Showing 1–50 of 140 results for author: Marzari, F

The 35-Myr old infant planet TOI-837 b has a mildly misaligned orbit

Authors: G. Mantovan, L. Malavolta, F. Marzari, A. F. Lanza, F. Borsa, D. Nardiello, S. Benatti, M. Damasso, S. Desidera

Abstract: The measurement of the spin-orbit obliquity, that is, the angle between the orbital axis of a planet and the stellar spin axis, provides crucial insights into how planets form and migrate. Observations of young transiting planets, which have not yet experienced significant tidal alterations, offer a unique opportunity to study their original obliquity configuration. We observed the warm Saturn-siz… ▽ More The measurement of the spin-orbit obliquity, that is, the angle between the orbital axis of a planet and the stellar spin axis, provides crucial insights into how planets form and migrate. Observations of young transiting planets, which have not yet experienced significant tidal alterations, offer a unique opportunity to study their original obliquity configuration. We observed the warm Saturn-sized TOI-837 b (member of the 35 Myr old open cluster IC 2602) in-transit using ESPRESSO at VLT, collecting high-precision radial velocities to measure the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. We found a sky-projected obliquity of $λ= 341.1^{+2.3}_{-2.5}$ deg. Using our knowledge of the stellar rotation period ($3.00 \pm 0.02$ d), we estimated a true obliquity of $ψ= 25.9^{+7.5}_{-6.3}$ deg, which indicates prograde motion and suggests a mildly misaligned orbit. This places TOI-837 b as the first planet younger than 100 Myr with accessible $ψ$ incompatible with an aligned orbit. Together with the primordial circular orbit of TOI-837 b and the presence of a bound stellar companion, this mild misalignment favours the possibility of a primordial obliquity excitation (secular torque on the protoplanetary disc) followed by disc-driven migration, rather than high-eccentricity migration after formation. △ Less

Submitted 10 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics Letter on 10 June 2026, first submission to A&A on 4 May 2026

A tidally detached super Neptune on a strongly misaligned retrograde orbit

Authors: G. Mantovan, L. Malavolta, A. F. Lanza, F. Marzari, L. Naponiello, K. Biazzo, R. Cosentino, M. C. D'Arpa, S. Desidera, G. Guilluy, D. Nardiello, A. Sozzetti, S. Vissapragada, R. Aloisi, S. Benatti, L. Borsato, R. Claudi, S. Jenkins, V. Nascimbeni, G. Piotto, T. Zingales

Abstract: The obliquity between a planet's orbital axis and its host star's spin axis provides crucial insights into planetary formation and migration. Planets with scaled semi-major axes ($a/R_\star$) large enough to be unaffected by tidal alterations ("tidally detached"), offer a unique opportunity to study the original obliquity in which the system formed. We therefore observed TOI-1710 b (… ▽ More The obliquity between a planet's orbital axis and its host star's spin axis provides crucial insights into planetary formation and migration. Planets with scaled semi-major axes ($a/R_\star$) large enough to be unaffected by tidal alterations ("tidally detached"), offer a unique opportunity to study the original obliquity in which the system formed. We therefore observed TOI-1710 b ($a/R_\star \approx 36$) in-transit using HARPS-N + GIANO-B, collecting high-precision radial velocities to measure the Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect. Spectral analysis of the H$α$ and HeI triple lines was also pursued to evaluate atmospheric photoevaporation. Using our knowledge of the star rotation period ($21.5 \pm 0.2$ d), we estimated a true obliquity of $ψ= 149 ^{+11}_{-10}$ deg, which indicates a retrograde motion and places TOI-1710 b among the most misaligned systems -- and the only one known orbiting a cool star in retrograde motion. The strong misalignment favours a high-eccentricity migration (HEM) origin for this low-density super-Neptune planet in the savanna region, challenging previous findings that claimed a minor role of HEM in this period-radius(-density) domain. Moreover, the strong misalignment and lack of a detected close stellar companion suggests a purely planetary post-migration misalignment, likely due to planet-planet scattering followed by planet-planet Kozai-Lidov oscillations and tidal circularisation. △ Less

Submitted 21 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 10 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics Letter on 20 April 2026, first submission to A&A on 2 April 2026

Journal ref: A&A 709, L15 (2026)

The GAPS Programme at TNG. LXXIII. Confirmation of the hot sub-Neptune TOI-4602 b (HD 25295 b), a key target for future atmospheric characterization

Authors: C. Di Maio, S. Benatti, D. Locci, R. Spinelli, M. Baratella, K. Biazzo, J. Maldonado, A. F. Lanza, C. Dorn, P. E. Cubillos, A. Salmi, A. Maggio, L. Naponiello, F. Marzari, G. Micela, V. Fardella, L. Malavolta, M. Damasso, A. Sozzetti, G. Mantovan, D. Nardiello, I. Carleo, R. Claudi, R. Cosentino, M. Gonzalez , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Precise mass and radius measurements of small, transitional exoplanets, such as super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, are essential to constrain their bulk density and formation history, serving as prerequisites for atmospheric characterization. The ArMS Large Programme, carried out within GAPS using the HARPS-N spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, aims to confirm and characterize transition… ▽ More Precise mass and radius measurements of small, transitional exoplanets, such as super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, are essential to constrain their bulk density and formation history, serving as prerequisites for atmospheric characterization. The ArMS Large Programme, carried out within GAPS using the HARPS-N spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, aims to confirm and characterize transitional planets in the radius valley through high-precision radial-velocity (RV) measurements. The ultimate goal is to identify ideal targets for atmospheric follow-up observations with next-generation facilities like the James Webb Space Telescope and the future ESA Ariel satellite. We present the first mass determination of a sub-Neptune planet using data entirely collected within the ArMS programme, focusing on the validated planet TOI-4602b. We monitored TOI-4602, which hosts a close-in validated sub-Neptune (P ~ 3.98 d) detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), searching for planet-induced RV variations. We then performed a joint analysis of these RV measurements together with the TESS photometric data. We determined that TOI-4602b is a sub-Neptune with a radius of Rp = 2.5 Rearth and a mass of Mp = 5.5 Mearth. The resulting bulk density (rho_p = 2.1 ) and atmospheric evolution modelling suggest the planet is retaining a tenuous envelope while evolving toward a bare core, consistent with a position immediately above the radius valley. g cm^ -3 Given its bright (V = 8.4) and quiet host star and the high Transmission Spectroscopy Metric (TSM) value (140 +/- 54), TOI-4602,b is a prime target for atmospheric characterization. Simulated retrievals indicate that JWST and Ariel can effectively constrain its atmospheric composition, offering a unique window into the physical processes driving the sub-Neptune to super-Earth transition. △ Less

Submitted 13 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 18 pages, 13 figures, accepted by A&A

Dust distribution in circumstellar disks harboring multi-planet systems. II. Super-thermal mass planets

Authors: V. Roatti, G. Picogna, F. Marzari

Abstract: Theoretical formation models and exoplanet detection surveys indicate that systems with multiple giant planets are common. We investigate how multiple super-thermal mass planets embedded in a circumstellar disk shape the dust distribution and examine the consequences for interpreting disk substructures and inferring planetary properties. We perform two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations with… ▽ More Theoretical formation models and exoplanet detection surveys indicate that systems with multiple giant planets are common. We investigate how multiple super-thermal mass planets embedded in a circumstellar disk shape the dust distribution and examine the consequences for interpreting disk substructures and inferring planetary properties. We perform two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations with a modified PLUTO code, treating dust as Lagrangian particles in a wide range of sizes. We analyze systems with two planets of different masses and orbital separations, comparing them to the single-planet scenario. We generate synthetic ALMA continuum maps using RADMC-3D and compute the relative impact velocities of dust particles to assess potential limitations to grain growth. Dust morphologies in multi-planet systems cannot be described as a simple superposition of single-planet gaps. Secular planetary perturbations can generate multiple dust traps and asymmetric structures, while also exciting significant eccentricities in dust particle orbits. As a consequence, the locations and widths of dust rings and gaps depend on the size of the particles, the masses of the planet, and the orbital configurations. Synthetic continuum images may hide gaps carved by multiple planets, thereby complicating the interpretation of observed substructures. In addition, eccentricities induced in dust orbits lead to stronger gas drag, reducing the Stokes number for a given particle size, and the enhanced relative velocities associated with eccentric orbits can further suppress grain growth, promoting fragmentation and replenishment of small dust grains. △ Less

Submitted 8 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 708, A257 (2026)

Dust distribution in circumstellar disks harboring multi-planet systems. I. Sub-thermal mass planets

Authors: V. Roatti, G. Picogna, F. Marzari

Abstract: We investigate the formation of dust gaps in circumstellar disks driven by the presence of multiple low-mass planets, focusing on the distinct physical mechanisms that operate across different gas-dust coupling regimes. We performed 2D hydrodynamical simulations of multiple planets embedded in a circumstellar disk using the PLUTO code, with the addition of dust treated as Lagrangian particles wi… ▽ More We investigate the formation of dust gaps in circumstellar disks driven by the presence of multiple low-mass planets, focusing on the distinct physical mechanisms that operate across different gas-dust coupling regimes. We performed 2D hydrodynamical simulations of multiple planets embedded in a circumstellar disk using the PLUTO code, with the addition of dust treated as Lagrangian particles with a multi-size distribution. We carried out a large parameter space analysis to check the influence of disk and planetary properties on the dust component. Planets with $m \gtrsim 1 \, M_{\oplus}$ can open dust gaps for small grains in dense and warm disks (strong coupling) and for large grains in thin and cold disks (weak coupling), without significantly perturbing the gas. In the strong coupling regime, rapid Type I migration can shift the gap location inward or outward with respect to the planetary orbit, depending on the direction of migration. We also find dust gaps that overlap with Lindblad resonances. In the weak coupling regime, planets can create an inner dust cavity, multiple dust rings, or hide inside a common gap. Our results show how low-mass multi-planet systems perturb the dust distribution, which cannot be explained by considering each planet in isolation and has a crucial dependence on local disk conditions and dust grain sizes. △ Less

Submitted 8 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 18 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A, 703, A270 (2025)

Gas and dust dynamics in $γ$ Cephei-type disks

Authors: Francesco Marzari, Gennaro D'Angelo

Abstract: (Abridged) Giant planets are observed orbiting the primary stars of close binary systems. Such planets may have formed in compact circumprimary disks, under conditions much different than those around single stars. To quantify the effects of the strong gravitational perturbations exerted on circumprimary disk material, the 3D dynamics of gas and dust in orbit around the primary star of a compact a… ▽ More (Abridged) Giant planets are observed orbiting the primary stars of close binary systems. Such planets may have formed in compact circumprimary disks, under conditions much different than those around single stars. To quantify the effects of the strong gravitational perturbations exerted on circumprimary disk material, the 3D dynamics of gas and dust in orbit around the primary star of a compact and eccentric binary was modeled by using gamma Cephei as a representative of a class of close binary systems. Circumprimary gas was approximated as an Eulerian viscous and compressible fluid. Dust grains were modeled as Lagrangean particles, subjected to gravity and drag forces. Some models also include a giant planet. Models show that spiral density waves excited around pericenter passage propagate toward the inner disk boundary, through a few pressure scaleheights from the midplane, inducing radial and vertical mixing in the gas. However, perturbations imparted to gas, both in terms of eccentricity and precession, are far weaker than previously estimated by 2D simulations. Models predict small eccentricities, <~ 0.03, and slow retrograde precession. The addition of a giant planet does not change the low eccentricity state of the disk. The parameters applied to the disk would lead to the formation of a planet many times the mass of Jupiter, in agreement with some observations. Micron to mm-size dust grains are well coupled to the gas, resulting in similar dynamics and statistically similar distributions of orbital elements. The planet only affects the dust distributions locally. In agreement with results of recent 2D models, the lifetime of an isolated circumprimary disk would be brief, ~1e5 years, due to its compact nature, requiring a long-term external supply of mass to allow for the in situ formation of a giant planet. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 13 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The GAPS Programme at TNG LXVIII. Characterization of the outer substellar companion around HD 72659 with a multi-technique approach

