Showing 1–50 of 179 results for author: Furniss, A

A Multiwavelength Study of a Long-Duration VHE Flare from BL Lacertae with VERITAS

Authors: Atreya Acharyya, Avery Archer, Priyadarshini Bangale, Joshua Bartkoske, Wystan Benbow, James Buckley, Yu Chen, Jodi Christiansen, Alisha Chromey, Anne Duerr, Manel Errando, Miguel Escobar Godoy, Juan Escudero Pedrosa, Abe Falcone, Sydney Feldman, Qi Feng, Simon Filbert, Lucy Fortson, Amy Furniss, William Hanlon, Olivier Hervet, Claire Hinrichs, Jamie Holder, Zach Hughes, Thomas Humensky , et al. (50 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first observations of a long-duration very-high-energy (VHE; $E > 100$ GeV) flare from BL Lacertae (VER J2202+422), taken with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS). On October 15, 2022, the Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) detected elevated GeV activity originating from this blazar. This triggered a multiwavelength campaign, which includes observation… ▽ More We report the first observations of a long-duration very-high-energy (VHE; $E > 100$ GeV) flare from BL Lacertae (VER J2202+422), taken with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS). On October 15, 2022, the Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) detected elevated GeV activity originating from this blazar. This triggered a multiwavelength campaign, which includes observations from VERITAS, Swift, NuSTAR, and select optical and radio observatories. VERITAS observed the source for a total of $\sim 9.8$ hours between September 1, 2022 and December 1, 2022. An analysis of these data yields a $\sim 28 σ$ detection of the source. While previously observed VHE flares from BL Lacertae have lasted on time-scales of minutes to days, VERITAS continued to detect flaring activity from the source for over a month ($\sim 40$ days) after the original flaring activity was detected with Fermi-LAT. Broadband spectral modeling shows that a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model with an external inverse-Compton (EC) component is preferred over a one-zone SSC model. △ Less

Submitted 16 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 19 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)

The exceptional 2017 gamma-ray flare of the radio galaxy NGC 1275: VERITAS and Multiwavelength Observations

Authors: A. Acharyya, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, Y. Chen, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Errando, M. Escobar Godoy, A. Falcone, S. Feldman, Q. Feng, S. Filbert, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, Z. Hughes, M. Iskakova, W. Jin, M. N. Johnson , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The radio galaxy NGC 1275 is the Brightest Cluster Galaxy in the Perseus cluster. It is well-studied across all wavebands, including Very High Energy (VHE; E>100GeV gamma-rays, and with radio observations over the last 20 years tracking an unusual radio component, "C3". NGC 1275 was observed in an exceptional VHE flaring state between 2016 December 31 and 2017 January 3. The flare peak reached ~1.… ▽ More The radio galaxy NGC 1275 is the Brightest Cluster Galaxy in the Perseus cluster. It is well-studied across all wavebands, including Very High Energy (VHE; E>100GeV gamma-rays, and with radio observations over the last 20 years tracking an unusual radio component, "C3". NGC 1275 was observed in an exceptional VHE flaring state between 2016 December 31 and 2017 January 3. The flare peak reached ~1.5 Crab units as measured by the MAGIC observatory. We report on the observations of NGC~1275 conducted by VERITAS and multi-wavelength data collected during this flaring state, and for context, data taken between 2009 and 2017 inclusive. VERITAS detected the declining state of the flare on 2017 January 2 (MJD 57755) and 3 (MJD 57756) at an average flux state of 0.5 Crab units. VERITAS spectra show an overall long-term trend of harder-when-brighter. During the flare, the gamma-ray spectrum obtained from the combined Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and VERITAS observations, changes from a power law with an exponential cut-off on January 1 to a log-parabola on January 2. To study the evolution of the flare in more detail, multi-band spectral energy distributions (SEDs) were constructed for the nights of 2017 January 1 and 2 corresponding to the shift from the peak to the decline of the flare. A blob-in-jet modeling of the SEDs results in support for a two-component model with a jet angle of 10 degrees to the line of sight and the gamma-ray emission zone located in the vicinity of the C3 radio component. △ Less

Submitted 1 June, 2026; v1 submitted 19 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 24 pages, 9 figures

Impacts of Voids, Line of Sight Interactions, and Local Emission Environment on Detectability of Gamma-Ray AGN

Authors: Ollie Jackson, Amy Furniss, Olivier Hervet, Megan Splettstoesser, David A. Williams

Abstract: Cosmic voids may have novel affects on the propagation of high-energy photons. We consider the fraction of the line of sight that intersect voids (termed \enquote{voidiness}). A previous study showed that active galactic nuclei (AGN) detected by \textit{Fermi} Large Area Telescope (LAT) lie along voidier lines of sight than redshift-matched populations of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) optically… ▽ More Cosmic voids may have novel affects on the propagation of high-energy photons. We consider the fraction of the line of sight that intersect voids (termed \enquote{voidiness}). A previous study showed that active galactic nuclei (AGN) detected by \textit{Fermi} Large Area Telescope (LAT) lie along voidier lines of sight than redshift-matched populations of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) optically detected quasars in the redshift range from $0.4 \leq z < 0.7$. We explore this difference and various astrophysical explanations for it. Weaker intergalactic magnetic fields in voids would naturally enhance the gamma-ray cascading flux within the \textit{Fermi}-LAT point-spread function. We find that line-of-sight interactions increasing the flux in the \textit{Fermi}-LAT energy band by $\sim$0.1\% per Mpc of void traversed may be sufficient to result in the observed difference in voidiness distributions. Voidiness comparisons between SDSS QSO and AGN detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes at very-high-energies (VHE) do not yield any conclusive statement, likely because of the limited VHE sample size, and therefore are inconclusive about the role of possibly weaker extragalactic background light within voids. Finally, we measure that $28 \pm 3 \%$ of gamma-ray detected sources exist within a void (consistent with random mock populations) compared to $19.1 \pm 0.3 \%$ of SDSS quasars. We do not find any significant local void effect for gamma-ray sources that would explain the voidiness difference between \textit{Fermi}-LAT gamma-ray and SDSS QSO sources. These results suggest that the observed difference in voidiness distributions may be due to line-of-sight interactions rather than the local emission environment of gamma-ray AGN. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 1002, 2026

Investigation of the Microquasar SS 433 with VERITAS

Authors: The VERITAS Collaboration, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, N. R. Bond, Y. Chen, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Errando, M. E. Godoy, J. E. Pedrosa, S. Feldman, Q. Feng, S. Filbert, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, T. B. Humensky, M. Iskakova, W. Jin, M. N. Johnson , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Microquasars such as SS 433 are considered potential contributors to cosmic rays up to the knee of the cosmic ray energy spectrum ($\sim4\,\mathrm{PeV}$), where a transition in the dominant acceleration processes is expected. The SS 433 system, located within the W50 supernova remnant, is a Galactic microquasar with relativistic jets interacting with the surrounding medium over parsec scales, prov… ▽ More Microquasars such as SS 433 are considered potential contributors to cosmic rays up to the knee of the cosmic ray energy spectrum ($\sim4\,\mathrm{PeV}$), where a transition in the dominant acceleration processes is expected. The SS 433 system, located within the W50 supernova remnant, is a Galactic microquasar with relativistic jets interacting with the surrounding medium over parsec scales, providing an example for studying jet-driven particle acceleration. A deep morphological and spectral study of SS 433 is performed using more than 150 hours of observations with VERITAS, sensitive to $γ$-ray energies $>100\,\mathrm{GeV}$. With an angular resolution better than $0.1^°$, extended TeV $γ$-ray emission is resolved from both the eastern and western jet lobes, located tens of parsecs from the central binary. The emission appears elongated along the jet axis and coincides with regions where the jets interact with the surrounding supernova remnant. No TeV emission is detected from the central binary, nor is significant emission observed between the central binary and the jet lobes. Phase-resolved analyses show no evidence for variability with orbital or precessional phase, supporting a steady emission scenario. The observed morphology and spectra are consistent with scenarios where particles are accelerated in the lobes of the jets, possibly through shocks or alternative processes such as magnetic reconnection. The extended TeV emission from the jet lobes of SS 433 favors a leptonic origin in the VERITAS energy range, suggesting any hadronic acceleration is subdominant. The results offer valuable constraints on how microquasar jets may contribute to the Galactic cosmic-ray population toward the knee. △ Less

Submitted 23 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 18 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)

Journal ref: ApJ 1002 88 (2026)

VERITAS Observations Contemporaneous with the LHAASO Detection of NGC 4278

Authors: The VERITAS Collaboration, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, J. H. Buckley, Y. Chen, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Errando, M. Escobar Godoy, S. Feldman, Q. Feng, S. Filbert, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, Z. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, M. Iskakova, W. Jin , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Significant gamma-ray emission between 1 TeV and 20 TeV from a point source, 1LHAASO J1219+2915, consistent with the location of the LINER/LLAGN galaxy NGC 4278 was recently reported by the LHAASO collaboration. These data were later split into active and quasi-quiet states, with most of the LHAASO significance coming from the active state (MJD 59449-59589). Subsequent analysis of Fermi-LAT and Sw… ▽ More Significant gamma-ray emission between 1 TeV and 20 TeV from a point source, 1LHAASO J1219+2915, consistent with the location of the LINER/LLAGN galaxy NGC 4278 was recently reported by the LHAASO collaboration. These data were later split into active and quasi-quiet states, with most of the LHAASO significance coming from the active state (MJD 59449-59589). Subsequent analysis of Fermi-LAT and Swift-XRT observations have been used to explore the double-peaked broad-band emission. Models of the spectral energy distribution (SED) are currently unconstrained due to the lack of contemporaneous multi-wavelength data at either peak. Here we report serendipitous observations of NGC 4278 with VERITAS, made possible by the contemporaneous observations of the nearby blazars 1ES 1218+304, 1ES 1215+303, and W Comae, each of which are located within $2^\circ$ of NGC 4278. VERITAS did not detect any gamma-ray emission and a flux upper limit was calculated. The flux upper limits constrain the photon spectrum of the quasi-quiet period, and together with Fermi-LAT, indicate a peak in the SED between 100 GeV and 2 TeV. We present an interpretation of the broadband SED that is based on acceleration of protons in the corona of the AGN, followed by p-$γ$ interactions and optically thin $γ$-ray emission. Within this framework, the implied neutrino signal is slightly below the current sensitivity of IceCube. △ Less

Submitted 18 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 11 pages, 2 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal, 1001:199 (9pp), 2026 April 20

VERITAS contributions to the 39th International Cosmic Ray Conference

Authors: A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, Y. Chen, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Escobar Godoy, J. Escudero Pedrosa, Q. Feng, S. Filbert, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, T. B. Humensky, M. Iskakova, W. Jin, M. N. Johnson, E. Joshi, M. Kertzman, M. Kherlakian , et al. (33 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Compilation of papers presented by the VERITAS Collaboration at the 39th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), held July 14 through July 24, 2025 in Geneva, Switzerland. Compilation of papers presented by the VERITAS Collaboration at the 39th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), held July 14 through July 24, 2025 in Geneva, Switzerland. △ Less

Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Prompt Searches for Very-High-Energy γ-Ray Counterparts to IceCube Astrophysical Neutrino Alerts

