009 campaigns respectively. The simulated and observed \textsc{ascii} light curve files are freely available in electronic form at the \textit{Natural Satellites DataBase} (NSDB). The 40/25 mutual events from our 2014-2015/2009 campaigns represent a significant contribution of 17%/15% in comparison with the PHEMU campaigns lead by the IMCCE. Besides that, our result for the eclipse of Amalthea is only the 4$^{th}$ such measurement ever published after the three ones observed by the 2014-2015 international PHEMU campaign. Our results are suitable for new orbital/ephemeris determinations for the Galilean moons and Amalthea. △ Less

Submitted 11 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019.

Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures and 5 tables

Journal ref: Planetary and Space Science, 179C, 104736, 2019

The trans-Neptunian object (84922) 2003 VS2 through stellar occultations

Authors: Gustavo Benedetti-Rossi, P. Santos-Sanz, J. L. Ortiz, M. Assafin, B. Sicardy, N. Morales, R. Vieira-Martins, R. Duffard, F. Braga-Ribas, F. L. Rommel, J. I. B. Camargo, J. Desmars, A. F. Colas, F. Vachier, Alvarez-Candal, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, L. Almenares, R. Artola, T. -P. Baum, R. Behrend, D. Bérard, F. Bianco, N. Brosch, A. Ceretta, C. A. Colazo , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from three world-wide campaigns that resulted in the detections of two single-chord and one multi-chord stellar occultations by the Plutino object (84922) 2003~VS$_2$. From the single-chord occultations in 2013 and 2014 we obtained accurate astrometric positions for the object, while from the multi-chord occultation on November 7th, 2014, we obtained the parameters of the best-f… ▽ More We present results from three world-wide campaigns that resulted in the detections of two single-chord and one multi-chord stellar occultations by the Plutino object (84922) 2003~VS$_2$. From the single-chord occultations in 2013 and 2014 we obtained accurate astrometric positions for the object, while from the multi-chord occultation on November 7th, 2014, we obtained the parameters of the best-fitting ellipse to the limb of the body at the time of occultation. We also obtained short-term photometry data for the body in order to derive its rotational phase during the occultation. The rotational light curve present a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.141 $\pm$ 0.009 mag. This allows us to reconstruct the three-dimensional shape of the body, with principal semi-axes $a = 313.8 \pm 7.1$ km, $b = 265.5^{+8.8}_{-9.8}$ km, and $c = 247.3^{+26.6}_{-43.6}$ km, which is not consistent with a Jacobi triaxial equilibrium figure. The derived spherical volume equivalent diameter of $548.3 ^{+29.5}_{-44.6}$ km is about 5\% larger than the radiometric diameter of 2003~VS$_2$ derived from Herschel data of $523 \pm 35$ km, but still compatible with it within error bars. From those results we can also derive the geometric albedo ($0.123 ^{+0.015}_{-0.014}$) and, under the assumption that the object is a Maclaurin spheroid, the density $ρ= 1400^{+1000}_{-300}$ for the plutino. The disappearances and reappearances of the star during the occultations do not show any compelling evidence for a global atmosphere considering a pressure upper limit of about 1 microbar for a pure nitrogen atmosphere, nor secondary features (e.g. rings or satellite) around the main body. △ Less

Submitted 19 August, 2019; originally announced August 2019.

Comments: 22 pages, 14 figures, 1 appendix

First stellar occultation by the Galilean moon Europa and upcoming events between 2019 and 2021

Authors: B. Morgado, G. Benedetti-Rossi, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, M. Assafin, V. Lainey, R. Vieira-Martins, J. I. B. Camargo, F. Braga-Ribas, R. C. Boufleur, J. Fabrega, D. I. Machado, A. Maury, L. L. Trabuco, J. R. de Barros, P. Cacella, A. Crispim, C. Jaques, G. Y. Navas, E. Pimentel, F. L. Rommel, T. de Santana, W. Schoenell, R. Sfair, O. C. Winter