Authors: A. Ruggieri, A. Sozzetti, S. Desidera, D. Mesa, R. Gratton, F. Marzari, M. Bonavita, K. Biazzo, V. D'Orazi, C. Ginski, M. Meyer, L. Malavolta, M. Pinamonti, D. Barbato, C. Lazzoni, A. F. Lanza, L. Mancini, L. Naponiello, D. Nardiello, T. Zingales, M. Rainer, G. Scandariato, P. Giacobbe, R. Cosentino, A. Fiorenzano , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Before discovering the first exoplanets, the Radial Velocity (RV) method had been used for decades to discover binary stars. Despite significant advancements in this technique, it is limited by the intrinsic mass-inclination degeneracy that can be broken when combining RVs with astrometry, which allows us to determine the orbital inclination, or direct imaging, from which we can estimate the true… ▽ More Before discovering the first exoplanets, the Radial Velocity (RV) method had been used for decades to discover binary stars. Despite significant advancements in this technique, it is limited by the intrinsic mass-inclination degeneracy that can be broken when combining RVs with astrometry, which allows us to determine the orbital inclination, or direct imaging, from which we can estimate the true mass of the target. HD 72659 is a solar analog known to host a gas giant on a $\sim 10$-yr orbit and a massive outer companion. This work aims to confirm HD 72659 c, which was recently announced using data from HIRES and HARPS spectrographs in combination with Gaia's astrometric data. We monitored HD 72659 with HARPS-N in the framework of the GAPS project since 2012. We now combined our 91 spectra with literature data and Gaia DR3 high-precision astrometry to constrain the mass and the orbit of this object ($M_{\rm c} \sim 19$ $M_{\rm J}$, $a \sim 21$ au) that falls in the Brown Dwarf desert. Moreover, we analyzed our high-resolution imaging observation taken with SPHERE, but since the target was not detected, we could only derive upper limits on its mass. We characterize the orbital parameters of HD 72659 c, confirming the literature mass of this object but finding a period twice as high as previously reported, and we also refine the parameters of planet b with reduced uncertainties compared to previous works. Finally, we analyze and discuss the dynamic configuration of this system, finding that the Kozai-Lidov mechanism may be at work. △ Less

Submitted 20 August, 2025; v1 submitted 25 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

High-Speed Boulders and the Debris Field in DART Ejecta

Authors: Tony L. Farnham, Jessica M. Sunshine, Masatoshi Hirabayashi, Carolyn M. Ernst, R. Terik Daly, Harrison F. Agrusa, Olivier S. Barnouin, Jian-Yang Li, Kathryn M. Kumamoto, Megan Bruck Syal, Sean E. Wiggins, Evan Bjonnes, Angela M. Stickle, Sabina D. Raducan, Andrew F. Cheng, David A. Glenar, Ramin Lolachi, Timothy J. Stubbs, Eugene G. Fahnstock, Marilena Amoroso, Ivano Bertini, John R. Brucato, Andrea Capannolo, Gabriele Cremonese, Massimo Dall'Ora , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: On 26 September 2022 the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft collided with Dimorphos, the moon of the near-Earth asteroid 65803 Didymos, in a full-scale demonstration of a kinetic impactor concept. The companion LICIACube spacecraft documented the aftermath, capturing images of the expansion and evolution of the ejecta from 29 to 243 s after the impact. We present results from our a… ▽ More On 26 September 2022 the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft collided with Dimorphos, the moon of the near-Earth asteroid 65803 Didymos, in a full-scale demonstration of a kinetic impactor concept. The companion LICIACube spacecraft documented the aftermath, capturing images of the expansion and evolution of the ejecta from 29 to 243 s after the impact. We present results from our analyses of these observations, including an improved reduction of the data and new absolute calibration, an updated LICIACube trajectory, and a detailed description of the events and phenomena that were recorded throughout the flyby. One notable aspect of the ejecta was the existence of clusters of boulders, up to 3.6 m in radius, that were ejected at speeds up to 52 m/s. Our analysis of the spatial distribution of 104 of these boulders suggests that they are likely the remnants of larger boulders shattered by the DART spacecraft in the first stages of the impact. The amount of momentum contained in these boulders is more than 3 times that of the DART spacecraft, and it is directed primarily to the south, almost perpendicular to the DART trajectory. Recoil of Dimorphos from the ejection of these boulders has the potential to change its orbital plane by up to a degree and to impart a non-principal axis component to its rotation state. Damping timescales for these phenomena are such that the Hera spacecraft, arriving at the system in 2026, should be able to measure these effects. △ Less

Submitted 19 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 47 pages, 14 figures(including 2 animated sequences) 2 tables

Secondary impact debris in the Didymos system: what could be observed by Hera?

Authors: Krzysztof Langner, Elena Martellato, Robert Luther, Francesco Marzari, Alessandro Rossi

Abstract: We investigate the effects of low--velocity impacts of rocks and boulders, originally released after the DART impact, on the surface of Didymos and the dynamics of dust particles released by those impacts. We determine if any of those effects can be observed by the Hera mission. The iSALE-2D shock physics code was used to simulate the re-impacts of boulders on the surface of the asteroid. To model… ▽ More We investigate the effects of low--velocity impacts of rocks and boulders, originally released after the DART impact, on the surface of Didymos and the dynamics of dust particles released by those impacts. We determine if any of those effects can be observed by the Hera mission. The iSALE-2D shock physics code was used to simulate the re-impacts of boulders on the surface of the asteroid. To model the dynamics of the boulders, we used a numerical model that includes the gravity of non-spherical Didymos and Dimorphos, the solar gravity, and the radiation pressure. The sesquinary impacts can result in small, shallow craters on the surface of Didymos. For the given low impact speeds, the ejected mass depends mostly on the boulder mass. Ejection speeds range from 10 \% to 80 \% of the impact speed. The majority of the ejected dust falls back covering a large area of the surface, mostly at low/medium latitudes. Less than 20 \% of the ejected dust is escaping the system after a few days. The space surrounding the asteroids becomes free from dust after 15-30 days following each sesquinary impact. Results. The sesquinary impacts can result in small, shallow craters on the surface of Didymos. For the given low impact speeds, the ejected mass depends mostly on the boulder mass. Ejection speeds range from 10 \% to 80 \% of the impact speed. The majority of the ejected dust falls back covering a large area of the surface, mostly at low and medium latitudes. Less than 20 \% of the ejected dust is escaping the system after a few days. The space surrounding the asteroids becomes free from dust after 15-30 days following each sesquinary impact. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics on 17.02.2025. 11 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: A&A 699, A123 (2025)

HD 163296 and its Giant Planets: Creation of Exo-comets, Interstellar Objects and Transport of Volatile Material

Authors: D. Polychroni, D. Turrini, S. Ivanovski, F. Marzari, L. Testi, R. Politi, A. Sozzetti, J. M. Trigo-Rodriguez, S. Desidera, M. N. Drozdovskaya, S. Fonte, S. Molinari, L. Naponiello, E. Pacetti, E. Schisano, P. Simonetti, M. Zusi

Abstract: The birth of giant planets in protoplanetary disks is known to alter the structure and evolution of the disk environment, but most of our knowledge focuses on its effects on the observable gas and dust. The impact on the evolution of the invisible planetesimal population is still limitedly studied, yet mounting evidence from the Solar System shows how the appearance of its giant planets played a k… ▽ More The birth of giant planets in protoplanetary disks is known to alter the structure and evolution of the disk environment, but most of our knowledge focuses on its effects on the observable gas and dust. The impact on the evolution of the invisible planetesimal population is still limitedly studied, yet mounting evidence from the Solar System shows how the appearance of its giant planets played a key role in shaping the habitability of the terrestrial planets. We investigate the dynamical and collisional transport processes of volatile elements by planetesimals in protoplanetary disks that host young giant planets using the HD163296 system as our case study. HD163296 is one of the best characterised protoplanetary disks that has been proposed to host at least four giant planets on wide orbits as well as a massive planetesimal disk. The formation of giant planets in the HD163296 system creates a large population of dynamically excited planetesimals, the majority of which originate from beyond the CO snowline. The excited planetesimals are both transported to the inner disk regions and scattered outward beyond the protoplanetary disk and into interstellar space. Existing solid planets can be enriched in volatile elements to levels comparable or larger than those of the Earth, while giant planets can be enriched to the levels of Jupiter and Saturn. The formation of giant planets on wide orbits impacts the compositional evolution of protoplanetary disks and young planetary bodies on a global scale. The collisional enrichment of the atmospheres of giant planets can alter or mask the signatures of their formation environments, but can provide independent constraints on the disk mass. Protoplanetary disks with giant planets on wide orbits prove efficient factories of interstellar objects. △ Less

Submitted 6 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication on A&A

Journal ref: A&A 697, A158 (2025)

Dust supply to slose binary systems

Authors: Francesco Marzari, Gennaro D'Angelo

Abstract: Context. Binary systems can be born surrounded by circumbinary discs. The gaseous discs surrounding either of the two stellar companions can have their life extended by the supply of mass arriving from the circumbinary disc. Aims. The objective of this study is to investigate the gravitational interactions exerted by a compact and eccentric binary system on the circumbinary and circumprimary discs… ▽ More Context. Binary systems can be born surrounded by circumbinary discs. The gaseous discs surrounding either of the two stellar companions can have their life extended by the supply of mass arriving from the circumbinary disc. Aims. The objective of this study is to investigate the gravitational interactions exerted by a compact and eccentric binary system on the circumbinary and circumprimary discs, and the resulting transport of gas and solids between the disc components. Methods. We assume that the gas in the system behaves as a fluid and model its evolution by means of high resolution hydrodynamical simulations. Dust grains are modeled as Lagrangian particles that interact with the gas and the stars. Results. Models indicate that significant fluxes of gas and dust proceed from the circumbinary disc toward the circumprimary disc. For the applied system parameters, grains of certain sizes are segregated outside the tidal gap generated by the stars. Consequently, the size distribution of the transported dust is not continuous but it presents a gap in the mm size range. In close binaries, the lifetime of an isolated circumprimary disc is found to be short, approximately 10 5 years, because of its small mass. However, because of the influx of gas from beyond the tidal gap, the disc around the primary star can survive much longer, about 10 6 years, as long as gas accretion from the circumbinary disc continues. The supply of solids and the extended lifetime of a circumbinary disc also aids in the possible formation of giant planets. Compared to close binary systems without a circumbinary disc, we expect a higher frequency of single- or multiple- planet systems. Additionally, a planetesimal or debris belt can form in proximity of the truncation radius of the circumprimary disc and/or around the location of the exterior edge of the tidal gap. △ Less

Submitted 4 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication on Astronomy and Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 695, A53 (2025)

Planet-planet scattering in systems of multiple planets of unequal mass

Authors: Francesco Marzari

Abstract: A large sample of planet-planet scattering events for three planet systems with different orbital separations and masses is analyzed with a multiple regression model. The dependence of the time for the onset of instability on the masses of the planets and on their initial orbital separations is modeled with a quadratic function. The same analysis is applied to the timespan of the chaotic evolution… ▽ More A large sample of planet-planet scattering events for three planet systems with different orbital separations and masses is analyzed with a multiple regression model. The dependence of the time for the onset of instability on the masses of the planets and on their initial orbital separations is modeled with a quadratic function. The same analysis is applied to the timespan of the chaotic evolution dominated by mutual close encounters. The configurations with the less massive planet on an outside orbit are stable over longer timescales. The same configuration leads to shorter chaotic evolution times before the ejection of one planet. In about 70\% of the cases the lighter planet is the one escaping from the system. If a different separation is assumed between the inner and outer planet pairs, then the dominant effect on the instability time is due to the pair with the smaller separation, as a first approximation. △ Less

Submitted 19 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: Accepted for pubblication on MNRAS

The inflated, eccentric warm Jupiter TOI-4914 b orbiting a metal-poor star, and the hot Jupiters TOI-2714 b and TOI-2981 b

Authors: G. Mantovan, T. G. Wilson, L. Borsato, T. Zingales, K. Biazzo, D. Nardiello, L. Malavolta, S. Desidera, F. Marzari, A. Collier Cameron, V. Nascimbeni, F. Z. Majidi, M. Montalto, G. Piotto, K. G. Stassun, J. N. Winn, J. M. Jenkins, L. Mignon, A. Bieryla, D. W. Latham, K. Barkaoui, K. A. Collins, P. Evans, M. M. Fausnaugh, V. Granata , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Recent observations of giant planets have revealed unexpected bulk densities. Hot Jupiters, in particular, appear larger than expected for their masses compared to planetary evolution models, while warm Jupiters seem denser than expected. These differences are often attributed to the influence of the stellar incident flux, but could they also result from different planet formation processes? Is th… ▽ More Recent observations of giant planets have revealed unexpected bulk densities. Hot Jupiters, in particular, appear larger than expected for their masses compared to planetary evolution models, while warm Jupiters seem denser than expected. These differences are often attributed to the influence of the stellar incident flux, but could they also result from different planet formation processes? Is there a trend linking the planetary density to the chemical composition of the host star? In this work we present the confirmation of three giant planets in orbit around solar analogue stars. TOI-2714 b ($P \simeq 2.5$ d, $R_{\rm p} \simeq 1.22 R_{\rm J}$, $M_{\rm p} = 0.72 M_{\rm J}$) and TOI-2981 b ($P \simeq 3.6$ d, $R_{\rm p} \simeq 1.2 R_{\rm J}$, $M_{\rm p} = 2 M_{\rm J}$) are hot Jupiters on nearly circular orbits, while TOI-4914 b ($P \simeq 10.6$ d, $R_{\rm p} \simeq 1.15 R_{\rm J}$, $M_{\rm p} = 0.72 M_{\rm J}$) is a warm Jupiter with a significant eccentricity ($e = 0.41 \pm 0.02$) that orbits a star more metal-poor ([Fe/H]$~= -0.13$) than most of the stars known to host giant planets. Our radial velocity (RV) follow-up with the HARPS spectrograph allows us to detect their Keplerian signals at high significance (7, 30, and 23$σ$, respectively) and to place a strong constraint on the eccentricity of TOI-4914 b (18$σ$). TOI-4914 b, with its large radius and low insolation flux ($F_\star < 2 \times 10^8~{\rm erg~s^{-1}~cm^{-2}}$), appears to be more inflated than what is supported by current theoretical models for giant planets. Moreover, it does not conform to the previously noted trend that warm giant planets orbiting metal-poor stars have low eccentricities. This study thus provides insights into the diverse orbital characteristics and formation processes of giant exoplanets, in particular the role of stellar metallicity in the evolution of planetary systems. △ Less