Authors: J. Abhir, A. Biland, K. Brand, T. Bretz, D. Dorner, L. Eisenberger, D. Elsaesser, P. Günther, S. Hasan, D. Hildebrand, K. Mannheim, M. Linhoff, F. Pfeifle, W. Rhode, B. Schleicher, V. Sliusar, M. Vorbrugg, R. Walter, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, J. Aschersleben, H. Ashkar, M. Backes, V. Barbosa Martins, R. Batzofin , et al. (809 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The search for sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos can be significantly advanced through a multi-messenger approach, which seeks to detect the gamma rays that accompany neutrinos as they are produced at their sources. Multi-messenger observations have so far provided the first evidence for a neutrino source, illustrated by the joint detection of the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056 in highen… ▽ More The search for sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos can be significantly advanced through a multi-messenger approach, which seeks to detect the gamma rays that accompany neutrinos as they are produced at their sources. Multi-messenger observations have so far provided the first evidence for a neutrino source, illustrated by the joint detection of the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056 in highenergy (HE, E > 1 GeV) and very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma rays in coincidence with the high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A, identified by IceCube. Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), namely FACT, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS, continue to conduct extensive neutrino target-of-opportunity follow-up programs. These programs have two components: followup observations of single astrophysical neutrino candidate events (such as IceCube-170922A), and observation of known gamma-ray sources after the identification of a cluster of neutrino events by IceCube. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of follow-up observations of high-energy neutrino events observed by the four IACTs between September 2017 (after the IceCube-170922A event) and January 2021. Our study found no associations between gamma-ray sources and the observed neutrino events. We provide a detailed overview of each neutrino event and its potential counterparts. Furthermore, a joint analysis of all IACT data is included, yielding combined upper limits on the VHE gamma-ray flux. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: accepted for publication in ApJ

Design and Performance of the Upgraded Prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope Camera Module

Authors: Giovanni Ambrosi, Carla Aramo, Mattia Barbanera, Chiara Bartolini, Wystan Benbow, Bruna Bertucci, Elisabetta Bissaldi, Massimiliano Bitossi, Massimo Capasso, Mirco Caprai, Davide Cerasole, Zachary Curtis-Ginsberg, Gaia De Palma, Leonardo Di Venere, Miguel Escobar Godoy, Qi Feng, Emanuele Fiandrini, Lucy Fortson, Stefan Funk, Amy Furniss, Alasdair Gent, Stefano Germani, Nicola Giglietto, Francesco Giordano, William Hanlon , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is a ground-based observatory that will improve upon the sensitivities of the current generation of very-high-energy gamma-ray instruments. The Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) is a dual-mirror candidate design for a CTAO Medium-Sized Telescope (MST). The prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) was inaugurated in 2019 at Fred Lawrence Wh… ▽ More The Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is a ground-based observatory that will improve upon the sensitivities of the current generation of very-high-energy gamma-ray instruments. The Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) is a dual-mirror candidate design for a CTAO Medium-Sized Telescope (MST). The prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) was inaugurated in 2019 at Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) in Arizona and observed significant gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula with a partially populated camera. The pSCT camera is currently being upgraded to fully instrument the focal plane with 11,328 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) pixels split between 177 camera modules. Additionally, the modules will feature upgraded electronics designed to reduce electronics crosstalk and noise. A module calibration procedure has been developed using a preproduction test module. Following this calibration procedure, performance testing shows that the upgrade module has low noise, minimal electronics crosstalk, and excellent charge resolution. After calibration and optimization, the 177 production modules will be installed in the pSCT camera for commissioning. This will be followed by observations of known VHE gamma-ray sources for camera performance validation. △ Less

Submitted 13 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 58 pages, 38 figures, 2 tables

Probing a cosmogenic origin of astrophysical neutrinos and cosmic rays using gamma-ray observations of TXS 0506+056

Authors: A. Acharyya, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, J. H. Buckley, Y. Chen, J. L. Christiansen, A. Duerr, M. Errando, M. Escobar Godoy, A. Falcone, S. Feldman, Q. Feng, S. Filbert, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, Z. Hughes, M. Iskakova, W. Jin, P. Kaaret , et al. (36 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In September 2017, a high-energy neutrino event detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory (IceCube-170922A) was associated, at the $3σ$ level, with a gamma-ray flare from the blazar TXS 0506+056. Cosmic rays that are accelerated in astrophysical sources can escape from their jets and interact with background radiation fields. Interactions with the extragalactic background light can produce pion… ▽ More In September 2017, a high-energy neutrino event detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory (IceCube-170922A) was associated, at the $3σ$ level, with a gamma-ray flare from the blazar TXS 0506+056. Cosmic rays that are accelerated in astrophysical sources can escape from their jets and interact with background radiation fields. Interactions with the extragalactic background light can produce pions and hence neutrinos, while interactions with the cosmic microwave background predominantly drive inverse Compton scattering, contributing to electromagnetic cascades in intergalactic space. The resulting secondary gamma-ray emission can be detected with high-energy gamma-ray telescopes. Here, we report on a new search for such cosmogenic cascade emission from the blazar TXS 0506+056, using a combined data set from the Fermi-Large Area Telescope and VERITAS. We compare the gamma-ray spectrum and neutrino observations with the predictions of cosmic-ray induced cascades in intergalactic space. The observed gamma-ray spectrum is modeled as a combination of the primary spectrum and the cascade spectrum. We apply a Monte Carlo simulation with a $Δχ^2$-based likelihood analysis to jointly determine the best-fit parameters of a proton emission spectrum describing the data and derive constraints on the proton escape luminosity. Assuming a log-parabola primary photon spectrum, we find consistency with a proton injection spectral index of $α_{p} \simeq 2.0$ and a cutoff energy of $E_{p,\text{max}} \simeq 1.3 \times 10^{16}$ eV, and constrain the isotropic proton escape luminosity to $1 \times 10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$ $\lesssim L_{p, esc} \lesssim 3 \times 10^{45}$ erg s$^{-1}$ at the 90 % confidence level. △ Less

Submitted 8 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)

Constraints on Axion-Like Particles from VERITAS Observations of a Flaring Radio Galaxy in the Perseus Cluster

Authors: C. B. Adams, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, Y. Chen, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Errando, M. Escobar Godoy, J. Escudero Pedrosa, S. Feldman, Q. Feng, S. Filbert, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, Z. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, M. Iskakova, W. Jin , et al. (40 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Background: Axion-like particles (ALPs) are hypothetical particles that emerge in numerous theoretical extensions to the Standard Model. Their coupling to electromagnetic field implies that ALPs would mix with photons in the presence of external magnetic fields. As ALP phenomenology is governed by the mass and strength of its coupling, there is a subset of this parameter space in which this mixing… ▽ More Background: Axion-like particles (ALPs) are hypothetical particles that emerge in numerous theoretical extensions to the Standard Model. Their coupling to electromagnetic field implies that ALPs would mix with photons in the presence of external magnetic fields. As ALP phenomenology is governed by the mass and strength of its coupling, there is a subset of this parameter space in which this mixing would be expected to leave an imprint on the spectra of TeV gamma-ray sources. Data: In 2017, the VERITAS gamma-ray observatory recorded the second day of a dramatic flare of the radio galaxy NGC 1275, embedded at the center of the Perseus galaxy cluster. This serendipitous locale provides a spatially-extended magnetic field of strength O(10$μ$G) through which escaping photons traverse, making it an excellent target to study ALPs. Methods: We analyze the VERITAS data of NGC 1275's 2017 flare with the gammapy analysis package. Extensive fitting and modeling are performed to ultimately conduct a likelihood analysis used to search for any evidence of a preference for ALPs and to explore the confidence with which constraints can be set. We adopt the CLs method for this study for its conservative approach to setting limits in regimes where the search has limited sensitivity. Results: No evidence for the existence of ALPs is found, and no combination of mass and coupling strength can be excluded at or above 95% confidence level. We provide a map showing the strength of our exclusions in the mass and coupling parameter space. The strongest exclusions are found in the mass range $2 \times 10^{-7}$eV $\lesssim m_a \lesssim 4 \times 10^{-7}$eV and at the coupling strength of $g_{aγ} \gtrsim 3 \times 10^{-11}$ GeV$^{-1}$ up to 80% confidence level, which are consistent with previous studies. Conclusions: We find the CLs method to be a trustworthy approach, and advocate for its... △ Less

Submitted 21 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in the Physical Review D (PRD)

Combined dark matter search towards dwarf spheroidal galaxies with Fermi-LAT, HAWC, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS

Authors: Fermi-LAT Collaboration, :, S. Abdollahi, L. Baldini, R. Bellazzini, B. Berenji, E. Bissaldi, R. Bonino, P. Bruel, S. Buson, E. Charles, A. W. Chen, S. Ciprini, M. Crnogorcevic, A. Cuoco, F. D'Ammando, A. de Angelis, M. Di Mauro, N. Di Lalla, L. Di Venere, A. Domínguez, S. J. Fegan, A. Fiori, P. Fusco, V. Gammaldi , et al. (582 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are excellent targets for indirect dark matter (DM) searches using gamma-ray telescopes because they are thought to have high DM content and a low astrophysical background. The sensitivity of these searches is improved by combining the observations of dSphs made by different gamma-ray telescopes. We present the results of a combined search by the most sensitive cu… ▽ More Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are excellent targets for indirect dark matter (DM) searches using gamma-ray telescopes because they are thought to have high DM content and a low astrophysical background. The sensitivity of these searches is improved by combining the observations of dSphs made by different gamma-ray telescopes. We present the results of a combined search by the most sensitive currently operating gamma-ray telescopes, namely: the satellite-borne Fermi-LAT telescope; the ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope arrays H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS; and the HAWC water Cherenkov detector. Individual datasets were analyzed using a common statistical approach. Results were subsequently combined via a global joint likelihood analysis. We obtain constraints on the velocity-weighted cross section $\langle σ\mathit{v} \rangle$ for DM self-annihilation as a function of the DM particle mass. This five-instrument combination allows the derivation of up to 2-3 times more constraining upper limits on $\langle σ\mathit{v} \rangle$ than the individual results over a wide mass range spanning from 5 GeV to 100 TeV. Depending on the DM content modeling, the 95% confidence level observed limits reach $1.5\times$10$^{-24}$ cm$^3$s$^{-1}$ and $3.2\times$10$^{-25}$ cm$^3$s$^{-1}$, respectively, in the $τ^+τ^-$ annihilation channel for a DM mass of 2 TeV. △ Less

Submitted 27 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Journal ref: JCAP 03 (2026) 035

Prospects for dark matter observations in dwarf spheroidal galaxies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory

Authors: K. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Acharyya, R. Adam, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, A. Aguirre-Santaella, J. Alfaro, R. Alfaro, C. Alispach, R. Alves Batista, J. -P. Amans, E. Amato, G. Ambrosi, D. Ambrosino, F. Ambrosino, L. Angel, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, C. Arcaro, K. Asano, Y. Ascasibar , et al. (469 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) orbiting the Milky Way are widely regarded as systems supported by velocity dispersion against self-gravity, and as prime targets for the search for indirect dark matter (DM) signatures in the GeV-to-TeV $γ$-ray range owing to their lack of astrophysical $γ$-ray background. We present forecasts of the sensitivity of the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Ob… ▽ More The dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) orbiting the Milky Way are widely regarded as systems supported by velocity dispersion against self-gravity, and as prime targets for the search for indirect dark matter (DM) signatures in the GeV-to-TeV $γ$-ray range owing to their lack of astrophysical $γ$-ray background. We present forecasts of the sensitivity of the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) to annihilating or decaying DM signals in these targets. An original selection of candidates is performed from the current catalogue of known objects, including both classical and ultra-faint dSphs. For each, the expected DM content is derived using the most comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic data available, within a consistent framework of analysis. This approach enables the derivation of novel astrophysical factor profiles for indirect DM searches, which are compared with results from the literature. From an initial sample of 64 dSphs, eight promising targets are identified -- Draco I, Coma Berenices, Ursa Major II, Ursa Minor and Willman 1 in the North, Reticulum II, Sculptor and Sagittarius II in the South -- for which different DM density models yield consistent expectations, leading to robust predictions. CTAO is expected to provide the strongest limits above $\sim$10 TeV, reaching velocity-averaged annihilation cross sections of $\sim$5$\times$10$^{-25}$ cm$^3$ s$^{-1}$ and decay lifetimes up to $\sim$10$^{26}$ s for combined limits. The dominant uncertainties arise from the imprecise determination of the DM content, particularly for ultra-faint dSphs. Observation strategies are proposed that optimise either deep exposures of the best candidates or diversified target selections. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2025; v1 submitted 26 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 40 pages, 19 figures, 10 tables, accepted for publication on MNRAS

Journal ref: Mon Not R Astron Soc (2025) 2946-2986

HAWC, VERITAS, Fermi-LAT and XMM-Newton follow-up observations of the unidentified ultra-high-energy gamma-ray source LHAASO J2108+5157

