Showing 1–50 of 291 results for author: Xin, L

UniMoMo: Expert Merging-Based MoE Acceleration for Large Recommendation Models

Authors: Lei Xin, Bin Gu, Peize Li, Zitong Wang, Jianbo Zhao, Changjiang Jiang, Yanyue Xie, Chao Huang, Xuyang Zhao, Zunhai Su, Fanhu Zeng, Zhenglun Kong

Abstract: Sparse mixture-of-experts (MoE) layers expand recommendation capacity through conditional computation, yet a trained checkpoint still stores and routes over its full expert bank. We study a deployment problem: convert that checkpoint to a smaller standard MoE under an explicit expert budget, without adding a compression-specific online module. To address this, we introduce UniMoMo, a post-training… ▽ More Sparse mixture-of-experts (MoE) layers expand recommendation capacity through conditional computation, yet a trained checkpoint still stores and routes over its full expert bank. We study a deployment problem: convert that checkpoint to a smaller standard MoE under an explicit expert budget, without adding a compression-specific online module. To address this, we introduce UniMoMo, a post-training compression framework formulated as a constrained graph coarsening problem. Rather than relying on parameter distance, UniMoMo groups experts based on their functional similarity, using an unlabeled calibration set to measure how similarly experts respond to shared recommendation states. To prevent performance degradation, we introduce a layer-adaptive protection mechanism that restricts the merging of high-traffic experts based on their routing exposure. Across Amazon Beauty, KuaiRec, and TenRec with 2, 4, and 6 MoE blocks, the final four-expert checkpoints obtain source-relative five-run mean NDCG@10 ratios of 99.92%--102.30% and measured A100 speedups of 1.28$\times$--1.63$\times$. An aggressive two-expert, top-1 operating point obtains ratios of 98.36%--104.24% and speedups of 1.47$\times$--2.21$\times$. These endpoint results evaluate the complete conversion-and-adaptation workflow and show that a trained recommendation MoE can be exported at multiple serving budgets. △ Less

Submitted 9 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: Preprint

Anisotropic Particle Transport from a Pulsar Wind Nebula Revealed by Einstein Probe and LHAASO

Authors: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, J. Blunier, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. K. Chen, L. F. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. Chen , et al. (320 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are major cosmic ray accelerators, yet the mechanisms transporting high-energy particles into the interstellar medium remain elusive. Building on the LHAASO discovery of an ultra-high-energy (UHE) $γ$-ray source near the bow-shock PWN powered by the pulsar PSR J1740+1000, we present a joint Einstein Probe (EP) and LHAASO study of this system. EP observations reveal an ex… ▽ More Pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are major cosmic ray accelerators, yet the mechanisms transporting high-energy particles into the interstellar medium remain elusive. Building on the LHAASO discovery of an ultra-high-energy (UHE) $γ$-ray source near the bow-shock PWN powered by the pulsar PSR J1740+1000, we present a joint Einstein Probe (EP) and LHAASO study of this system. EP observations reveal an extended X-ray tail far exceeding the structure previously seen by XMM-Newton. Updated LHAASO observations show that the $γ$-ray emission is elongated, with its major axis aligned with the extended X-ray tail revealed by EP. This is the first detection of an X-ray pulsar tail associated with a spatially coincident extended UHE $γ$-ray emission. The X-ray and $γ$-ray spectrum can be well explained with a single population of relativistic electrons via synchrotron and inverse Compton radiation, respectively, removing the need for particle re-acceleration during propagation. The results unambiguously show that electrons/positrons above 100 TeV are escaping from the PWN. Instead of the immediate, isotropic diffusion into ambient interstellar medium that is typically assumed, these particles are transported anisotropically over at least $\sim$10 pc, either guided by the background magnetic field or carried by an advective outflow. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: Accepted by Science China Physics, Mechanics, and Astronomy. Main text: 9 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; Supplementary Materials: 7 pages, 2 figures, 4 tables

The Extended Ultrahigh-energy Gamma-Ray Emission in the Vicinity of PSR J2238+5903

Authors: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, J. Blunier, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. K. Chen, L. F. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. Chen , et al. (305 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a comprehensive analysis of the recently discovered TeV gamma-ray source, LHAASO J2238+5900. Based on data collected from the LHAASO, our fitting results suggest that the source is significantly extended with an angular extension of 0.54° \pm 0.01° and is spatially coincident with the pulsar PSR J2238+5903. Its spectrum is characterized by a power-law with a cutoff at 41.0\pm 3.5 TeV. A… ▽ More We present a comprehensive analysis of the recently discovered TeV gamma-ray source, LHAASO J2238+5900. Based on data collected from the LHAASO, our fitting results suggest that the source is significantly extended with an angular extension of 0.54° \pm 0.01° and is spatially coincident with the pulsar PSR J2238+5903. Its spectrum is characterized by a power-law with a cutoff at 41.0\pm 3.5 TeV. Additionally, the source exhibits a significant signal of 7.9σabove 100 TeV, implying that it is a PeVatron candidate. While the gamma-ray emission is consistent with a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) scenario, the relatively large extension size also allows for a halo interpretation, potentially caused by electron-positron pairs escaping from the PWN. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

MIBE: Multi-subject Interaction Benchmark and Evaluator for Personalized Image Generation

Authors: Zhihan Chen, Yuhuan Zhao, Yijie Zhu, Xinyu Yao, Mengcong Ren, Suwen Wang, Qiuyang Yin, Yuchen Sun, Qin Wang, Lu Xin

Abstract: Multi-subject personalized image generation requires the precise rendering of all requested reference identities and their specified interactions based on a guiding prompt. However, state-of-the-art models still struggle with this process, frequently omitting subjects, failing to preserve reference appearances, or misattributing interactions. Furthermore, existing metrics designed primarily for si… ▽ More Multi-subject personalized image generation requires the precise rendering of all requested reference identities and their specified interactions based on a guiding prompt. However, state-of-the-art models still struggle with this process, frequently omitting subjects, failing to preserve reference appearances, or misattributing interactions. Furthermore, existing metrics designed primarily for single-subject fidelity cannot reliably capture these errors, suffering severe degradation in ranking separability and failing to align with human preference as the subject count increases. To address this gap, we introduce Multi-subject Interaction Benchmark and Evaluator (MIBE), a unified framework comprising a Multi-subject Interaction Benchmark (MIB) and a Multi-subject Interaction Evaluator (MIE). MIB systematically covers diverse relation types and scene complexities through a decoupled data regime. This consists of a 60K-pair VLM-labeled Silver Set for scalable metric training and a 4K-pair double-blind Human Evaluation Gold Set covering a diverse range of state-of-the-art generators, with the Silver Set reaching 95.1% cross-VLM preference agreement. To demonstrate the utility of this benchmark, we present MIE, a lightweight, reference-conditioned evaluator trained exclusively on the Silver Set with a dual-head ranking and diagnosis objective. MIE exhibits strong cross-generator generalization on the Gold Set, achieving 0.922 overall pairwise accuracy against human preference, including 0.982 on seen generators and 0.884 on unseen generators. By outperforming a broad spectrum of baseline metrics, including CLIP and DINO variants, MIE demonstrates that diagnostic supervision can preserve ranking separability and human alignment where traditional evaluators collapse. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Early results from the SVOM Observatory Science program

Authors: A. Coleiro, L. Tao, F. Cangemi, X. Han, M. Brunet, N. Dagoneau, A. Foisseau, A. Goldwurm, S. Guillot, N. Jiang, C. Lachaud, S. Le Stum, P. Maggi, D. Rawat, J. Rodriguez, C. W. Wang, J. Wang, W. Xie, L. Zhang, L. Bouchet, M. Clavel, Z. Feng, O. Godet, D. Götz, D. Li , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the organisation and early results from the Observatory Science program of the Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM), based on data collected between July 2024 and December 2025. Although primarily designed for gamma-ray burst studies, SVOM's wide-field, multi-wavelength instruments enable a broad range of high-energy astrophysical investigations. We summar… ▽ More We present the organisation and early results from the Observatory Science program of the Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM), based on data collected between July 2024 and December 2025. Although primarily designed for gamma-ray burst studies, SVOM's wide-field, multi-wavelength instruments enable a broad range of high-energy astrophysical investigations. We summarize the execution and performance of the General Program and Target-of-Opportunity observations, and we describe the frameworks used for serendipitous source detection and monitoring with the ECLAIRs coded-mask instrument. Over this period, SVOM carried out more than a thousand pointed observations and detected several hundred non-GRB high-energy sources, mainly X-ray binaries, as well as blazars, stellar flares, magnetars, and unidentified events. We highlight some key results, including the monitoring of the microquasar Cygnus X-1, the detection of burst oscillations from the Low-Mass X-ray Binary 4U 0614+091, the spectral-state monitoring of Aql X-1, the first SVOM detection of an X-ray blazar flare from 1ES 1959+650, and observations of a stellar flare from HD 22468. These results demonstrate SVOM's strong capabilities for time-domain astrophysics beyond its core GRB program. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 17 pages, 14 figures

First Gamma-Ray Burst Observations with SVOM

Authors: F. Daigne, D. Turpin, J. -L. Atteia, J. Palmerio, L. -P. Xin, S. D. Vergani, B. Zhang, C. Wu, T. Maiolino, B. Schneider, D. Zhao, A. Li, D. Malesani, H. -L. Li, A. Saccardi, M. -G. Bernardini, H. Gao, F. Piron, O. Godet, B. -B. Zhang, Y. Wang, L. -J. Chen, B. Cordier, J. -Y. Wei, S. Basa , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Following its launch on 22 June 2024, the Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) successfully completed its flight acceptance, commissioning, and scientific validation phases in early 2025, during which several tens of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) were detected onboard. Three quarters of these events have also been detected by other satellites, and a quarter are SVOM-only G… ▽ More Following its launch on 22 June 2024, the Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) successfully completed its flight acceptance, commissioning, and scientific validation phases in early 2025, during which several tens of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) were detected onboard. Three quarters of these events have also been detected by other satellites, and a quarter are SVOM-only GRBs. In this article, we describe these early GRB observations, with a first description of the SVOM GRB sample that is emerging, and of the level of characterisation already achieved, and with a focus on a few events of particular interest. These early results are very encouraging regarding SVOM's ability to detect and fully characterise (including prompt emission, afterglow and distance) a wide range of GRBs (classical long GRBs, short GRBs, X-Ray Flashes, etc.) and to enable the use of these extreme high-energy transients as probes of the distant Universe. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 16 pages; 12 figures

Extreme PeV accelerator associated with GRS 1915+105

Authors: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, J. Blunier, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, Y. Y. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. K. Chen, L. F. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen , et al. (304 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Microquasars, binary systems featuring relativistic jets, have emerged as sources for particle acceleration beyond PeV energies. We present a study of the broadband $γ$-ray emission from one of the most prominent Galactic microquasars GRS 1915+105 based on data accumulated by LHAASO and Fermi-LAT over 4 and 17 years, respectively. A joint analysis of LHAASO-WCDA and LHAASO-KM2A data reveals extend… ▽ More Microquasars, binary systems featuring relativistic jets, have emerged as sources for particle acceleration beyond PeV energies. We present a study of the broadband $γ$-ray emission from one of the most prominent Galactic microquasars GRS 1915+105 based on data accumulated by LHAASO and Fermi-LAT over 4 and 17 years, respectively. A joint analysis of LHAASO-WCDA and LHAASO-KM2A data reveals extended $γ$-ray emission whose centroid appears significantly shifted, by ~ 0.13°, from the binary system and its jets. The spectral energy distribution is well described by a curved spectrum with progressive steepening that can be described by a log-parabola function with no evidence for a sharp cutoff, consistent with parent particles reaching multi-PeV energies and an extreme acceleration efficiency approaching the limit set by the available potential drop across the source. Several features, most notably the shift of the emission and single-power-law spectrum down to GeV band, favor radiation by cosmic rays accelerated in the source interacting with the dense ambient medium. Our spectral modeling implies that at least a few percent of the jet mechanical power is transferred to protons, whose maximum energy reaches beyond 5 PeV. These results strengthen the case for microquasars as exceptionally efficient accelerators in our Galaxy. △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2026; v1 submitted 23 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures, with supplementary material. Corrected a typo in the y-axis units of Fig. 2