Abstract: Context. Bright stellar positions are now known with an uncertainty below 1 mas thanks to Gaia DR2. Between 2019-2020, the Galactic plane will be the background of Jupiter. The dense stellar background will lead to an increase in the number of occultations, while the Gaia DR2 catalogue will reduce the prediction uncertainties for the shadow path. Aims. We observed a stellar occultation by the Ga… ▽ More Context. Bright stellar positions are now known with an uncertainty below 1 mas thanks to Gaia DR2. Between 2019-2020, the Galactic plane will be the background of Jupiter. The dense stellar background will lead to an increase in the number of occultations, while the Gaia DR2 catalogue will reduce the prediction uncertainties for the shadow path. Aims. We observed a stellar occultation by the Galilean moon Europa (J2) and propose a campaign for observing stellar occultations for all Galilean moons. Methods. During a predicted period of time, we measured the light flux of the occulted star and the object to determine the time when the flux dropped with respect to one or more reference stars, and the time that it rose again for each observational station. The chords obtained from these observations allowed us to determine apparent sizes, oblatness, and positions with kilometre accuracy. Results. We present results obtained from the first stellar occultation by the Galilean moon Europa observed on 2017 March 31. The apparent fitted ellipse presents an equivalent radius of 1561.2 $\pm$ 3.6 km and oblatenesses 0.0010 $\pm$ 0.0028. A very precise Europa position was determined with an uncertainty of 0.8 mas. We also present prospects for a campaign to observe the future events that will occur between 2019 and 2021 for all Galilean moons. Conclusions. Stellar occultation is a suitable technique for obtaining physical parameters and highly accurate positions of bright satellites close to their primary. A number of successful events can render the 3D shapes of the Galilean moons with high accuracy. We encourage the observational community (amateurs included) to observe the future predicted events. △ Less

Submitted 29 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019.

Comments: 10 pages, 16 figures, 4 tables, A&A Letter doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935500

Journal ref: A&A, 626, L4 (2019)

Stellar Occultations by Transneptunian objects: from Predictions to Observations and Prospects for the Future

Authors: J. L. Ortiz, B. Sicardy, J. I. B. Camargo, P. Santos-Sanz, F. Braga-Ribas

Abstract: In terms of scientific output, the best way to study solar system bodies is sending spacecraft to make in-situ measurements or to observe at close distance. Probably, the second best means to learn about important physical properties of solar system objects is through stellar occultations. By combining occultation observations from several sites, size and shape can be derived with kilometric accur… ▽ More In terms of scientific output, the best way to study solar system bodies is sending spacecraft to make in-situ measurements or to observe at close distance. Probably, the second best means to learn about important physical properties of solar system objects is through stellar occultations. By combining occultation observations from several sites, size and shape can be derived with kilometric accuracy. Also, atmospheric properties can be derived if the body has an atmosphere. Furthermore, the technique can detect rings and even satellites (although rarely) around the main body. Except for the very special cases of Pluto and Charon, stellar occultations by Transneptunian Objects (TNOs) had never been observed until October 2009. This was because the ephemeris of the TNOs have much larger uncertainties than their angular diameters (typically of the order of ~10 milliarcsecond) and also because stellar catalogs were not accurate to the milliarcsecond level. Despite the difficulties, at the time of this writing, 43 occultations by 22 different Trans-Neptunian Objects, and 17 occultations by 5 Centaurs have been detected thanks to the efforts of several teams. Due to the complications of accurately predicting and observing these events, most of the successes have been achieved through wide international collaboration, which is a key issue to succeed in observing stellar occultations by TNOs. Multichord occultations are typically detected at a rate of ~3 per year on average, whereas the majority of the observed occultations are single-chord detections, which means that only one site detects the occultation. In these cases, no tight constraints on size and shape can be derived from those observations alone. Here we review most of the aspects involved in the complex process to successfully observe occultations, and present some of the lessons learned. △ Less

Submitted 10 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019.