Authors: The VERITAS collaboration, C. B. Adams, P. Bangale, W. Benbow, J. H. Buckley, Y. Chen, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, M. Escobar Godoy, S. Feldman, Q. Feng, J. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, Z. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, M. Kherlakian, D. Kieda , et al. (121 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report observations of the ultra-high-energy gamma-ray source LHAASO J2108$+$5157, utilizing VERITAS, HAWC, Fermi-LAT, and XMM-Newton. VERITAS has collected $\sim$ 40 hours of data that we used to set ULs to the emission above 200 GeV. The HAWC data, collected over $\sim 2400$ days, reveal emission between 3 and 146 TeV, with a significance of $7.5~σ$, favoring an extended source model. The bes… ▽ More We report observations of the ultra-high-energy gamma-ray source LHAASO J2108$+$5157, utilizing VERITAS, HAWC, Fermi-LAT, and XMM-Newton. VERITAS has collected $\sim$ 40 hours of data that we used to set ULs to the emission above 200 GeV. The HAWC data, collected over $\sim 2400$ days, reveal emission between 3 and 146 TeV, with a significance of $7.5~σ$, favoring an extended source model. The best-fit spectrum measured by HAWC is characterized by a simple power-law with a spectral index of $2.45\pm0.11_{stat}$. Fermi-LAT analysis finds a point source with a very soft spectrum in the LHAASO J2108+5157 region, consistent with the 4FGL-DR3 catalog results. The XMM-Newton analysis yields a null detection of the source in the 2 - 7 keV band. The broadband spectrum can be interpreted as a pulsar and a pulsar wind nebula system, where the GeV gamma-ray emission originates from an unidentified pulsar, and the X-ray and TeV emission is attributed to synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton scattering of electrons accelerated within a pulsar wind nebula. In this leptonic scenario, our X-ray upper limit provides a stringent constraint on the magnetic field, which is $\lesssim 1.5\ μ$G. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2025; v1 submitted 3 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 4 figures, submitted to The Astrophysical Journal

Multi-wavelength Study of HESS J0632+057: New Insights into Pulsar-Disk Interaction

Authors: Jaegeun Park, Hongjun An, Chanho Kim, Natalie Matchett, Kaya Mori, Brian van Soelen, VERITAS Collaboration, :, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, J. H. Buckley, Y. Chen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Errando, M. Escobar Godoy, A. Falcone, S. Feldman, Q. Feng, S. Filbert, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present an analysis of new multi-wavelength observations of the TeV gamma-ray binary HESS J0632+057, conducted using SALT, Swift, NuSTAR, and VERITAS in 2023--2024. By combining these new data with archival observations, we confirm previous suggestions of orbital variability in the source's X-ray spectrum, including increased X-ray absorption at the orbital phase interval of… ▽ More We present an analysis of new multi-wavelength observations of the TeV gamma-ray binary HESS J0632+057, conducted using SALT, Swift, NuSTAR, and VERITAS in 2023--2024. By combining these new data with archival observations, we confirm previous suggestions of orbital variability in the source's X-ray spectrum, including increased X-ray absorption at the orbital phase interval of $φ\approx0.3\textrm{--}0.4$. The source's X-ray flux within this phase interval seems to have exhibited a significant change on an orbital timescale. Additionally, occasional short-term variations in the X-ray band on a timescale of less than 3 days have been observed. The measured duration of the increased absorbing column density and the flux variability timescales can provide clues about the interaction between the putative pulsar and the Be companion's disk if, as previously suggested, the pulsar crosses the disk at this phase interval. Moreover, the new contemporaneous X-ray and TeV observations around the pulsar-crossing phases revealed independent variability in the X-ray and TeV fluxes, contrary to a previous observation of concurrent flux increases. While these observations alone cannot provide definitive conclusions, we discuss our results in the context of pulsar-disk interaction and intrabinary shock emission scenarios. △ Less

Submitted 31 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Measurement of the photosphere oblateness of $γ$ Cassiopeiae via Stellar Intensity Interferometry with the VERITAS Observatory

Authors: A. Archer, J. P. Aufdenberg, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, J. H. Buckley, Y. Chen, N. B. Y. Chin, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Escobar Godoy, S. Feldman, Q. Feng, S. Filbert, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, Z. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, M. N. Johnson , et al. (36 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We use the stellar intensity interferometry system implemented with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) at Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) as a light collector to obtain measurements of the rapid rotator star $γ$ Cassiopeiae, at a wavelength of 416 nm. Using data from baselines sampling different position angles, we extract the size, oblateness, and proje… ▽ More We use the stellar intensity interferometry system implemented with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) at Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) as a light collector to obtain measurements of the rapid rotator star $γ$ Cassiopeiae, at a wavelength of 416 nm. Using data from baselines sampling different position angles, we extract the size, oblateness, and projected orientation of the photosphere. Fitting the data with a uniform ellipse model yields a minor-axis angular diameter of $0.43\pm0.02$ mas, a major-to-minor-radius ratio of $1.28\pm0.04$, and a position angle of $116^\circ\pm5^\circ$ for the axis of rotation. A rapidly-rotating stellar atmosphere model that includes limb and gravity darkening describes the data well with a fitted angular diameter of $0.604^{+0.041}_{-0.034}$ mas corresponding to an equatorial radius of 10.9$^{+0.8}_{-0.6}~R_\odot$, a rotational velocity with a $1~σ$ lower limit at $97.7\%$ that of breakup velocity, and a position angle of $114.7^{+6.4}_{-5.7}$ degrees. These parameters are consistent with H$α$ line spectroscopy and infrared-wavelength Michelson interferometric measurements of the star's decretion disk. This is the first measurement of an oblate photosphere using intensity interferometry. △ Less

Submitted 17 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Multiwavelength observation of a candidate pulsar halo LHAASO J0621+3755 and the first X-ray detection of PSR J0622+3749

Authors: C. B. Adams, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, J. H. Buckley, Y. Chen, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Errando, M. Escobar Godoy, A. Falcone, S. Feldman, Q. Feng, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, M. N. Johnson, P. Kaaret , et al. (49 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Pulsar halos are regions around middle-aged pulsars extending out to tens of parsecs. The large extent of the halos and well-defined central cosmic-ray accelerators make this new class of Galactic sources an ideal laboratory for studying cosmic-ray transport. LHAASO J0621+3755 is a candidate pulsar halo associated with the middle-aged gamma-ray pulsar PSR J0622+3749. We observed LHAASO J0621+3755… ▽ More Pulsar halos are regions around middle-aged pulsars extending out to tens of parsecs. The large extent of the halos and well-defined central cosmic-ray accelerators make this new class of Galactic sources an ideal laboratory for studying cosmic-ray transport. LHAASO J0621+3755 is a candidate pulsar halo associated with the middle-aged gamma-ray pulsar PSR J0622+3749. We observed LHAASO J0621+3755 with VERITAS and XMM-Newton in the TeV and X-ray bands, respectively. For this work, we developed a novel background estimation technique for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope observations of such extended sources. No halo emission was detected with VERITAS (0.3--10 TeV) or XMM-Newton (2--7 keV) within 1 degree and 10 arcmin around PSR J0622+3749, respectively. Combined with the LHAASO-KM2A and Fermi-LAT data, VERITAS flux upper limits establish a spectral break at ~1--10 TeV, a unique feature compared with Geminga, the most studied pulsar halo. We model the gamma-ray spectrum and LHAASO-KM2A surface brightness as inverse Compton emission and find suppressed diffusion around the pulsar, similar to Geminga. A smaller diffusion suppression zone and harder electron injection spectrum than Geminga are necessary to reproduce the spectral cutoff. A magnetic field <= 1 uG is required by our XMM-Newton observation and synchrotron spectral modeling, consistent with Geminga. Our findings support slower diffusion and lower magnetic field around pulsar halos than the Galactic averages, hinting at magnetohydrodynamic turbulence around pulsars. Additionally, we report the detection of an X-ray point source spatially coincident with PSR J0622+3749, whose periodicity is consistent with the gamma-ray spin period of 333.2 ms. The soft spectrum of this source suggests a thermal origin. △ Less

Submitted 2 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 28 pages, 19 figures

Constraints on the X-ray and Very High Energy $γ$-ray Flux from Supernova Remnant W44

Authors: A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, J. H. Buckley, Y. Chen, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Errando, M. Escobar Godoy, S. Feldman, Q. Feng, J. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, M. N. Johnson, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman , et al. (33 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Observations of GeV gamma-ray emission from the well-studied mixed-morphology supernova remnant (SNR) W44 by Fermi-LAT and AGILE imply that it is a site of significant cosmic ray acceleration. The spectral energy distribution (SED) derived from the GeV data suggest that the gamma-ray emission likely originates from the decay of neutral pions generated by cosmic-ray interactions. It is essential to… ▽ More Observations of GeV gamma-ray emission from the well-studied mixed-morphology supernova remnant (SNR) W44 by Fermi-LAT and AGILE imply that it is a site of significant cosmic ray acceleration. The spectral energy distribution (SED) derived from the GeV data suggest that the gamma-ray emission likely originates from the decay of neutral pions generated by cosmic-ray interactions. It is essential to measure the SED of W44 in the X-ray and very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray bands to verify the hadronic origin of the emission and to gauge the potential contributions from leptonic emission. We report an upper-limit of the nonthermal X-ray flux from W44 of 5 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ in the 0.5 - 8.0 keV band based on $\sim$ 300 ks of XMM-Newton observations. The X-ray upper limit is consistent with previously estimated hadronic models, but in tension with the leptonic models. We estimate the VHE flux upper limit of $\sim$ 1.2 $\times$ 10$^{-12}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ in the 0.5 - 5.0 TeV range from W44 using data from the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS). Our non-detection of W44 at VHE wavlengths is in agreemnent with observations from other imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) and is perhaps consistent with the evolutionary stage of the SNR. △ Less

Submitted 12 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 9 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in ApJ

VERITAS and multiwavelength observations of the Blazar B3 2247+381 in response to an IceCube neutrino alert

Authors: Atreya Acharyya, Colin B. Adams, Priyadarshini Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, Wystan Benbow, James H. Buckley, Yu Chen, Jodi Christiansen, Alisha Chromey, Anne Duerr, Manel Errando, Miguel E. Godoy, Abe Falcone, Qi Feng, Juniper Foote, Lucy Fortson, Amy Furniss, William Hanlon, David Hanna, Olivier Hervet, Claire E. Hinrichs, Jamie Holder, Thomas B. Humensky, Weidong Jin, Madalyn N. Johnson , et al. (473 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: While the sources of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory are still largely unknown, one of the promising methods used towards understanding this is investigating the potential temporal and spatial correlations between neutrino alerts and the electromagnetic radiation from blazars. We report on the multiwavelength target-of-opportunity observations o… ▽ More While the sources of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory are still largely unknown, one of the promising methods used towards understanding this is investigating the potential temporal and spatial correlations between neutrino alerts and the electromagnetic radiation from blazars. We report on the multiwavelength target-of-opportunity observations of the blazar B3 2247+381, taken in response to an IceCube multiplet alert for a cluster of muon neutrino events compatible with the source location between May 20, 2022 and November 10, 2022. B3 2247+381 was not detected with VERITAS during this time period. The source was found to be in a low-flux state in the optical, ultraviolet and gamma-ray bands for the time interval corresponding to the neutrino event, but was detected in the hard X-ray band with NuSTAR during this period. We find the multiwavelength spectral energy distribution is well described using a simple one-zone leptonic synchrotron self-Compton radiation model. Moreover, assuming the neutrinos originate from hadronic processes within the jet, the neutrino flux would be accompanied by a photon flux from the cascade emission, and the integrated photon flux required in such a case would significantly exceed the total multiwavelength fluxes and the VERITAS upper limits presented here. The lack of flaring activity observed with VERITAS, combined with the low multiwavelength flux levels, and given the significance of the neutrino excess is at 3$σ$ level (uncorrected for trials), makes B3 2247+381 an unlikely source of the IceCube multiplet. We conclude that the neutrino excess is likely a background fluctuation. △ Less

