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Extreme Blazars Observed with MAGIC: Second Catalog Release
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
V. A. Acciari,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
P. Aubert,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva
, et al. (330 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Extremely high-peaked BL Lac objects - also named extreme blazars - are among the most energetic and persistent extragalactic accelerators in the Universe, defined by a synchrotron emission peaking above $10^{17}$ Hz in X-rays. Such emission is then reprocessed and produces radiation extending deeply into very-high-energy (VHE, energy E>100 GeV) gamma rays. Observations in this energy band - optim…
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Extremely high-peaked BL Lac objects - also named extreme blazars - are among the most energetic and persistent extragalactic accelerators in the Universe, defined by a synchrotron emission peaking above $10^{17}$ Hz in X-rays. Such emission is then reprocessed and produces radiation extending deeply into very-high-energy (VHE, energy E>100 GeV) gamma rays. Observations in this energy band - optimally investigated by the Imaging Air-Shower Cherenkov telescopes - are crucial for probing the physical processes that drive their extreme behavior. This study extends our investigation of extreme blazars in the VHE gamma-ray range, providing a second new mini-catalog of sources observed by the MAGIC telescopes. We report on the monitoring of seven targets between 2017 and 2025, including four newly observed sources and three that have been part of long-term observation campaigns, for a total of approximately 338 hours of observations. The analysis of MAGIC data reveals two new VHE detections of extreme blazars, along with three additional sources showing hints of VHE emission. Joint observations of MAGIC and the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) also confirmed a new VHE extreme blazar. Our results are complemented by simultaneous multiwavelength observations in other energy bands, including optical-UV, X-rays, and high-energy gamma rays (100 MeV<E<100 GeV). We confirm typical behavior of extreme blazars, such as a modest variability and a ``harder-when-brighter'' trend in X-rays across the sample. This new set increases the population of extreme blazars and their broadband analysis confirms the physical properties of these extreme sources.
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Submitted 7 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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MAGIC observations of NGC 4278. The first low-luminosity radio galaxy with compact jets detected at TeV energies
Authors:
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
V. A. Acciari,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
A. Arbet Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jiménez,
I. Batković,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra González,
W. Bednarek,
E. Bernardini,
J. Bernete,
A. Berti,
J. Besenrieder,
C. Bigongiari
, et al. (167 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) Collaboration has recently reported the first detection at TeV energies of a low-luminosity radio galaxy, NGC 4278. The aim of this work is to investigate the high-energy properties of NGC 4278 during the flaring and subsequent quasi-quiescent states with the Florian Goebel Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. NGC 427…
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The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) Collaboration has recently reported the first detection at TeV energies of a low-luminosity radio galaxy, NGC 4278. The aim of this work is to investigate the high-energy properties of NGC 4278 during the flaring and subsequent quasi-quiescent states with the Florian Goebel Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. NGC 4278 is located in the field of view of two blazars, 1ES 1215+303 and 1ES 1218+304, previously observed by the MAGIC telescopes. Therefore, we re-analyzed MAGIC observations made between 2010 and 2024 on these sources. We also modeled the broadband spectral energy distribution of the source during and after the flaring state at TeV energies. We did not detect any statistically significant $γ$-ray emission from NGC 4278 with MAGIC. The corresponding upper limits obtained using the entire MAGIC dataset ($F_{{\rm UL, }\, >150\, \mathrm{GeV}}=1.5 \times 10^{-12}\, \mathrm{ph \, s^{-1}\, cm^{-2}}$) are consistent with the LHAASO results. The best-fit models obtained for both emission states suggest that the emitting region is strongly particle-dominated, and an efficient acceleration mechanism has to be in action in order to reach TeV energies. The transition between the flaring and quasi-quiescent state cannot be explained by a simple radiative cooling of the emitting particles. The inferred jet power, of the order of $L_{\rm jet}\sim 10^{42}\, \mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}}$, is dominated by the kinetic component in both states and it is in a good agreement with previous, time-averaged observational estimates, supporting the idea that such high-energy flares might be recurrent. The jet, however, remains too weak to break the host-galaxy confinement.
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Submitted 24 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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VHE gamma-ray intranight variability from BL Lacertae during the extreme flaring state of 2022
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez,
I. Batkovic,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra González
, et al. (275 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
BL Lacertae (BL Lac), the archetypal blazar of its subclass and one of the most studied blazars in the last decades, has undergone a series of major multi-wavelength outbursts since 2020, resulting in its highest recorded $γ$-ray flare to date between September and November 2022 together with those from August 2021 and October 2024. We characterised the $γ$-ray and multi-wavelength emission and sp…
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BL Lacertae (BL Lac), the archetypal blazar of its subclass and one of the most studied blazars in the last decades, has undergone a series of major multi-wavelength outbursts since 2020, resulting in its highest recorded $γ$-ray flare to date between September and November 2022 together with those from August 2021 and October 2024. We characterised the $γ$-ray and multi-wavelength emission and spectral energy distribution (SED) of BL Lac, as well as their evolution during the major and extended $γ$-ray and multi-wavelength flare that occurred between September and November 2022. We evaluated the variability of the flare, focusing on the nights of October 20 and November 13, when clear intranight very-high-energy (VHE, $E>100$ GeV) $γ$-ray variability was observed. We modelled the $γ$-ray and broadband SEDs during periods of stable emission identified with a Bayesian block analysis and interpreted the flare's evolution in terms of the variability in the relativistic particles and the jet's physical parameters. The VHE emission shows an average flux of 0.23 Crab Units (C.U.) above 200 GeV and a variability amplitude of more than a factor ten. We observe intranight flux-doubling variations as fast as $\sim$8 minutes during the nights of October 20 and November 13, 2022 with maximum fluxes of 4.4 C.U. above 100 GeV and 2.8 C.U. above 200 GeV. The spectral analysis reveals a transition of the X-ray emission from the high- to the low-energy SED peak and a shift of the $γ$-ray peak towards higher energies. We interpret the broadband emission within a leptonic two-zone model in which intranight variability is explained as magnetic reconnection in a compact region closely oriented with the line of sight while variations in the relativistic electron distributions and the injection of freshly accelerated particles explain the weekly scale variations.
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Submitted 7 April, 2026; v1 submitted 20 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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CTAO LST-1 observations of magnetar SGR 1935+2154: Deep limits on sub-second bursts and persistent tera-electronvolt emission
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez,
I. Batkovic,
J. Baxter
, et al. (311 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 has exhibited prolific high-energy (HE) bursting activity in recent years. Investigating its potential tera-electronvolt counterpart could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of magnetar emission and very high-energy (VHE) processes in extreme astrophysical environments. We aim to search for a possible tera-electronvolt counterpart to both its persis…
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The Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 has exhibited prolific high-energy (HE) bursting activity in recent years. Investigating its potential tera-electronvolt counterpart could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of magnetar emission and very high-energy (VHE) processes in extreme astrophysical environments. We aim to search for a possible tera-electronvolt counterpart to both its persistent and sub-second-scale burst emission. We analysed over 25 h of observations from the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) during periods of HE activity from SGR 1935+2154 in 2021 and 2022 to search for persistent emission. For bursting emission, we selected and analysed nine 0.1 s time windows centred around known short X-ray bursts, targeting potential sub-second-scale tera-electronvolt counterparts in a low-photon-statistics regime. While no persistent or bursting emission was detected in our search, we establish upper limits for the tera-electronvolt emission of a short magnetar burst simultaneous to its soft gamma-ray flux. Specifically, for the brightest burst in our sample, the ratio between tera-electronvolt and X-ray flux is less than $10^{-3}$. The non-detection of either persistent or bursting tera-electronvolt emission from SGR 1935+2154 suggests that if such components exist, they may occur under specific conditions not covered by our observations. This aligns with theoretical predictions of VHE components in magnetar-powered fast radio bursts and the detection of MeV - GeV emission in giant magnetar flares. These findings underscore the potential of magnetars, fast radio bursts, and other fast transients as promising candidates for future observations in the low-photon-statistics regime with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, particularly with the CTAO.
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Submitted 5 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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VHE $γ$-ray observations of bright BL Lacs with the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the CTAO
Authors:
The CTAO-LST Project,
:,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez
, et al. (309 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next-generation ground-based gamma-ray observatory operating in the energy range from 20 GeV up to 300 TeV, with two sites in La Palma (Spain) and Paranal (Chile). It will consist of telescopes of three sizes, covering different parts of the large energy range. We report on the performance of Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) in the detecti…
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Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next-generation ground-based gamma-ray observatory operating in the energy range from 20 GeV up to 300 TeV, with two sites in La Palma (Spain) and Paranal (Chile). It will consist of telescopes of three sizes, covering different parts of the large energy range. We report on the performance of Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) in the detection and characterization of extragalactic gamma-ray sources, with a focus on the reconstructed gamma-ray spectra and variability of classical bright BL Lacertae objects, which were observed during the early commissioning phase of the instrument. LST-1 data from known bright gamma-ray blazars - Markarian 421, Markarian 501, 1ES 1959+650, 1ES 0647+250, and PG 1553+113 - were collected between July 10, 2020, and May 23, 2022, covering a zenith angle range of 4 deg to 57 deg. The reconstructed light curves were analyzed using a Bayesian block algorithm to distinguish the different activity phases of each blazar. Simultaneous Fermi-LAT data were utilized to reconstruct the broadband $γ$-ray spectra for the sources during each activity phase. High-level reconstructed data in a format compatible with gammapy are provided together with measured light curves and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for several bright blazars and an interpretation of the observed variability in long and short timescales. Simulations of historical flares are generated to evaluate the sensitivity of LST-1. This work represents the first milestone in monitoring bright BL Lacertae objects with a CTAO telescope.
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Submitted 4 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Time-Dependent Modeling of the Sub-Hour Spectral Evolution During the 2013 Outburst of Mrk 421
Authors:
MAGIC Collaboration,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
A. Arbet Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jiménez,
I. Batković,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra González,
W. Bednarek,
E. Bernardini,
J. Bernete,
A. Berti
, et al. (170 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In April 2013, the TeV blazar Markarian~421 underwent one of its most powerful emission outbursts to date. An extensive multi-instrument campaign featuring MAGIC, VERITAS, and \textit{NuSTAR} provided comprehensive very-high-energy (VHE; $E > 100$\,GeV) and X-ray coverage over nine consecutive days. In this work, we perform a detailed spectral analysis of the X-ray and VHE emissions on sub-hour ti…
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In April 2013, the TeV blazar Markarian~421 underwent one of its most powerful emission outbursts to date. An extensive multi-instrument campaign featuring MAGIC, VERITAS, and \textit{NuSTAR} provided comprehensive very-high-energy (VHE; $E > 100$\,GeV) and X-ray coverage over nine consecutive days. In this work, we perform a detailed spectral analysis of the X-ray and VHE emissions on sub-hour timescales throughout the flare. We identify several clockwise spectral hysteresis loops in the X-rays, revealing a spectral evolution more complex than a simple harder-when-brighter trend. The VHE spectrum extends beyond 10\,TeV, and its temporal evolution closely mirrors the behavior in the X-rays. We report the first evidence of VHE spectral hysteresis occurring simultaneously with the X-ray loops. To interpret these findings, we apply a time-dependent leptonic model to 240 broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) binned on a 15-minute scale, allowing us to self-consistently track the particle distribution's history. Our modeling shows that the majority of the sub-hour flux and spectral variations are driven by changes in the luminosity and slope of the injected electron distribution. The required variations in the electron slope are difficult to reconcile with magnetic reconnection but are consistent with a shock-acceleration scenario where the shock compression ratio evolves by a factor of $\sim2$. The model also points to a relatively stable magnetic field and emitting region size, favoring a scenario where the emission originates from a stationary feature in the jet, such as a recollimation shock. However, this scenario requires a jet Lorentz factor that significantly exceeds values from VLBI measurements to account for the high minimum electron energy implied by the lack of variability in the optical band.
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Submitted 5 March, 2026; v1 submitted 10 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Constraining the TeV gamma-ray emission of SN 2024bch, a possible type IIn-L from a red supergiant progenitor. Multiwavelength observations and analysis of the progenitor
Authors:
The CTAO-LST Project,
:,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero-Larriva,
U. Barresde-Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jiménez
, et al. (310 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present very high-energy optical photometry and spectroscopic observations of SN 2024bch in the nearby galaxy NGC 3206 (\sim 20 Mpc). We used gamma-ray observations performed with the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) and optical observations with the Liverpool Telescope (LT) combined with data from public repositories to evaluate the genera…
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We present very high-energy optical photometry and spectroscopic observations of SN 2024bch in the nearby galaxy NGC 3206 (\sim 20 Mpc). We used gamma-ray observations performed with the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) and optical observations with the Liverpool Telescope (LT) combined with data from public repositories to evaluate the general properties of the event and the progenitor star. No significant emission above the LST-1 energy threshold for this observation (\sim 100 GeV) was detected in the direction of SN 2024bch, and we computed an integral upper limit on the photon flux of F_γ(>100 GeV) \le 3.61 \times 10^{-12} cm^{-2} s^{-1} based on six nonconsecutive nights of observations with the LST-1, between 16 and 38 days after the explosion. Employing a general model for the gamma-ray flux emission, we found an upper limit on the mass-loss-rate to wind-velocity ratio of \dot M/u_{w} \le 10^{-4} \frac{M_\odot}{yr}\frac{s}{km}, although gamma-gamma absorption could potentially have skewed this estimation, effectively weakening our constraint. From spectro-photometric observations we found progenitor parameters of M_{pr} = 11 - 20 M_\odot and R_{pr} = 531 \pm 125 R_\odot. Finally, using archival images from the Hubble Space Telescope, we constrained the luminosity of the progenitor star to log(L_{pr}/L_\odot) \le 4.82 and its effective temperature to T_{pr} \le 4000 K. Our results suggest that SN 2024bch is a type IIn-L supernova that originated from a progenitor star consistent with a red supergiant. We show how the correct estimation of the mass-loss history of a supernova will play a major role in future multiwavelength observations.
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Submitted 27 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Very-high-energy observations of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 with MAGIC -- Indication of another gamma-ray obscured candidate neutrino source
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
V. A. Acciari,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
A. Arbet Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jiménez,
I. Batković,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra González,
W. Bednarek,
E. Bernardini,
J. Bernete
, et al. (185 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Seyfert galaxies are emerging as a promising source class of high-energy neutrinos. The Seyfert galaxies NGC 4151 and NGC 1068 have come up respectively as the most promising counterparts of a 3$σ$ and of a 4.2$σ$ neutrino excesses detected by IceCube in the TeV energy range. Constraining the very-high-energy (VHE) emission associated with the neutrino signal is crucial to unveil the mechanism and…
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Seyfert galaxies are emerging as a promising source class of high-energy neutrinos. The Seyfert galaxies NGC 4151 and NGC 1068 have come up respectively as the most promising counterparts of a 3$σ$ and of a 4.2$σ$ neutrino excesses detected by IceCube in the TeV energy range. Constraining the very-high-energy (VHE) emission associated with the neutrino signal is crucial to unveil the mechanism and site of neutrino production. In this work, we present the first results of the VHE observations ($\sim$29 hours) of NGC 4151 with the MAGIC telescopes. We detect no gamma-ray excess in the direction of NGC 4151, and we derive constraining upper limits on the VHE gamma-ray flux. The integral flux upper limit (at the 95% confidence level) above 200 GeV is $f = 2.3 \times 10^{-12}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The comparison of the MAGIC and IceCube measurements suggests the presence of a gamma-ray obscured accelerator, and it allows us to constrain the gamma-ray optical depth and the size of the neutrino production site.
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Submitted 22 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Testing the ubiquitous presence of very high energy emission in gamma-ray bursts with the MAGIC telescopes
Authors:
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
V. A. Acciari,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
A. Arbet Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
A. Babic,
C. Bakshi,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jimenez,
I. Batkovic,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra Gonzalez,
W. Bednarek,
E. Bernardini,
J. Bernete,
A. Berti
, et al. (184 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most powerful transient objects in the Universe, and they are a primary target for the MAGIC Collaboration. Recognizing the challenges of observing these elusive objects with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), we implemented a dedicated observational strategy that included an automated procedure for rapid re-pointing to transient sources. Since 2013,…
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Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most powerful transient objects in the Universe, and they are a primary target for the MAGIC Collaboration. Recognizing the challenges of observing these elusive objects with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), we implemented a dedicated observational strategy that included an automated procedure for rapid re-pointing to transient sources. Since 2013, this automated procedure has enabled MAGIC to observe GRBs at a rate of approximately ten per year, which led to the successful detection of two GRBs at very high energies (VHE; E > 100 GeV). We present a comprehensive analysis of 42 non-detected GRBs (4 short GRBs) observed by MAGIC from 2013 to 2019. We derived upper limits (ULs) on the observed energy flux as well as on the intrinsic energy flux corrected for absorption by the extragalactic background light (EBL) from the MAGIC observations in selected energy and time intervals. We conducted a comprehensive study of their properties to investigate the reasons for these non-detections, including the possible peculiar properties of TeV-detected GRBs. We find that strong EBL absorption significantly hinders TeV detection for the majority of GRBs in our sample. For a subset of 6 GRBs with redshift z < 2, we compared the UL on the intrinsic flux in the VHE domain with the simultaneous X-ray flux, which is observed to be at the same level in the current population of TeV-detected GRBs. Based on these inferred MAGIC ULs, we conclude that a VHE component with a luminosity comparable to the simultaneously observed X-ray luminosity cannot be ruled out for this sample.
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Submitted 7 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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GRB 221009A: Observations with LST-1 of CTAO and Implications for Structured Jets in Long Gamma-Ray Bursts
Authors:
The CTAO-LST Collaboration,
:,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez
, et al. (307 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) observed to date. Extensive observations of its afterglow emission across the electromagnetic spectrum were performed, providing the first strong evidence of a jet with a nontrivial angular structure in a long GRB. We carried out an extensive observation campaign in very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays with the first Large-Sized Telescope of the futu…
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GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) observed to date. Extensive observations of its afterglow emission across the electromagnetic spectrum were performed, providing the first strong evidence of a jet with a nontrivial angular structure in a long GRB. We carried out an extensive observation campaign in very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays with the first Large-Sized Telescope of the future Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory, starting on 2022 October 10, about 1 day after the burst. A dedicated analysis of the GRB 221009A data is performed to account for the different moonlight conditions under which data were recorded. We find an excess of gamma-like events with a statistical significance of 4.1$σ$ during the observations taken 1.33 days after the burst, followed by background-compatible results for the later days. The results are compared with various models of afterglows from structured jets that are consistent with the published multiwavelength data but entail significant quantitative and qualitative differences in the VHE emission after 1 day. We disfavor models that imply VHE flux at 1 day considerably above $10^{-11}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. Our late-time VHE observations can help disentangle the degeneracy among the models and provide valuable new insight into the structure of GRB jets.
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Submitted 10 March, 2026; v1 submitted 3 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Detection of the Geminga pulsar at energies down to 20 GeV with the LST-1 of CTAO
Authors:
The CTAO-LST Project,
:,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez
, et al. (309 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Geminga is the third gamma-ray pulsar firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) after the Crab and the Vela pulsars. Most of its emission is expected at tens of GeV, and, out of the planned telescopes of the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), the Large-Sized Telescopes (LSTs) are the only ones with optimised sensitivity at these energies. We aim to cha…
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Geminga is the third gamma-ray pulsar firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) after the Crab and the Vela pulsars. Most of its emission is expected at tens of GeV, and, out of the planned telescopes of the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), the Large-Sized Telescopes (LSTs) are the only ones with optimised sensitivity at these energies. We aim to characterise the gamma-ray pulse shape and spectrum of Geminga as observed by the first LST (hereafter LST-1) of the CTAO-North. Furthermore, this study confirms the great performance and the improved energy threshold of the telescope, as low as 10 GeV for pulsar analysis, with respect to current-generation Cherenkov telescopes. We analysed 60 hours of good-quality data taken by the LST-1 at zenith angles below 50$^\circ$. Additionally, a new Fermi-LAT analysis of 16.6 years of data was carried out to extend the spectral analysis down to 100 MeV. Lastly, a detailed study of the systematic effects was performed. We report the detection of Geminga in the energy range between 20 and 65 GeV. Of the two peaks of the phaseogram, the second one, P2, is detected with a significance of 12.2$σ$, while the first (P1) reaches a significance level of 2.6$σ$. The best-fit model for the spectrum of P2 was found to be a power law with $Γ= (4.5 \pm 0.4_{stat})^{+0.2_{sys}}_{-0.6_{sys}}$, compatible with the previous results obtained by the MAGIC. No evidence of curvature is found in the LST-1 energy range. The joint fit with Fermi data confirms a preference for a sub-exponential cut-off over a pure exponential, even though both models fail to reproduce the data above several tens of GeV. The overall results presented in this paper prove that the LST-1 is an excellent telescope for the observation of pulsars, and improved sensitivity is expected to be achieved with the full CTAO-North.
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Submitted 27 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Dark Matter Line Searches with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
Authors:
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Acharyya,
R. Adam,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
A. Aguirre-Santaella,
J. Alfaro,
R. Alfaro,
N. Alvarez-Crespo,
R. Alves Batista,
J. -P. Amans,
E. Amato,
G. Ambrosi,
L. Angel,
C. Aramo,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
L. Arrabito,
K. Asano,
Y. Ascasibar,
J. Aschersleben,
H. Ashkar
, et al. (540 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Monochromatic gamma-ray signals constitute a potential smoking gun signature for annihilating or decaying dark matter particles that could relatively easily be distinguished from astrophysical or instrumental backgrounds. We provide an updated assessment of the sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to such signals, based on observations of the Galactic centre region as well as of sele…
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Monochromatic gamma-ray signals constitute a potential smoking gun signature for annihilating or decaying dark matter particles that could relatively easily be distinguished from astrophysical or instrumental backgrounds. We provide an updated assessment of the sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to such signals, based on observations of the Galactic centre region as well as of selected dwarf spheroidal galaxies. We find that current limits and detection prospects for dark matter masses above 300 GeV will be significantly improved, by up to an order of magnitude in the multi-TeV range. This demonstrates that CTA will set a new standard for gamma-ray astronomy also in this respect, as the world's largest and most sensitive high-energy gamma-ray observatory, in particular due to its exquisite energy resolution at TeV energies and the adopted observational strategy focussing on regions with large dark matter densities. Throughout our analysis, we use up-to-date instrument response functions, and we thoroughly model the effect of instrumental systematic uncertainties in our statistical treatment. We further present results for other potential signatures with sharp spectral features, e.g.~box-shaped spectra, that would likewise very clearly point to a particle dark matter origin.
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Submitted 23 July, 2024; v1 submitted 7 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
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Signal-background separation and energy reconstruction of gamma rays using pattern spectra and convolutional neural networks for the Small-Sized Telescopes of the Cherenkov Telescope Array
Authors:
J. Aschersleben,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
R. F. Peletier,
M. Vecchi,
C. Vlasakidis,
M. H. F. Wilkinson
Abstract:
Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) detect very-high-energy gamma rays from ground level by capturing the Cherenkov light of the induced particle showers. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be trained on IACT camera images of such events to differentiate the signal from the background and to reconstruct the energy of the initial gamma ray. Pattern spectra provide a 2-dimensional…
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Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) detect very-high-energy gamma rays from ground level by capturing the Cherenkov light of the induced particle showers. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be trained on IACT camera images of such events to differentiate the signal from the background and to reconstruct the energy of the initial gamma ray. Pattern spectra provide a 2-dimensional histogram of the sizes and shapes of features comprising an image and they can be used as an input for a CNN to significantly reduce the computational power required to train it. In this work, we generate pattern spectra from simulated gamma-ray and proton images to train a CNN for signal-background separation and energy reconstruction for the Small-Sized Telescopes (SSTs) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). A comparison of our results with a CNN directly trained on CTA images shows that the pattern spectra-based analysis is about a factor of three less computationally expensive but not able to compete with the performance of an CTA image-based analysis. Thus, we conclude that the CTA images must be comprised of additional information not represented by the pattern spectra.
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Submitted 30 November, 2023; v1 submitted 11 July, 2023;
originally announced July 2023.