Fast Optical Variability of the TeV Blazar PKS 1725+123 Observed by SVOM-VT and Insights from Multi-wavelength Follow-up Observations

Authors: Shuo-Yu Liu, Yu-Wei Yu, Ji-Shun Lian, Xin-Ke Hu, Alexis Coleiro, Zhu-Heng Yao, Li-Ping Xin, Jing Wang, Hua-Li Li, Zi-Qi Wang, Jin Zhang, Floriane Cangemi, Bertrand Cordier, Antoine Foisseau, Olivier Godet, Andrea Goldwurm, Diego Gotz, Sebastien Guillot, Xu-Hui Han, Ning Jiang, Cyril Lachaud, Sebastien Le Stum, En-Wei Liang, Pierre Maggi, Yu-Lei Qiu , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: PKS 1725+123 is a flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) with a redshift of $z=0.586$. The detection of this object in the TeV band was reported by the MAGIC telescopes and H.E.S.S. in August 2025. Subsequently, we promptly initiated Target-of-Opportunity observations using the Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) satellite. By analyzing the observational optical data fro… ▽ More PKS 1725+123 is a flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) with a redshift of $z=0.586$. The detection of this object in the TeV band was reported by the MAGIC telescopes and H.E.S.S. in August 2025. Subsequently, we promptly initiated Target-of-Opportunity observations using the Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) satellite. By analyzing the observational optical data from SVOM-VT and comprehensively examining the Fermi-LAT and Swift-XRT observational data, it was found that the source is in a high-flux state across the optical, X-ray, and GeV $γ$-ray bands around the time of the TeV detections. Its optical flux reaches a historically unprecedented high level and shows significant variability on timescale as short as minutes. The variability is accompanied by changes in the color index, exhibiting a bluer when brighter behavior during the high-flux state. Based on the simultaneous multi-wavelength data, we construct the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of the source in the high-flux state. PKS 1725+123 demonstrates a remarkably high synchrotron peak frequency, which is distinctly different from that of other FSRQs. We propose a two-zone spine-sheath jet model to reproduce this SED. The optical--X-ray emission is generated by the synchrotron process of the relativistic electrons within a compact zone. The inverse Compton (IC) scattering processes of the same electron population contribute to the low-energy end of the Fermi-LAT spectrum, while the high-energy end of the Fermi-LAT spectrum is ascribed to the IC scattering of the synchrotron photons within the compact zone by the higher-energy electrons in an extended region. △ Less

Submitted 10 July, 2026; v1 submitted 20 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 23 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL

GRB 250424A: A Case Study of Energy Injection with Multiwavelength Observations

Authors: Yifang Liang, Yun Wang, WeiKang Zheng, Priyadarshini Gokuldass, Huali Li, Chenwei Wang, Riccardo Brivio, Donovan Schlekat, Alexei V. Filippenko, Pillas Marion, Dalya Akl, Sarah Antier, Manasanun Tanasan, Kanthanakorn Noysena, Di Xiao, Jie An, Thomas G. Brink, Krittapas Chanchaiworawit, Dylan A. Dutton, Matteo Ferro, Michael Freeberg, Ren Jia, Alain Klotz, Ye Li, Xing Liu , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a comprehensive multiwavelength analysis of the long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) 250424A. Our dataset spans from the prompt gamma-ray emission to late-time optical monitoring, including spectra obtained with the Keck 10\,m telescope. We find that the afterglow light curves display a prominent, simultaneous shallow decay phase in both X-ray and optical bands, followed by an achromatic… ▽ More We present a comprehensive multiwavelength analysis of the long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) 250424A. Our dataset spans from the prompt gamma-ray emission to late-time optical monitoring, including spectra obtained with the Keck 10\,m telescope. We find that the afterglow light curves display a prominent, simultaneous shallow decay phase in both X-ray and optical bands, followed by an achromatic transition to a standard decay regime. The broadband spectral energy distributions are well-modeled by a single power-law function, indicating a common synchrotron origin for the emission across frequencies. We interpret the afterglow evolution within the framework of a relativistic forward shock refreshed by continuous energy injection. This scenario successfully reproduces the observed temporal and spectral behavior, yielding an isotropic equivalent kinetic energy of $E_{\rm K,iso} \approx 5.5 \times 10^{52}$ erg and an injection index of $q\approx 0.34$ in a constant-density circumburst environment. The shallow decay phase is consistent with sustained energy injection lasting $\sim$ 9 ks. Despite the relatively low redshift, late-time optical observations reveal no distinct supernova component; however, our derived upper limits do not strictly rule out the presence of a typical GRB-associated supernova. △ Less

Submitted 15 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 24 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

Discovery of EP J175257.3-351923 as a Candidate Black Hole Low-Mass X-ray Binary

Authors: G. L. Huang, Q. C. Zhao, L. Tao, A. Coleiro, A. Rau, S. Brennan, C . Y. Dai, R. Soria, F. Cangemi, F. Coti Zelati, A. Marino, L. Zhang, S. Guillot, H. Q. Cheng, H. Feng, D. Götz, Y. Huang, Y. F. Huang, D. Y. Li, Z. S. Li, P. Maggi, R. C. Ma, X. Ma, H. W. Pan, N. Rea , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of a new X-ray transient, EP J175257.3-351923 (EP250916a), by the Einstein Probe (EP) near the Galactic plane. The outburst lasted for at least 250\,days, reached a peak 2--10 keV flux of $\sim 4 \times 10^{-10}$~erg~cm$^{-2}$~s$^{-1}$, and exhibited a fast-rise exponential-decay (FRED) profile typical of X-ray binary outbursts. The source remained in the hard state through… ▽ More We report the discovery of a new X-ray transient, EP J175257.3-351923 (EP250916a), by the Einstein Probe (EP) near the Galactic plane. The outburst lasted for at least 250\,days, reached a peak 2--10 keV flux of $\sim 4 \times 10^{-10}$~erg~cm$^{-2}$~s$^{-1}$, and exhibited a fast-rise exponential-decay (FRED) profile typical of X-ray binary outbursts. The source remained in the hard state throughout the outburst, with only modest variations in the photon index ($\sim 1.6$--$2.2$) and no evidence for a spectral state transition. Broadband spectral modeling suggests a truncated disk, a weak reflection component, and a high-energy cutoff at $\sim 217$~keV, consistent with hard-state accretion in black-hole systems. No reliable optical or radio counterpart is detected within the Swift/XRT error circle. The inferred X-ray-to-optical and X-ray-to-radio flux ratios are consistent with a low-mass X-ray binary classification. Neither pulsations nor significant aperiodic variability are detected. Although the compact object cannot yet be firmly identified, the timing, spectral, and multiwavelength evidence favors EP~J175257.3--351923 as a black-hole low-mass X-ray binary candidate, highlighting EP's potential to uncover a faint, previously hidden population of X-ray binaries. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2026; v1 submitted 9 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A Letters

Critical collapse of a self-interacting scalar field in asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetime

Authors: Li-Jie Xin, Xiangdong Zhang

Abstract: We study the critical gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric massless scalar field in asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime. The scalar field potential adopted here is inversely proportional to the square of the AdS curvature radius $\ell$, and the system admits a well-known exact static solution. Working in polar coordinates, we first confirm that type II critical collapse occu… ▽ More We study the critical gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric massless scalar field in asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime. The scalar field potential adopted here is inversely proportional to the square of the AdS curvature radius $\ell$, and the system admits a well-known exact static solution. Working in polar coordinates, we first confirm that type II critical collapse occurs for a range of distinct initial configurations when $\ell=8$, where the measured echoing period and critical exponent are in excellent agreement with Choptuik's classic results. We then fine-tune the initial amplitude of the scalar field for a series of AdS radii $\ell$, performing calculations in both polar coordinates and double null coordinates to cross-validate our results. We find that the form of the potential does not alter the critical behavior of gravitational collapse in any meaningful way: in particular, both the echoing period ($Δ\approx 3.4$) and critical exponent ($γ\approx 0.37$) remain essentially unchanged across all tested values of $\ell$. △ Less

Submitted 2 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures

Multi-wavelength outburst activity from EP J174942.2-384834: a very faint X-ray transient discovered by Einstein Probe

Authors: F. Coti Zelati, A. Marino, Y. L. Wang, M. Veresvarska, N. Rea, S. Guillot, D. A. H. Buckley, N. Rawat, S. E. Motta, Y. Xu, Z. Li, Y. -F. Huang, H. Feng, L. Tao, M. Imbrogno, G. Illiano, M. C. Baglio, H. Q. Cheng, C. C. Jin, H. Sun, W. Yuan, F. Carotenuto, R. P. Fender, A. Coleiro, D. Götz , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery and multi-wavelength characterization of the Galactic transient EP J174942.2$-$384834, first detected by the Einstein Probe during a faint X-ray outburst in March 2025. Coordinated follow-up observations revealed two major outbursts and a rebrightening over a seven-month period. Broadband X-ray spectral modeling shows that the outburst emission was dominated by thermal Comp… ▽ More We report the discovery and multi-wavelength characterization of the Galactic transient EP J174942.2$-$384834, first detected by the Einstein Probe during a faint X-ray outburst in March 2025. Coordinated follow-up observations revealed two major outbursts and a rebrightening over a seven-month period. Broadband X-ray spectral modeling shows that the outburst emission was dominated by thermal Comptonization of very soft seed photons. The absence of a detected thermal disk component, together with the low inferred seed-photon temperature, is consistent with a cool and possibly truncated accretion disk. The X-ray spectrum remained consistently hard throughout the outburst activity, with a power-law photon index of $Γ\approx 1$-2, gradually softening as the flux declined. The optical/UV counterpart brightened in tandem with the X-ray emission and exhibited a blue continuum with broad Balmer absorption features. Together with the optical/UV - X-ray luminosity correlation, this supports a disk-dominated origin of the optical/UV outburst emission, with viscous heating likely playing a major role and irradiation possibly contributing, especially in the UV. No radio counterpart was detected, implying at most very faint jet activity. Taken together, the observed properties support the classification of EP J174942.2$-$384834 as a very faint X-ray transient black hole candidate. This study demonstrates the ability of Einstein Probe to uncover and characterize the faintest accreting compact objects in the Galaxy. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 31 pages, 13 figures, 7 tables. Accepted for publication on The Astrophysical Journal