Submitted 6 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 26 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)

A Study on the Line of Sight to Galaxies Detected at Gamma-ray Energies

Authors: Amy Furniss, Josepf N. Amador, Olivier Hervet, Ollie Jackson, David A. Williams

Abstract: The large-scale Universal structure comprises strands of dark matter and galaxies with large under-dense volumes known as voids. We measure the fraction of the line of sight that intersects voids for active galactic nuclei (AGN) detected by Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). This ``voidiness'' fraction is a rudimentary proxy for the density along… ▽ More The large-scale Universal structure comprises strands of dark matter and galaxies with large under-dense volumes known as voids. We measure the fraction of the line of sight that intersects voids for active galactic nuclei (AGN) detected by Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). This ``voidiness'' fraction is a rudimentary proxy for the density along the line of sight to the galaxies. The voidiness of SDSS-observed quasars (QSOs) is distinctly different from randomly distributed source populations, with a median p-value of $4.6\times10^{-5}$ and $\ll 1\times10^{-7}$, when compared with 500 simulated populations with randomly simulated locations but matching redshifts in the $0.1\leq z<0.4$ and $0.4\leq z < 0.7$ intervals, respectively. A similar comparison of the voidiness for LAT-detected AGN shows median p-values greater than 0.05 in each redshift interval. When comparing the SDSS QSO population to the LAT-detected AGN, we mitigate potential bias from a relationship between redshift and voidiness by comparing the LAT-detected AGN to a ``redshift-matched'' set of SDSS QSOs. The LAT-detected AGN between a redshift of 0.4 and 0.7 show higher voidiness compared to the redshift-matched SDSS QSO populations, with a median p-value of 2.3$\times10^{-5}$, (a $4.1σ$ deviation). No deviation is found when comparing the same populations between redshifts of 0.1 and 0.4 (p>0.05). We do not study possible causes of this voidiness difference. It might relate to propagation effects from lower magnetic or radiative background fields within voids or to an environment more favorable for gamma-ray production for AGN near voids. △ Less

Submitted 23 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJL. 7 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

An in-depth study of Gamma rays from the Starburst Galaxy M 82 with VERITAS

Authors: Atreya Acharyya, Colin B. Adams, Priyadarshini Bangale, Joshua T. Bartkoske, Wystan Benbow, Yu Chen, Jodi L. Christiansen, Alisha J. Chromey, Anne Duerr, Manel Errando, Miguel E. Godoy, Abe Falcone, Sydney Feldman, Qi Feng, Juniper Foote, Lucy Fortson, Amy Furniss, William Hanlon, David Hanna, Olivier Hervet, Claire E. Hinrichs, Jamie Holder, Thomas B. Humensky, Weidong Jin, Madalyn N. Johnson , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Assuming Galactic cosmic rays originate in supernovae and the winds of massive stars, starburst galaxies should produce very-high-energy (VHE; E$>$100 GeV) gamma-ray emission via the interaction of their copious quantities of cosmic rays with the large reservoirs of dense gas within the galaxies. Such VHE emission was detected by VERITAS from the starburst galaxy M 82 in 2008-09. An extensive, mul… ▽ More Assuming Galactic cosmic rays originate in supernovae and the winds of massive stars, starburst galaxies should produce very-high-energy (VHE; E$>$100 GeV) gamma-ray emission via the interaction of their copious quantities of cosmic rays with the large reservoirs of dense gas within the galaxies. Such VHE emission was detected by VERITAS from the starburst galaxy M 82 in 2008-09. An extensive, multi-year campaign followed these initial observations, yielding a total of 254 h of good quality VERITAS data on M 82. Leveraging modern analysis techniques and the larger exposure, these VERITAS data show a more statistically significant VHE signal ($\sim$6.5 standard deviations ($σ$)). The corresponding photon spectrum is well fit by a power law ($Γ= 2.3 \pm 0.3_{stat} \pm0.2_{sys}$) and the observed integral flux is F($>$450 GeV) = $(3.2 \pm0.6_{stat} \pm 0.6_{sys}) \times 10^{-13}~\mathrm{cm^{-2}~s}^{-1}$, or $\sim$0.4\% of the Crab Nebula flux above the same energy threshold. The improved VERITAS measurements, when combined with various multi-wavelength data, enable modeling of the underlying emission and transport processes. A purely leptonic scenario is found to be a poor representation of the gamma-ray spectral energy distribution (SED). A lepto-hadronic scenario with cosmic rays following a power-law spectrum in momentum (index $s\simeq 2.25$), and with significant bremsstrahlung below $1$~GeV, provides a good match to the observed SED. The synchrotron emission from the secondary electrons indicates that efficient non-radiative losses of cosmic-ray electrons may be related to advective escape from the starburst core. △ Less

Submitted 17 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures; Accepted for the publication in The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)

An indirect search for dark matter with a combined analysis of dwarf spheroidal galaxies from VERITAS

Authors: A. Acharyya, C. B. Adams, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, P. Batista, W. Benbow, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Errando, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, G. M. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, D. Hanna, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, M. N. Johnson, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman , et al. (37 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Understanding the nature and identity of dark matter is a key goal in the physics community. In the case that TeV-scale dark matter particles decay or annihilate into standard model particles, very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays (greater than 100 GeV) will be present in the final state. The Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) is an imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescop… ▽ More Understanding the nature and identity of dark matter is a key goal in the physics community. In the case that TeV-scale dark matter particles decay or annihilate into standard model particles, very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays (greater than 100 GeV) will be present in the final state. The Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) is an imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope array that can indirectly detect VHE gamma rays in an energy range of 100 GeV to > 30 TeV. Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are ideal candidates in the search for dark matter due to their high dark matter content, high mass-to-light ratios, and their low gamma-ray fluxes from astrophysical processes. This study uses a legacy data set of 638 hours collected on 17 dSphs, built over 11 years with an observing strategy optimized according to the dark matter content of the targets. The study addresses a broad dark matter particle mass range, extending from 200 GeV to 30 PeV. In the absence of a detection, we set the upper limits on the dark matter velocity-weighted annihilation cross section. △ Less

Submitted 6 August, 2024; v1 submitted 23 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, accepted in PRD

A multi-wavelength study to decipher the 2017 flare of the blazar OJ 287

Authors: A. Acharyya, C. B. Adams, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, P. Batista, W. Benbow, A. Brill, J. P. Caldwell, M. Carini, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, M. Errando, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, J. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, G. Gallagher, W. Hanlon, D. Hanna, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Hoang , et al. (49 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In February 2017, the blazar OJ~287 underwent a period of intense multiwavelength activity. It reached a new historic peak in the soft X-ray (0.3-10 keV) band, as measured by Swift-XRT. This event coincides with a very-high-energy (VHE) $γ$-ray outburst that led VERITAS to detect emission above 100 GeV, with a detection significance of $10σ$ (from 2016 December 9 to 2017 March 31). The time-averag… ▽ More In February 2017, the blazar OJ~287 underwent a period of intense multiwavelength activity. It reached a new historic peak in the soft X-ray (0.3-10 keV) band, as measured by Swift-XRT. This event coincides with a very-high-energy (VHE) $γ$-ray outburst that led VERITAS to detect emission above 100 GeV, with a detection significance of $10σ$ (from 2016 December 9 to 2017 March 31). The time-averaged VHE $γ$-ray spectrum was consistent with a soft power law ($Γ= -3.81 \pm 0.26$) and an integral flux corresponding to $\sim2.4\%$ that of the Crab Nebula above the same energy. Contemporaneous data from multiple instruments across the electromagnetic spectrum reveal complex flaring behavior, primarily in the soft X-ray and VHE bands. To investigate the possible origin of such an event, our study focuses on three distinct activity states: before, during, and after the February 2017 peak. The spectral energy distributions during these periods suggest the presence of at least two non-thermal emission zones, with the more compact one responsible for the observed flare. Broadband modeling results and observations of a new radio knot in the jet of OJ~287 in 2017 are consistent with a flare originating from a strong recollimation shock outside the radio core. △ Less

Submitted 26 August, 2024; v1 submitted 16 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 21 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2018 EHT Campaign including a Very High Energy Flaring Episode

Authors: J. C. Algaba, M. Balokovic, S. Chandra, W. Y. Cheong, Y. Z. Cui, F. D'Ammando, A. D. Falcone, N. M. Ford, M. Giroletti, C. Goddi, M. A. Gurwell, K. Hada, D. Haggard, S. Jorstad, A. Kaur, T. Kawashima, S. Kerby, J. Y. Kim, M. Kino, E. V. Kravchenko, S. S. Lee, R. S. Lu, S. Markoff, J. Michail, J. Neilsen , et al. (721 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The nearby elliptical galaxy M87 contains one of the only two supermassive black holes whose emission surrounding the event horizon has been imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). In 2018, more than two dozen multi-wavelength (MWL) facilities (from radio to gamma-ray energies) took part in the second M87 EHT campaign. The goal of this extensive MWL campaign was to better understand the physi… ▽ More The nearby elliptical galaxy M87 contains one of the only two supermassive black holes whose emission surrounding the event horizon has been imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). In 2018, more than two dozen multi-wavelength (MWL) facilities (from radio to gamma-ray energies) took part in the second M87 EHT campaign. The goal of this extensive MWL campaign was to better understand the physics of the accreting black hole M87*, the relationship between the inflow and inner jets, and the high-energy particle acceleration. Understanding the complex astrophysics is also a necessary first step towards performing further tests of general relativity. The MWL campaign took place in April 2018, overlapping with the EHT M87* observations. We present a new, contemporaneous spectral energy distribution (SED) ranging from radio to very high energy (VHE) gamma-rays, as well as details of the individual observations and light curves. We also conduct phenomenological modelling to investigate the basic source properties. We present the first VHE gamma-ray flare from M87 detected since 2010. The flux above 350 GeV has more than doubled within a period of about 36 hours. We find that the X-ray flux is enhanced by about a factor of two compared to 2017, while the radio and millimetre core fluxes are consistent between 2017 and 2018. We detect evidence for a monotonically increasing jet position angle that corresponds to variations in the bright spot of the EHT image. Our results show the value of continued MWL monitoring together with precision imaging for addressing the origins of high-energy particle acceleration. While we cannot currently pinpoint the precise location where such acceleration takes place, the new VHE gamma-ray flare already presents a challenge to simple one-zone leptonic emission model approaches, and emphasises the need for combined image and spectral modelling. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2024; v1 submitted 24 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 46 pages, 23 figures, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics on August. 29, 2024

Journal ref: A&A 692, A140 (2024)

Dark Matter Line Searches with the Cherenkov Telescope Array

Authors: S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Acharyya, R. Adam, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, A. Aguirre-Santaella, J. Alfaro, R. Alfaro, N. Alvarez-Crespo, R. Alves Batista, J. -P. Amans, E. Amato, G. Ambrosi, L. Angel, C. Aramo, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, L. Arrabito, K. Asano, Y. Ascasibar, J. Aschersleben, H. Ashkar , et al. (540 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Monochromatic gamma-ray signals constitute a potential smoking gun signature for annihilating or decaying dark matter particles that could relatively easily be distinguished from astrophysical or instrumental backgrounds. We provide an updated assessment of the sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to such signals, based on observations of the Galactic centre region as well as of sele… ▽ More Monochromatic gamma-ray signals constitute a potential smoking gun signature for annihilating or decaying dark matter particles that could relatively easily be distinguished from astrophysical or instrumental backgrounds. We provide an updated assessment of the sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to such signals, based on observations of the Galactic centre region as well as of selected dwarf spheroidal galaxies. We find that current limits and detection prospects for dark matter masses above 300 GeV will be significantly improved, by up to an order of magnitude in the multi-TeV range. This demonstrates that CTA will set a new standard for gamma-ray astronomy also in this respect, as the world's largest and most sensitive high-energy gamma-ray observatory, in particular due to its exquisite energy resolution at TeV energies and the adopted observational strategy focussing on regions with large dark matter densities. Throughout our analysis, we use up-to-date instrument response functions, and we thoroughly model the effect of instrumental systematic uncertainties in our statistical treatment. We further present results for other potential signatures with sharp spectral features, e.g.~box-shaped spectra, that would likewise very clearly point to a particle dark matter origin. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2024; v1 submitted 7 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 44 pages JCAP style (excluding author list and references), 19 figures; minor changes to match published version