Submitted 11 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 21 pages, 26 figures, and 8 tables. Abstract abridged

Journal ref: A&A 691, A67 (2024)

TOI-837 b: characterisation, formation and evolutionary history of an infant warm Saturn-mass planet

Authors: M. Damasso, D. Polychroni, D. Locci, D. Turrini, A. Maggio, P. E. Cubillos, M. Baratella, K. Biazzo, S. Benatti, G. Mantovan, D. Nardiello, S. Desidera, A. S. Bonomo, M. Pinamonti, L. Malavolta, F. Marzari, A. Sozzetti, R. Spinelli

Abstract: We aim to determine the fundamental properties of the $\sim$35 Myr old star TOI-837 and its close-in Saturn-sized planet, and to investigate the system's formation and evolutionary history. We analysed TESS photometry and HARPS spectroscopic data, measured stellar and planetary parameters, and characterised the stellar activity. We performed population synthesis simulations to track the formation… ▽ More We aim to determine the fundamental properties of the $\sim$35 Myr old star TOI-837 and its close-in Saturn-sized planet, and to investigate the system's formation and evolutionary history. We analysed TESS photometry and HARPS spectroscopic data, measured stellar and planetary parameters, and characterised the stellar activity. We performed population synthesis simulations to track the formation history of TOI-837 $b$, and to reconstruct its possible internal structure. We investigated the planetary atmospheric evolution through photo-evaporation, and quantified the prospects for atmospheric characterisation with JWST. TOI-837 $b$ has radius and mass similar to those of Saturn ($r_b$=9.71$^{+0.93}_{-0.60}$ \rearth, $m_b$=116$^{+17}_{-18}$ M$_\odot$, and $ρ_b$=0.68$^{+0.20}_{-0.18}$ gcm$^{-3}$), on a primordial circular orbit. Population synthesis and early migration simulations suggest that the planet could have originated between 2-4 au, and have either a large and massive core, or a smaller Saturn-like core, depending on the opacity of the protoplanetary gas and on the growth rate of the core. We found that photo-evaporation produced negligible effects even at early ages (3-10 Myr). Transmission spectroscopy with JWST is very promising, and expected to provide constraints on atmospheric metallicity, abundance of H$_2$O, CO$_2$, CH$_4$ molecules, and to probe the presence of refractory elements. TOI-837 offers valuable prospects for follow-up observations, which are needed for a thorough characterisation. JWST will help to better constraining the formation and evolution history of the system, and understand whether TOI-837 $b$ is a Saturn-analogue. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication on A&A on June 12 2024

Journal ref: A&A 688, A15 (2024)

The PLATO Mission

Authors: Heike Rauer, Conny Aerts, Juan Cabrera, Magali Deleuil, Anders Erikson, Laurent Gizon, Mariejo Goupil, Ana Heras, Jose Lorenzo-Alvarez, Filippo Marliani, César Martin-Garcia, J. Miguel Mas-Hesse, Laurence O'Rourke, Hugh Osborn, Isabella Pagano, Giampaolo Piotto, Don Pollacco, Roberto Ragazzoni, Gavin Ramsay, Stéphane Udry, Thierry Appourchaux, Willy Benz, Alexis Brandeker, Manuel Güdel, Eduardo Janot-Pacheco , et al. (820 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) is ESA's M3 mission designed to detect and characterise extrasolar planets and perform asteroseismic monitoring of a large number of stars. PLATO will detect small planets (down to <2 R_(Earth)) around bright stars (<11 mag), including terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. With the complement of radial velocity observati… ▽ More PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) is ESA's M3 mission designed to detect and characterise extrasolar planets and perform asteroseismic monitoring of a large number of stars. PLATO will detect small planets (down to <2 R_(Earth)) around bright stars (<11 mag), including terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. With the complement of radial velocity observations from the ground, planets will be characterised for their radius, mass, and age with high accuracy (5 %, 10 %, 10 % for an Earth-Sun combination respectively). PLATO will provide us with a large-scale catalogue of well-characterised small planets up to intermediate orbital periods, relevant for a meaningful comparison to planet formation theories and to better understand planet evolution. It will make possible comparative exoplanetology to place our Solar System planets in a broader context. In parallel, PLATO will study (host) stars using asteroseismology, allowing us to determine the stellar properties with high accuracy, substantially enhancing our knowledge of stellar structure and evolution. The payload instrument consists of 26 cameras with 12cm aperture each. For at least four years, the mission will perform high-precision photometric measurements. Here we review the science objectives, present PLATO's target samples and fields, provide an overview of expected core science performance as well as a description of the instrument and the mission profile at the beginning of the serial production of the flight cameras. PLATO is scheduled for a launch date end 2026. This overview therefore provides a summary of the mission to the community in preparation of the upcoming operational phases. △ Less

Submitted 18 November, 2024; v1 submitted 8 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Orbital obliquity of the young planet TOI-5398 b and the evolutionary history of the system

Authors: G. Mantovan, L. Malavolta, D. Locci, D. Polychroni, D. Turrini, A. Maggio, S. Desidera, R. Spinelli, S. Benatti, G. Piotto, A. F. Lanza, F. Marzari, A. Sozzetti, M. Damasso, D. Nardiello, L. Cabona, M. D'Arpa, G. Guilluy, L. Mancini, G. Micela, V. Nascimbeni, T. Zingales

Abstract: Multi-planet systems exhibit remarkable architectural diversity. However, short-period giant planets are typically isolated. Compact systems like TOI-5398, with an outer close-orbit giant and an inner small-size planet, are rare among systems containing short-period giants. TOI-5398's unusual architecture coupled with its young age (650 $\pm$ 150 Myr) make it a promising system for measuring the o… ▽ More Multi-planet systems exhibit remarkable architectural diversity. However, short-period giant planets are typically isolated. Compact systems like TOI-5398, with an outer close-orbit giant and an inner small-size planet, are rare among systems containing short-period giants. TOI-5398's unusual architecture coupled with its young age (650 $\pm$ 150 Myr) make it a promising system for measuring the original obliquity between the orbital axis of the giant and the stellar spin axis in order to gain insight into its formation and orbital migration. We collected in-transit (plus suitable off-transit) observations of TOI-5398 b with HARPS-N at TNG on March 25, 2023, obtaining high-precision radial velocity time series that allowed us to measure the Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect. By modelling the RM effect, we obtained a sky-projected obliquity of $λ= 3.0^{+6.8}_{-4.2}$ deg for TOI-5398 b, consistent with the planet being aligned. With knowledge of the stellar rotation period, we estimated the true 3D obliquity, finding $ψ= (13.2\pm8.2)$ deg. Based on theoretical considerations, the orientation we measure is unaffected by tidal effects, offering a direct diagnostic for understanding the formation path of this planetary system. The orbital characteristics of TOI-5398, with its compact architecture, eccentricity consistent with circular orbits, and hints of orbital alignment, appear more compatible with the disc-driven migration scenario. TOI-5398, with its relative youth (compared with similar compact systems) and exceptional suitability for transmission spectroscopy studies, presents an outstanding opportunity to establish a benchmark for exploring the disc-driven migration model. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics on 30/03/2024. Electronic material (spectroscopic time series, table A1) will soon be available on the CDS or upon request to the first author. 10 pages, 9 figures, and 3 tables

Long term dynamics around the Didymos-Dimorphos binary asteroid of boulders ejected after the DART impact

Authors: Krzysztof Langner, Francesco Marzari, Alessandro Rossi, Giovanni Zanotti

Abstract: In 2022 the DART mission spacecraft impacted the asteroid Dimorphos, the secondary body of the binary Didymos system, ejecting a large number of dust particles, rocks and boulders. The ESA Hera mission will reach the system in 2026 for post--impact studies and possible detection of orbiting fragments. We investigate the long term dynamics of the large boulders ejected by DART to test if any of the… ▽ More In 2022 the DART mission spacecraft impacted the asteroid Dimorphos, the secondary body of the binary Didymos system, ejecting a large number of dust particles, rocks and boulders. The ESA Hera mission will reach the system in 2026 for post--impact studies and possible detection of orbiting fragments. We investigate the long term dynamics of the large boulders ejected by DART to test if any of these objects survive in orbit until the arrival of the Hera mission. To model the dynamics of the boulders we use a numerical model which includes the gravity of non-spherical Didymos and Dimorphos, the solar gravity and the radiation pressure. The SPICE kernels are used to define the correct reference frame for the integration. The dynamics of the boulders is highly chaotic and 1% of the initial boulders survive at least for 4 years on quasi--stable orbits. These orbits are characterised by wide oscillations in eccentricity in antiphase with those in inclination (including spin flips), a mechanism similar to the Kozai one. This behaviour may protect these bodies from close encounters with both asteroids. We also compute the distribution on the surfaces of the asteroids of sesquinary impacts which may influence the dust emission, after the initial DART impact, and the surface composition of the asteroids. The probability of observing boulders by the mission Hera is small but not negligible and an almost constant flux of escaping boulders is expected in the coming years since their lifetime after the DART impact covers a large time interval. Most of re--impacts on Dimorphos occur in the hemisphere opposite to the impact site, preferentially close to the equatorial plane. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: Accepted in A&A

The GAPS Programme at TNG. LIII. New insights on the peculiar XO-2 system

Authors: A. Ruggieri, S. Desidera, K. Biazzo, M. Pinamonti, F. Marzari, G. Mantovan, A. Sozzetti, A. S. Bonomo, A. F. Lanza, L. Malavolta, R. Claudi, M. Damasso, R. Gratton, D. Nardiello, S. Benatti, A. Bignamini, G. Andreuzzi, F. Borsa, L. Cabona, C. Knapic, E. Molinari, L. Pino, T. Zingales

Abstract: Planets in binary systems are a fascinating and yet poorly understood phenomenon. Since there are only a few known large-separation systems in which both components host planets, characterizing them is a key target for planetary science. In this paper, we aim to carry out an exhaustive analysis of the interesting XO-2 system, where one component appears to be a system with only one planet, while t… ▽ More Planets in binary systems are a fascinating and yet poorly understood phenomenon. Since there are only a few known large-separation systems in which both components host planets, characterizing them is a key target for planetary science. In this paper, we aim to carry out an exhaustive analysis of the interesting XO-2 system, where one component appears to be a system with only one planet, while the other has at least three planets. Over the last 9 years, we have collected 39 spectra of XO-2N and 106 spectra of XO-2S with the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern emisphere (HARPS-N) in the framework of the Global Architecture of Planetary Systems project, from which we derived precise radial velocity and activity indicator measurements. Additional spectroscopic data from the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer and from the High Dispersion Spectrograph, and the older HARPS-N data presented in previous papers, have also been used to increase the total time span. We also used photometric data from TESS to search for potential transits that have not been detected yet. For our analysis, we mainly used PyORBIT, an advanced Python tool for the Bayesian analysis of RVs, activity indicators, and light curves. We found evidence for an additional long-period planet around XO-2S and characterized the activity cycle likely responsible for the long-term RV trend noticed for XO-2N. The new candidate is an example of a Jovian analog with $m\sin i \sim 3.7$ M$_J$, $a \sim 5.5$ au, and $e = 0.09$. We also analyzed the stability and detection limits to get some hints about the possible presence of additional planets. Our results show that the planetary system of XO-2S is at least one order of magnitude more massive than that of XO-2N. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of the previously known abundance difference between components are also discussed. △ Less

Submitted 31 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

The GAPS Programme at TNG L -- TOI-4515 b: An eccentric warm Jupiter orbiting a 1.2 Gyr-old G-star