Comments: Chapter to be published in the book "The Transneptunian Solar System", Dina Prialnik, Maria Antonietta Barucci, Leslie Young Eds. Elsevier

Pluto's ephemeris from ground-based stellar occultations (1988-2016)

Authors: J. Desmars, E. Meza, B. Sicardy, M. Assafin, J. I. B. Camargo, F. Braga-Ribas, G. Benedetti-Rossi, A. Dias-Oliveira, B. Morgado, A. R. Gomes-Junior, R. Vieira-Martins, R. Behrend, J. Luis Ortiz, R. Duffard, N. Morales, P. Santos Sanz

Abstract: From 1988 to 2016, several stellar occultations have been observed to characterize Pluto's atmosphere and its evolution (Meza et al, 2019). From each stellar occultation, an accurate astrometric position of Pluto at the observation epoch is derived. These positions mainly depend on the position of the occulted star and the precision of the timing. We present Pluto's astrometric positions derived f… ▽ More From 1988 to 2016, several stellar occultations have been observed to characterize Pluto's atmosphere and its evolution (Meza et al, 2019). From each stellar occultation, an accurate astrometric position of Pluto at the observation epoch is derived. These positions mainly depend on the position of the occulted star and the precision of the timing. We present Pluto's astrometric positions derived from 19 occultations from 1988 to 2016 (11 from Meza et al. (2019) and 8 from other publications). Using Gaia DR2 for the positions of the occulted stars, the accuracy of these positions is estimated to 2-10~milliarcsec depending on the observation circumstances. From these astrometric positions, we derive an updated ephemeris of Pluto's system barycentre using the NIMA code (Desmars et al., 2015). The astrometric positions are derived by fitting the occultation's light curves by a model of Pluto's atmosphere. The fits provide the observed position of the body's centre for a reference star position. Other publications usually provide circumstances of the occultation such as the coordinates of the stations, the timing, and the impact parameter (i.e. the closest distance between the station and the centre of the shadow). From these parameters, we use a procedure based on the Bessel method to derive an astrometric position. We derive accurate Pluto's astrometric positions from 1988 to 2016. These positions are used to refine the orbit of Pluto'system barycentre providing an ephemeris, accurate to the milliarcsec level, over the period 2000-2020, allowing better predictions for future stellar occultations. △ Less

Submitted 12 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019.

Comments: accepted for publication in A&A, 15 pages, 29 figures

Journal ref: A&A 625, A43 (2019)

Pluto's lower atmosphere and pressure evolution from ground-based stellar occultations, 1988-2016

Authors: E. Meza, B. Sicardy, M. Assafin, J. L. Ortiz, T. Bertrand, E. Lellouch, J. Desmars, F. Forget, D. Bérard, A. Doressoundiram, J. Lecacheux, J. Marques Oliveira, F. Roques, T. Widemann, F. Colas, F. Vachier, S. Renner, R. Leiva, F. Braga-Ribas, G. Benedetti-Rossi, J. I. B. Camargo, A. Dias-Oliveira, B. Morgado, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, R. Vieira-Martins , et al. (145 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Context. Pluto's tenuous nitrogen (N2) atmosphere undergoes strong seasonal effects due to high obliquity and orbital eccentricity, and has been recently (July 2015) observed by the New Horizons spacecraft. Goals are (i) construct a well calibrated record of the seasonal evolution of surface pressure on Pluto and (ii) constrain the structure of the lower atmosphere using a central flash observed i… ▽ More Context. Pluto's tenuous nitrogen (N2) atmosphere undergoes strong seasonal effects due to high obliquity and orbital eccentricity, and has been recently (July 2015) observed by the New Horizons spacecraft. Goals are (i) construct a well calibrated record of the seasonal evolution of surface pressure on Pluto and (ii) constrain the structure of the lower atmosphere using a central flash observed in 2015. Method: eleven stellar occultations by Pluto observed between 2002 and 2016 are used to retrieve atmospheric profiles (density, pressure, temperature) between $\sim$5 km and $\sim$380 km altitude levels (i.e. pressures from about 10 microbar to 10 nanobar). Results: (i) Pressure has suffered a monotonic increase from 1988 to 2016, that is compared to a seasonal volatile transport model, from which tight constraints on a combination of albedo and emissivity of N2 ice are derived; (ii) A central flash observed on 2015 June 29 is consistent with New Horizons REX profiles, provided that (a) large diurnal temperature variations (not expected by current models) occur over Sputnik Planitia and/or (b) hazes with tangential optical depth of about 0.3 are present at 4-7 km altitude levels and/or (c) the nominal REX density values are overestimated by an implausibly large factor of about 20% and/or (d) higher terrains block part of the flash in the Charon facing hemisphere. △ Less

Submitted 6 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019.

Comments: 21 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: A&A 625, A42 (2019)