Journal ref: JCAP 07 (2024) 047

An Angular Diameter Measurement of $β$ UMa via Stellar Intensity Interferometry with the VERITAS Observatory

Authors: A. Acharyya, J. P. Aufdenberg, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, P. Batista, W. Benbow, A. J. Chromey, J. D. Davis, Q. Feng, G. M. Foote, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, W. Jin, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, D. Kieda, T. K. Kleiner, N. Korzoun, T. LeBohec, M. A. Lisa, M. Lundy, N. Matthews, C. E McGrath , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We use the VERITAS imaging air Cherenkov Telescope (IACT) array to obtain the first measured angular diameter of $β$ UMa at visual wavelengths using stellar intensity interferometry (SII) and independently constrain the limb-darkened angular diameter. The age of the Ursa Major moving group has been assessed from the ages of its members, including nuclear member Merak ($β$ UMa), an A1-type subgiant… ▽ More We use the VERITAS imaging air Cherenkov Telescope (IACT) array to obtain the first measured angular diameter of $β$ UMa at visual wavelengths using stellar intensity interferometry (SII) and independently constrain the limb-darkened angular diameter. The age of the Ursa Major moving group has been assessed from the ages of its members, including nuclear member Merak ($β$ UMa), an A1-type subgiant, by comparing effective temperature and luminosity constraints to model stellar evolution tracks. Previous interferometric limb-darkened angular-diameter measurements of $β$ UMa in the near-infrared (CHARA Array, $1.149 \pm 0.014$ mas) and mid-infrared (Keck Nuller, $1.08 \pm 0.07$ mas), together with the measured parallax and bolometric flux, have constrained the effective temperature. This paper presents current VERITAS-SII observation and analysis procedures to derive squared visibilities from correlation functions. We fit the resulting squared visibilities to find a limb-darkened angular diameter of $1.07 \pm 0.04 {\rm (stat)} \pm 0.05$ (sys) mas, using synthetic visibilities from a stellar atmosphere model that provides a good match to the spectrum of $β$ UMa in the optical wave band. The VERITAS-SII limb-darkened angular diameter yields an effective temperature of $9700\pm200\pm 200$ K, consistent with ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and an age of $390\pm 29 \pm 32 $ Myr, using MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST). This age is consistent with $408 \pm 6$ Myr from the CHARA Array angular diameter. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

VERITAS contributions to the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference

Authors: A. Acharyya, C. B. Adams, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, P. Batista, W. Benbow, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, A. Duerr, M. Errando, Q. Feng, G. M. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Hoang, J. Holder, Z. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, M. N. Johnson, M. Kertzman , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Compilation of papers presented by the VERITAS Collaboration at the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), held July 26 through August 3, 2023 in Nagoya, Japan. Compilation of papers presented by the VERITAS Collaboration at the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), held July 26 through August 3, 2023 in Nagoya, Japan. △ Less

Submitted 12 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: html page. ICRC 2023, Nagoya, Japan

Multiwavelength Observations of the Blazar PKS 0735+178 in Spatial and Temporal Coincidence with an Astrophysical Neutrino Candidate IceCube-211208A

Authors: A. Acharyya, C. B. Adams, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, P. Batista, W. Benbow, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, M. Errando, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, G. M. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, G. Gallagher, W. Hanlon, D. Hanna, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Hoang, J. Holder, T. B. Humensky , et al. (185 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on multiwavelength target-of-opportunity observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178, located 2.2$^\circ$ away from the best-fit position of the IceCube neutrino event IceCube-211208A detected on December 8, 2021. The source was in a high-flux state in the optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and GeV gamma-ray bands around the time of the neutrino event, exhibiting daily variability in the soft X-ra… ▽ More We report on multiwavelength target-of-opportunity observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178, located 2.2$^\circ$ away from the best-fit position of the IceCube neutrino event IceCube-211208A detected on December 8, 2021. The source was in a high-flux state in the optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and GeV gamma-ray bands around the time of the neutrino event, exhibiting daily variability in the soft X-ray flux. The X-ray data from Swift-XRT and NuSTAR characterize the transition between the low-energy and high-energy components of the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED), and the gamma-ray data from Fermi -LAT, VERITAS, and H.E.S.S. require a spectral cut-off near 100 GeV. Both X-ray and gamma-ray measurements provide strong constraints on the leptonic and hadronic models. We analytically explore a synchrotron self-Compton model, an external Compton model, and a lepto-hadronic model. Models that are entirely based on internal photon fields face serious difficulties in matching the observed SED. The existence of an external photon field in the source would instead explain the observed gamma-ray spectral cut-off in both leptonic and lepto-hadronic models and allow a proton jet power that marginally agrees with the Eddington limit in the lepto-hadronic model. We show a numerical lepto-hadronic model with external target photons that reproduces the observed SED and is reasonably consistent with the neutrino event despite requiring a high jet power. △ Less

Submitted 30 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 21 pages, 3 figures, accepted by ApJ

A VERITAS/Breakthrough Listen Search for Optical Technosignatures

Authors: Atreya Acharyya, Colin Adams, Avery Archer, Priyadarshini Bangale, Pedro Batista, Wystan Benbow, Aryeh Brill, M Capasso, Manel Errando, Abraham Falcone, Qi Feng, John Finley, Gregory Foote, Lucy Fortson, Amy Furniss, Sean Griffin, William Hanlon, David Hanna, Olivier Hervet, Claire Hinrichs, John Hoang, Jamie Holder, T. Humensky, Weidong Jin, Philip Kaaret , et al. (43 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Breakthrough Listen Initiative is conducting a program using multiple telescopes around the world to search for "technosignatures": artificial transmitters of extraterrestrial origin from beyond our solar system. The VERITAS Collaboration joined this program in 2018, and provides the capability to search for one particular technosignature: optical pulses of a few nanoseconds duration detectabl… ▽ More The Breakthrough Listen Initiative is conducting a program using multiple telescopes around the world to search for "technosignatures": artificial transmitters of extraterrestrial origin from beyond our solar system. The VERITAS Collaboration joined this program in 2018, and provides the capability to search for one particular technosignature: optical pulses of a few nanoseconds duration detectable over interstellar distances. We report here on the analysis and results of dedicated VERITAS observations of Breakthrough Listen targets conducted in 2019 and 2020 and of archival VERITAS data collected since 2012. Thirty hours of dedicated observations of 136 targets and 249 archival observations of 140 targets were analyzed and did not reveal any signals consistent with a technosignature. The results are used to place limits on the fraction of stars hosting transmitting civilizations. We also discuss the minimum-pulse sensitivity of our observations and present VERITAS observations of CALIOP: a space-based pulsed laser onboard the CALIPSO satellite. The detection of these pulses with VERITAS, using the analysis techniques developed for our technosignature search, allows a test of our analysis efficiency and serves as an important proof-of-principle. △ Less

Submitted 30 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures

VERITAS discovery of very high energy gamma-ray emission from S3 1227+25 and multiwavelength observations

Authors: Atreya Acharyya, Colin Adams, Avery Archer, Priyadarshini Bangale, Wystan Benbow, Aryeh Brill, Jodi Christiansen, Alisha Chromey, Manel Errando, Abe Falcone, Qi Feng, John Finley, Gregory Foote, Lucy Fortson, Amy Furniss, Greg Gallagher, William Hanlon, David Hanna, Olivier Hervet, Claire Hinrichs, John Hoang, Jamie Holder, Weidong Jin, Madalyn Johnson, Philip Kaaret , et al. (46 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the detection of very high energy gamma-ray emission from the blazar S3 1227+25 (VER J1230+253) with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS). VERITAS observations of the source were triggered by the detection of a hard-spectrum GeV flare on May 15, 2015 with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT). A combined five-hour VERITAS exposure on May 16th and May 18th… ▽ More We report the detection of very high energy gamma-ray emission from the blazar S3 1227+25 (VER J1230+253) with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS). VERITAS observations of the source were triggered by the detection of a hard-spectrum GeV flare on May 15, 2015 with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT). A combined five-hour VERITAS exposure on May 16th and May 18th resulted in a strong 13$σ$ detection with a differential photon spectral index, $Γ$ = 3.8 $\pm$ 0.4, and a flux level at 9% of the Crab Nebula above 120 GeV. This also triggered target of opportunity observations with Swift, optical photometry, polarimetry and radio measurements, also presented in this work, in addition to the VERITAS and Fermi-LAT data. A temporal analysis of the gamma-ray flux during this period finds evidence of a shortest variability timescale of $τ_{obs}$ = 6.2 $\pm$ 0.9 hours, indicating emission from compact regions within the jet, and the combined gamma-ray spectrum shows no strong evidence of a spectral cut-off. An investigation into correlations between the multiwavelength observations found evidence of optical and gamma-ray correlations, suggesting a single-zone model of emission. Finally, the multiwavelength spectral energy distribution is well described by a simple one-zone leptonic synchrotron self-Compton radiation model. △ Less

Submitted 4 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: 18 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)

Search for Ultraheavy Dark Matter from Observations of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies with VERITAS

Authors: A. Acharyya, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, P. Batista, M. Baumgart, W. Benbow, J. H. Buckley, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, G. M. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, G. Gallagher, W. F. Hanlon, O. Hervet, J. Hoang, J. Holder, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, M. Kherlakian, D. Kieda , et al. (29 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Dark matter is a key piece of the current cosmological scenario, with weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) a leading dark matter candidate. WIMPs have not been detected in their conventional parameter space (100 GeV $\lesssim M_χ \lesssim$ 100 TeV), a mass range accessible with current Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes. As ultraheavy dark matter (UHDM; $M_χ \gtrsim$ 100 TeV) has bee… ▽ More Dark matter is a key piece of the current cosmological scenario, with weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) a leading dark matter candidate. WIMPs have not been detected in their conventional parameter space (100 GeV $\lesssim M_χ \lesssim$ 100 TeV), a mass range accessible with current Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes. As ultraheavy dark matter (UHDM; $M_χ \gtrsim$ 100 TeV) has been suggested as an under-explored alternative to the WIMP paradigm, we search for an indirect dark matter annihilation signal in a higher mass range (up to 30 PeV) with the VERITAS gamma-ray observatory. With 216 hours of observations of four dwarf spheroidal galaxies, we perform an unbinned likelihood analysis. We find no evidence of a $γ$-ray signal from UHDM annihilation above the background fluctuation for any individual dwarf galaxy nor for a joint-fit analysis, and consequently constrain the velocity-weighted annihilation cross section of UHDM for dark matter particle masses between 1 TeV and 30 PeV. We additionally set constraints on the allowed radius of a composite UHDM particle. △ Less

Submitted 24 February, 2023; v1 submitted 17 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures

VERITAS and Fermi-LAT constraints on the Gamma-ray Emission from Superluminous Supernovae SN2015bn and SN2017egm

Authors: A. Acharyya, C. B. Adams, P. Bangale, W. Benbow, J. H. Buckley, M. Capasso, V. V. Dwarkadas, M. Errando, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, G. M. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, G. Gallagher, A. Gent, W. F Hanlon, O. Hervet, J. Holder, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, M. Kherlakian, D. Kieda , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) are a rare class of stellar explosions with luminosities ~10-100 times greater than ordinary core-collapse supernovae. One popular model to explain the enhanced optical output of hydrogen-poor (Type I) SLSNe invokes energy injection from a rapidly spinning magnetar. A prediction in this case is that high-energy gamma rays, generated in the wind nebula of the magnet… ▽ More Superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) are a rare class of stellar explosions with luminosities ~10-100 times greater than ordinary core-collapse supernovae. One popular model to explain the enhanced optical output of hydrogen-poor (Type I) SLSNe invokes energy injection from a rapidly spinning magnetar. A prediction in this case is that high-energy gamma rays, generated in the wind nebula of the magnetar, could escape through the expanding supernova ejecta at late times (months or more after optical peak). This paper presents a search for gamma-ray emission in the broad energy band from 100 MeV to 30 TeV from two Type I SLSNe, SN2015bn, and SN2017egm, using observations from Fermi-LAT and VERITAS. Although no gamma-ray emission was detected from either source, the derived upper limits approach the putative magnetar's spin-down luminosity. Prospects are explored for detecting very-high-energy (VHE; 100 GeV - 100 TeV) emission from SLSNe-I with existing and planned facilities such as VERITAS and CTA. △ Less