Authors: I. Carleo, L. Malavolta, S. Desidera, D. Nardiello, Songhu Wang, D. Turrini, A. F. Lanza, M. Baratella, F. Marzari, S. Benatti, K. Biazzo, A. Bieryla, R. Brahm, M. Bonavita, K. A. Collins, C. Hellier, D. Locci, M. J. Hobson, A. Maggio, G. Mantovan, S. Messina M. Pinamonti, J. E. Rodriguez, A. Sozzetti, K. Stassun, X. Y. Wang , et al. (46 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Context. Different theories have been developed to explain the origins and properties of close-in giant planets, but none of them alone can explain all of the properties of the warm Jupiters (WJs, Porb = 10 - 200 days). One of the most intriguing characteristics of WJs is that they have a wide range of orbital eccentricities, challenging our understanding of their formation and evolution. Aims. Th… ▽ More Context. Different theories have been developed to explain the origins and properties of close-in giant planets, but none of them alone can explain all of the properties of the warm Jupiters (WJs, Porb = 10 - 200 days). One of the most intriguing characteristics of WJs is that they have a wide range of orbital eccentricities, challenging our understanding of their formation and evolution. Aims. The investigation of these systems is crucial in order to put constraints on formation and evolution theories. TESS is providing a significant sample of transiting WJs around stars bright enough to allow spectroscopic follow-up studies. Methods. We carried out a radial velocity (RV) follow-up study of the TESS candidate TOI-4515 b with the high-resolution spectrograph HARPS-N in the context of the GAPS project, the aim of which is to characterize young giant planets, and the TRES and FEROS spectrographs. We then performed a joint analysis of the HARPS-N, TRES, FEROS, and TESS data in order to fully characterize this planetary system. Results. We find that TOI-4515 b orbits a 1.2 Gyr-old G-star, has an orbital period of Pb = 15.266446 +- 0.000013 days, a mass of Mb = 2.01 +- 0.05 MJ, and a radius of Rb = 1.09 +- 0.04 RJ. We also find an eccentricity of e = 0.46 +- 0.01, placing this planet among the WJs with highly eccentric orbits. As no additional companion has been detected, this high eccentricity might be the consequence of past violent scattering events. △ Less

Submitted 20 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 20 pages, 16 figures

Photometric follow-up of the 20 Myr-old multi-planet host star V1298~Tau with CHEOPS and ground-based telescopes

Authors: M. Damasso, G. Scandariato, V. Nascimbeni, D. Nardiello, L. Mancini, G. Marino, G. Bruno, A. Brandeker, G. Leto, F. Marzari, A. F. Lanza, S. Benatti, S. Desidera, V. J. S. Béjar, A. Biagini, L. Borsato, L. Cabona, R. Claudi, N. Lodieu, A. Maggio, M. Mallorquín Díaz, S. Messina, G. Micela, D. Ricci, A. Sozzetti , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: V1298 Tau hosts at least four planets. Since its discovery, this system has been a target of intensive photometric and spectroscopic monitoring. The characterisation of its architecture and planets' fundamental properties turned out to be very challenging so far. The determination of the orbital ephemeris of the outermost planet V1298 Tau $e$ remains an open question. Only two transits have been d… ▽ More V1298 Tau hosts at least four planets. Since its discovery, this system has been a target of intensive photometric and spectroscopic monitoring. The characterisation of its architecture and planets' fundamental properties turned out to be very challenging so far. The determination of the orbital ephemeris of the outermost planet V1298 Tau $e$ remains an open question. Only two transits have been detected so far by $Kepler/K2$ and TESS, allowing for a grid of reference periods to be tested with new observations, without excluding the possibility of transit timing variations. Observing a third transit would allow to better constrain the orbital period, and would also help determining an accurate radius of V1298 Tau $e$ because the former transits showed different depths. We observed V1298 Tau with the CHEOPS space telescope to search for a third transit of planet $e$ within observing windows that have been selected in order to test three of the shortest predicted orbital periods. We also collected ground-based observations to verify the result found with CHEOPS. We reanalysed $Kepler/K2$ and TESS light curves to test how the results derived from these data are affected by alternative photometric extraction and detrending methods. We report the detection with CHEOPS of a transit that could be attributed to V1298 Tau $e$. If so, that result implies that the orbital period calculated from fitting a linear ephemeris to the three available transits is close to $\sim45$ days. Results from the ground-based follow-up marginally support this possibility. We found that $\textit{i}$) the transit observed by CHEOPS has a longer duration compared to that of the transits observed by $Kepler/K2$ and TESS; $\textit{ii}$) the transit observed by TESS is $>30\%$ deeper than that of $Kepler/K2$ and CHEOPS, and deeper than the measurement previously reported in the literature, according to our reanalysis. △ Less

Submitted 25 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication on A&A. The abstract has been edited to fulfill the arXiv requirements

The GAPS program at TNG XLVII: The unusual formation history of V1298 Tau

Authors: D. Turrini, F. Marzari, D. Polychroni, R. Claudi, S. Desidera, D. Mesa, M. Pinamonti, A. Sozzetti, A. Suárez Mascareño, M. Damasso, S. Benatti, L. Malavolta, G. Micela, A. Zinzi, V. J. S. Béjar, K. Biazzo, A. Bignamini, M. Bonavita, F. Borsa, C. del Burgo, G. Chauvin, P. Delorme, J. I. González Hernández, R. Gratton, J. Hagelberg , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Observational data from space and ground-based campaigns reveal that the 10-30 Ma old V1298 Tau star hosts a compact and massive system of four planets. Mass estimates for the two outer giant planets point to unexpectedly high densities for their young ages. We investigate the formation of these two outermost giant planets, V1298 Tau b and e, and the present dynamical state of V1298 Tau's global a… ▽ More Observational data from space and ground-based campaigns reveal that the 10-30 Ma old V1298 Tau star hosts a compact and massive system of four planets. Mass estimates for the two outer giant planets point to unexpectedly high densities for their young ages. We investigate the formation of these two outermost giant planets, V1298 Tau b and e, and the present dynamical state of V1298 Tau's global architecture to shed light on the history of this young and peculiar extrasolar system. We perform detailed N-body simulations to explore the link between the densities of V1298 Tau b and e and their migration and accretion of planetesimals within the native circumstellar disk. We combine N-body simulations and the normalized angular momentum deficit (NAMD) analysis to characterize V1298 Tau's dynamical state and connect it to the formation history of the system. We search for outer planetary companions to constrain V1298 Tau's architecture and the extension of its primordial circumstellar disk. The high densities of V1298 Tau b and e suggest they formed quite distant from their host star, likely beyond the CO$_2$ snowline. The higher nominal density of V1298 Tau e suggests it formed farther out than V1298 Tau b. The current architecture of V1298 Tau is not characterized by resonant chains. Planet-planet scattering with an outer giant planet is the most likely cause for the instability, but our search for outer companions using SPHERE and GAIA observations excludes only the presence of planets more massive than 2 M$_\textrm{J}$. The most plausible scenario for V1298 Tau's formation is that the system is formed by convergent migration and resonant trapping of planets born in a compact and plausibly massive disk. The migration of V1298 Tau b and e leaves in its wake a dynamically excited protoplanetary disk and creates the conditions for the resonant chain breaking by planet-planet scattering. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 19 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication on Astronomy and Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 679, A55 (2023)

The GAPS Programme at TNG XLII. A characterisation study of the multi-planet system around the 400 Myr-old star HD 63433 (TOI-1726)

Authors: M. Damasso, D. Locci, S. Benatti, A. Maggio, D. Nardiello, M. Baratella, K. Biazzo, A. S. Bonomo, S. Desidera, V. D'Orazi, M. Mallonn, A. F. Lanza, A. Sozzetti, F. Marzari, F. Borsa, J. Maldonado, L. Mancini, E. Poretti, G. Scandariato, A. Bignamini, L. Borsato, R. Capuzzo Dolcetta, M. Cecconi, R. Claudi, R. Cosentino , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: For more than two years, we monitored with the HARPS-N spectrograph the 400 Myr-old star HD\,63433, which hosts two close-in (orbital periods $P_b\sim7.1$ and $P_c\sim20.5$ days) sub-Neptunes detected by the TESS space telescope, and it was announced in 2020. Using radial velocities and additional TESS photometry, we aim to provide the first measurement of their masses, improve the measure of thei… ▽ More For more than two years, we monitored with the HARPS-N spectrograph the 400 Myr-old star HD\,63433, which hosts two close-in (orbital periods $P_b\sim7.1$ and $P_c\sim20.5$ days) sub-Neptunes detected by the TESS space telescope, and it was announced in 2020. Using radial velocities and additional TESS photometry, we aim to provide the first measurement of their masses, improve the measure of their size and orbital parameters, and study the evolution of the atmospheric mass-loss rate due to photoevaporation. We tested state-of-the-art analysis techniques and different models to mitigate the dominant signals due to stellar activity that are detected in the radial velocity time series. We used a hydro-based analytical description of the atmospheric mass-loss rate, coupled with a core-envelope model and stellar evolutionary tracks, to study the past and future evolution of the planetary masses and radii. We derived new measurements of the planetary orbital periods and radii ($P_b=7.10794\pm0.000009$ d, $r_b=2.02^{+0.06}_{-0.05}$ $R_{\oplus}$; $P_c=20.54379\pm0.00002$ d, $r_c=2.44\pm0.07$ $R_{\oplus}$), and determined mass upper limits ($m_b\lesssim$11 $M_{\oplus}$; $m_c\lesssim$31 $M_{\oplus}$; 95$\%$ confidence level), with evidence at a 2.1--2.7$σ$ significance level that HD\,63433\,c might be a dense mini-Neptune with a Neptune-like mass. For a grid of test masses below our derived dynamical upper limits, we found that HD\,63433\,b has very likely lost any gaseous H-He envelope, supporting HST-based observations that are indicative of there being no ongoing atmospheric evaporation. HD\,63433\,c will keep evaporating over the next $\sim$5 Gyr if its current mass is $m_c\lesssim$15 $M_{\oplus}$, while it should be hydrodynamically stable for higher masses. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 22 pages, accepted for publication on Astronomy & Astrophysics

Effects of turbulent diffusion and back-reaction on the dust distribution around two resonant planets

Authors: Francesco Marzari, Gennaro DAngelo

Abstract: In evolved and dusty circumstellar discs, two planets with masses comparable to Jupiter and Saturn that migrate outwards while maintaining an orbital resonance can produce distinctive features in the dust distribution. Dust accumulates at the outer edge of the common gas gap, which behaves as a dust trap, where the local dust concentration is significantly enhanced by the planets outward motion. C… ▽ More In evolved and dusty circumstellar discs, two planets with masses comparable to Jupiter and Saturn that migrate outwards while maintaining an orbital resonance can produce distinctive features in the dust distribution. Dust accumulates at the outer edge of the common gas gap, which behaves as a dust trap, where the local dust concentration is significantly enhanced by the planets outward motion. Concurrently, an expanding cavity forms in the dust distribution inside the planets orbits, because dust does not filter through the common gaseous gap and grain depletion in the region continues via inward drifting. There is no cavity in the gas distribution because gas can filter through the gap, although ongoing gas accretion on the planets can reduce the gas density in the inner disc. Such behaviour was demonstrated by means of simulations neglecting the effects of dust diffusion due to turbulence and of dust backreaction on the gas. Both effects may alter the formation of the dust peak at the gap outer edge and of the inner dust cavity, by letting grains filter through the dust trap. We performed high resolution hydrodynamical simulations of the coupled evolution of gas and dust species, the latter treated as pressureless fluids, in the presence of two giant planets. We show that diffusion and backreaction can change some morphological aspects of the dust distribution but do not alter some main features, such as the outer peak and the expanding inner cavity. These findings are confirmed for different parametrizations of gas viscosity. △ Less

Submitted 31 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication on MNRAS

The SPHERE view of multiple star formation

Authors: R. Gratton, S. Desidera, F. Marzari, M. Bonavita

Abstract: While a large fraction of the stars are in multiple systems, our understanding of the processes leading to the formation of these systems is still inadequate. Given the large theoretical uncertainties, observation plays a basic role. Here we discuss the contribution of high contrast imaging, and more specifically of the SPHERE instrument at the ESO Very Large Telescope, in this area. SPHERE nicely… ▽ More While a large fraction of the stars are in multiple systems, our understanding of the processes leading to the formation of these systems is still inadequate. Given the large theoretical uncertainties, observation plays a basic role. Here we discuss the contribution of high contrast imaging, and more specifically of the SPHERE instrument at the ESO Very Large Telescope, in this area. SPHERE nicely complements other techniques - in particular those exploiting Gaia and ALMA - in detecting and characterising systems near the peak of the distribution with separation and allows to capture snapshots of binary formation within disks that are invaluable for the understanding of disk fragmentation. △ Less

Submitted 3 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 17 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2022) 137:1207

TOI-179: a young system with a transiting compact Neptune-mass planet and a low-mass companion in outer orbit