GraphPI: Efficient Protein Inference with Graph Neural Networks

Authors: Zheng Ma, Jiazhen Chen, Lei Xin, Ali Ghodsi

Abstract: The integration of deep learning approaches in biomedical research has been transformative, enabling breakthroughs in various applications. Despite these strides, its application in protein inference is impeded by the scarcity of extensively labeled datasets, a challenge compounded by the high costs and complexities of accurate protein annotation. In this study, we introduce GraphPI, a novel frame… ▽ More The integration of deep learning approaches in biomedical research has been transformative, enabling breakthroughs in various applications. Despite these strides, its application in protein inference is impeded by the scarcity of extensively labeled datasets, a challenge compounded by the high costs and complexities of accurate protein annotation. In this study, we introduce GraphPI, a novel framework that treats protein inference as a node classification problem. We treat proteins as interconnected nodes within a protein-peptide-PSM graph, utilizing a Graph Neural Network-based architecture to elucidate their interrelations. To address label scarcity, we train the model on a set of unlabeled public protein datasets with pseudo-labels derived from an existing protein inference algorithm, enhanced by self-training to iteratively refine labels based on confidence scores. Contrary to prevalent methodologies necessitating dataset-specific training, our research illustrates that GraphPI, due to the well normalized nature of Percolator features, exhibits universal applicability without dataset-specific fine-tuning, a feature that not only mitigates the risk of overfitting but also enhances computational efficiency. Our empirical experiments reveal notable performance on various test datasets and deliver significantly reduced computation times compared to common protein inference algorithms. △ Less

Submitted 5 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Journal ref: Journal of Proteome Research 23.11 (2024): 4821-4834

SVOM/C-GFT: Instrumentation and Performances on the SVOM Alerts

Authors: Chao Wu, Zhe Kang, Xiao-Meng Lu, Xu-Hui Han, Li-Ping Xin, Pin-Pin Zhang, You Lv, Cheng-Wei Zhu, Ruo-Son Zhang, Jin-Song Deng, Yu-Lei Qiu, Mao-Hai Huang, Hong-Bo Cai, Hai-Bo Hu, Lei Huang, Lei Jia, Yu Luo, Jing Wang, Mo Zhang, Si-Cheng Zou, Zhen-Wei Li, Cheng-Zhi Liu, Jian-Yan Wei

Abstract: The Chinese Ground Follow-up Telescope (C-GFT) is an optical facility upgraded to support the Space Variable Objects Monitor mission (\textit{SVOM}). Located at the Jilin Observation Station, it is capable of rapidly identifying and monitoring the optical counterparts of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). The 1.2-m telescope is equipped with two switchable focal-plane instruments: the prime-focus wide-field… ▽ More The Chinese Ground Follow-up Telescope (C-GFT) is an optical facility upgraded to support the Space Variable Objects Monitor mission (\textit{SVOM}). Located at the Jilin Observation Station, it is capable of rapidly identifying and monitoring the optical counterparts of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). The 1.2-m telescope is equipped with two switchable focal-plane instruments: the prime-focus wide-field LATIOS camera and the Cassegrain-focus three-channel CATCH camera. In this paper, we present a system overview, including the observatory, the telescope, the instrumentation, the automated operational framework managed by the Operations Center, and the data processing pipelines. We also report the performance results obtained during over one year of \textit{SVOM}'s post-launch operations. The results demonstrate that the system meets its design specifications and delivers robust observational and operational performance. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 20 pages, 16 figures

SVOM/VT: On-ground processing of VT-VHF data

Authors: Chao Wu, Jesse T. Palmerio, Tatyana Sadibekova, Yannis Canton, Kamshat Tazhenova, Susanna Diana Vergani, Li-Ping Xin, Yu-Lei Qiu, Henri Louvin, Mo Zhang, Mao-Hai Huang, Isabelle Jegouzo, Hua-Li Li, Hong-bo Cai, Jin-Song Deng, Bertrand Cordier, Jian-Yan Wei

Abstract: The VT--VHF data comprise three types of onboard-processed data results generated from four sequential observational sequences and transmitted to the ground via a Very High Frequency (VHF) downlink. On the ground, these data are processed by three successive pipelines: the pre-processing pipeline, the VT--VHF data processing pipeline (VVPP), and the VT afterglow candidate pipeline (VTAC). These pi… ▽ More The VT--VHF data comprise three types of onboard-processed data results generated from four sequential observational sequences and transmitted to the ground via a Very High Frequency (VHF) downlink. On the ground, these data are processed by three successive pipelines: the pre-processing pipeline, the VT--VHF data processing pipeline (VVPP), and the VT afterglow candidate pipeline (VTAC). These pipelines perform packet decoding, astrometric and photometric calibration, and afterglow candidate identification, respectively. This paper describes the architecture and operational implementation of the VT--VHF ground processing system and assesses its end-to-end performance using the first year of SVOM operations. These data enable rapid identification of GRB optical counterparts. Early detections, while the source is still optically bright, facilitate spectroscopic redshift measurements. Dual-band colors provide preliminary redshift constraints and help identify high-redshift candidates, whereas non-detections in both bands may indicate very high redshift, significant extinction, or intrinsically dark bursts. In-orbit operations show that the VT--VHF ground processing system successfully identifies optical afterglow candidates for a significant fraction of ECLAIRs triggers with available VT--VHF data, demonstrating its robustness and readiness. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 11 pages, 4 figures

SVOM/VT: Real-Time Onboard Data Processing

Authors: Hong-Bo Cai, Yu-Lei Qiu, Li-Ping Xin, Zheng-Yang Bian, Rui-Feng Su, Qing-Yun Mao, Bin-Ping Su, Jun-Wang He, Wei Gao, Jian Zhang, Li-Jun Dan, Kun Chen, Dong Li, Chao Wu, Hua-Li Li, Jin-Song Deng, Yong-He Zhang, Jian-Yan Wei, Bertrand Cordier

Abstract: The SVOM Visible Telescope (VT) is critical for the rapid identification of gamma-ray burst (GRB) optical counterparts, particularly for high-redshift candidates that require immediate infrared spectroscopic follow-up. To address the stringent bandwidth constraints of the VHF downlink while ensuring real-time data availability, we developed the VT Onboard Data Processing Pipeline (VOPP).This paper… ▽ More The SVOM Visible Telescope (VT) is critical for the rapid identification of gamma-ray burst (GRB) optical counterparts, particularly for high-redshift candidates that require immediate infrared spectroscopic follow-up. To address the stringent bandwidth constraints of the VHF downlink while ensuring real-time data availability, we developed the VT Onboard Data Processing Pipeline (VOPP).This paper details the software architecture, algorithms, and hardware implementation of VOPP using an FPGA and a CPU. The pipeline performs essential real-time tasks, including image quality assessment, dark and flat-field correction, and optimized image stacking to mitigate cosmic ray contamination and variable background noise. Furthermore, it generates compact source catalogs and highly compressed 1-bit images to facilitate rapid downlink.In-flight performance analysis confirms the pipeline's robustness, demonstrating the availability of VT VHF data for 78 percent of promptly slewed SVOM GRBs, with 56 percent leading to the identification of optical counterparts, typically within 18 minutes post-trigger. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics: 15 pages, 6 figures

SVOM/VT: Flight Model Verification and Pre-launch Testing

Authors: Jian Zhang, Xue-Wu Fan, Gang-Yi Zou, Yu-Lei Qiu, Wei Gao, Wei Wang, Chen-Jie Wang, Ning Qi, Jin-Song Deng, Li-Jun Dan, Yue Pan, Chao Huang, Yun-Fei Du, Guo-Rui Ren, Zhong-Han Sun, Feng-Tao Wang, Wei Li, Bao-Peng Li, Chao Shen, Peng-Fei Chen, Kun Chen, Hui Zhao, Ming Chang, Tao Wang, Li-Pin Xin , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper presents pre-launch testing and calibration results for the SVOM/VT (Space-based Variable Objects Monitor, Visible Telescope) Flight Model (FM), validating its performance under simulated space conditions through thermal vacuum cycling, energy concentration analysis, stray light suppression, and CCD/electronics calibrations (gain, noise, quantum efficiency). The results confirm full com… ▽ More This paper presents pre-launch testing and calibration results for the SVOM/VT (Space-based Variable Objects Monitor, Visible Telescope) Flight Model (FM), validating its performance under simulated space conditions through thermal vacuum cycling, energy concentration analysis, stray light suppression, and CCD/electronics calibrations (gain, noise, quantum efficiency). The results confirm full compliance with design requirements: stray light suppression achieves point-source transmittance $<10^{-7}$ at $30^\circ$ off-axis, thermal control maintains stable CCD temperatures ($-75^\circ$C for the red channel, $-65^\circ$C for the blue channel), and detection sensitivity meets the limiting magnitude of 22.50 (SNR $>$ 3 with 300 seconds exposure). Early in-orbit tests further validate performance, yielding limiting magnitudes of 22.70 (V-band, red) and 22.78 (blue), consistent with pre-launch specifications. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Reaearch in Astronomy and Astrophysics: 16pages, 14 figures, 3 tables

SVOM/VT: Overview of data processing and GRB identifications with X-band data

Authors: Hua-Li Li, Yu-Lei Qiu, Li-Ping Xin, Chao Wu, Zhu-Heng Yao, Yi-Nuo Ma, Yang Xu, Pin-Pin Zhang, Xu-Hui Han, Jing Wang, Hong-Bo Cai, Da-Wei Xu, Jesse T. Palmerio, Mao-Hai Huang, Jia-Li Zhu, Mo Zhang, Jin-Song Deng, Bertrand Cordier, Jian-Yan Wei

Abstract: VT (the Visible Telescope) is an optical telescope onboard the SVOM (Space-based Multi-band Astronomical Variable Objects Monitor) mission, specifically designed to detect optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), study their afterglows, and select high-redshift candidates. It performs rapid follow-up observations simultaneously in two channels either via autonomous platform slewing or Targ… ▽ More VT (the Visible Telescope) is an optical telescope onboard the SVOM (Space-based Multi-band Astronomical Variable Objects Monitor) mission, specifically designed to detect optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), study their afterglows, and select high-redshift candidates. It performs rapid follow-up observations simultaneously in two channels either via autonomous platform slewing or Target of Opportunity (ToO) observations. The science images acquired by VT and transmitted via the X-band downlink system are designated as VT X-band data. This paper provides an overview of GRB optical afterglow identifications with VT and describes the ground-based processing pipeline for VT X-band data, including preprocessing, astrometric calibration, and photometry. Up to 2025 December 3, VT has followed up 111 GRBs triggered by SVOM or external missions. The overall detection rate of optical counterparts is approximately 75%. Specifically, for bursts detected by SVOM/ECLAIRs, the detection rate is 77% when observed by VT within 30 minutes after the burst. A slightly higher detection rate of 81% is achieved for GRBs triggered by external missions through rapid ToO observations with a mid-time of less than 3 hours. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 15 pages, 11 figures

Alert Chain and Observation Planning for Ground Wide Angle Camera Network

Authors: Xu-hui Han, Pin-pin Zhang, Yu-jie Xiao, Li-ping Xin, Ruo-song Zhang, Lei Huang, Xiao-meng Lu, Hong-bo Cai, Yang Xu, Wen-long Dong, Hua-li Li, Ya-tong Zheng, Jian-yan Wei