Submitted 13 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 20 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables

VTSCat: The VERITAS Catalog of Gamma-Ray Observations

Authors: A. Acharyya, C. B. Adams, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, P. Batista, W. Benbow, J. H. Buckley, A. Brill, M. Capasso, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, M. K. Daniel, M. Errando, A. Falcone, K. A Farrell, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, G. M Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, G. Gallagher, A. Gent, C. Giuri, O. Gueta , et al. (64 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ground-based gamma-ray observatory VERITAS (Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System) is sensitive to photons of astrophysical origin with energies in the range between $\approx 85$ GeV to $\approx 30$ TeV. The instrument consists of four 12-m diameter imaging Cherenkov telescopes operating at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) in southern Arizona. VERITAS started four… ▽ More The ground-based gamma-ray observatory VERITAS (Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System) is sensitive to photons of astrophysical origin with energies in the range between $\approx 85$ GeV to $\approx 30$ TeV. The instrument consists of four 12-m diameter imaging Cherenkov telescopes operating at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) in southern Arizona. VERITAS started four-telescope operations in 2007 and collects about 1100 hours of good-weather data per year. The VERITAS collaboration has published over 100 journal articles since 2008 reporting on gamma-ray observations of a large variety of objects: Galactic sources like supernova remnants, pulsar wind nebulae, and binary systems; extragalactic sources like star forming galaxies, dwarf-spheroidal galaxies, and highly-variable active galactic nuclei. This note presents VTSCat: the catalog of high-level data products from all VERITAS publications. △ Less

Submitted 13 January, 2023; v1 submitted 11 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: Version with corrected author list

Journal ref: Research Notes of the AAS, Volume 7, Number 1, 2023

Gamma-ray observations of MAXI J1820+070 during the 2018 outburst

Authors: H. Abe, S. Abe, V. A. Acciari, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, D. Baack, A. Babić, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, M. Bernardos, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder, W. Bhattacharyya, C. Bigongiari , et al. (418 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: MAXI J1820+070 is a low-mass X-ray binary with a black hole as a compact object. This binary underwent an exceptionally bright X-ray outburst from March to October 2018, showing evidence of a non-thermal particle population through its radio emission during this whole period. The combined results of 59.5 hours of observations of the MAXI J1820+070 outburst with the H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS expe… ▽ More MAXI J1820+070 is a low-mass X-ray binary with a black hole as a compact object. This binary underwent an exceptionally bright X-ray outburst from March to October 2018, showing evidence of a non-thermal particle population through its radio emission during this whole period. The combined results of 59.5 hours of observations of the MAXI J1820+070 outburst with the H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS experiments at energies above 200 GeV are presented, together with Fermi-LAT data between 0.1 and 500 GeV, and multiwavelength observations from radio to X-rays. Gamma-ray emission is not detected from MAXI J1820+070, but the obtained upper limits and the multiwavelength data allow us to put meaningful constraints on the source properties under reasonable assumptions regarding the non-thermal particle population and the jet synchrotron spectrum. In particular, it is possible to show that, if a high-energy gamma-ray emitting region is present during the hard state of the source, its predicted flux should be at most a factor of 20 below the obtained Fermi-LAT upper limits, and closer to them for magnetic fields significantly below equipartition. During the state transitions, under the plausible assumption that electrons are accelerated up to ~ 500 GeV, the multiwavelength data and the gamma-ray upper limits lead consistently to the conclusion that a potential high-energy and very-high-energy gamma-ray emitting region should be located at a distance from the black hole ranging between 10^11 and 10^13 cm. Similar outbursts from low-mass X-ray binaries might be detectable in the near future with upcoming instruments such as CTA. △ Less

Submitted 6 October, 2022; v1 submitted 20 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 15 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Design and Performance of the Prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope Camera

Authors: Colin B. Adams, Giovanni Ambrosi, Michelangelo Ambrosio, Carla Aramo, Timothy Arlen, Wystan Benbow, Bruna Bertucci, Elisabetta Bissaldi, Jonathan Biteau, Massimiliano Bitossi, Alfonso Boiano, Carmela Bonavolontà, Richard Bose, Aurelien Bouvier, Mario Buscemi, Aryeh Brill, Anthony M. Brown, James H. Buckley, Rodolfo Canestrari, Massimo Capasso, Mirco Caprai, Paolo Coppi, Corbin E. Covault, Davide Depaoli, Leonardo Di Venere , et al. (64 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) is a candidate for a medium-sized telescope in the Cherenkov Telescope Array. The pSCT is based on a novel dual mirror optics design which reduces the plate scale and allows for the use of silicon photomultipliers as photodetectors. The prototype pSCT camera currently has only the central sector instrumented with 25 camera modules (1600 pixels)… ▽ More The prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) is a candidate for a medium-sized telescope in the Cherenkov Telescope Array. The pSCT is based on a novel dual mirror optics design which reduces the plate scale and allows for the use of silicon photomultipliers as photodetectors. The prototype pSCT camera currently has only the central sector instrumented with 25 camera modules (1600 pixels), providing a 2.68$^{\circ}$ field of view (FoV). The camera electronics are based on custom TARGET (TeV array readout with GSa/s sampling and event trigger) application specific integrated circuits. Field programmable gate arrays sample incoming signals at a gigasample per second. A single backplane provides camera-wide triggers. An upgrade of the pSCT camera is in progress, which will fully populate the focal plane. This will increase the number of pixels to 11,328, the number of backplanes to 9, and the FoV to 8.04$^{\circ}$. Here we give a detailed description of the pSCT camera, including the basic concept, mechanical design, detectors, electronics, current status and first light. △ Less

Submitted 15 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Journal ref: J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 8(1), 014007 (2022)

The throughput calibration of the VERITAS telescopes

Authors: C. B. Adams, W. Benbow, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, J. L. Christiansen, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, G. M Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, C. Giuri, D. Hanna, T. Hassan, O. Hervet, J. Holder, B. Hona, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, P. Kaaret, T. K Kleiner, S. Kumar, M. J. Lang, M. Lundy, G. Maier , et al. (20 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Context. The response of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes to incident γ-ray-initiated showers in the atmosphere changes as the telescopes age due to exposure to light and weather. These aging processes affect the reconstructed energies of the events and γ-ray fluxes. Aims. This work discusses the implementation of signal calibration methods for the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescop… ▽ More Context. The response of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes to incident γ-ray-initiated showers in the atmosphere changes as the telescopes age due to exposure to light and weather. These aging processes affect the reconstructed energies of the events and γ-ray fluxes. Aims. This work discusses the implementation of signal calibration methods for the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) to account for changes in the optical throughput and detector performance over time. Methods. The total throughput of a Cherenkov telescope is the product of camera-dependent factors, such as the photomultiplier tube gains and their quantum efficiencies, and the mirror reflectivity and Winston cone response to incoming radiation. This document summarizes different methods to determine how the camera gains and mirror reflectivity have evolved over time and how we can calibrate this changing throughput in reconstruction pipelines for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The implementation is validated against seven years of observations with the VERITAS telescopes of the Crab Nebula, which is a reference object in very-high-energy astronomy. Results. Regular optical throughput monitoring and the corresponding signal calibrations are found to be critical for the reconstruction of extensive air shower images. The proposed implementation is applied as a correction to the signals of the photomultiplier tubes in the telescope simulation to produce fine-tuned instrument response functions. This method is shown to be effective for calibrating the acquired γ-ray data and for recovering the correct energy of the events and photon fluxes. At the same time, it keeps the computational effort of generating Monte Carlo simulations for instrument response functions affordably low. △ Less

Submitted 15 November, 2021; v1 submitted 8 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 19 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables Received: 22 September 2021 / Accepted: 03 November 2021

Journal ref: A&A 658, A83 (2022)

Variability and Spectral Characteristics of Three Flaring Gamma-ray Quasars Observed by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT

Authors: C. B. Adams, J. Batshoun, W. Benbow, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, M. Capasso, B. Cavins, J. L. Christiansen, P. Coppi, M. Errando, K. A Farrell, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, G. M. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, A. Gent, C. Giuri, D. Hanna, T. Hassan, O. Hervet, J. Holder, M. Houck, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) are the most luminous blazars at GeV energies, but only rarely emit detectable fluxes of TeV gamma rays, typically during bright GeV flares. We explore the gamma-ray variability and spectral characteristics of three FSRQs that have been observed at GeV and TeV energies by Fermi-LAT and VERITAS, making use of almost 100 hours of VERITAS observations spread over 1… ▽ More Flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) are the most luminous blazars at GeV energies, but only rarely emit detectable fluxes of TeV gamma rays, typically during bright GeV flares. We explore the gamma-ray variability and spectral characteristics of three FSRQs that have been observed at GeV and TeV energies by Fermi-LAT and VERITAS, making use of almost 100 hours of VERITAS observations spread over 10 years: 3C 279, PKS 1222+216, and Ton 599. We explain the GeV flux distributions of the sources in terms of a model derived from a stochastic differential equation describing fluctuations in the magnetic field in the accretion disk, and estimate the timescales of magnetic flux accumulation and stochastic instabilities in their accretion disks. We identify distinct flares using a procedure based on Bayesian blocks and analyze their daily and sub-daily variability and gamma-ray energy spectra. Using observations from VERITAS as well as Fermi, Swift, and the Steward Observatory, we model the broadband spectral energy distributions of PKS 1222+216 and Ton 599 during VHE-detected flares in 2014 and 2017, respectively, strongly constraining the jet Doppler factors and gamma-ray emission region locations during these events. Finally, we place theoretical constraints on the potential production of PeV-scale neutrinos during these VHE flares. △ Less

Submitted 25 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Comments: 34 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

Prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope for the Cherenkov Telescope Array: Commissioning the Optical System

Authors: C. B. Adams, G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, C. Aramo, P. I. Batista, W. Benbow, B. Bertucci, E. Bissaldi, M. Bitossi, A. Boiano, C. Bonavolontà, R. Bose, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, R. A. Cameron, R. Canestrari, M. Capasso, M. Caprai, C. E. Covault, D. Depaoli, L. Di Venere, M. Errando, S. Fegan, Q. Feng, E. Fiandrini , et al. (47 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) has been constructed at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory as a candidate for the medium-sized telescopes of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). CTAO is currently entering early construction phase of the project and once completed it will vastly improve very high energy gamma-ray detection component in multi-wavelength and multi-me… ▽ More A prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) has been constructed at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory as a candidate for the medium-sized telescopes of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). CTAO is currently entering early construction phase of the project and once completed it will vastly improve very high energy gamma-ray detection component in multi-wavelength and multi-messenger observations due to significantly improved sensitivity, angular resolution and field of view comparing to the current generation of the ground-based gamma-ray observatories H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS. The pSCT uses a dual aspheric mirror design with a $9.7$ m primary mirror and $5.4$ m secondary mirror, both of which are segmented. The Schwarzschild-Couder (SC) optical system (OS) selected for the prototype telescope achieves wide field of view of $8$ degrees and simultaneously reduces the focal plane plate scale allowing an unprecedented compact ($0.78$m diameter) implementation of the high-resolution camera ($6$mm/ $0.067$deg per imaging pixel with $11,328$ pixels) based on the silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs). The OS of the telescope is designed to eliminate spherical and comatic aberrations and minimize astigmatism to radically improve off-axis imaging and consequently angular resolution across all the field of view with respect to the conventional single-mirror telescopes. Fast and high imaging resolution OS of the pSCT comes with the challenging submillimeter-precision custom alignment system, which was successfully demonstrated with an on-axis point spread function (PSF) of $2.9$ arcmin prior to the first-light detection of the Crab Nebula in 2020. Ongoing and future commissioning activities are reported. △ Less