Authors: S. Desidera, M. Damasso, R. Gratton, S. Benatti, D. Nardiello, V. D'Orazi, A. F. Lanza, D. Locci, F. Marzari, D. Mesa, S. Messina, I. Pillitteri, A. Sozzetti, J. Girard, A. Maggio, G. Micela, L. Malavolta, V. Nascimbeni, M. Pinamonti, V. Squicciarini, J. Alcala, K. Biazzo, A. Bohn, M. Bonavita, K. Brooks , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Transiting planets around young stars are key benchmarks for our understanding of planetary systems. One of such candidates was identified around the K dwarf HD 18599 by TESS, labeled as TOI-179. We present the confirmation of the transiting planet and the characterization of the host star and of the TOI-179 system over a broad range of angular separations. To this aim, we exploited the TESS photo… ▽ More Transiting planets around young stars are key benchmarks for our understanding of planetary systems. One of such candidates was identified around the K dwarf HD 18599 by TESS, labeled as TOI-179. We present the confirmation of the transiting planet and the characterization of the host star and of the TOI-179 system over a broad range of angular separations. To this aim, we exploited the TESS photometric time series, intensive radial velocity monitoring performed with HARPS, and deep high-contrast imaging observations obtained with SPHERE and NACO at VLT. The inclusion of Gaussian processes regression analysis is effective to properly model the magnetic activity of the star and identify the Keplerian signature of the transiting planet. The star, with an age of 400+-100 Myr, is orbited by a transiting planet with period 4.137436 days, mass 24+-7 Mearth, radius 2.62 (+0.15-0.12) Rearth, and significant eccentricity (0.34 (+0.07-0.09)). Adaptive optics observations identified a low-mass companion at the boundary between brown dwarfs and very low mass stars (mass derived from luminosity 83 (+4-6) Mjup) at a very small projected separation (84.5 mas, 3.3 au at the distance of the star). Coupling the imaging detection with the long-term radial velocity trend and the astrometric signature, we constrained the orbit of the low mass companion, identifying two families of possible orbital solutions. The TOI-179 system represents a high-merit laboratory for our understanding of the physical evolution of planets and other low-mass objects and of how the planet properties are influenced by dynamical effects and interactions with the parent star. △ Less

Submitted 14 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 25 pages, 24 figures, A&A, in press

Journal ref: A&A 675, A158 (2023)

After DART: Using the first full-scale test of a kinetic impactor to inform a future planetary defense mission

Authors: Thomas S. Statler, Sabina D. Raducan, Olivier S. Barnouin, Mallory E. DeCoster, Steven R. Chesley, Brent Barbee, Harrison F. Agrusa, Saverio Cambioni, Andrew F. Cheng, Elisabetta Dotto, Siegfried Eggl, Eugene G. Fahnestock, Fabio Ferrari, Dawn Graninger, Alain Herique, Isabel Herreros, Masatoshi Hirabayashi, Stavro Ivanovski, Martin Jutzi, Özgür Karatekin, Alice Lucchetti, Robert Luther, Rahil Makadia, Francesco Marzari, Patrick Michel , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) is the first full-scale test of an asteroid deflection technology. Results from the hypervelocity kinetic impact and Earth-based observations, coupled with LICIACube and the later Hera mission, will result in measurement of the momentum transfer efficiency accurate to ~10% and characterization of the Didymos binary system. But DART is a single experim… ▽ More NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) is the first full-scale test of an asteroid deflection technology. Results from the hypervelocity kinetic impact and Earth-based observations, coupled with LICIACube and the later Hera mission, will result in measurement of the momentum transfer efficiency accurate to ~10% and characterization of the Didymos binary system. But DART is a single experiment; how could these results be used in a future planetary defense necessity involving a different asteroid? We examine what aspects of Dimorphos's response to kinetic impact will be constrained by DART results; how these constraints will help refine knowledge of the physical properties of asteroidal materials and predictive power of impact simulations; what information about a potential Earth impactor could be acquired before a deflection effort; and how design of a deflection mission should be informed by this understanding. We generalize the momentum enhancement factor $β$, showing that a particular direction-specific $β$ will be directly determined by the DART results, and that a related direction-specific $β$ is a figure of merit for a kinetic impact mission. The DART $β$ determination constrains the ejecta momentum vector, which, with hydrodynamic simulations, constrains the physical properties of Dimorphos's near-surface. In a hypothetical planetary defense exigency, extrapolating these constraints to a newly discovered asteroid will require Earth-based observations and benefit from in-situ reconnaissance. We show representative predictions for momentum transfer based on different levels of reconnaissance and discuss strategic targeting to optimize the deflection and reduce the risk of a counterproductive deflection in the wrong direction. △ Less

Submitted 23 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 30 pages, 7 figures. Planetary Science Journal, in press, accepted 2022 September 22

Orbital and dynamical analysis of the system around HR 8799. New astrometric epochs from VLT/SPHERE and LBT/LUCI

Authors: A. Zurlo, K. Gozdziewski, C. Lazzoni D. Mesa, P. Nogueira, S. Desidera, R. Gratton, F. Marzari, E. Pinna, G. Chauvin, P. Delorme, J. H. Girard, J. Hagelberg, Th. Henning, M. Janson, E. Rickman, P. Kervella, H. Avenhaus, T. Bhowmik, B. Biller, A. Boccaletti, M. Bonaglia, M. Bonavita, M. Bonnefoy, F. Cantalloube, A. Cheetham , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: HR\,8799 is a young planetary system composed of 4 planets and a double debris belt. Being the first multi-planetary system discovered with the direct imaging technique, it has been observed extensively since 1998. This wide baseline of astrometric measurements, counting over 50 observations in 20 years, permits a detailed orbital and dynamical analysis of the system. To explore the orbital parame… ▽ More HR\,8799 is a young planetary system composed of 4 planets and a double debris belt. Being the first multi-planetary system discovered with the direct imaging technique, it has been observed extensively since 1998. This wide baseline of astrometric measurements, counting over 50 observations in 20 years, permits a detailed orbital and dynamical analysis of the system. To explore the orbital parameters of the planets, their dynamical history, and the planet-to-disk interaction, we made follow-up observations of the system during the VLT/SPHERE GTO program. We obtained 21 observations, most of them in favorable conditions. In addition, we observed HR\,8799 with the instrument LBT/LUCI. All the observations were reduced with state-of-the-art algorithms implemented to apply the spectral and angular differential imaging method. We re-reduced the SPHERE data obtained during the commissioning of the instrument and in 3 open-time programs to have homogeneous astrometry. The precise position of the 4 planets with respect to the host star was calculated by exploiting the fake negative companions method. To improve the orbital fitting, we also took into account all of the astrometric data available in the literature. From the photometric measurements obtained in different wavelengths, we estimated the planets' masses following the evolutionary models. We obtained updated parameters for the orbits with the assumption of coplanarity, relatively small eccentricities, and periods very close to the 2:1 resonance. We also refined the dynamical mass of each planet and the parallax of the system (24.49 $\pm$ 0.07 mas). We also conducted detailed $N$-body simulations indicating possible positions of a~putative fifth innermost planet with a mass below the present detection limits of $\simeq 3$~\MJup. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 27 pages, 15 figures, A&A in press

Journal ref: A&A 666, A133 (2022)

The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XXXV. Fundamental properties of transiting exoplanet host stars

Authors: K. Biazzo, V. D'Orazi, S. Desidera, D. Turrini, S. Benatti, R. Gratton, L. Magrini, A. Sozzetti, M. Baratella, A. S. Bonomo, F. Borsa, R. Claudi, E. Covino, M. Damasso, M. P. Di Mauro, A. F. Lanza, A. Maggio, L. Malavolta, J. Maldonado, F. Marzari, G. Micela, E. Poretti, F. Vitello, L. Affer, A. Bignamini , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Exoplanetary properties depend on stellar properties: to know the planet with accuracy and precision it is necessary to know the star as accurately and precisely as possible. Our immediate aim is to characterize in a homogeneous and accurate way a sample of 27 transiting planet-hosting stars observed within the GAPS program. We determined stellar parameters (effective temperature, surface gravity,… ▽ More Exoplanetary properties depend on stellar properties: to know the planet with accuracy and precision it is necessary to know the star as accurately and precisely as possible. Our immediate aim is to characterize in a homogeneous and accurate way a sample of 27 transiting planet-hosting stars observed within the GAPS program. We determined stellar parameters (effective temperature, surface gravity, rotational velocity) and abundances of 26 elements (Li,C,N,O,Na,Mg,Al,Si,S,Ca,Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Fe,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Y,Zr,Ba,La,Nd,Eu). Our study is based on high-resolution HARPS-N@TNG and FEROS@ESO spectra and uniform techniques. We derived kinematic properties from Gaia data and estimated for the first time in exoplanet host stars ages using elemental ratios as chemical clocks. Teff of our stars is of 4400-6700 K, while [Fe/H] is within -0.3 and 0.4 dex. Lithium is present in 7 stars. [X/H] and [X/Fe] abundances vs [Fe/H] are consistent with the Galactic Chemical Evolution. The dependence of [X/Fe] with the condensation temperature is critically analyzed with respect to stellar and kinematic properties. All targets with measured C and O abundances show C/O<0.8, compatible with Si present in rock-forming minerals. Most of targets show 1.0<Mg/Si<1.5, compatible with Mg distributed between olivine and pyroxene. HAT-P-26, the target hosting the lowest-mass planet, shows the highest Mg/Si ratio. From our chemo-dinamical analysis we find agreement between ages and position within the Galactic disk. We note a tendency for higher density planets to be around metal-rich stars and hints of higher stellar abundances of some volatiles for lower mass planets. We cannot exclude that part of our results could be also related to the location of the stars within the Galactic disk. We trace the planetary migration scenario from the composition of the planets related to the chemical composition of the hosting stars △ Less

Submitted 31 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A. 31 pages, 19 figures, 10 tables. Abstract shortened

Journal ref: A&A 664, A161 (2022)

Dust resurgence in protoplanetary disks due to planetesimal-planet interactions

Authors: Lia Marta Bernabò, Diego Turrini, Leonardo Testi, Francesco Marzari, Danai Polychroni

Abstract: Observational data on the dust content of circumstellar disks show that the median dust content in disks around pre-main sequence stars in nearby star forming regions seem to increase from about 1 Myr to about 2 Myr, and then decline with time. This behaviour challenges the models where the small dust grains steadily decline by accumulating into larger bodies and drifting inwards on a short timesc… ▽ More Observational data on the dust content of circumstellar disks show that the median dust content in disks around pre-main sequence stars in nearby star forming regions seem to increase from about 1 Myr to about 2 Myr, and then decline with time. This behaviour challenges the models where the small dust grains steadily decline by accumulating into larger bodies and drifting inwards on a short timescale (less than about 1 Myr). In this Letter we explore the possibility to reconcile this discrepancy in the framework of a model where the early formation of planets dynamically stirs the nearby planetesimals and causes high energy impacts between them, resulting in the production of second-generation dust. We show that the observed dust evolution can be naturally explained by this process within a suite of representative disk-planet architectures. △ Less

Submitted 28 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 9 pages, 2 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication on ApJL

Planet-planet scattering in presence of a companion star

Authors: Francesco Marzari, Makiko Nagasawa, Krzyszof Goździewski

Abstract: Planet Planet scattering is a leading dynamical mechanism invoked to explain the present orbital distribution of exoplanets. Many stars belong to binary systems, therefore it is important to understand how this mechanism works in presence of a companion star. We focus on systems of three planets orbiting the primary star and estimate the timescale for instability finding that it scales with the ke… ▽ More Planet Planet scattering is a leading dynamical mechanism invoked to explain the present orbital distribution of exoplanets. Many stars belong to binary systems, therefore it is important to understand how this mechanism works in presence of a companion star. We focus on systems of three planets orbiting the primary star and estimate the timescale for instability finding that it scales with the keplerian period for systems that have the same ratio between inner planet and binary semimajor axes. An empirical formula is also derived from simulations to estimate how the the binary eccentricity affects the extent of the stability region. The presence of the secondary star affects the Planet Planet scattering outcomes causing a broadening of the final distribution in semimajor axis of the inner planet as some of the orbital energy of the planets is absorbed by the companion star. Repeated approaches to the secondary star causes also a significant reduction in the frequency of surviving two planet systems in particular for larger values of the inner planet semimajor axis. The formation of Kozai states with the companion star increases the number of planets which may be tidally circularized. To predict the possible final distribution of planets in binaries we have performed a large number of simulations where the initial semimajor axis of the inner planets is chosen randomly. For small values of the binary semimajor axis, the higher frequency of collision alter the final planet orbital distributions which, however, beyond 50 au appear to be scalable to wider binary separations. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Rapid contraction of giant planets orbiting the 20 million-years old star V1298 Tau

Authors: A. Suárez Mascareño, M. Damasso, N. Lodieu, A. Sozzetti, V. J. S. Béjar, S. Benatti, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, G. Micela, R. Rebolo, S. Desidera, F. Murgas, R. Claudi, J. I. González Hernández, L. Malavolta, C. del Burgo, V. D'Orazi, P. J. Amado, D. Locci, H. M. Tabernero, F. Marzari, D. S. Aguado, D. Turrini, C. Cardona Guillén, B. Toledo-Padrón, A. Maggio , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Current theories of planetary evolution predict that infant giant planets have large radii and very low densities before they slowly contract to reach their final size after about several hundred million years. These theoretical expectations remain untested to date, despite the increasing number of exoplanetary discoveries, as the detection and characterisation of very young planets is extremely c… ▽ More Current theories of planetary evolution predict that infant giant planets have large radii and very low densities before they slowly contract to reach their final size after about several hundred million years. These theoretical expectations remain untested to date, despite the increasing number of exoplanetary discoveries, as the detection and characterisation of very young planets is extremely challenging due to the intense stellar activity of their host stars. However, the recent discoveries of young planetary transiting systems allow to place initial constraints on evolutionary models. With an estimated age of 20 million years, V1298\,Tau is one of the youngest solar-type stars known to host transiting planets: it harbours a multiple system composed of two Neptune-sized, one Saturn-sized, and one Jupiter-sized planets. Here we report the analysis of an intense radial velocity campaign, revealing the presence of two periodic signals compatible with the orbits of two of its planets. We find that planet b, with an orbital period of 24 days, has a mass of 0.64 Jupiter masses and a density similar to the giant planets of the Solar System and other known giant exoplanets with significantly older ages. Planet e, with an orbital period of 40 days, has a mass of 1.16 Jupiter masses and a density larger than most giant exoplanets. This is unexpected for planets at such a young age and suggests that some giant planets might evolve and contract faster than anticipated, thus challenging current models of planetary evolution. △ Less

Submitted 23 November, 2021; v1 submitted 17 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 47 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables, infinite stress

Second-generation dust in planetary systems: The case of HD 163296

Authors: Gennaro D'Angelo, Francesco Marzari

Abstract: Observations indicate that large, dust-laden protoplanetary discs are common. Some features, like gaps, rings and spirals, suggest they may host young planets, which can excite the orbits of nearby leftover planetesimals. Energetic collisions among these bodies can lead to the production of second-generation dust. Grains produced by collisions may have a dynamical behaviour different from that of… ▽ More Observations indicate that large, dust-laden protoplanetary discs are common. Some features, like gaps, rings and spirals, suggest they may host young planets, which can excite the orbits of nearby leftover planetesimals. Energetic collisions among these bodies can lead to the production of second-generation dust. Grains produced by collisions may have a dynamical behaviour different from that of first-generation, primordial dust out of which planetesimals and planets formed. We aim to study these differences for the HD 163296 system and determine whether dynamical signatures in the mixture of the two dust populations can help separate their contributions. We use three-dimensional (3-D) hydrodynamic models to describe the gaseous disc with three, Saturn- to Jupiter-mass, embedded planets. Dust grains, of sizes 1um-1mm, are treated as Lagrangean particles with resolved thermodynamics and mass loss. Initial disc and planet configurations are derived from observation-based work, which indicates low gas viscosity. The 3-D approach also allows us to detect the formation of vortices induced by Rossby waves, where dust becomes concentrated and may contribute to planetesimal formation. We find that the main differences in the dynamical behaviour of first- and second-generation dust occur in the vertical distribution. The two populations have similar distributions around the disc mid-plane, although second-generation dust shows longer residence times close to the radial locations of the planets' gas gaps. Sedimentation rates of um-size grains are comparable to or lower than the production rates by planetesimals' collisions, making this population potentially observable. These outcomes can be extended to similar systems harbouring giant planets. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 13 pages, 1 table, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Main Journal

Disks in close binary stars: γ-Cephei revisited

Authors: Lucas M. Jordan, Wilhelm Kley, Giovanni Picogna, Francesco Marzari

Abstract: Close binaries ($a_{bin} < 20$ au) are known to harbor planets, yet planet formation is unlikely to succeed in such systems. Studying the dynamics of disks in close binaries can help to understand how those planets could have formed. We study the impact that numerical and physical parameters have on the dynamics of disks in close binaries. We use the $γ$-Cephei system as an example and focus on di… ▽ More Close binaries ($a_{bin} < 20$ au) are known to harbor planets, yet planet formation is unlikely to succeed in such systems. Studying the dynamics of disks in close binaries can help to understand how those planets could have formed. We study the impact that numerical and physical parameters have on the dynamics of disks in close binaries. We use the $γ$-Cephei system as an example and focus on disk quantities such as disk eccentricity and the precession rate as indicators for the dynamical state of the disks. We simulate disks in close binaries by performing two-dimensional radiative hydrodynamical simulations using a modified version of the Fargo code. First, we perform a parameter study for different numerical parameters to confirm that our results are robust. In the second part, we study the effects of different masses and different viscosities on the disks' dynamics. Previous studies on radiative disks in close binaries used too low resolutions and too small simulation domains, which impacted the disk's dynamics. We find that radiative disks in close binaries, after an initialization phase, become eccentric with mean eccentricities between 0.06 to 0.27 and display a slow retrograde precession with periods ranging from $4 - 40T_{bin}$ which depends quadratically on the disk's mean aspect ratio. In general, the disks show a coherent, rigid precession which can be broken, however, by changes in the opacity law reducing the overall eccentricity of the disk. △ Less

Submitted 9 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021.

Comments: Accepted in A&A; 14 Pages, 23 figures

Journal ref: A&A 654, A54 (2021)

Observational constraints to the dynamics of dust particles in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Authors: Elisa Frattin, I. Bertini, S. L. Ivanovski, F. Marzari, M. Fulle, V. V. Zakharov, F. Moreno, G. Naletto, M. Lazzarin, P. Cambianica, G. Cremonese, S. Ferrari, F. Ferri, C. Guettler, F. La Forgia, A. Lucchetti, M. Pajola, L. Penasa, A. Rotundi, H. Sierks, C. Tubiana

Abstract: In this work we aim to characterise the dust motion in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko to provide constraints for theoretical 3D coma models. The OSIRIS camera onboard the Rosetta mission was able for the first time to acquire images of single dust particles from inside the cometary coma, very close to the nucleus. We analyse a large number of particles, performing a significant… ▽ More In this work we aim to characterise the dust motion in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko to provide constraints for theoretical 3D coma models. The OSIRIS camera onboard the Rosetta mission was able for the first time to acquire images of single dust particles from inside the cometary coma, very close to the nucleus. We analyse a large number of particles, performing a significant statistic of their behaviour during the post perihelion period, when the spacecraft covered distances from the nucleus ranging between 80 and 400 km. We describe the particle trajectories, investigating their orientation and finding highly radial motion with respect to the nucleus. Then, from the particle brightness profiles, we derive a particle rotational frequency of v < 3.6 Hz, revealing that they are slow rotators and do not undergo fragmentation. We use scattering models to compare the observed spectral radiance of the particles with the simulated ones in order to estimate their size, finding values that range from millimetres up to centimetres. The statistics performed in this paper provide useful parameters to constrain the cometary coma dynamical models. △ Less

Submitted 22 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

The GAPS Programme at TNG XXVIII -- A pair of hot-Neptunes orbiting the young star TOI-942

Authors: Ilaria Carleo, Silvano Desidera, Domenico Nardiello, Luca Malavolta, Antonino F. Lanza, John Livingston, Daniele Locci, Francesco Marzari, Sergio Messina, Diego Turrini, Martina Baratella, Francesco Borsa, Valentina D'Orazi, Valerio Nascimbeni, Matteo Pinamonti, Monica Rainer, Eleonora Alei, Andrea Bignamini, Raffaele Gratton, Giuseppina Micela, Marco Montalto, Alessandro Sozzetti, Vito Squicciarini, Laura Affer, Serena Benatti , et al. (26 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Both young stars and multi-planet systems are primary objects that allow us to study, understand and constrain planetary formation and evolution theories. We validate the physical nature of two Neptune-type planets transiting TOI-942 (TYC 5909-319-1), a previously unacknowledged young star (50+30-20 Myr) observed by the TESS space mission in Sector 5. Thanks to a comprehensive stellar characteriza… ▽ More Both young stars and multi-planet systems are primary objects that allow us to study, understand and constrain planetary formation and evolution theories. We validate the physical nature of two Neptune-type planets transiting TOI-942 (TYC 5909-319-1), a previously unacknowledged young star (50+30-20 Myr) observed by the TESS space mission in Sector 5. Thanks to a comprehensive stellar characterization, TESS light curve modelling and precise radial-velocity measurements, we validated the planetary nature of the TESS candidate and detect an additional transiting planet in the system on a larger orbit. From photometric and spectroscopic observations we performed an exhaustive stellar characterization and derived the main stellar parameters. TOI-942 is a relatively active K2.5V star (logR'hk = -4.17+-0.01) with rotation period Prot = 3.39+-0.01 days, a projected rotation velocity vsini=13.8+-0.5 km/s and a radius of ~0.9 Rsun. We found that the inner planet, TOI-942b, has an orbital period Pb=4.3263+-0.0011 days, a radius Rb=4.242-0.313+0.376 Rearth and a mass upper limit of 16 Mearth at 1-sigma confidence level. The outer planet, TOI-942c, has an orbital period Pc=10.1605-0.0053+0.0056 days, a radius Rc=4.793-0.351+0.410 Rearth and a mass upper limit of 37 Mearth at 1-sigma confidence level. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020.

Journal ref: A&A 645, A71 (2021)

Evolution of an asteroid family under YORP, Yarkovsky and collisions

Authors: Francesco Marzari, Alessandro Rossi, Oleksiy Golubov, Daniel Scheeres

Abstract: Any population of asteroids, like asteroid families, will disperse in semi-major axis due to the Yarkovsky effect. The amount of drift is modulated by the asteroid spin state evolution which determines the balance between the diurnal and seasonal Yarkovsky force. The asteroid's spin state is, in turn, controlled in part by the YORP effect. The otherwise smooth evolution of an asteroid can be abrup… ▽ More Any population of asteroids, like asteroid families, will disperse in semi-major axis due to the Yarkovsky effect. The amount of drift is modulated by the asteroid spin state evolution which determines the balance between the diurnal and seasonal Yarkovsky force. The asteroid's spin state is, in turn, controlled in part by the YORP effect. The otherwise smooth evolution of an asteroid can be abruptly altered by collisions, which can cause impulsive changes in the spin state and can move the asteroid onto a different YORP track. In addition, collisions may also alter the YORP parameters by changing the superficial features and overall shape of the asteroid. Thus, the coupling between YORP and Yarkovsky is also strongly affected by the impact history of each body. To investigate this coupling we developed a statistical code modeling the time evolution of semi--major axis under YORP-Yarkovsky coupling. It includes the contributions of NYORP (normal YORP), TYORP (tangential YORP) and collisions whose effects are deterministically calculated and not added in a statistical way. We find that both collisions and TYORP increase the dispersion of a family in semi-major axis by making the spin axis evolution less smooth and regular. We show that the evolution of a family's structure with time is complex and collisions randomize the YORP evolution. In our test families we do not observe the formation of a 'YORP-eye' in the semi-major axis vs. diameter distribution, even after a long period of time. If present, the 'YORP-eye' might be a relic of an initial ejection velocity pattern of the collisional fragments. △ Less

Submitted 1 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Journal ref: The Astronomical Journal, 160, 3 (2020)

Dust distribution around low-mass planets on converging orbits

Authors: Francesco Marzari, Gennaro D'Angelo

Abstract: Super-Earths can form at large orbital radii and migrate inward due to tidal interactions with the circumstellar disk. In this scenario, convergent migration may occur and lead to the formation of resonant pairs of planets. We explore the conditions under which convergent migration and resonance capture take place, and what dynamical consequences can be expected on the dust distribution surroundin… ▽ More Super-Earths can form at large orbital radii and migrate inward due to tidal interactions with the circumstellar disk. In this scenario, convergent migration may occur and lead to the formation of resonant pairs of planets. We explore the conditions under which convergent migration and resonance capture take place, and what dynamical consequences can be expected on the dust distribution surrounding the resonant pair. We combine hydrodynamic planet--disk interaction models with dust evolution calculations to investigate the signatures produced in the dust distribution by a pair of planets in mean-motion resonances. We find that convergent migration takes place when the outer planet is the more massive. However, convergent migration also depends on the local properties of the disk, and divergent migration may result as well. For similar disk parameters, the capture in low degree resonances (e.g., 2:1 or 3:2) is preferred close to the star where the resonance strength can more easily overcome the tidal torques exerted by the gaseous disk. Farther away from the star, convergent migration may result in capture in high degree resonances. The dust distribution shows potentially observable features typically when the planets are trapped in a 2:1 resonance. In other cases, with higher degree resonances (e.g., 5:4 or 6:5) dust features may not be sufficiently pronounced to be easily observable. The degree of resonance established by a pair of super-Earths may be indicative of the location in the disk where capture occurred. There can be significant differences in the dust distribution around a single super-Earth and a pair of super-Earths in resonance. △ Less

Submitted 31 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication on Astronomy and Astrophysics

Ring dynamics around an oblate body with an inclined satellite: The case of Haumea