Abstract: The Ground Wide Angle Camera Network (GWAC-N) is a robotic telescope network. It consists of ten wide-field core telescopes (GWAC-A) and two 60cm narrow-field rapid follow-up telescopes (GWAC-F60A/B). The primary scientific goal of GWAC-N is to detect optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) discovered by the SVOM satellite. This is achieved through synchronized monitoring with the GWAC-A a… ▽ More The Ground Wide Angle Camera Network (GWAC-N) is a robotic telescope network. It consists of ten wide-field core telescopes (GWAC-A) and two 60cm narrow-field rapid follow-up telescopes (GWAC-F60A/B). The primary scientific goal of GWAC-N is to detect optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) discovered by the SVOM satellite. This is achieved through synchronized monitoring with the GWAC-A array. Upon receiving a GRB trigger alert, the network conducts rapid, multi-band follow-up observations using the GWAC-F60A/B telescopes. The two-stage observation process involves many telescopes, making manual control impractical. Automated operations are therefore essential. They are realized through an integrated alert processing chain and an automated observation scheduling and dispatching mechanism. To enable this, we employ the SVOM Follow-up Observation Coordinating Service (FOCS) and GWAC-N's Automatic Observation Management (AOM) system. This paper presents the integrated alert processing workflow. It also describes the formulation of observation strategies, and the scheduling and execution of observations enabled by FOCS and AOM. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11 pages, 6 figures

Overview of Ground-based Wide-Angle Cameras array

Authors: Liping Xin, Lei Huang, Hongbo Cai, Xuhui Han, Yang Xu, Xiaomeng Lu, Huali Li, Jing Wang, Yulei Qiu, Chao Wu, Ruosong Zhang, Pinpin Zhang, Yujie Xiao, Guangwei Li, Jingsong Deng, Dawei Xu, Linjun Wang, Jinran Xu, Yinuo Ma, Yangtong Zheng, Wenlong Dong, Zhuheng Yao, Enwei Liang, Xianggao Wang, Xiangyu Wang , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: As one of the key ground-based facilities of the Chinese-French SVOM mission, the main scientific objectives of the Ground-based Wide Angle Camera array (GWAC) are to detect prompt optical emission of gamma-ray bursts or other short duration astronomical transients on a second-scale temporal resolution. GWAC is located at Xinglong observatory, China, and consists of 10 mounts and 40 cameras, provi… ▽ More As one of the key ground-based facilities of the Chinese-French SVOM mission, the main scientific objectives of the Ground-based Wide Angle Camera array (GWAC) are to detect prompt optical emission of gamma-ray bursts or other short duration astronomical transients on a second-scale temporal resolution. GWAC is located at Xinglong observatory, China, and consists of 10 mounts and 40 cameras, providing a joint field of view of about 3600 square degrees.The detection ability is 16 magnitude in 10 seconds of exposure time in the visual band under the condition of the new moon phase. Here, we give an overview of GWAC and introduce the science motivation of the project, as well as the performance of the hardware and the software. The observation strategies and the data processing are briefly presented. The early sciences in the last 5 years since the first light are summarized. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted fro publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 14 pages, 11 figures

The SVOM mission, its profile and its system

Authors: B. Cordier, J. Y. Wei, S. N. Zhang, S. Basa, J. -L. Atteia, A. Claret, A. Coleiro, F. Daigne, N. Dagoneau, J. S. Deng, Y. W. Dong, O. Godet, D. Gotz, X. H. Han, C. Lachaud, E. W. Liang, F. Piron, Y. L. Qiu, S. Schanne, D. Turpin, S. D. Vergani, J. Wang, C. Wu, L. P. Xin, B. Zhang , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The SVOM (Space-based Variable Objects Monitor) mission, launched into low Earth orbit on 22 June 2024, is a French-Chinese multi-wavelength observatory dedicated to the study of the transient sky. Inspired by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, it consists of an autonomous rapid-slewing satellite, linked in real time to several ground-based telescopes. The space segment comprises two X-ray/gamma-… ▽ More The SVOM (Space-based Variable Objects Monitor) mission, launched into low Earth orbit on 22 June 2024, is a French-Chinese multi-wavelength observatory dedicated to the study of the transient sky. Inspired by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, it consists of an autonomous rapid-slewing satellite, linked in real time to several ground-based telescopes. The space segment comprises two X-ray/gamma-ray wide-field instruments (ECLAIRs and GRM) with real-time triggering capabilities combined with two narrow-field telescopes in X-ray (MXT) and in visible (VT). In addition, the SVOM collaboration has also developed a unique visible and NIR ground-based follow-up system to promptly respond to the gamma-ray transients detected on board. The core program of SVOM will provide new insights into the Gamma-Ray Burst physics by providing a homogeneous dataset covering both the prompt and afterglow emissions, as well as better studying the low luminosity and soft Gamma-Ray Burst populations. As a versatile satellite platform with fast slewing capabilities, SVOM also comprises a Target of Opportunity program and a General Program consisting in pointed observations scheduled over the year that will both significantly contribute to the multi-messenger and time-domain astronomy. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 13 pages, 8 figures

SVOM/VT: Preliminary Calibration Analysis

Authors: Zhu-Heng Yao, Yu-Lei Qiu, Jin-Song Deng, Li-Ping Xin, Chao Wu, Hua-Li Li, Jing Wang, Yi-Nuo Ma, Hong-Bo Cai, Xu-Hui Han, Jian-Yan Wei, Betrand Cordier

Abstract: We present the in-orbit calibration of the Visible Telescope (VT), one of the key instruments aboard the Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) mission for gamma-ray burst (GRB) studies. Using Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3) as a reference, the VT achieves an astrometric precision better than 0.03'' for bright stars, degrading to ~0.25'' for faint targets. Shortly after launch, contamination was detected… ▽ More We present the in-orbit calibration of the Visible Telescope (VT), one of the key instruments aboard the Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) mission for gamma-ray burst (GRB) studies. Using Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3) as a reference, the VT achieves an astrometric precision better than 0.03'' for bright stars, degrading to ~0.25'' for faint targets. Shortly after launch, contamination was detected, reducing system transmission by ~40%. An initial bake-out successfully restored performance, but gradual recontamination caused transmission to decline by ~20% over the following 100 days before stabilizing. Despite this effect, routine standard star observations maintain precise zero-point calibration, ensuring a photometric stability of 0.02 mag. Using synthetic stellar spectra, we derived photometric transformations to the Gaia, SDSS, and Johnson-Cousins systems with typical residuals of 0.03 mag. These results demonstrate the VT system's capability and reliability in calibrating GRBs and other transients. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 11 pages, 10 figures

SVOM Science User Support Services at Chinese Science Center

Authors: Xu-hui Han, Li-ping Xin, Jing Wang, Yu-jie Xiao, Pin-pin Zhang, Ruo-song Zhang, Hong-bo Cai, Hui-jun Chen, Jin-song Deng, Wen-long Dong, Lei Huang, Lin Lan, Hua-li Li, Guang-wei Li, Xiao-meng Lu, Yu-lei Qiu, Chao Wu, Wen-jin Xie, Da-wei Xu, Jing-ran Xu, Yang Xu, Zhu-heng Yao, Mo Zhang, Xue-ying Zhao, Wei-kang Zheng , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Chinese-French SVOM (Space-based Multi-band Astronomical Variable Objects Monitor) mission is dedicated to the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from the distant universe. A key component of the SVOM Chinese Ground Segment, the Science User Support Services (SUSS) provides comprehensive support for the mission's scientific operations. SUSS consists of two integral pillars: a suite of specialize… ▽ More The Chinese-French SVOM (Space-based Multi-band Astronomical Variable Objects Monitor) mission is dedicated to the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from the distant universe. A key component of the SVOM Chinese Ground Segment, the Science User Support Services (SUSS) provides comprehensive support for the mission's scientific operations. SUSS consists of two integral pillars: a suite of specialized software tools that automate key workflows, and a dedicated User Support Team that delivers expert-led, human services. These human-delivered services include operational coordination across telescope networks, direct technical assistance to astronomers, user training, and proactive problem-solving throughout the observation lifecycle. This paper focuses on the organization of SVOM scientific operations and the role of SUSS in facilitating these tasks. We provide a detailed description of the SUSS software architecture and its functionalities, encompassing the General Platform, the Burst Advocate (BA) support tools for GRB counterpart identification, the Target of Opportunity (ToO) support tools, and the General Program (GP) support tools. The structure and services provided by the user support team at the Chinese Science Center (CSC) are also elaborated. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of SUSS during its first operational year, assessing its effectiveness in fulfilling user requirements. The evaluation offers valuable insights to guide future user support strategies and software enhancements, ultimately enabling better service for the SVOM scientific community. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 14 pages, 12 figures

SVOM/VT: Instrument Overview, Science Objectives, and First-Year Performance

Authors: Yu-Lei Qiu, Li-Ping Xin, Jin-Song Deng, Jian Zhang, Xue-Wu Fan, Hong-Bo Cai, Chao Wu, Hua-Li Li, Rui-Feng Su, Qing-Yun Mao, Wei Gao, Gang-Yi Zou, Wei Wang, Zhu-Heng Yao, Dong Li, Kun Chen, Wen Chen, Yong-He Zhang, Xu-Hui Han, Jing Wang, Da-Wei Xu, Jesse T. Palmerio, Susanna. D. Vergani, Jian-Yan Wei, Bertrand Cordier

Abstract: The 44-cm Visible Telescope (VT) aboard the Space-based Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) is a dual-band (400-650 nm and 650-1000 nm) instrument designed to detect and characterize the optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and other high-energy transients. This paper presents the VT's design, scientific objectives, observing strategies, and both space- and ground-based data processing pipe… ▽ More The 44-cm Visible Telescope (VT) aboard the Space-based Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) is a dual-band (400-650 nm and 650-1000 nm) instrument designed to detect and characterize the optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and other high-energy transients. This paper presents the VT's design, scientific objectives, observing strategies, and both space- and ground-based data processing pipelines, along with its first-year in-orbit performance. In-orbit commissioning tests confirm a sensitivity of 22.5 AB mag (300 s exposure), extendable to $\sim\!24$ AB mag through stacking. This performance enables the VT to monitor over 100 GRBs in its first year with an exceptional $\sim\!80\%$ detection rate for \textit{SVOM}/ECLAIRS-triggered bursts and ToO-observed bursts from other missions (e.g., \textit{Swift, Fermi, Einstein Probe (EP)}), outperforming \textit{Swift}/UVOT's $\sim\!40\%$ detection rate. Beyond its exceptional detection efficiency, the VT played a key role in identifying high-redshift GRBs-most notably GRB 250314A (z = 7.3). Its deep upper limits at long wavelengths (up to 1 $μ$m) were pivotal in guiding follow-up observations with large ground-based telescopes, enabling crucial near-infrared (NIR) detections. With its rapid response, deep sensitivity, and real-time processing capabilities, the VT is a key instrument for GRB research in \textit{SVOM}-era, enabling critical studies of GRB optical afterglows, circumburst environments, relativistic jet dynamics, and the origins of optically dark bursts. △ Less

Submitted 27 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the SVOM special issue in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 30 pages, 23 figures

Ultra-high-energy $γ$-ray imprints from PeV particles accelerated by supernova remnants

Authors: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, J. Blunier, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, Y. Y. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. K. Chen, L. F. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen , et al. (303 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The quest for the origin of cosmic ray (CRs) is a fundamental issue in astrophysics. Shocks of supernova remnants (SNRs) have been considered as the dominant contributors to Galactic CRs below the spectral knee near $\sim 3$ petaelectronvolt (PeV). Whether SNRs are efficient accelerators of particles beyond PeV energies has long been debated. Here we report observations of very-high-energy $γ$-ray… ▽ More The quest for the origin of cosmic ray (CRs) is a fundamental issue in astrophysics. Shocks of supernova remnants (SNRs) have been considered as the dominant contributors to Galactic CRs below the spectral knee near $\sim 3$ petaelectronvolt (PeV). Whether SNRs are efficient accelerators of particles beyond PeV energies has long been debated. Here we report observations of very-high-energy $γ$-ray emission up to hundreds of TeV from two middle age shell-type SNRs, G150.3$+$4.5 and $γ$-Cygni, with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Two (or three) distinct morphological/spectral components with convex spectral shapes are observed in both sources, with the low-energy one being more extended than the high-energy one. %Although it is possible that these high-energy components may be driven by powerful pulsars, The likely association of the high-energy component with molecular clouds at similar distances, and the weakness/absence of pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) inside these SNRs clearly indicate for the first time that the highest energy emission is produced by collision of hadronic CRs up to PeV energies with the clouds. These results are compatible with the classic model prediction that PeV particles accelerated near the end of the free expansion phase of SNR evolution can illuminate nearby molecular clouds (MCs) to produce strong $γ$-ray emission. △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 31 pages, 8 figures, 3 Tables

XRF 241001A/SN 2024aiiq: A faint soft X-ray transient detected by SVOM with a broad-line type Ic supernova revealed by JWST

Authors: B. Schneider, M. Brunet, B. P. Gompertz, D. Turpin, D. B. Malesani, O. Godet, A. J. Levan, F. Daigne, N. Sarin, N. A. Rakotondrainibe, A. Martin-Carrillo, J. T. Palmerio, C. C. Thöne, H. L. Li, A. Saccardi, A. de Ugarte Postigo, S. Antier, V. Buat, D. Ďurovčíková, L. Izzo, J. K. Leung, G. Mo, Y. L. Qiu, S. D. Vergani, J. Wang , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: X-ray flashes (XRFs) are a type of gamma-ray burst (GRB) with prompt emission predominantly below 30 keV and have been poorly detected by previous missions. The advent of the SVOM mission, with its wide-field instrument ECLAIRs, provides a new way to detect soft X-ray transients. We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of XRF 241001A detected by SVOM, a soft, subluminous, and low-ene… ▽ More X-ray flashes (XRFs) are a type of gamma-ray burst (GRB) with prompt emission predominantly below 30 keV and have been poorly detected by previous missions. The advent of the SVOM mission, with its wide-field instrument ECLAIRs, provides a new way to detect soft X-ray transients. We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of XRF 241001A detected by SVOM, a soft, subluminous, and low-energetic burst located in a poorly populated region of the Amati relation. We investigated the origin of its faint, soft high-energy emission to assess its connection to the long GRB population. We analyzed the SVOM/ECLAIRs prompt emission and modeled its afterglow emission from X-ray to-radio. We present JWST/NIRSpec and SVOM/VT observations of the associated supernova (SN 2024aiiq), and we compared its properties with previously detected GRB/SNe. The event XRF 241001A is located at z = 0.573 and has a prompt emission dominated by photons below 20 keV with a duration of T90 = 3.14 seconds. Its spectrum is consistent with both thermal and nonthermal models, each implying a low Epeak < 10 keV and Eiso ~ 8x10^49 erg. The X-ray-to-radio afterglow modeling favors an origin from a relativistic jet viewed on-axis. In the optical, XRF 241001A exhibits an early blue emission, similar to that detected in some eFXTs and inconsistent with synchrotron emission. The JWST/NIRSpec observations firmly established its collapsar origin by revealing a SN Type Ic with broad lines, comparable to SN 1998bw and SN 2025kg-like events. The event XRF 241001A is a soft low-luminosity collapsar event produced by a weak relativistic jet observed on-axis, supporting the view that part of the XRF population forms the low-energy soft tail of the long GRB population. Its observation demonstrates the potential of SVOM/ECLAIRs to probe the soft regime of the high-energy transient population that remains largely unexplored. △ Less

Submitted 31 July, 2026; v1 submitted 22 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 24 pages, 16 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

An energetic dirty fireball detected in soft X-rays

Authors: C. -Y. Dai, J. Quirola-Vásquez, Y. -H. Wang, H. -L. Li, J. Yang, X. -L. Chen, A. -L. Wang, H. Sun, X. -Y. Wang, B. Zhang, P. G. Jonker, Y. Liu, W. Yuan, D. Xu, Z. -G. Dai, M. E. Ravasio, L. Piro, P. O'Brien, D. Stern, H. -M. Zhang, Y. -P. Yang, T. An, Y. -L. Qiu, L. -P. Xin, W. -X. Li , et al. (54 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The collapse of massive stars drives explosions that power relativistic fireballs. If only a small amount of matter is entrained, such clean fireballs can expand with Lorentz factors $Γ> 100$, accounting for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). It has been hypothesized that energetic explosions with more baryon contamination, dubbed ``dirty fireballs'', may exist in nature, but they have not been observed. He… ▽ More The collapse of massive stars drives explosions that power relativistic fireballs. If only a small amount of matter is entrained, such clean fireballs can expand with Lorentz factors $Γ> 100$, accounting for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). It has been hypothesized that energetic explosions with more baryon contamination, dubbed ``dirty fireballs'', may exist in nature, but they have not been observed. Here we report the observation of an extragalactic fast X-ray transient, EP241113a, detected by Einstein Probe. Compared to GRBs, it has a similar isotropic energy of $1.4\times 10^{51}$ erg, but significantly lower spectral peak energy. Theoretical modeling of its early X-ray afterglow suggests a relativistic jet with a low Lorentz factor of $Γ\sim 20$ aligned close to the line-of-sight, signifying the prototype of a dirty fireball. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 61 pages, 14 figures. Manuscript under consideration at Science. In accordance with the journal's policy, this version is the original version submitted by the authors and does not reflect any revisions made in response to peer review

DeepStock: Reinforcement Learning with Policy Regularizations for Inventory Management

Authors: Yaqi Xie, Xinru Hao, Jiaxi Liu, Will Ma, Linwei Xin, Lei Cao, Yidong Zhang

Abstract: Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) provides a general-purpose methodology for training inventory policies that can leverage big data and compute. However, off-the-shelf implementations of DRL have seen mixed success, often plagued by high sensitivity to the hyperparameters used during training. In this paper, we show that by imposing policy regularizations, grounded in classical inventory concepts… ▽ More Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) provides a general-purpose methodology for training inventory policies that can leverage big data and compute. However, off-the-shelf implementations of DRL have seen mixed success, often plagued by high sensitivity to the hyperparameters used during training. In this paper, we show that by imposing policy regularizations, grounded in classical inventory concepts such as "Base Stock", we can significantly accelerate hyperparameter tuning and improve the final performance of several DRL methods. We report details from a 100% deployment of DRL with policy regularizations on Alibaba's e-commerce platform, Tmall. We also include extensive synthetic experiments, which show that policy regularizations reshape the narrative on what is the best DRL method for inventory management. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Multimodal OCR: Parse Anything from Documents

Authors: Handong Zheng, Yumeng Li, Kaile Zhang, Liang Xin, Guangwei Zhao, Hao Liu, Jiayu Chen, Jie Lou, Qi Fu, Rui Yang, Shuo Jiang, Weijian Luo, Weijie Su, Weijun Zhang, Xingyu Zhu, Yabin Li, Yiwei ma, Yu Chen, Yuqiu Ji, Zhaohui Yu, Guang Yang, Colin Zhang, Lei Zhang, Yuliang Liu, Xiang Bai

Abstract: We present Multimodal OCR (MOCR), a document parsing paradigm that jointly parses text and graphics into unified textual representations. Unlike conventional OCR systems that focus on text recognition and leave graphical regions as cropped pixels, our method, termed dots.mocr, treats visual elements such as charts, diagrams, tables, and icons as first-class parsing targets, enabling systems to par… ▽ More We present Multimodal OCR (MOCR), a document parsing paradigm that jointly parses text and graphics into unified textual representations. Unlike conventional OCR systems that focus on text recognition and leave graphical regions as cropped pixels, our method, termed dots.mocr, treats visual elements such as charts, diagrams, tables, and icons as first-class parsing targets, enabling systems to parse documents while preserving semantic relationships across elements. It offers several advantages: (1) it reconstructs both text and graphics as structured outputs, enabling more faithful document reconstruction; (2) it supports end-to-end training over heterogeneous document elements, allowing models to exploit semantic relations between textual and visual components; and (3) it converts previously discarded graphics into reusable code-level supervision, unlocking multimodal supervision embedded in existing documents. To make this paradigm practical at scale, we build a comprehensive data engine from PDFs, rendered webpages, and native SVG assets, and train a compact 3B-parameter model through staged pretraining and supervised fine-tuning. We evaluate dots.mocr from two perspectives: document parsing and structured graphics parsing. On document parsing benchmarks, it ranks second only to Gemini 3 Pro on our OCR Arena Elo leaderboard, surpasses existing open-source document parsing systems, and sets a new state of the art of 83.9 on olmOCR Bench. On structured graphics parsing, our model achieves higher reconstruction quality than Gemini 3 Pro across image-to-SVG benchmarks, demonstrating strong performance on charts, UI layouts, scientific figures, and chemical diagrams. These results show a scalable path toward building large-scale image-to-code corpora for multimodal pretraining. Code and models are publicly available at https://github.com/rednote-hilab/dots.mocr. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2026; v1 submitted 13 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Online Order Fulfillment with Replenishment

Authors: Zi Ling, Jiashuo Jiang, Linwei Xin

Abstract: In modern e-commerce and service operations, firms must jointly manage inventory replenishment and real-time order fulfillment to maximize profit under demand uncertainty. While each component has been studied extensively in isolation, their interaction remains underexplored. This paper investigates a fundamental operational question: which lever plays a more decisive role in overall system perfor… ▽ More In modern e-commerce and service operations, firms must jointly manage inventory replenishment and real-time order fulfillment to maximize profit under demand uncertainty. While each component has been studied extensively in isolation, their interaction remains underexplored. This paper investigates a fundamental operational question: which lever plays a more decisive role in overall system performance, replenishment or fulfillment? We model the system as a one-location online order fulfillment problem with lost sales and stochastic customer arrivals, each offering heterogeneous rewards. Replenishment follows either a base-stock or constant-order policy, while real-time fulfillment decisions are made using online algorithms. Our core performance metric is the expected average profit per replenishment cycle, evaluated across all combinations of these policies and algorithms. Our main theoretical result shows that when the replenishment cycle is long, the cumulative regret of online fulfillment remains of the same order as in a corresponding single-cycle problem, even under repeated replenishment, revealing a form of regret stability. This phenomenon also extends to a multi-location setting. We further develop a regret-based framework that quantitatively compares the value of improving replenishment versus improving fulfillment, and we characterize regimes in which optimizing replenishment yields a larger revenue impact than refining the online fulfillment algorithm (and vice versa). Motivated by examples where myopic algorithms underperform, we introduce a novel look-ahead online algorithm that anticipates future replenishment and demand. Numerical experiments verify that this algorithm outperforms myopic baselines. Overall, our results provide both theoretical and managerial insights into situations where inventory replenishment policies are more influential and vice versa. △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Synthetic Data in MR Spectroscopy: Current Practices, Applications, and Considerations

Authors: John T. LaMaster, Aaron T. Gudmundson, Alireza Abaei, Seyma Alcicek, Arturo Alvarado, Ovidiu Andronesi, Tiffany K. Bell, Wolfgang Bogner, Hanna Bugler, Alexander R Craven, Cristina Cudalbu, Alma Davidson, Christopher W. Davies-Jenkins, Dinesh Deelchand, Richard A. E. Edden, Morteza Esmaeili, Candace C Fleischer, Abdelrahman Gad, Guglielmo Genovese, Saumya Gurbani, Ashley D. Harris, Pierre-Gilles Henry, Kay Chioma Igwe, Ajin Joy, Margarida Julià-Sapé , et al. (53 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The use of synthetic data has emerged as an essential tool in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) research and applications, providing advantages for optimization of acquisition, software validation, deep learning applications, and enhanced reproducibility. Importantly, synthetic data addresses challenges of limited training data availability, particularly for clinical populations, and offers co… ▽ More The use of synthetic data has emerged as an essential tool in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) research and applications, providing advantages for optimization of acquisition, software validation, deep learning applications, and enhanced reproducibility. Importantly, synthetic data addresses challenges of limited training data availability, particularly for clinical populations, and offers controlled solutions for investigating uncertainties and unexplained variance with in vivo data. This work provides a review and evaluation of current practices in the use and generation of synthetic data within the MRS field. Conducted by the MRS Synthetic Data Working Group under the Code & Data Sharing Committee of the MRS Study Group of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM), this manuscript encompasses existing literature, supplemented by collective experience and in-house methodologies. △ Less

Submitted 9 March, 2026; v1 submitted 26 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: Word Count: 20,493; Figure Count: 6; Table Count: 0 (All tables are in the supplement)

HyTRec: A Hybrid Temporal-Aware Attention Architecture for Long Behavior Sequential Recommendation

Authors: Lei Xin, Yuhao Zheng, Ke Cheng, Changjiang Jiang, Zifan Zhang, Fanhu Zeng

Abstract: Modeling long sequences of user behaviors has emerged as a critical frontier in generative recommendation. However, existing solutions face a dilemma: linear attention mechanisms achieve efficiency at the cost of retrieval precision due to limited state capacity, while softmax attention suffers from prohibitive computational overhead. To address this challenge, we propose HyTRec, a model featuring… ▽ More Modeling long sequences of user behaviors has emerged as a critical frontier in generative recommendation. However, existing solutions face a dilemma: linear attention mechanisms achieve efficiency at the cost of retrieval precision due to limited state capacity, while softmax attention suffers from prohibitive computational overhead. To address this challenge, we propose HyTRec, a model featuring a Hybrid Attention architecture that explicitly decouples long-term stable preferences from short-term intent spikes. By assigning massive historical sequences to a linear attention branch and reserving a specialized softmax attention branch for recent interactions, our approach restores precise retrieval capabilities within industrial-scale contexts involving ten thousand interactions. To mitigate the lag in capturing rapid interest drifts within the linear layers, we furthermore design Temporal-Aware Delta Network (TADN) to dynamically upweight fresh behavioral signals while effectively suppressing historical noise. Empirical results on industrial-scale datasets confirm the superiority that our model maintains linear inference speed and outperforms strong baselines, notably delivering over 8% improvement in Hit Rate for users with ultra-long sequences with great efficiency. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: Preprint

LHAASO observation of Mrk 421 during 2021 March - 2024 March: a comprehensive VHE catalog of multi-timescale outbursts and its time average behavior

Authors: The LHAASO Collaboration, Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, J. Blunier, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, Y. Y. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. K. Chen, L. F. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen , et al. (303 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) monitors sources within its field of view for up to 7 hours daily, achieving a duty cycle exceeding 98% and an annual point-source sensitivity of 1.5% Crab Units (CU) in the very high energy (VHE) band. This unbiased sky-survey mode facilitates systematic monitoring and investigation of outburst phenomena. In this paper, we present results fr… ▽ More The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) monitors sources within its field of view for up to 7 hours daily, achieving a duty cycle exceeding 98% and an annual point-source sensitivity of 1.5% Crab Units (CU) in the very high energy (VHE) band. This unbiased sky-survey mode facilitates systematic monitoring and investigation of outburst phenomena. In this paper, we present results from an unprecedented three-year monitoring campaign (March 2021--March 2024) of Mrk421 using LHAASO, spanning energies from 0.4 TeV to 20 TeV. We find that the blazar stayed in a quiescent state in 2021 and became active starting in 2022 with a total of 23 VHE outburst events identified, where the highest observed daily significance reaches $20\,σ$ with a flux equivalent to approximately 3.3~CU. LHAASO's continuous monitoring suggests the flaring occupancy of Mrk~421 to be around 14%. During long-term monitoring, multiwavelength (MWL) variability and correlation analyses are conducted using complementary data from Fermi-LAT, MAXI-GSC, Swift-XRT, and ZTF. A significant correlation ($>3\,σ$) is observed between X-ray and VHE bands with no detectable time lag, while the correlation between GeV and TeV bands is weaker. The flux distribution of the TeV emission during the quiescent state is different from that in the active state, implying the existence of two modes of energy dissipation in the blazar jet. Using simultaneous MWL data, we also analyzed both the long-term and outburst-period SEDs, and discussed the possible origin of the outburst events. △ Less

Submitted 13 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 34 pages, 20 figures

Critical collapse of a massive scalar field in semi-classical loop quantum gravity

Authors: Li-Jie Xin, Xiangdong Zhang

Abstract: We investigate critical phenomena during the gravitational collapse of a massive scalar field under two distinct semi-classical loop quantum gravity (LQG) approaches within spherical symmetry. Numerical simulations reveal that the massive scalar field in both semi-classical frameworks exhibits two distinct types of critical behavior, consistent with the classical scenario. When the scalar field's… ▽ More We investigate critical phenomena during the gravitational collapse of a massive scalar field under two distinct semi-classical loop quantum gravity (LQG) approaches within spherical symmetry. Numerical simulations reveal that the massive scalar field in both semi-classical frameworks exhibits two distinct types of critical behavior, consistent with the classical scenario. When the scalar field's mass parameter is small, type II critical phenomena emerge, with the resulting echoing periods and critical exponents precisely matching those obtained in general relativity. In contrast, a large mass parameter triggers type I critical phenomena, where the resulting black holes possess a finite minimum mass. These findings suggest that semi-classical corrections from LQG have a negligible impact on the dynamics of critical collapse. △ Less

Submitted 6 March, 2026; v1 submitted 26 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures; V2, accepted by PRD

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 113, 066011 (2026)

Multi-wavelength Study of A Superflare on RS CVn-type Star HD22468 Triggered at Hard X-ray by SVOM

Authors: J. Wang, W. J. Xie, F. Cangemi, A. Coleiro, H. L. Li, Y. Xu, X. H. Han, H. Yang, L. P. Xin, X. Mao, J. Zheng, J. J. Jin, G. W. Li, J. Rodriguez, L. Tao, B. Cordier, J. Y. Wei, P. Bacon, N. Bellemont, L. Bouchet, H. B. Cai, C. Cavet, Z. G. Dai, O. Godet, A. Goldwurm , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Detection of stellar flares at hard X-ray is still rare at the current stage. A transient was recently detected by the hard X-ray camera, ECLAIRs onboard the SVOM mission at 11:39:01.2UT on 2025, January 09. Simultaneous monitor in the optical band on the ground by SVOM/GWAC and follow-up spectroscopy enable us to confirm that the transient is caused by a superflare on HD~22468, a RS CVn-type star… ▽ More Detection of stellar flares at hard X-ray is still rare at the current stage. A transient was recently detected by the hard X-ray camera, ECLAIRs onboard the SVOM mission at 11:39:01.2UT on 2025, January 09. Simultaneous monitor in the optical band on the ground by SVOM/GWAC and follow-up spectroscopy enable us to confirm that the transient is caused by a superflare on HD~22468, a RS CVn-type star. The bolometric energy released in the flare is estimated to be $\sim7.2\times10^{37}-1.7\times10^{38}\ \mathrm{erg}$. The hard X-ray spectra of the event at the peak can be reproduced by the ``apec'' model of a hot plasma with a temperature of $106^{+27}_{-22}$~MK. In the optical range, the H$α$ emission-line profile obtained at $\sim1.7$ hrs after the trigger shows a bulk blueshift of $-96\pm20\ \mathrm{km\ s^{-1}}$, which can be explained by either a chromospheric evaporation or a prominence eruption. The ejected mass is estimated to be $3.9\times10^{20}$ g for the evaporating plasma, and to be $3.2\times10^{21}\ \mathrm{g}<M_{\mathrm{p}}<8.8\times10^{21}\ \mathrm{g}$ for the erupted prominence. △ Less

Submitted 23 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures, and 3 tables. Accepted by ApJ

Minutes-long soft X-ray prompt emission from a compact object merger

Authors: An Li, Chen-Wei Wang, Niccolò Passaleva, Jie An, Bin-Bin Zhang, Eleonora Troja, Yi-Han Iris Yin, Yuan Liu, Shao-Lin Xiong, Li-Ping Xin, Yi-Xuan Shao, Jun Yang, Hui Sun, Dong Xu, Yu-Han Yang, Roberto Ricci, He Gao, Sarah Antier, Rosa L. Becerra, Jia-Xin Cao, Alberto Javier Castro-Tirado, Xin-Lei Chen, Ye-Hao Cheng, Yong Chen, Hua-Qing Cheng , et al. (53 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Compact object mergers are multi-messenger sources and progenitors of some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), primarily understood by gamma-ray observations, while poorly constrained in the prompt low-energy phase. A long-lasting X-ray emission was discussed as afterglows following several short-duration ($\lesssim$2 s) bursts, yet this prompt X-ray component was not directly observed or confirmed. Here we… ▽ More Compact object mergers are multi-messenger sources and progenitors of some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), primarily understood by gamma-ray observations, while poorly constrained in the prompt low-energy phase. A long-lasting X-ray emission was discussed as afterglows following several short-duration ($\lesssim$2 s) bursts, yet this prompt X-ray component was not directly observed or confirmed. Here we report the discovery of a minutes-long ($\sim$560 s) flash of soft X-rays immediately following the short ($\sim$0.4 s) GRB 250704B. The long-soft bump points to a distinct phase of prompt emission in X-rays detected by Einstein Probe in an event that otherwise appear as an ordinary short GRB, showing that long-lasting X-ray emission is likely a common feature of merger-driven bursts and a promising electromagnetic counterpart to gravitational-wave sources. △ Less

Submitted 20 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 52 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables

Detection of Oscillations in a Type I X-Ray Burst of 4U 0614+091 with SVOM/ECLAIRs

Authors: Sébastien Le Stum, Floriane Cangemi, Alexis Coleiro, Sébastien Guillot, Jérôme Chenevez, Philippe Bacon, Nicolas Bellemont, Laurent Bouchet, Tristan Bouchet, Cécile Cavet, Bertrand Cordier, Antoine Foisseau, Olivier Godet, Andrea Goldwurm, Xu-Hui Han, Cyril Lachaud, Zhaosheng Li, Hua-Li Li, Yu-Lei Qiu, Jérôme Rodriguez, Wen-Jun Tan, L. Tao, Lauryne Verwaerde, Chen-Wei Wang, Jing Wang , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: On 2025 January 10, a thermonuclear (Type I) X-ray burst from the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary \textit{4U~0614+091} was detected with the ECLAIRs instrument on board the \textit{SVOM} mission. We present here a time-resolved spectroscopic analysis of the burst, along with the detection of burst oscillations within a 51-second interval during the decay phase. The oscillation frequency is meas… ▽ More On 2025 January 10, a thermonuclear (Type I) X-ray burst from the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary \textit{4U~0614+091} was detected with the ECLAIRs instrument on board the \textit{SVOM} mission. We present here a time-resolved spectroscopic analysis of the burst, along with the detection of burst oscillations within a 51-second interval during the decay phase. The oscillation frequency is measured to be $ν= 413.674 \pm 0.002\,\mathrm{Hz}$, consistent with previous reports. However, we detect a significant downward frequency drift over the burst duration, characterized by $\dotν = (-4.7 \pm 0.3) \times 10^{-3}\,\mathrm{Hz\,s^{-1}}$. This frequency evolution is atypical compared to those observed in similar burst oscillation sources. We tentatively attribute the observed drift to a Doppler shift induced by orbital motion. Under this interpretation, the inferred orbital period must be shorter than 20 minutes, placing \textit{4U~0614+091} among the most compact known low-mass X-ray binaries. △ Less

Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in APJL

Transient Large-Scale Anisotropy in TeV Cosmic Rays due to an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection

Authors: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, A. M. Chen, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. X. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. Chen, S. H. Chen , et al. (291 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Large- or medium-scale cosmic ray anisotropy at TeV energies has not previously been confirmed to vary with time. Transient anisotropy changes have been observed below 150 GeV, especially near the passage of an interplanetary shock and coronal mass ejection containing a magnetic flux rope ejected by a solar storm, which can trigger a geomagnetic storm with practical consequences. In such events, c… ▽ More Large- or medium-scale cosmic ray anisotropy at TeV energies has not previously been confirmed to vary with time. Transient anisotropy changes have been observed below 150 GeV, especially near the passage of an interplanetary shock and coronal mass ejection containing a magnetic flux rope ejected by a solar storm, which can trigger a geomagnetic storm with practical consequences. In such events, cosmic rays provide remote sensing of the magnetic field properties. Here we report the observation of transient large-scale anisotropy in TeV cosmic ray ions using data from the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). We analyze hourly skymaps of the transient cosmic ray intensity excess or deficit, the gradient of which indicates the direction and magnitude of transient large-scale anisotropy across the field of view. We observe enhanced anisotropy above typical hourly fluctuations with $>$5$σ$ significance during some hours of November 4, 2021, in separate data sets for four primary cosmic ray energy ranges of median energy from $E$=0.7 to 3.1 TeV. The gradient varies with energy as $E^γ$, where $γ\approx-0.5$. At a median energy $\leq$1.0 TeV, this gradient corresponds to a dipole anisotropy of at least 1\%, or possibly a weaker anisotropy of higher order. This new type of observation opens the opportunity to study interplanetary magnetic structures using air shower arrays around the world, complementing existing in situ and remote measurements of plasma properties. △ Less

Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 14 pages, 11 figures. Submitted to Physical Review Letters, November, 2025

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett., 136, 251002 (2026)

Geometric Structural Knowledge Graph Foundation Model

Authors: Ling Xin, Mojtaba Nayyeri, Zahra Makki Nayeri, Steffen Staab

Abstract: Structural knowledge graph foundation models aim to generalize reasoning to completely new graphs with unseen entities and relations. A key limitation of existing approaches like Ultra is their reliance on a single relational transformation (e.g., element-wise multiplication) in message passing, which can constrain expressiveness and fail to capture diverse relational and structural patterns exhib… ▽ More Structural knowledge graph foundation models aim to generalize reasoning to completely new graphs with unseen entities and relations. A key limitation of existing approaches like Ultra is their reliance on a single relational transformation (e.g., element-wise multiplication) in message passing, which can constrain expressiveness and fail to capture diverse relational and structural patterns exhibited on diverse graphs. In this paper, we propose Gamma, a novel foundation model that introduces multi-head geometric attention to knowledge graph reasoning. Gamma replaces the single relational transformation with multiple parallel ones, including real, complex, split-complex, and dual number based transformations, each designed to model different relational structures. A relational conditioned attention fusion mechanism then adaptively fuses them at link level via a lightweight gating with entropy regularization, allowing the model to robustly emphasize the most appropriate relational bias for each triple pattern. We present a full formalization of these algebraic message functions and discuss how their combination increases expressiveness beyond any single space. Comprehensive experiments on 56 diverse knowledge graphs demonstrate that Gamma consistently outperforms Ultra in zero-shot inductive link prediction, with a 5.5% improvement in mean reciprocal rank on the inductive benchmarks and a 4.4% improvement across all benchmarks, highlighting benefits from complementary geometric representations. △ Less

Submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: Submitted to IEEE TPAMI, under review

Energy-Dependent Shifts of Medium-Scale Anisotropies in Very-High-Energy Cosmic Rays Observed by LHAASO-KM2A

Authors: The LHAASO collabration, Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, A. M. Chen, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. X. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. Chen , et al. (292 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Small deviations from isotropy in the arrival directions of Galactic cosmic rays serve as a unique probe of the local magnetic environment. In this Letter, we report observations of medium-scale anisotropies (MSA) at energies above 10 TeV using the LHAASO-KM2A array. Our analysis identifies four regions of excess and four regions of deficit, each spanning angular scales of approximately ten degree… ▽ More Small deviations from isotropy in the arrival directions of Galactic cosmic rays serve as a unique probe of the local magnetic environment. In this Letter, we report observations of medium-scale anisotropies (MSA) at energies above 10 TeV using the LHAASO-KM2A array. Our analysis identifies four regions of excess and four regions of deficit, each spanning angular scales of approximately ten degrees. Crucially, we detect significant energy-dependent shifts in the centroids of two excess regions: Region B and the newly identified Region $\mathrm{\widetilde{D}}$. We also characterize the energy evolution of the fractional relative intensity across both excess and deficit regions. These findings imply that the observed anisotropies are shaped by the specific realization of the local turbulent magnetic field within the cosmic ray scattering length. Such energy-dependent behaviors impose strict constraints on local turbulence models and cosmic ray propagation theories. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2026; v1 submitted 20 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Cygnus X-3: A variable petaelectronvolt gamma-ray source

Authors: The LHAASO Collaboration, Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, J. Blunier, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, Y. Y. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. K. Chen, L. F. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen , et al. (306 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of variable $γ$-rays up to petaelectronvolt from Cygnus X-3, an iconic X-ray binary. The $γ$-ray signal was detected with a statistical significance of approximately 10 $σ$ by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Its intrinsic spectral energy distribution (SED), extending from 0.06 to 3.7 PeV, shows a pronounced rise toward 1 PeV after accounting for abs… ▽ More We report the discovery of variable $γ$-rays up to petaelectronvolt from Cygnus X-3, an iconic X-ray binary. The $γ$-ray signal was detected with a statistical significance of approximately 10 $σ$ by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Its intrinsic spectral energy distribution (SED), extending from 0.06 to 3.7 PeV, shows a pronounced rise toward 1 PeV after accounting for absorption by the cosmic microwave background radiation. We find variability on month-long timescales at a significance of $8.6 σ$, coinciding with a high state of the GeV gamma-ray flux detected by the Fermi-LAT. This,together with a 3.2$σ$ evidence for orbital modulation, suggests that the PeV $γ$-rays originate within, or in close proximity to, the binary system itself. The observed energy spectrum and temporal modulation can be naturally explained by $γ$-ray production through photomeson processes in the innermost region of the relativistic jet, where protons need to be accelerated to tens of PeV energies. △ Less

Submitted 12 April, 2026; v1 submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: Submitted to NSR

Constraining the Properties of GRB Accreting Magnetar with $R/I$ Evolutionary Effects Using \emph{Swift}/XRT Data

Authors: Lin Lan, He Gao, Litao Zhao, Shunke Ai, Jie Lin, Long Li, Lang Xie, Li-Ping Xin, Jian-Yan Wei

Abstract: A newly born millisecond magnetar has been proposed as one possible central engine of some long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) with X-ray plateau. In this work, we used a universal correlation between initial spin period ($P_0$) and surface magnetic field ($B_p$) of newborn magnetar based on an LGRB sample in \cite{Lan2025} to explore the propeller properties of accreting magnetars with $R/I$ evolutiona… ▽ More A newly born millisecond magnetar has been proposed as one possible central engine of some long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) with X-ray plateau. In this work, we used a universal correlation between initial spin period ($P_0$) and surface magnetic field ($B_p$) of newborn magnetar based on an LGRB sample in \cite{Lan2025} to explore the propeller properties of accreting magnetars with $R/I$ evolutionary effects. We found that $B_p-P_0$ relation is approximately consistent with $B_p\propto P_{\rm eq}^{7/6}$. Here $P_{\rm eq}$ is equilibrium spin period in magnetic propeller model. The $B_p-P_0$ relation indicates that $P_0$ may not be true initial spin period of newborn magnetar but had reached an equilibrium spin period via fallback accretion in propeller model. The magnetar accretion rate in our LGRBs is in range of $\dot{M}\sim10^{-5}-10^{-2} M_{\odot} \rm s^{-1}$ by incorporating $R/I$ evolutionary effects and using the transition relation between gravitational mass $M_g$ and baryonic mass $M_b$ in different equations of state. Such accretion rates ensure that the accreting magnetars in our sample survive until reaching the equilibrium spin period, and the accretion rate is one order of magnitude lower compared to the statistical results in \cite{Stratta2018} and \cite{Linweili2020}, which used constant $R/I/M_g$ scenario. We suggested that adopting a constant $R/I/M_g$ scenario for modeling propeller regime in accreting magnetar results in a higher mass accretion rate, which may impair our understanding of the physical nature and its surroundings of accreting magnetar, and low-metallicity progenitors can provide enough material to satisfy the accretion requirements of newborn accreting magnetar in LGRBs. △ Less

Submitted 30 December, 2025; v1 submitted 27 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 6 figures, and 2 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ, and matched with the published verison

GRB 240715A: Revealing Novel Intrinsic Mechanism by Different Individual Pulse

Authors: Wen-Jun Tan, Chen-Wei Wang, Shao-Lin Xiong, Shi-Jie Zheng, Jiang He, Xiao-Yun Zhao, Yue Huang, Shu-Xu Yi, Bing Li, He Gao, Bo-bing Wu, Bing Zhang, Frederic Daigne, Maria-Grazia Bernardini, Bin-Bin Zhang, Stephane Basa, Bertrand Cordier, Jin-Song Deng, Yong-Wei Dong, Damien Dornic, Olivier Godet, Xu-Hui Han, Mao-Hai Huang, Cyril Lachaud, Hua-Li Li , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Space-based multiband astronomical Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM), detected its first short gamma-ray burst, GRB 240715A, in-flight, which was jointly observed by Fermi. Based on observational data of SVOM/GRM and Fermi/GBM, we perform a comprehensive temporal and spectral analysis for individual pulse in the prompt emission of this burst, and novel characteristics are revealed. Firstly, oppo… ▽ More The Space-based multiband astronomical Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM), detected its first short gamma-ray burst, GRB 240715A, in-flight, which was jointly observed by Fermi. Based on observational data of SVOM/GRM and Fermi/GBM, we perform a comprehensive temporal and spectral analysis for individual pulse in the prompt emission of this burst, and novel characteristics are revealed. Firstly, opposite evolutions of spectral lag are found in the first and third pulse of this burst. Second, the large negative lag of the first pulse is an outlier in short GRB sample, especially when the pulse duration is considered. Spectral analysis shows that the negative lag of the first pulse is caused by the evolution of spectrum index, and is irrelevant to Epeak, which is inconsistent with the previous study. The intrinsic mechanism is probably attributed to electron cooling in the decaying magnetic field, which leads to the continuous hardening of the spectrum index and results in negative lag. Furthermore, spectral analysis also shows that the third pulse is more likely to be described by a quasi-thermal spectrum, indicating the existence of photospheric emission. It is difficult to explain how the synchrotron radiation appears before photospheric emission in a single GRB and some assumptions are discussed. △ Less

Submitted 23 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 4 figures, accepted by The Astrophysical Journal Letters

SVOM Follow-up Observation Coordinating Service

Authors: Xu-hui Han, Pin-pin Zhang, Yu-jie Xiao, Ruo-song Zhang, Chao Wu, Li-ping Xin, Hong-bo Cai, Hai Cao, Hui-jun Chen, Jin-song Deng, Wen-long Dong, Guo-wang Du, Lei Huang, Lin Lan, Hua-li Li, Guang-wei Li, Xiao-meng Lu, Yu-lei Qiu, Jian-feng Tian, Jing Wang, Wen-jin Xie, Da-wei Xu, Yang Xu, Zhu-heng Yao, Xue-ying Zhao , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Sino-French SVOM (Space Variable Objects Monitor) mission is a space-based astronomy mission complemented with ground-based dedicated instrumentation. It aims to explore and study high-energy cosmic phenomena, such as gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). This unprecedented combination of space-based and ground-based instruments will provide leading multi-wavelength observational capabilities in gamma-rays… ▽ More The Sino-French SVOM (Space Variable Objects Monitor) mission is a space-based astronomy mission complemented with ground-based dedicated instrumentation. It aims to explore and study high-energy cosmic phenomena, such as gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). This unprecedented combination of space-based and ground-based instruments will provide leading multi-wavelength observational capabilities in gamma-rays, X-rays, optical, and near-infrared bands. The complete observation sequence of each GRB triggered by the SVOM mission consists of three stages, the GRB detections, followed by the on-board and grounded automatic follow-ups, and rapid deep multi-band photometry and spectroscopy re-visit observations. To efficiently organize all grounded instruments performing automatic follow-ups and re-visit observations, we develop a follow-up observation coordinating service (FOCS), which is capable of performing GRB trigger distributing, automatic observation scheduling and observation coordination supporting by providing a user support platform. The FOCS also facilitates the provision of observational planning for ground-based telescopes to conduct synchronized observations of identical celestial regions as SVOM. The FOCS is utilized for the SVOM-dedicated ground-based telescopes as well as for associated partner telescopes. Since the launch of SVOM in June 2024, as the FOCS system joining the operations of SVOM, multiple successful observations have been made for SVOM GRBs. In this paper, we present the goals of the FOCS system as well as the principle and workflow developed to achieve these goals. The structure, technical design, implementation, and performance of the FOCS system are also described in detail. We conclude with a summary of the current status of the FOCS system and our near-future development plan. △ Less

Submitted 9 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures

LHAASO Detection of Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission toward the Giant Molecular Clouds

Authors: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, A. M. Chen, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. X. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. Chen, S. H. Chen , et al. (292 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The $γ$-ray from Giant molecular clouds (GMCs) is regarded as the most ideal tool to perform in-situ measurement of cosmic ray (CR) density and spectra in our Galaxy. We report the first detection of $γ$-ray emissions in the very-high-energy (VHE) domain from the five nearby GMCs with a stacking analysis based on a 4.5-year $γ$-ray observation with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (L… ▽ More The $γ$-ray from Giant molecular clouds (GMCs) is regarded as the most ideal tool to perform in-situ measurement of cosmic ray (CR) density and spectra in our Galaxy. We report the first detection of $γ$-ray emissions in the very-high-energy (VHE) domain from the five nearby GMCs with a stacking analysis based on a 4.5-year $γ$-ray observation with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) experiment. The spectral energy distributions derived from the GMCs are consistent with the expected $γ$-ray flux produced via CR interacting with the ISM in the energy interval 1 - 100 $~\rm$ TeV. In addition, we investigate the presence of the CR spectral `knee' by introducing a spectral break in the $γ$-ray data. While no significant evidence for the CR knee is found, the current KM2A measurements from GMCs strongly favor a proton CR knee located above 0.9$~\rm$ PeV, which is consistent with the latest measurement of the CR spectrum by ground-based experiments. △ Less

Submitted 5 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Precise Measurement of the Cosmic Ray Helium Spectrum above 0.1 PeV

Authors: LHAASO Collaboration, Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, J. Blunier, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, Y. Y. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. K. Chen, L. F. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen , et al. (303 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report a measurement of the cosmic ray helium energy spectrum in the energy interval 0.16 -- 13~PeV, derived by subtracting the proton spectrum from the light component~(proton and helium) spectrum obtained with observations made by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory~(LHAASO) under a consistent energy scale. The helium spectrum shows a significant hardening centered at $E \simeq$ 1.… ▽ More We report a measurement of the cosmic ray helium energy spectrum in the energy interval 0.16 -- 13~PeV, derived by subtracting the proton spectrum from the light component~(proton and helium) spectrum obtained with observations made by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory~(LHAASO) under a consistent energy scale. The helium spectrum shows a significant hardening centered at $E \simeq$ 1.1~PeV, followed by a softening at $\sim$ 7 PeV, indicating the appearance of a helium `knee'. Comparing the proton and helium spectra in the LHAASO energy range reveals some remarkable facts. In the lower part of this range, in contrast to the behavior at lower energies, the helium spectrum is significantly softer than the proton spectrum. This results in protons overtaking helium nuclei and becoming the largest cosmic ray component at $E \simeq$ 0.7 PeV. A second crossing of the two spectra is observed at $E \simeq$ 5 PeV, above the proton knee, when helium nuclei overtake protons to become the largest cosmic ray component again. These results have important implications for our understanding of the Galactic cosmic ray sources. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2026; v1 submitted 7 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Hidden Convexity in Queueing Models

Authors: Xin Chen, Linwei Xin, Minda Zhao

Abstract: We study the joint control of arrival and service rates in queueing systems with the objective of minimizing long-run expected cost minus revenue. Although the objective function is non-convex, first-order methods have been empirically observed to converge to globally optimal solutions. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for this empirical phenomenon by characterizing the optimization la… ▽ More We study the joint control of arrival and service rates in queueing systems with the objective of minimizing long-run expected cost minus revenue. Although the objective function is non-convex, first-order methods have been empirically observed to converge to globally optimal solutions. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for this empirical phenomenon by characterizing the optimization landscape and identifying a hidden convexity: the problem admits a convex reformulation after an appropriate change of variables. Leveraging this hidden convexity, we establish the Polyak-Lojasiewicz-Kurdyka (PLK) condition for the original control problem, which excludes spurious local minima and supports global convergence guarantees for first-order methods. Our analysis applies to a broad class of $GI/GI/1$ queueing models, including those with Gamma-distributed interarrival and service times, as well as $GI/M/1$ queues with log-concave interarrival times. As a key ingredient in the proof, we establish a new convexity property of the expected queue length under a square-root transformation of the traffic intensity. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2026; v1 submitted 5 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Evidence of cosmic-ray acceleration up to sub-PeV energies in the supernova remnant IC 443

Authors: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, A. M. Chen, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. X. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. Chen, S. H. Chen , et al. (291 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Supernova remnants (SNRs) have been considered as the primary contributors to cosmic rays (CRs) in our Galaxy. However, the maximum energy of particles that can be accelerated by shocks of SNRs is uncertain, and SNRs' contribution to CRs around PeV energies is unclear. In this study, we present observations of high-energy $γ$-ray emission from the SNR IC 443 using the Large High Altitude Air Showe… ▽ More Supernova remnants (SNRs) have been considered as the primary contributors to cosmic rays (CRs) in our Galaxy. However, the maximum energy of particles that can be accelerated by shocks of SNRs is uncertain, and SNRs' contribution to CRs around PeV energies is unclear. In this study, we present observations of high-energy $γ$-ray emission from the SNR IC 443 using the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). The morphological analysis reveals a pointlike source whose location and spectrum are consistent with those of the Fermi-LAT-detected compact source with $π^0$-decay signature, and a more extended source that is associated with a newly discovered Fermi source. The spectrum of the point source can be described by a power-law function with an index of $\sim3.0$, extending beyond $\sim 30$ TeV without apparent cutoff. Assuming a hadronic origin of the $γ$-ray emission, the $95\%$ lower limit of accelerated protons reaches about 300 TeV. The extended source might be associated with IC 443, SNR G189.6+3.3 or the putative pulsar wind nebula CXOU J061705.3+222127, and can be explained by either a hadronic or a leptonic model with particles reaching hundreds of TeV. These LHAASO results provide compelling evidence that sub-PeV CRs can be accelerated efficiently by shocks of SNRs. △ Less

Submitted 5 March, 2026; v1 submitted 29 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

First detection of ultra-high energy emission from gamma-ray binary LS I +61 303

Authors: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, J. Blunier, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, Y. Y. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. K. Chen, L. F. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen , et al. (302 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first detection of gamma-ray emission up to ultra-high-energy (UHE; $>$100 TeV) emission from the prototypical gamma-ray binary system LS I +61 303 using data from the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). It is detected with significances of 9.2$σ$ in WCDA (1.4--30.5 TeV) and 6.2$σ$ in KM2A (25--267 TeV); in KM2A alone we identify 16 photon-like events above 100 TeV a… ▽ More We report the first detection of gamma-ray emission up to ultra-high-energy (UHE; $>$100 TeV) emission from the prototypical gamma-ray binary system LS I +61 303 using data from the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). It is detected with significances of 9.2$σ$ in WCDA (1.4--30.5 TeV) and 6.2$σ$ in KM2A (25--267 TeV); in KM2A alone we identify 16 photon-like events above 100 TeV against an estimated 5.1 background events, corresponding to a 3.8$σ$ detection. These results provide compelling evidence of extreme particle acceleration in LS I +61 303. Furthermore, we observe orbital modulation at 3.9$σ$ confidence level, between 25 and 100 TeV, with a hint that the orbital modulation is energy-dependent. These features can be understood in a composite scenario in which leptonic and hadronic processes jointly contribute. △ Less

Submitted 10 March, 2026; v1 submitted 27 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in PRL

Energy calibration of LHAASO-KM2A using the cosmic ray Moon shadow

Authors: Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, J. Blunier, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, Y. Y. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, E. S. Chen, G. H. Chen, H. K. Chen, L. F. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen , et al. (305 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a precise measurement of the westward, rigidity-dependent shift of the Moon's shadow using three and a half years of cosmic-ray data collected by the Kilometer Square Array (KM2A) of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). These measurements enable us to calibrate the detector energy response in the range 20-260 TeV, with results showing excellent agreement with the res… ▽ More We present a precise measurement of the westward, rigidity-dependent shift of the Moon's shadow using three and a half years of cosmic-ray data collected by the Kilometer Square Array (KM2A) of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). These measurements enable us to calibrate the detector energy response in the range 20-260 TeV, with results showing excellent agreement with the response derived from Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the KM2A detector. We also measure a best-fit parameter $ε= 0.015 \pm 0.08$, corresponding to a 95% confidence interval of [-14%, +17%] for the energy-scale estimation. This result establishes the exceptional accuracy of the KM2A-MC in simulating the detector's response within this energy range. △ Less

Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables

Journal ref: Physical Review D 112, 123051 (2025)