Submitted 14 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Journal ref: Proceedings of Science, PoS(ICRC2021)717

Multi-Wavelength Observation Campaign of the TeV Gamma-Ray Binary HESS J0632+057 with NuSTAR, VERITAS, MDM, and Swift

Authors: Y. M. Tokayer, H. An, J. P. Halpern, J. Kim, K. Mori, C. J. Hailey, C. B. Adams, W. Benbow, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, M. Capasso, M. Errando, A. Falcone, K. A Farrell, G. M Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, A. Gent, C. Giuri, D. Hanna, T. Hassan, O. Hervet, J. Holder, B. Hona, T. B. Humensky , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: HESS J0632+057 belongs to a rare subclass of binary systems which emits gamma-rays above 100 GeV. It stands out for its distinctive high-energy light curve, which features a sharp ``primary'' peak and broader ``secondary'' peak. We present the results of contemporaneous observations by NuSTAR and VERITAS during the secondary peak between Dec. 2019 and Feb. 2020, when the orbital phase ($φ$) is bet… ▽ More HESS J0632+057 belongs to a rare subclass of binary systems which emits gamma-rays above 100 GeV. It stands out for its distinctive high-energy light curve, which features a sharp ``primary'' peak and broader ``secondary'' peak. We present the results of contemporaneous observations by NuSTAR and VERITAS during the secondary peak between Dec. 2019 and Feb. 2020, when the orbital phase ($φ$) is between 0.55 and 0.75. NuSTAR detected X-ray spectral evolution, while VERITAS detected TeV emission. We fit a leptonic wind-collision model to the multi-wavelength spectra data obtained over the four NuSTAR and VERITAS observations, constraining the pulsar spin-down luminosity and the magnetization parameter at the shock. Despite long-term monitoring of the source from Oct. 2019 to Mar. 2020, the MDM observatory did not detect significant variation in H$α$ and H$β$ line equivalent widths, an expected signature of Be-disk interaction with the pulsar. Furthermore, fitting folded Swift-XRT light curve data with an intra-binary shock model constrained the orbital parameters, suggesting two orbital phases (at $φ_D = 0.13$ and 0.37) where the pulsar crosses the Be-disk, as well as phases for the periastron ($φ_0 = 0.30$) and inferior conjunction ($φ_{\text{IFC}} = 0.75$). The broad-band X-ray spectra with Swift-XRT and NuSTAR allowed us to measure a higher neutral hydrogen column density at one of the predicted disk-passing phases. △ Less

Submitted 3 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Comments: 21 pages, 9 figures, accepted to ApJ

Observation of the gamma-ray binary HESS J0632+057 with the H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS telescopes

Authors: C. B. Adams, W. Benbow, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, M. Capasso, A. J. Chromey, M. Errando, A. Falcone, K. A. Farrell, Q. Feng, J P. Finley, G. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, A. Gent, G. H. Gillanders, C. Giuri, O. Gueta, D. Hanna, T. Hassan, O. Hervet, J. Holder, B. Hona, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin , et al. (387 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The results of gamma-ray observations of the binary system HESS J0632+057 collected during 450 hours over 15 years, between 2004 and 2019, are presented. Data taken with the atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS at energies above 350 GeV were used together with observations at X-ray energies obtained with Swift-XRT, Chandra, XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and Suzaku. Some of these obs… ▽ More The results of gamma-ray observations of the binary system HESS J0632+057 collected during 450 hours over 15 years, between 2004 and 2019, are presented. Data taken with the atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS at energies above 350 GeV were used together with observations at X-ray energies obtained with Swift-XRT, Chandra, XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and Suzaku. Some of these observations were accompanied by measurements of the Hα emission line. A significant detection of the modulation of the VHE gamma-ray fluxes with a period of 316.7+-4.4 days is reported, consistent with the period of 317.3+-0.7 days obtained with a refined analysis of X-ray data. The analysis of data of four orbital cycles with dense observational coverage reveals short timescale variability, with flux-decay timescales of less than 20 days at very high energies. Flux variations observed over the time scale of several years indicate orbit-to-orbit variability. The analysis confirms the previously reported correlation of X-ray and gamma-ray emission from the system at very high significance, but can not find any correlation of optical Hα parameters with X-ray or gamma-ray energy fluxes in simultaneous observations. The key finding is that the emission of HESS J0632+057 in the X-ray and gamma-ray energy bands is highly variable on different time scales. The ratio of gamma-ray to X-ray flux shows the equality or even dominance of the gamma-ray energy range. This wealth of new data is interpreted taking into account the insufficient knowledge of the ephemeris of the system, and discussed in the context of results reported on other gamma-ray binary systems. △ Less

Submitted 24 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Comments: Accepted for publication by The Astrophysical Journal

Detection of the Crab Nebula by the prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope

Authors: C. B. Adams, G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, C. Aramo, P. I. Batista, W. Benbow, B. Bertucci, E. Bissaldi, M. Bitossi, A. Boiano, C. Bonavolontà, R. Bose, A. Brill, A. M. Brown, J. H. Buckley, R. A. Cameron, R. Canestrari, M. Capasso, M. Caprai, C. E. Covault, D. Depaoli, L. Di Venere, M. Errando, S. Fegan, Q. Feng , et al. (49 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) is a medium-sized telescope technology proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array. It uses a novel dual-mirror optical design that removes comatic aberrations across its entire field of view. The SCT camera employs high-resolution silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) sensors with a pixel size of 4 arcminutes. A prototype SCT (pSCT) has been constructed at the Fre… ▽ More The Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) is a medium-sized telescope technology proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array. It uses a novel dual-mirror optical design that removes comatic aberrations across its entire field of view. The SCT camera employs high-resolution silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) sensors with a pixel size of 4 arcminutes. A prototype SCT (pSCT) has been constructed at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, USA. An observing campaign in 2020, with a partial camera of 1600 pixels (2.7 degrees by 2.7 degrees field of view) resulted in detection of the Crab Nebula at 8.6 sigma statistical significance. Work on the pSCT camera and optical system is ongoing to improve performance and prepare for an upcoming camera upgrade. The pSCT camera upgrade will replace the current camera modules with improved SiPMs and readout electronics and will expand the camera to its full design field of view of 8 degrees in diameter (11,328 pixels). The fully upgraded pSCT will enable next-generation very-high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics through excellent background rejection and angular resolution. In this presentation we describe first results from the successful operation of the pSCT and future plans. △ Less

Submitted 13 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Comments: 9 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, contribution to ICRC 2021, similar to 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2021.102562 (arXiv:2012.08448)

Journal ref: Proceedings of Science, PoS(ICRC2021)830

Design and performance of the prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope camera

Authors: C. B. Adams, G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, C. Aramo, P. I. Batista, W. Benbow, B. Bertucci, E. Bissaldi, M. Bitossi, A. Boiano, C. Bonavolonta, R. Bose, A. Brill, A. M. Brown, J. H. Buckley, R. A. Cameron, M. Capasso, M. Caprai, C. E. Covault, D. Depaoli, L. Di Venere, M. Errando, S. Fegan, Q. Feng, E. Fiandrini , et al. (49 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is the next-generation ground-based observatory for very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy. An innovative 9.7 m aperture, dual-mirror Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) design is a candidate design for CTA Medium-Sized Telescopes. A prototype SCT (pSCT) has been constructed at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, USA. Its camera is currently partial… ▽ More The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is the next-generation ground-based observatory for very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy. An innovative 9.7 m aperture, dual-mirror Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) design is a candidate design for CTA Medium-Sized Telescopes. A prototype SCT (pSCT) has been constructed at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, USA. Its camera is currently partially instrumented with 1600 pixels covering a field of view of 2.7 degrees square. The small plate scale of the optical system allows densely packed silicon photomultipliers to be used, which combined with high-density trigger and waveform readout electronics enable the high-resolution camera. The camera's electronics are capable of imaging air shower development at a rate of one billion samples per second. We describe the commissioning and performance of the pSCT camera, including trigger and waveform readout performance, calibration, and absolute GPS time stamping. We also present the upgrade to the camera, which is currently underway. The upgrade will fully populate the focal plane, increasing the field of view to 8 degree diameter, and lower the front-end electronics noise, enabling a lower trigger threshold and improved reconstruction and background rejection. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures, Proceedings of the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2021), Berlin, Germany

VERITAS contributions to the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference

Authors: C. B. Adams, A. Archer, W. Benbow, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, M. Capasso, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, M. Errando, A. Falcone, K. A. Farrell, Q. Feng, G. M. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, A. Gent, G. H. Gillanders, C. Giuri, O. Gueta, D. Hanna, O. Hervet, J. Holder, B. Hona, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin , et al. (36 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Compilation of papers presented by the VERITAS Collaboration at the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), held July 12 through July 23, 2021 (online) in Berlin, Germany. Compilation of papers presented by the VERITAS Collaboration at the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), held July 12 through July 23, 2021 (online) in Berlin, Germany. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Comments: html page. 2021 ICRC, Berlin, Germany

Towards Equitable, Diverse, and Inclusive Science Collaborations: The Multimessenger Diversity Network

Authors: E. Bechtol, K. Bechtol, S. BenZvi, C. Bleve, D. Castro, B. Cenko, L. Corlies, A. Furniss, C. M. Hui, D. Kaplan, J. S. Key, J. Madsen, F. McNally, M. McLaughlin, R. Mukherjee, R. Ojha, J. Sanders, M. Santander, J. Schlieder, D. H. Shoemaker, S. Vigeland

Abstract: The Multimessenger Diversity Network (MDN), formed in 2018, extends the basic principle of multimessenger astronomy -- that working collaboratively with different approaches enhances understanding and enables previously impossible discoveries -- to equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in science research collaborations. With support from the National Science Foundation INCLUDES program, the MDN… ▽ More The Multimessenger Diversity Network (MDN), formed in 2018, extends the basic principle of multimessenger astronomy -- that working collaboratively with different approaches enhances understanding and enables previously impossible discoveries -- to equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in science research collaborations. With support from the National Science Foundation INCLUDES program, the MDN focuses on increasing EDI by sharing knowledge, experiences, training, and resources among representatives from multimessenger science collaborations. Representatives to the MDN become engagement leads in their collaboration, extending the reach of the community of practice. An overview of the MDN structure, lessons learned, and how to join are presented. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: Presented at the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2021). See arXiv:2107.06966 for all IceCube contributions

Report number: PoS-ICRC2021-1383

An Archival Search for Neutron-Star Mergers in Gravitational Waves and Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays

Authors: C. B. Adams, W. Benbow, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, M. Capasso, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, M. K. Daniel, M. Errando, A. Falcone, K. A. Farrell, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, A. Gent, C. Giuri, D. Hanna, T. Hassan, O. Hervet, J. Holder, G. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, P. Kaaret , et al. (37 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The recent discovery of electromagnetic signals in coincidence with neutron-star mergers has solidified the importance of multimessenger campaigns in studying the most energetic astrophysical events. Pioneering multimessenger observatories, such as LIGO/Virgo and IceCube, record many candidate signals below the detection significance threshold. These sub-threshold event candidates are promising ta… ▽ More The recent discovery of electromagnetic signals in coincidence with neutron-star mergers has solidified the importance of multimessenger campaigns in studying the most energetic astrophysical events. Pioneering multimessenger observatories, such as LIGO/Virgo and IceCube, record many candidate signals below the detection significance threshold. These sub-threshold event candidates are promising targets for multimessenger studies, as the information provided by them may, when combined with contemporaneous gamma-ray observations, lead to significant detections. Here we describe a new method that uses such candidates to search for transient events using archival very-high-energy gamma-ray data from imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs). We demonstrate the application of this method to sub-threshold binary neutron star (BNS) merger candidates identified in Advanced LIGO's first observing run. We identify eight hours of archival VERITAS observations coincident with seven BNS merger candidates and search them for TeV emission. No gamma-ray emission is detected; we calculate upper limits on the integral flux and compare them to a short gamma-ray burst model. We anticipate this search method to serve as a starting point for IACT searches with future LIGO/Virgo data releases as well as in other sub-threshold studies for multimessenger transients, such as IceCube neutrinos. Furthermore, it can be deployed immediately with other current-generation IACTs, and has the potential for real-time use that places minimal burden on experimental operations. Lastly, this method may serve as a pilot for studies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array, which has the potential to observe even larger fields of view in its divergent pointing mode. △ Less