Authors: Francesco Marzari

Abstract: The recent discovery of rings and massive satellites around minor bodies and dwarf planets suggests that they may often coexist, as for example around Haumea. A ring perturbed by an oblate central body and by an inclined satellite may disperse on a short timescale. The conditions under which a ring may survive are explored both analytically and numerically. The trajectories of ring particles are i… ▽ More The recent discovery of rings and massive satellites around minor bodies and dwarf planets suggests that they may often coexist, as for example around Haumea. A ring perturbed by an oblate central body and by an inclined satellite may disperse on a short timescale. The conditions under which a ring may survive are explored both analytically and numerically. The trajectories of ring particles are integrated under the influence of the gravitational field of a triaxial ellipsoid and (a) massive satellite(s), including the effects of collisions. A ring initially formed in the equatorial plane of the central body will be disrupted if the satellite has an inclination in the Kozai Lidov regime (39.2 < i < 144.8). For lower inclinations, the ring may relax to the satellite orbital plane thanks to an intense collisional damping. On the other hand, a significant J2 term easily suppresses the perturbations of an inclined satellite within a critical semimajor axis, even in the case of Kozai Lidov cycles. However, if the ring is initially inclined with respect to the equatorial plane, the same J2 perturbations are not a protective factor but instead disrupt the ring on a short timescale. The ring found around Haumea is stable despite the rise in the impact velocities that is due to the asymmetric shape of the the body and the presence of a 3:1 resonance with the rotation of the central body. A ring close to an oblate central body should be searched for in the proximity of the equatorial plane, where the J2 perturbations protect it against the perturbations of an external inclined satellites. In an inclined configuration, the J2 term is itself disruptive. △ Less

Submitted 31 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication on Astronomy and Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 643, A67 (2020)

The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation

Authors: J. L. Ortiz, P. Santos-Sanz, B. Sicardy, G. Benedetti-Rossi, D. Bérard, N. Morales, R. Duffard, F. Braga-Ribas, U. Hopp, C. Ries, V. Nascimbeni, F. Marzari, V. Granata, A. Pál, C. Kiss, T. Pribulla, R. Komžík, K. Hornoch, P. Pravec, P. Bacci, M. Maestripieri, L. Nerli, L. Mazzei, M. Bachini, F. Martinelli , et al. (68 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Among the four known transneptunian dwarf planets, Haumea is an exotic, very elongated, and fast rotating body. In contrast to the other dwarf planets, its size, shape, albedo, and density are not well constrained. Here we report results of a multi-chord stellar occultation, observed on 2017 January 21. Secondary events observed around the main body are consistent with the presence of a ring of op… ▽ More Among the four known transneptunian dwarf planets, Haumea is an exotic, very elongated, and fast rotating body. In contrast to the other dwarf planets, its size, shape, albedo, and density are not well constrained. Here we report results of a multi-chord stellar occultation, observed on 2017 January 21. Secondary events observed around the main body are consistent with the presence of a ring of opacity 0.5, width 70 km, and radius 2,287$_{-45}^{+75}$ km. The Centaur Chariklo was the first body other than a giant planet to show a ring system and the Centaur Chiron was later found to possess something similar to Chariklo's rings. Haumea is the first body outside the Centaur population with a ring. The ring is coplanar with both Haumea's equator and the orbit of its satellite Hi'iaka. Its radius places close to the 3:1 mean motion resonance with Haumea's spin period. The occultation by the main body provides an instantaneous elliptical limb with axes 1,704 $\pm$ 4 km x 1,138 $\pm$ 26 km. Combined with rotational light-curves, it constrains Haumea's 3D orientation and its triaxial shape, which is inconsistent with a homogeneous body in hydrostatic equilibrium. Haumea's largest axis is at least 2,322 $\pm$ 60 km, larger than thought before. This implies an upper limit of 1,885 $\pm$ 80 kg m$^{-3}$ for Haumea's density, smaller and less puzzling than previous estimations, and a geometric albedo of 0.51 $\pm$ 0.02, also smaller than previous estimations. No global N$_2$ or CH$_4$ atmosphere with pressures larger than 15 and 50 nbar (3-$σ$ limits), respectively, is detected. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Journal ref: Nature, Volume 550, Issue 7675, pp. 219-223 (2017)

The GAPS Programme at TNG -- XXIII. HD 164922 d: a close-in super-Earth discovered with HARPS-N in a system with a long-period Saturn mass companion

Authors: S. Benatti, M. Damasso, S. Desidera, F. Marzari, K. Biazzo, R. Claudi, M. P. Di Mauro, A. F. Lanza, M. Pinamonti, D. Barbato, L. Malavolta, E. Poretti, A. Sozzetti, L. Affer, A. Bignamini, A. S. Bonomo, F. Borsa, M. Brogi, G. Bruno, I. Carleo, R. Cosentino, E. Covino, G. Frustagli, P. Giacobbe, M. Gonzalez , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In the framework of the Global Architecture of Planetary Systems (GAPS) project we collected more than 300 spectra with HARPS-N at the TNG for the bright G9V star HD164922. This target is known to host one gas giant planet in a wide orbit (Pb~1200 days, semi-major axis ~2 au) and a Neptune-mass planet with a period Pc ~76 days. We searched for additional low-mass companions in the inner region of… ▽ More In the framework of the Global Architecture of Planetary Systems (GAPS) project we collected more than 300 spectra with HARPS-N at the TNG for the bright G9V star HD164922. This target is known to host one gas giant planet in a wide orbit (Pb~1200 days, semi-major axis ~2 au) and a Neptune-mass planet with a period Pc ~76 days. We searched for additional low-mass companions in the inner region of the system. We compared the radial velocities (RV) and the activity indices derived from the HARPS-N time series to measure the rotation period of the star and used a Gaussian process regression to describe the behaviour of the stellar activity. We exploited this information in a combined model of planetary and stellar activity signals in an RV time-series composed of almost 700 high-precision RVs, both from HARPS-N and literature data. We performed a dynamical analysis to evaluate the stability of the system and the allowed regions for additional potential companions. Thanks to the high sensitivity of the HARPS-N dataset, we detect an additional inner super-Earth with an RV semi-amplitude of 1.3+/-0.2 m/s, a minimum mass of ~4+/-1 M_E and a period of 12.458+/-0.003 days. We disentangle the planetary signal from activity and measure a stellar rotation period of ~42 days. The dynamical analysis shows the long term stability of the orbits of the three-planet system and allows us to identify the permitted regions for additional planets in the semi-major axis ranges 0.18-0.21 au and 0.6-1.4 au. The latter partially includes the habitable zone of the system. We did not detect any planet in these regions, down to minimum detectable masses of 5 and 18 M_E, respectively. A larger region of allowed planets is expected beyond the orbit of planet b, where our sampling rules-out bodies with minimum mass > 50 M_E. △ Less

Submitted 7 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 23 pages, 16 Figures. Accepted for publication on A&A

Journal ref: A&A 639, A50 (2020)

Planets in Binaries: Formation and Dynamical Evolution

Authors: Francesco Marzari, Philippe Thebault

Abstract: Binary systems are very common among field stars. While this relatively small number of planets in binaries is probably partly due to strong observational biases, there is, however, statistical evidence that planets are indeed less frequent in binaries with separations smaller than 100 au, strongly suggesting that the presence of a close in companion star has an adverse effect on planet formation.… ▽ More Binary systems are very common among field stars. While this relatively small number of planets in binaries is probably partly due to strong observational biases, there is, however, statistical evidence that planets are indeed less frequent in binaries with separations smaller than 100 au, strongly suggesting that the presence of a close in companion star has an adverse effect on planet formation. It is indeed possible for the gravitational pull of the second star to affect all the different stages of planet formation, from proto-planetary disk formation to dust accumulation into planetesimals, to the accretion of these planetesimals into large planetary embryos and, eventually, the final growth of these embryos into planets. For the crucial planetesimal accretion phase, the complex coupling between dynamical perturbations from the binary and friction due to gas in the protoplanetary disk suggests that planetesimal accretion might be hampered due to increased, accretion hostile impact velocities. Likewise, the interplay between the binary secular perturbations and mean motion resonances lead to unstable regions, where not only planet formation is inhibited, but where a massive body would be ejected from the system on a hyperbolic orbit. The amplitude of these two main effects is different for S and P type planets, so that a comparison between the two populations might outline the influence of the companion star on the planet formation process. Unfortunately, at present the two populations (circumstellar or circumbinary) are not known equally well and different biases and uncertainties prevent a quantitative comparison. We also highlight the long term dynamical evolution of both S and P type systems and focus on how these different evolutions influence the final architecture of planetary systems in binaries. △ Less

Submitted 27 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: Published on Galaxies, vol. 7, issue 4, p. 84

Secular evolution of close in planets: the effects of general relativity

Authors: Francesco Marzari, Makiko Nagasawa

Abstract: Pairs of planets in a system may end up close to their host star on eccentric orbits as a consequence of planet planet scattering, Kozai or secular migration. In this scenario, general relativity and secular perturbations have comparable timescales and may interfere with each other with relevant effects on the eccentricity and pericenter evolution of the two planets. We explore, both analytically… ▽ More Pairs of planets in a system may end up close to their host star on eccentric orbits as a consequence of planet planet scattering, Kozai or secular migration. In this scenario, general relativity and secular perturbations have comparable timescales and may interfere with each other with relevant effects on the eccentricity and pericenter evolution of the two planets. We explore, both analytically and via numerical integration, how the secular evolution is changed by general relativity for a wide range of different initial conditions. We find that when the faster secular frequency approaches the general relativity precession rate, which tipically occurs when the outer planet moves away from the inner one, it relaxes to it and a significant damping of the proper eccentricity of the inner planet occurs. The proper eccentricity of the outer planet is reduced as well due to the changes in the secular interaction of the bodies. The lowering of the peak eccentricities of the two planets during their secular evolution has important implications on their stability. A significant number of two planet systems, otherwise chaotic because of the mutual secular perturbations, are found stable when general relativity is included. △ Less

Submitted 27 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication on MNRAS

Habitability on local, Galactic and cosmological scales

Authors: Luigi Secco, Marco Fecchio, Francesco Marzari

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to underline conditions necessary for the emergence and development of life. They are placed at local planetary scale, at Galactic scale and within the cosmological evolution, as pointed out by the Anthropic Cosmological Principle. We will consider the circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ) for planetary systems and a Galactic Habitable Zone (GHZ) including also a set of stron… ▽ More The aim of this paper is to underline conditions necessary for the emergence and development of life. They are placed at local planetary scale, at Galactic scale and within the cosmological evolution, as pointed out by the Anthropic Cosmological Principle. We will consider the circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ) for planetary systems and a Galactic Habitable Zone (GHZ) including also a set of strong cosmological constraints to allow life (cosmological habitability (COSH)). Some requirements are specific of a single scale and its related physical phenomena, while others are due to the conspired effects occurring at more than one scale. The scenario emerging from this analysis is that all the habitability conditions here detailed must at least be met. Then life asks something which may appear as "a monstrous sequence of accidents" as Hoyle (1959) thought, or as providential collaborations leading to realize how finely tuned is the architecture within which Life, as precious stone, is embedded. △ Less

Submitted 2 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

Diurnal variation of dust and gas production in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at the inbound equinox as seen by OSIRIS and VIRTIS-M on board Rosetta

Authors: C. Tubiana, G. Rinaldi, C. Güttler, C. Snodgrass, X. Shi, X. Hu, R. Marschall, M. Fulle, D. Bockelée-Morvan, G. Naletto, F. Capaccioni, H. Sierks, G. Arnold, M. A. Barucci, J. -L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, D. Bodewits, M. T. Capria, M. Ciarniello, G. Cremonese, J. Crovisier, V. Da Deppo, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: On 27 Apr 2015, when 67P/C-G was at 1.76 au from the Sun and moving towards perihelion, the OSIRIS and VIRTIS-M instruments on Rosetta observed the evolving dust and gas coma during a complete rotation of the comet. We aim to characterize the dust, H2O and CO2 gas spatial distribution in the inner coma. To do this we performed a quantitative analysis of the release of dust and gas and compared the… ▽ More On 27 Apr 2015, when 67P/C-G was at 1.76 au from the Sun and moving towards perihelion, the OSIRIS and VIRTIS-M instruments on Rosetta observed the evolving dust and gas coma during a complete rotation of the comet. We aim to characterize the dust, H2O and CO2 gas spatial distribution in the inner coma. To do this we performed a quantitative analysis of the release of dust and gas and compared the observed H2O production rate with the one calculated using a thermo-physical model. For this study we selected OSIRIS WAC images at 612 nm (dust) and VIRTIS-M image cubes at 612 nm, 2700 nm (H2O) and 4200 nm (CO2). We measured the average signal in a circular annulus, to study spatial variation around the comet, and in a sector of the annulus, to study temporal variation in the sunward direction with comet rotation, both at a fixed distance of 3.1 km from the comet centre. The spatial correlation between dust and water, both coming from the sun-lit side of the comet, shows that water is the main driver of dust activity in this time period. The spatial distribution of CO2 is not correlated with water and dust. There is no strong temporal correlation between the dust brightness and water production rate as the comet rotates. The dust brightness shows a peak at 0deg sub-solar longitude, which is not pronounced in the water production. At the same epoch, there is also a maximum in CO2 production. An excess of measured water production, with respect to the value calculated using a simple thermo-physical model, is observed when the head lobe and regions of the Southern hemisphere with strong seasonal variations are illuminated. A drastic decrease in dust production, when the water production (both measured and from the model) displays a maximum, happens when typical Northern consolidated regions are illuminated and the Southern hemisphere regions with strong seasonal variations are instead in shadow. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019.

Comments: 15 pages, accepted for publication in A&A

The influence of general-relativity effects, dynamical tides and collisions on planet-planet scattering close to the star

Authors: F. Marzari, M. Nagasawa

Abstract: Planet--Planet scattering is an efficient and robust dynamical mechanism for producing eccentric exoplanets. Coupled to tidal interactions with the central star, it can also explain close--in giant planets on circularized and potentially misaligned orbits. We explore scattering events occurring close to the star and test if they can reproduce the main features of the observed orbital distribution… ▽ More Planet--Planet scattering is an efficient and robust dynamical mechanism for producing eccentric exoplanets. Coupled to tidal interactions with the central star, it can also explain close--in giant planets on circularized and potentially misaligned orbits. We explore scattering events occurring close to the star and test if they can reproduce the main features of the observed orbital distribution of giant exoplanets on tight orbits.In our modeling we exploit a numerical integration code based on the Hermite algorithm and including the effects of general relativity, dynamical tides and two--body collisions.We find that P--P scattering events occurring in systems with three giant planets initially moving on circular orbits close to their star produce a population of planets similar to the presently observed one, including eccentric and misaligned close--in planets. The contribution of tides and general relativity is relevant in determining the final outcome of the chaotic phase. Even if two--body collisions dominate the chaotic evolution of three planets in crossing orbits close to their star, the final distribution shows a significant number of planets on eccentric orbits. The highly misaligned close--in giant planets are instead produced by systems where the initial semi--major axis of the inner planet was around 0.2 au or beyond. △ Less

Submitted 2 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019.

Comments: Accepted for publication on A&A

Journal ref: A&A 625, A121 (2019)

Surface evolution of the Anhur region on comet 67P from high-resolution OSIRIS images

Authors: S. Fornasier, C. Feller, P. H. Hasselmann, M. A. Barucci, J. Sunshine, J. -B. Vincent, X. Shi, H. Sierks, G. Naletto, P. L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, B. Davidsson, J. -L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, D. Bodewits, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, S. Ferrari, M. Fulle, P. J. Gutierrez, C. Güttler , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The southern hemisphere of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) became observable by the Rosetta mission in March 2015, a few months before cometary southern vernal equinox. The Anhur region in the southern part of the comet's larger lobe was found to be highly eroded, enriched in volatiles, and highly active. We analyze high-resolution images of the Anhur region pre- and post-perihelion acquired… ▽ More The southern hemisphere of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) became observable by the Rosetta mission in March 2015, a few months before cometary southern vernal equinox. The Anhur region in the southern part of the comet's larger lobe was found to be highly eroded, enriched in volatiles, and highly active. We analyze high-resolution images of the Anhur region pre- and post-perihelion acquired by the OSIRIS imaging system on board the Rosetta mission. The Narrow Angle Camera is particularly useful for studying the evolution in Anhur in terms of morphological changes and color variations.}{Radiance factor images processed by the OSIRIS pipeline were coregistered, reprojected onto the 3D shape model of the comet, and corrected for the illumination conditions. We find a number of morphological changes in the Anhur region that are related to formation of new scarps; removal of dust coatings; localized resurfacing in some areas, including boulders displacements; and vanishing structures, which implies localized mass loss that we estimate to be higher than 50 million kg. The strongest changes took place in and nearby the Anhur canyon-like structure, where significant dust cover was removed, an entire structure vanished, and many boulders were rearranged. All such changes are potentially associated with one of the most intense outbursts registered by Rosetta during its observations, which occurred one day before perihelion passage. Moreover, in the niche at the foot of a new observed scarp, we also see evidence of water ice exposure that persisted for at least six months. The abundance of water ice, evaluated from a linear mixing model, is relatively high (> 20%). Our results confirm that the Anhur region is volatile-rich and probably is the area on 67P with the most pristine exposures near perihelion. △ Less

Submitted 21 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019.

Comments: 19 pages, 16 figures; accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the Rosetta 2 special number

Journal ref: A&A 630, A13 (2019)

ROSETTA/OSIRIS observations of the 67P nucleus during the April 2016 flyby: high-resolution spectrophotometry

Authors: C. Feller, S. Fornasier, S. Ferrari, P. H. Hasselmann, A. Barucci, M. Massironi, J. D. P Deshapriya, H. Sierks, G. Naletto, P. L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, B. J. R. Davidsson, J. -L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, D. Bodewits, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, M. Fulle, P. J. Gutiérrez, C. Güttler, W. -H. Ip, H. U. Keller , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In April 2016, the Rosetta spacecraft performed a low-altitude low-phase-angle flyby over the Imhotep-Khepry transition of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko's nucleus. The OSIRIS/Narrow-Angle-Camera (NAC) acquired 112 images with mainly 3 broadband filters in the visible at a resolution of up to 0.53 m/px and for phase angles between 0.095° and 62°. Using those images, we have investigated the morphologic… ▽ More In April 2016, the Rosetta spacecraft performed a low-altitude low-phase-angle flyby over the Imhotep-Khepry transition of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko's nucleus. The OSIRIS/Narrow-Angle-Camera (NAC) acquired 112 images with mainly 3 broadband filters in the visible at a resolution of up to 0.53 m/px and for phase angles between 0.095° and 62°. Using those images, we have investigated the morphological and spectrophotometrical properties of this area. We assembled the images into coregistered color cubes. Using a 3D shape model, we produced the illumination conditions and georeference for each image. We projected the observations on a map to investigate its geomorphology. Observations were photometrically corrected using the Lommel-Seeliger disk law. Spectrophotometric analyses were performed on the coregistered color cubes. These data were used to estimate the local phase reddening. This region of the nucleus hosts numerous and varied types of terrains and features. We observe an association between a feature's nature, its reflectance, and its spectral slope. Fine material deposits exhibit an average reflectance and spectral slope, while terrains with diamictons, consolidated material, degraded outcrops, or features such as somber boulders, present a lower-than-average reflectance and higher-than-average spectral slope. Bright surfaces present here a spectral behavior consistent with terrains enriched in water-ice. We find a phase-reddening slope of 0.064{\pm}0.001{\%}/100nm/° at 2.7 au outbound, similarly to the one obtained at 2.3 au inbound during the February 2015 flyby. Identified as the source region of multiple jets and a host of water-ice material, the Imhotep-Khepry transition appeared in April 2016, close to the frost line, to further harbor several potential locations with exposed water-ice material among its numerous different morphological terrain units. △ Less

Submitted 21 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018.

Comments: 23 pages, 14 figures, 5 tables

Circumstellar dust distribution in systems with two planets in resonance

Authors: Francesco Marzari, Gennaro D'Angelo, Giovanni Picogna

Abstract: We investigate via numerical modeling the effects of two planets locked in resonance, and migrating outward, on the dust distribution of the natal circumstellar disk. We aim to test whether the dust distribution exhibits peculiar features arising from the interplay among the gravitational perturbations of the planets in resonance, the evolution of the gas, and its influence on the dust grains' dyn… ▽ More We investigate via numerical modeling the effects of two planets locked in resonance, and migrating outward, on the dust distribution of the natal circumstellar disk. We aim to test whether the dust distribution exhibits peculiar features arising from the interplay among the gravitational perturbations of the planets in resonance, the evolution of the gas, and its influence on the dust grains' dynamics. We focus on the 3:2 and 2:1 resonance, where the trapping may be caused by the convergent migration of a Jupiter- and Saturn-mass planet, preceding the common gap formation and ensuing outward (or inward) migration. Models show that a common gap also forms in the dust component -- similarly to what a single, more massive planet would generate -- and that outward migration leads to a progressive widening of the dust gap and to a decoupling from the gas gap. As the system evolves, a significantly wider gap is observed in the dust distribution, which ceases to overlap with the gas gap in the inner disk regions. At the outer edge of the gas gap, outward migration of the planets produces an over-density of dust particles, which evolve differently in the 3:2 and 2:1 resonances. For the 3:2, the dust trap at the gap's outer edge is partly efficient and a significant fraction of the grains filters through the gap. For the 2:1 resonance, the trap is more efficient and very few grains cross the gap, while the vast majority accumulate at the outer edge of the gap. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018.

Comments: 16 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication

Report number: LA-UR-18-31165

Models of Rosetta/OSIRIS 67P dust coma phase function

Authors: Fernando Moreno, Daniel Guirado, Olga Muñoz, Ivano Bertini, Cecilia Tubiana, Carsten Guttler, Marco Fulle, Alessandra Rotundi, Vincenzo Della Corte, Stavro Ivanovski, Giovanna Rinaldi, Dominique Bockelee-Morvan, Vladimir Zakharov, Jessica Agarwal, Stefano Mottola, Imre Toth, Elisa Frattin, Luisa Lara, Pedro Gutierrez, Zhong Yi Lin, Ludmilla Kolokolova, Holger Sierks, Giampiero Naletto, Philippe Lamy, Rafael Rodrigo , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The phase function of the dust coma of comet 67P has been determined from Rosetta/OSIRIS images \citep{Bertini17}. This function show a deep minimum at phase angles near 100$^\circ$, and a strong backscattering enhancement. These two properties cannot be reproduced by regular models of cometary dust, most of them based on wavelength-sized and randomly-oriented aggregate particles. We show, however… ▽ More The phase function of the dust coma of comet 67P has been determined from Rosetta/OSIRIS images \citep{Bertini17}. This function show a deep minimum at phase angles near 100$^\circ$, and a strong backscattering enhancement. These two properties cannot be reproduced by regular models of cometary dust, most of them based on wavelength-sized and randomly-oriented aggregate particles. We show, however, that an ensamble of oriented elongated particles of a wide variety of aspect ratios, with radii $r \gtrsim$10 $μ$m, and whose long axes are perpendicular to the direction of the solar radiation, are capable of reproducing the observed phase function. These particles must be absorbing, with an imaginary part of the refractive index of about 0.1 to match the expected geometric albedo, and with porosity in the 60-70\% range. △ Less

Submitted 27 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018.

Comments: Accepted by Astronomical Journal, September 26th, 2018. 21 pages, 5 figures

Linking surface morphology, composition, and activity on the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Authors: S. Fornasier, V. H. Hoang, P. H. Hasselmann, C. Feller, M. A. Barucci, J. D. P. Deshapriya, H. Sierks, G. Naletto, P. L. Lamy, R. Rodrigo, D. Koschny, B. Davidsson, J. Agarwal, C. Barbieri, J. -L. Bertaux, I. Bertini, D. Bodewits, G. Cremonese, V. Da Deppo, S. Debei, M. De Cecco, J. Deller, S. Ferrari, M. Fulle, P. J. Gutierrez , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Rosetta space probe accompanied comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for more than two years, obtaining an unprecedented amount of unique data of the comet nucleus and inner coma. This work focuses identifying the source regions of faint jets and outbursts and on studying the spectrophotometric properties of some outbursts. We use observations acquired with the OSIRIS/NAC camera during July-October… ▽ More The Rosetta space probe accompanied comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for more than two years, obtaining an unprecedented amount of unique data of the comet nucleus and inner coma. This work focuses identifying the source regions of faint jets and outbursts and on studying the spectrophotometric properties of some outbursts. We use observations acquired with the OSIRIS/NAC camera during July-October 2015, that is, close to perihelion. More than 200 jets of different intensities were identified directly on the nucleus. Some of the more intense outbursts appear spectrally bluer than the comet dark terrain in the vivible-to-near-infrared region. We attribute this spectral behavior to icy grains mixed with the ejected dust. Some of the jets have an extremely short lifetime. They appear on the cometary surface during the color sequence observations, and vanish in less than some few minutes after reaching their peak. We also report a resolved dust plume observed in May 2016 at a resolution of 55 cm/pixel, which allowed us to estimate an optical depth of $\sim$0.65 and an ejected mass of $\sim$ 2200 kg. We present the results on the location, duration, and colors of active sources on the nucleus of 67P from the medium-resolution (i.e., 6-10 m/pixel) images acquired close to perihelion passage. The observed jets are mainly located close to boundaries between different morphological regions. Jets depart not only from cliffs, but also from smooth and dust-covered areas, from fractures, pits, or cavities that cast shadows and favor the recondensation of volatiles. This study shows that faint jets or outbursts continuously contribute to the cometary activity close to perihelion passage, and that these events are triggered by illumination conditions. Faint jets or outbursts are not associated with a particular terrain type or morphology. △ Less

Submitted 11 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018.

Comments: Accepted for publication on Astronomy and Astrophysics on 27 August 2018. 27 pages, 18 figures, 2 tables

Journal ref: A&A 630, A7 (2019)