Submitted 2 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

A Search for TeV Gamma-ray Emission from Pulsar Tails by VERITAS

Authors: Wystan Benbow, A. Brill, James Buckley, M Capasso, A Chromey, M. Errando, Abraham Falcone, K. A. Farrell, Qi Feng, J Finley, G. M. Foote, Lucy Fortson, Amy Furniss, Alasdair Gent, C Giuri, David Hanna, Tarek Hassan, Olivier Hervet, Jamie Holder, G Hughes, T. B. Humensky, Weidong Jin, Philip Kaaret, Oleg Kargaltsev, Mary P. Kertzman , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on the search for very-high-energy gamma-ray emission from the regions around three nearby supersonic pulsars (PSR B0355+54, PSR J0357+3205 and PSR J1740+1000) that exhibit long X-ray tails. To date there is no clear detection of TeV emission from any pulsar tail that is prominent in X-ray or radio. We provide upper limits on the TeV flux, and luminosity, and also compare these limits wi… ▽ More We report on the search for very-high-energy gamma-ray emission from the regions around three nearby supersonic pulsars (PSR B0355+54, PSR J0357+3205 and PSR J1740+1000) that exhibit long X-ray tails. To date there is no clear detection of TeV emission from any pulsar tail that is prominent in X-ray or radio. We provide upper limits on the TeV flux, and luminosity, and also compare these limits with other pulsar wind nebulae detected in X-rays and the tail emission model predictions. We find that at least one of the three tails is likely to be detected in observations that are a factor of 2-3 more sensitive. The analysis presented here also has implications for deriving the properties of pulsar tails, for those pulsars whose tails could be detected in TeV. △ Less

Submitted 28 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Comments: 21 pages, 6 figures

VERITAS Observations of the Galactic Center Region at Multi-TeV Gamma-Ray Energies

Authors: C. B. Adams, W. Benbow, A. Brill, R. Brose, M. Buchovecky, M. Capasso, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, M. K. Daniel, M. Errando, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, A. Gent, G. H. Gillanders, C. Giuri, D. Hanna, O. Hervet, J. Holder, G. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, P. Kaaret , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Galactic Center (GC) region hosts a variety of powerful astronomical sources and rare astrophysical processes that emit a large flux of non-thermal radiation. The inner 375 pc x 600 pc region, called the Central Molecular Zone, is home to the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*, massive cloud complexes, and particle accelerators such as supernova remnants. We present the results of our impr… ▽ More The Galactic Center (GC) region hosts a variety of powerful astronomical sources and rare astrophysical processes that emit a large flux of non-thermal radiation. The inner 375 pc x 600 pc region, called the Central Molecular Zone, is home to the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*, massive cloud complexes, and particle accelerators such as supernova remnants. We present the results of our improved analysis of the very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission above 2 TeV from the GC using 125 hours of data taken with the VERITAS imaging-atmospheric Cherenkov telescope between 2010 and 2018. The central source VER J1745-290, consistent with the position of Sagittarius A*, is detected at a significance of 38 standard deviations above the background level $(38σ)$, and we report its spectrum and light curve. Its differential spectrum is consistent with a power law with exponential cutoff, with a spectral index of $2.12^{+0.22}_{-0.17}$, a flux normalization at 5.3 TeV of $1.27^{+0.22}_{-0.23}\times 10^{-13}$ TeV-1 cm-2 s-1, and cutoff energy of $10.0^{+4.0}_{-2.0}$ TeV. We also present results on the diffuse emission near the GC, obtained by combining data from multiple regions along the GC ridge which yield a cumulative significance of $9.5σ$. The diffuse GC ridge spectrum is best fit by a power law with a hard index of 2.19 $\pm$ 0.20, showing no evidence of a cutoff up to 40 TeV. This strengthens the evidence for a potential accelerator of PeV cosmic rays being present in the GC. We also provide spectra of the other sources in our field of view with significant detections, composite supernova remnant G0.9+0.1 and HESS J1746-285. △ Less

Submitted 26 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: 19 pages, 8 figures, Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal

Detection of the Crab Nebula with the 9.7 m Prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope

Authors: C. B. Adams, R. Alfaro, G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, C. Aramo, T. Arlen, P. I. Batista, W. Benbow, B. Bertucci, E. Bissaldi, J. Biteau, M. Bitossi, A. Boiano, C. Bonavolontà, R. Bose, A. Bouvier, A. Brill, A. M. Brown, J. H. Buckley, K. Byrum, R. A. Cameron, R. Canestrari, M. Capasso, M. Caprai, C. E. Covault , et al. (83 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) is a telescope concept proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array. It employs a dual-mirror optical design to remove comatic aberrations over an $8^{\circ}$ field of view, and a high-density silicon photomultiplier camera (with a pixel resolution of 4 arcmin) to record Cherenkov emission from cosmic ray and gamma-ray initiated particle cascades in the atmos… ▽ More The Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) is a telescope concept proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array. It employs a dual-mirror optical design to remove comatic aberrations over an $8^{\circ}$ field of view, and a high-density silicon photomultiplier camera (with a pixel resolution of 4 arcmin) to record Cherenkov emission from cosmic ray and gamma-ray initiated particle cascades in the atmosphere. The prototype SCT (pSCT), comprising a 9.7 m diameter primary mirror and a partially instrumented camera with 1536 pixels, has been constructed at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory. The telescope was inaugurated in January 2019, with commissioning continuing throughout 2019. We describe the first campaign of observations with the pSCT, conducted in January and February of 2020, and demonstrate the detection of gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula with a statistical significance of $8.6σ$. △ Less

Submitted 15 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: 13 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables, submitted to Astroparticle Physics

Verification of the Optical System of the 9.7-m Prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope

Authors: C. Adams, R. Alfaro, G. Ambrosi, M. Ambrosio, C. Aramo, W. Benbow, B. Bertucci, E. Bissaldi, M. Bitossi, A. Boiano, C. Bonavolontà, R. Bose, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, K. Byrum, R. A. Cameron, M. Capasso, M. Caprai, C. E. Covault, L. Di Venere, S. Fegan, Q. Feng, E. Fiandrini, A. Furniss, M. Garczarczyk , et al. (55 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: For the first time in the history of ground-based $γ$-ray astronomy, the on-axis performance of the dual mirror, aspheric, aplanatic Schwarzschild-Couder optical system has been demonstrated in a $9.7$-m aperture imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope. The novel design of the prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) is motivated by the need of the next-generation Cherenkov Telescope Array… ▽ More For the first time in the history of ground-based $γ$-ray astronomy, the on-axis performance of the dual mirror, aspheric, aplanatic Schwarzschild-Couder optical system has been demonstrated in a $9.7$-m aperture imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope. The novel design of the prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) is motivated by the need of the next-generation Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) observatory to have the ability to perform wide ($\geq 8^{\circ}$) field-of-view observations simultaneously with superior imaging of atmospheric cascades (resolution of $0.067^{\circ}$ per pixel or better). The pSCT design, if implemented in the CTA installation, has the potential to improve significantly both the $γ$-ray angular resolution and the off-axis sensitivity of the observatory, reaching nearly the theoretical limit of the technique and thereby making a major impact on the CTA observatory sky survey programs, follow-up observations of multi-messenger transients with poorly known initial localization, as well as on the spatially resolved spectroscopic studies of extended $γ$-ray sources. This contribution reports on the initial alignment procedures and point-spread-function results for the challenging segmented aspheric primary and secondary mirrors of the pSCT. △ Less

Submitted 25 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Comments: 19 pages, 11 figures, proceedings for SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, 2020, Online Only

Demonstration of stellar intensity interferometry with the four VERITAS telescopes

Authors: A. U. Abeysekara, W. Benbow, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, M. K. Daniel, J. Davis, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, A. Gent, C. Giuri, O. Gueta, D. Hanna, T. Hassan, O. Hervet, J. Holder, G. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, D. Kieda , et al. (30 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: High angular resolution observations at optical wavelengths provide valuable insights in stellar astrophysics, directly measuring fundamental stellar parameters, and probing stellar atmospheres, circumstellar disks, elongation of rapidly rotating stars, and pulsations of Cepheid variable stars. The angular size of most stars are of order one milli-arcsecond or less, and to spatially resolve stella… ▽ More High angular resolution observations at optical wavelengths provide valuable insights in stellar astrophysics, directly measuring fundamental stellar parameters, and probing stellar atmospheres, circumstellar disks, elongation of rapidly rotating stars, and pulsations of Cepheid variable stars. The angular size of most stars are of order one milli-arcsecond or less, and to spatially resolve stellar disks and features at this scale requires an optical interferometer using an array of telescopes with baselines on the order of hundreds of meters. We report on the successful implementation of a stellar intensity interferometry system developed for the four VERITAS imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes. The system was used to measure the angular diameter of the two sub-mas stars $β$ Canis Majoris and $ε$ Orionis with a precision better than 5%. The system utilizes an off-line approach where starlight intensity fluctuations recorded at each telescope are correlated post-observation. The technique can be readily scaled onto tens to hundreds of telescopes, providing a capability that has proven technically challenging to current generation optical amplitude interferometry observatories. This work demonstrates the feasibility of performing astrophysical measurements with imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescope arrays as intensity interferometers and the promise for integrating an intensity interferometry system within future observatories such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array. △ Less

Submitted 20 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Nature Astronomy (2020)

VERITAS Discovery of VHE Emission from the Radio Galaxy 3C 264: A Multi-Wavelength Study

Authors: A. Archer, W. Benbow, R. Bird, A. Brill, M. Buchovecky, J. H. Buckley, M. T. Carini, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, M. K. Daniel, M. Errando, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, P. Fortin, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, A. Gent, M. Georganopoulos, G. H. Gillanders, C. Giuri, O. Gueta, D. Hanna, T. Hassan, O. Hervet, J. Holder , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The radio source 3C 264, hosted by the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 3862, was observed with VERITAS between February 2017 and May 2019. These deep observations resulted in the discovery of very-high-energy (VHE; E $>100$ GeV) $γ$-ray emission from this active galaxy. An analysis of $\sim$57 hours of quality-selected live time yields a detection at the position of the source, corresponding to a stat… ▽ More The radio source 3C 264, hosted by the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 3862, was observed with VERITAS between February 2017 and May 2019. These deep observations resulted in the discovery of very-high-energy (VHE; E $>100$ GeV) $γ$-ray emission from this active galaxy. An analysis of $\sim$57 hours of quality-selected live time yields a detection at the position of the source, corresponding to a statistical significance of 7.8 standard deviations above background. The observed VHE flux is variable on monthly time scales, with an elevated flux seen in 2018 observations. The VHE emission during this elevated state is well-characterized by a power-law spectrum with a photon index $Γ= 2.20 \pm 0.27$ and flux F($>315$ GeV) = ($7.6\pm 1.2_{\mathrm stat} \pm 2.3_{\mathrm syst})\times 10^{-13}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, or approximately 0.7% of the Crab Nebula flux above the same threshold. 3C 264 ($z = 0.0217$) is the most distant radio galaxy detected at VHE, and the elevated state is thought to be similar to that of the famously outbursting jet in M 87. Consequently, extensive contemporaneous multi-wavelength data were acquired in 2018 at the time of the VHE high state. An analysis of these data, including VLBA, VLA, HST, Chandra and Swift observations in addition to the VERITAS data, is presented, along with a discussion of the resulting spectral energy distribution. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 19 pages, 11 figures, Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal