Showing 1–50 of 163 results for author: Suda, Y

Chasing Gamma-Ray Signals from Binary Neutron Star Coalescences with the Cherenkov Telescope Array: Prospects and Observing Strategies

Authors: S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Acharyya, R. Adam, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, I. Albanese, J. Alfaro, C. Alispach, R. Alves Batista, E. Amato, G. Ambrosi, D. Ambrosino, F. Ambrosino, L. Angel, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, C. Arena, T. T. H. Arnesen, K. Asano, H. Ashkar, C. Bakshi , et al. (435 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from a binary neutron star (BNS) merger by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (GW170817), together with its electromagnetic counterpart, the short gamma-ray burst GRB~170817A, heralded the birth of multi-messenger astronomy. The detection of TeV emission from GRBs motivates follow-up observations with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), ideal… ▽ More The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from a binary neutron star (BNS) merger by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (GW170817), together with its electromagnetic counterpart, the short gamma-ray burst GRB~170817A, heralded the birth of multi-messenger astronomy. The detection of TeV emission from GRBs motivates follow-up observations with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), ideal for detecting such signals due to its unprecedented sensitivity, rapid response, and wide-field survey capabilities. The aim of this work is to evaluate GeV--TeV GW follow-up strategies for CTAO using a multi-step simulation pipeline and to estimate the expected rate of joint GW-GRB detections during observing run O5. Using a simulated sample of BNS systems with corresponding GW detections, gamma-ray emission is simulated through phenomenological prescriptions based on the observed population of short GRBs, including off-axis jet scenarios. CTAO observations are simulated to account for instrument response, sky tiling strategies, integration times, and varying observing conditions. Strategies with variable and constant integration times are investigated. We find that, via an optimized follow-up strategy, about 5% of simulated GW-associated short GRBs produce GeV--TeV radiation detectable by CTAO. Detectability is strongly influenced by the jet opening angle and viewing angle, suggesting that even rough estimates of the viewing angle in GW alerts could enhance targeting. This framework motivates future follow-ups of GW-detectable events, including neutron star-black hole mergers, and further supports the development of advanced strategies incorporating galaxy distributions and synergies with future detectors such as the Einstein Telescope. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Extreme Blazars Observed with MAGIC: Second Catalog Release

Authors: K. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, F. Acero, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, C. Alispach, D. Ambrosino, F. Ambrosino, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, P. Aubert, A. Babić, C. Bakshi, A. Baktash, M. Balbo, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva , et al. (330 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Extremely high-peaked BL Lac objects - also named extreme blazars - are among the most energetic and persistent extragalactic accelerators in the Universe, defined by a synchrotron emission peaking above $10^{17}$ Hz in X-rays. Such emission is then reprocessed and produces radiation extending deeply into very-high-energy (VHE, energy E>100 GeV) gamma rays. Observations in this energy band - optim… ▽ More Extremely high-peaked BL Lac objects - also named extreme blazars - are among the most energetic and persistent extragalactic accelerators in the Universe, defined by a synchrotron emission peaking above $10^{17}$ Hz in X-rays. Such emission is then reprocessed and produces radiation extending deeply into very-high-energy (VHE, energy E>100 GeV) gamma rays. Observations in this energy band - optimally investigated by the Imaging Air-Shower Cherenkov telescopes - are crucial for probing the physical processes that drive their extreme behavior. This study extends our investigation of extreme blazars in the VHE gamma-ray range, providing a second new mini-catalog of sources observed by the MAGIC telescopes. We report on the monitoring of seven targets between 2017 and 2025, including four newly observed sources and three that have been part of long-term observation campaigns, for a total of approximately 338 hours of observations. The analysis of MAGIC data reveals two new VHE detections of extreme blazars, along with three additional sources showing hints of VHE emission. Joint observations of MAGIC and the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) also confirmed a new VHE extreme blazar. Our results are complemented by simultaneous multiwavelength observations in other energy bands, including optical-UV, X-rays, and high-energy gamma rays (100 MeV<E<100 GeV). We confirm typical behavior of extreme blazars, such as a modest variability and a ``harder-when-brighter'' trend in X-rays across the sample. This new set increases the population of extreme blazars and their broadband analysis confirms the physical properties of these extreme sources. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

MAGIC observations of NGC 4278. The first low-luminosity radio galaxy with compact jets detected at TeV energies

Authors: S. Abe, J. Abhir, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, A. Babić, C. Bakshi, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios-Jiménez, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder, C. Bigongiari , et al. (167 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) Collaboration has recently reported the first detection at TeV energies of a low-luminosity radio galaxy, NGC 4278. The aim of this work is to investigate the high-energy properties of NGC 4278 during the flaring and subsequent quasi-quiescent states with the Florian Goebel Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. NGC 427… ▽ More The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) Collaboration has recently reported the first detection at TeV energies of a low-luminosity radio galaxy, NGC 4278. The aim of this work is to investigate the high-energy properties of NGC 4278 during the flaring and subsequent quasi-quiescent states with the Florian Goebel Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. NGC 4278 is located in the field of view of two blazars, 1ES 1215+303 and 1ES 1218+304, previously observed by the MAGIC telescopes. Therefore, we re-analyzed MAGIC observations made between 2010 and 2024 on these sources. We also modeled the broadband spectral energy distribution of the source during and after the flaring state at TeV energies. We did not detect any statistically significant $γ$-ray emission from NGC 4278 with MAGIC. The corresponding upper limits obtained using the entire MAGIC dataset ($F_{{\rm UL, }\, >150\, \mathrm{GeV}}=1.5 \times 10^{-12}\, \mathrm{ph \, s^{-1}\, cm^{-2}}$) are consistent with the LHAASO results. The best-fit models obtained for both emission states suggest that the emitting region is strongly particle-dominated, and an efficient acceleration mechanism has to be in action in order to reach TeV energies. The transition between the flaring and quasi-quiescent state cannot be explained by a simple radiative cooling of the emitting particles. The inferred jet power, of the order of $L_{\rm jet}\sim 10^{42}\, \mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}}$, is dominated by the kinetic component in both states and it is in a good agreement with previous, time-averaged observational estimates, supporting the idea that such high-energy flares might be recurrent. The jet, however, remains too weak to break the host-galaxy confinement. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: submitted

VHE gamma-ray intranight variability from BL Lacertae during the extreme flaring state of 2022

Authors: K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, C. Alispach, D. Ambrosino, F. Ambrosino, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, P. Aubert, A. Baktash, M. Balbo, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios Jiménez, I. Batkovic, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González , et al. (275 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: BL Lacertae (BL Lac), the archetypal blazar of its subclass and one of the most studied blazars in the last decades, has undergone a series of major multi-wavelength outbursts since 2020, resulting in its highest recorded $γ$-ray flare to date between September and November 2022 together with those from August 2021 and October 2024. We characterised the $γ$-ray and multi-wavelength emission and sp… ▽ More BL Lacertae (BL Lac), the archetypal blazar of its subclass and one of the most studied blazars in the last decades, has undergone a series of major multi-wavelength outbursts since 2020, resulting in its highest recorded $γ$-ray flare to date between September and November 2022 together with those from August 2021 and October 2024. We characterised the $γ$-ray and multi-wavelength emission and spectral energy distribution (SED) of BL Lac, as well as their evolution during the major and extended $γ$-ray and multi-wavelength flare that occurred between September and November 2022. We evaluated the variability of the flare, focusing on the nights of October 20 and November 13, when clear intranight very-high-energy (VHE, $E>100$ GeV) $γ$-ray variability was observed. We modelled the $γ$-ray and broadband SEDs during periods of stable emission identified with a Bayesian block analysis and interpreted the flare's evolution in terms of the variability in the relativistic particles and the jet's physical parameters. The VHE emission shows an average flux of 0.23 Crab Units (C.U.) above 200 GeV and a variability amplitude of more than a factor ten. We observe intranight flux-doubling variations as fast as $\sim$8 minutes during the nights of October 20 and November 13, 2022 with maximum fluxes of 4.4 C.U. above 100 GeV and 2.8 C.U. above 200 GeV. The spectral analysis reveals a transition of the X-ray emission from the high- to the low-energy SED peak and a shift of the $γ$-ray peak towards higher energies. We interpret the broadband emission within a leptonic two-zone model in which intranight variability is explained as magnetic reconnection in a compact region closely oriented with the line of sight while variations in the relativistic electron distributions and the injection of freshly accelerated particles explain the weekly scale variations. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2026; v1 submitted 20 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A. 13 pages + 8 pages of Appendix

First detection of VHE gamma-ray signal from the FSRQ TON 0599

Authors: MAGIC Collaboration, K. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, K. Asano, A. Babić, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios-Jiménez, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti , et al. (223 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: TON\,0599 (z=0.7247) belongs to the few flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) detected in the very high energy (VHE, $E > 100$\,GeV) gamma-ray band. Its redshift makes it currently one of the farthest VHE gamma-ray sources. It was detected for the first time with the MAGIC telescopes on 2017 December 15, and observed until December 29. The flux reached a maximum of about 50 per cent of the Crab Nebu… ▽ More TON\,0599 (z=0.7247) belongs to the few flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) detected in the very high energy (VHE, $E > 100$\,GeV) gamma-ray band. Its redshift makes it currently one of the farthest VHE gamma-ray sources. It was detected for the first time with the MAGIC telescopes on 2017 December 15, and observed until December 29. The flux reached a maximum of about 50 per cent of the Crab Nebula flux above 80 GeV on the second night of observation, after which we witnessed a gradual decrease of the flux. The VHE gamma-ray spectrum connects smoothly to the one in the high energy ($E > 100$\,MeV) band obtained from simultaneous observations with {\textit Fermi}-LAT. It features a cut-off at energies around 50\,GeV, indicating the location of the gamma-ray emission zone beyond the broad line region. In addition, we were able to follow the spectral evolution during the fading phase of the flare. Multiwavelength analysis based on observations in optical, near-infrared, and radio bands acquired by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) Collaboration from November to March, as well as observations in X-ray and optical--UV bands with instruments on board the \textit{Swift} satellite, shows strong correlation between different bands. We model the broadband emission with a simple one-zone leptonic model, where the high-energy peak is predominantly produced by external Compton (EC) scattering of photons from the dusty torus. △ Less

Submitted 14 March, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 17 pages, 8 figures, 8 tables, Published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Journal ref: MNRAS, 546, 4, (2026) stag032

Prompt Searches for Very-High-Energy γ-Ray Counterparts to IceCube Astrophysical Neutrino Alerts

Authors: J. Abhir, A. Biland, K. Brand, T. Bretz, D. Dorner, L. Eisenberger, D. Elsaesser, P. Günther, S. Hasan, D. Hildebrand, K. Mannheim, M. Linhoff, F. Pfeifle, W. Rhode, B. Schleicher, V. Sliusar, M. Vorbrugg, R. Walter, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, J. Aschersleben, H. Ashkar, M. Backes, V. Barbosa Martins, R. Batzofin , et al. (809 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The search for sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos can be significantly advanced through a multi-messenger approach, which seeks to detect the gamma rays that accompany neutrinos as they are produced at their sources. Multi-messenger observations have so far provided the first evidence for a neutrino source, illustrated by the joint detection of the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056 in highen… ▽ More The search for sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos can be significantly advanced through a multi-messenger approach, which seeks to detect the gamma rays that accompany neutrinos as they are produced at their sources. Multi-messenger observations have so far provided the first evidence for a neutrino source, illustrated by the joint detection of the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056 in highenergy (HE, E > 1 GeV) and very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma rays in coincidence with the high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A, identified by IceCube. Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), namely FACT, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS, continue to conduct extensive neutrino target-of-opportunity follow-up programs. These programs have two components: followup observations of single astrophysical neutrino candidate events (such as IceCube-170922A), and observation of known gamma-ray sources after the identification of a cluster of neutrino events by IceCube. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of follow-up observations of high-energy neutrino events observed by the four IACTs between September 2017 (after the IceCube-170922A event) and January 2021. Our study found no associations between gamma-ray sources and the observed neutrino events. We provide a detailed overview of each neutrino event and its potential counterparts. Furthermore, a joint analysis of all IACT data is included, yielding combined upper limits on the VHE gamma-ray flux. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: accepted for publication in ApJ

Gamma-Ray and AntiMatter Survey(GRAMS) experiment

Authors: J. Zeng, T. Aramaki, D. Ames, K. Aoyama, S. Arai, S. Arai, J. Asaadi, A. Bamba, N. Cannady, P. Coppi, G. De Nolfo, M. Errando, L. Fabris, T. Fujiwara, Y. Fukazawa, P. Ghosh, K. Hagino, T. Hakamata, N. Hiroshima, M. Ichihashi, Y. Ichinohe, Y. Inoue, K. Ishikawa, K. Ishiwata, T. Iwata , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Gamma-Ray and AntiMatter Survey (GRAMS) is a next-generation experiment using a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) detector to measure MeV gamma rays and antiparticles. MeV gamma-ray observations are important for understanding multi-messenger and time-domain astronomy, enabling exploration of the universe's most potent events, such as supernovae and neutron star mergers. Despite th… ▽ More The Gamma-Ray and AntiMatter Survey (GRAMS) is a next-generation experiment using a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) detector to measure MeV gamma rays and antiparticles. MeV gamma-ray observations are important for understanding multi-messenger and time-domain astronomy, enabling exploration of the universe's most potent events, such as supernovae and neutron star mergers. Despite the significance of MeV gamma-rays, GRAMS could also explore the so-called 'MeV gap' region to improve MeV gamma-ray measurement sensitivity that was restricted by the challenge of accurately reconstructing Compton events. Aside from gamma-ray detection, the GRAMS proposed method also serves as an antiparticle spectrometer, targeting the low-energy range of cosmic antinuclei measurements. This work will provide updates on the current status and progress towards the prototype balloon flight with a small-scale LArTPC (pGRAMS) scheduled for early 2026, as well as the recent progress on antihelium-3 sensitivity calculation. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures, proceeding for The XIX International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP2025)

CTAO LST-1 observations of magnetar SGR 1935+2154: Deep limits on sub-second bursts and persistent tera-electronvolt emission

Authors: K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, C. Alispach, D. Ambrosino, F. Ambrosino, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, K. Asano, P. Aubert, A. Baktash, M. Balbo, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios Jiménez, I. Batkovic, J. Baxter , et al. (311 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 has exhibited prolific high-energy (HE) bursting activity in recent years. Investigating its potential tera-electronvolt counterpart could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of magnetar emission and very high-energy (VHE) processes in extreme astrophysical environments. We aim to search for a possible tera-electronvolt counterpart to both its persis… ▽ More The Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 has exhibited prolific high-energy (HE) bursting activity in recent years. Investigating its potential tera-electronvolt counterpart could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of magnetar emission and very high-energy (VHE) processes in extreme astrophysical environments. We aim to search for a possible tera-electronvolt counterpart to both its persistent and sub-second-scale burst emission. We analysed over 25 h of observations from the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) during periods of HE activity from SGR 1935+2154 in 2021 and 2022 to search for persistent emission. For bursting emission, we selected and analysed nine 0.1 s time windows centred around known short X-ray bursts, targeting potential sub-second-scale tera-electronvolt counterparts in a low-photon-statistics regime. While no persistent or bursting emission was detected in our search, we establish upper limits for the tera-electronvolt emission of a short magnetar burst simultaneous to its soft gamma-ray flux. Specifically, for the brightest burst in our sample, the ratio between tera-electronvolt and X-ray flux is less than $10^{-3}$. The non-detection of either persistent or bursting tera-electronvolt emission from SGR 1935+2154 suggests that if such components exist, they may occur under specific conditions not covered by our observations. This aligns with theoretical predictions of VHE components in magnetar-powered fast radio bursts and the detection of MeV - GeV emission in giant magnetar flares. These findings underscore the potential of magnetars, fast radio bursts, and other fast transients as promising candidates for future observations in the low-photon-statistics regime with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, particularly with the CTAO. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The very high energy view of gamma-ray bursts with the MAGIC telescopes

Authors: Alessio Berti, Željka Bošnjak, Alberto Castro-Tirado, Stefano Covino, Susumu Inoue, Francesco Longo, Serena Loporchio, Davide Miceli, Razmik Mirzoyan, Elena Moretti, Lara Nava, Koji Noda, David Paneque, Antonio Stamerra, Yusuke Suda, Kenta Terauchi, Ievgen Vovk, Katsuaki Asano, Satoshi Fukami, Nuria Jordana-Mitjans, Andrea Melandri, Carole Mundell, Michele Palatiello, Manisha Shrestha, Iain Steele

Abstract: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are one of the main targets for the observations of the MAGIC telescopes. As a result of the effort in improving the sensitivity of the instrument and the automatic follow-up strategy, MAGIC detected two GRBs in the very-high-energy (VHE, $E>100$ GeV) range, namely GRB 190114C and GRB 201216C. In GRB 190114C ($z=0.42$), the data collected by MAGIC revealed a new emission co… ▽ More Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are one of the main targets for the observations of the MAGIC telescopes. As a result of the effort in improving the sensitivity of the instrument and the automatic follow-up strategy, MAGIC detected two GRBs in the very-high-energy (VHE, $E>100$ GeV) range, namely GRB 190114C and GRB 201216C. In GRB 190114C ($z=0.42$), the data collected by MAGIC revealed a new emission component at sub-TeV energies in the afterglow of the GRB. The very rich multi-wavelength dataset, spanning 17 orders of magnitude in energy, allowed to perform a detailed modelling of the broadband emission. The multi-wavelength data could be modelled within a one-zone synchrotron-self Compton scenario with internal $γ-γ$ absorption, where the model parameters are compatible with those found in previous GRB afterglow studies below GeV energies. Similarly, GRB 201216C broadband emission could be explained using the same model, although the amount of simultaneous multi-wavelength data is reduced with respect to GRB 190114C. In particular, GRB 201216C challenged the current MAGIC detection potential, as its redshift was determined to be $z=1.1$, strongly reducing the observed gamma-ray flux but making it the most distant source detected at VHE. These two detections, accompanied by evidence of VHE emission from a few more GRBs, opened up new questions such as the presence of sub-TeV emission in different classes and phases of GRBs. In this contribution we will present the status of the MAGIC GRB follow-up program, with an highlight on its detected GRBs. Moreover we will show the results on the GRBs observed by MAGIC from 2013 to 2019 with no evidence of VHE emission, in particular for those with simultaneous X-ray observations and redshift $z<2$. We will discuss the implications of these results for GRB physics and the challenges and prospects for future GRB observations with MAGIC. △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Proceedings of the ICRC 2025

VHE $γ$-ray observations of bright BL Lacs with the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the CTAO

Authors: The CTAO-LST Project, :, K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, C. Alispach, D. Ambrosino, F. Ambrosino, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, K. Asano, P. Aubert, A. Baktash, M. Balbo, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios Jiménez , et al. (309 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next-generation ground-based gamma-ray observatory operating in the energy range from 20 GeV up to 300 TeV, with two sites in La Palma (Spain) and Paranal (Chile). It will consist of telescopes of three sizes, covering different parts of the large energy range. We report on the performance of Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) in the detecti… ▽ More Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next-generation ground-based gamma-ray observatory operating in the energy range from 20 GeV up to 300 TeV, with two sites in La Palma (Spain) and Paranal (Chile). It will consist of telescopes of three sizes, covering different parts of the large energy range. We report on the performance of Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) in the detection and characterization of extragalactic gamma-ray sources, with a focus on the reconstructed gamma-ray spectra and variability of classical bright BL Lacertae objects, which were observed during the early commissioning phase of the instrument. LST-1 data from known bright gamma-ray blazars - Markarian 421, Markarian 501, 1ES 1959+650, 1ES 0647+250, and PG 1553+113 - were collected between July 10, 2020, and May 23, 2022, covering a zenith angle range of 4 deg to 57 deg. The reconstructed light curves were analyzed using a Bayesian block algorithm to distinguish the different activity phases of each blazar. Simultaneous Fermi-LAT data were utilized to reconstruct the broadband $γ$-ray spectra for the sources during each activity phase. High-level reconstructed data in a format compatible with gammapy are provided together with measured light curves and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for several bright blazars and an interpretation of the observed variability in long and short timescales. Simulations of historical flares are generated to evaluate the sensitivity of LST-1. This work represents the first milestone in monitoring bright BL Lacertae objects with a CTAO telescope. △ Less

Submitted 4 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 18 figures. Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Journal ref: MNRAS, 544, 1, 669-686 (2025)

Time-Dependent Modeling of the Sub-Hour Spectral Evolution During the 2013 Outburst of Mrk 421

Authors: MAGIC Collaboration, K. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, A. Babić, C. Bakshi, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios-Jiménez, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti , et al. (170 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In April 2013, the TeV blazar Markarian~421 underwent one of its most powerful emission outbursts to date. An extensive multi-instrument campaign featuring MAGIC, VERITAS, and \textit{NuSTAR} provided comprehensive very-high-energy (VHE; $E > 100$\,GeV) and X-ray coverage over nine consecutive days. In this work, we perform a detailed spectral analysis of the X-ray and VHE emissions on sub-hour ti… ▽ More In April 2013, the TeV blazar Markarian~421 underwent one of its most powerful emission outbursts to date. An extensive multi-instrument campaign featuring MAGIC, VERITAS, and \textit{NuSTAR} provided comprehensive very-high-energy (VHE; $E > 100$\,GeV) and X-ray coverage over nine consecutive days. In this work, we perform a detailed spectral analysis of the X-ray and VHE emissions on sub-hour timescales throughout the flare. We identify several clockwise spectral hysteresis loops in the X-rays, revealing a spectral evolution more complex than a simple harder-when-brighter trend. The VHE spectrum extends beyond 10\,TeV, and its temporal evolution closely mirrors the behavior in the X-rays. We report the first evidence of VHE spectral hysteresis occurring simultaneously with the X-ray loops. To interpret these findings, we apply a time-dependent leptonic model to 240 broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) binned on a 15-minute scale, allowing us to self-consistently track the particle distribution's history. Our modeling shows that the majority of the sub-hour flux and spectral variations are driven by changes in the luminosity and slope of the injected electron distribution. The required variations in the electron slope are difficult to reconcile with magnetic reconnection but are consistent with a shock-acceleration scenario where the shock compression ratio evolves by a factor of $\sim2$. The model also points to a relatively stable magnetic field and emitting region size, favoring a scenario where the emission originates from a stationary feature in the jet, such as a recollimation shock. However, this scenario requires a jet Lorentz factor that significantly exceeds values from VLBI measurements to account for the high minimum electron energy implied by the lack of variability in the optical band. △ Less

Submitted 5 March, 2026; v1 submitted 10 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Accepted in ApJ. Corresponding authors: A. Arbet-Engels, M. Polkas, M. Petropoulou, D. Paneque. All the broadband SEDs in 15-min bins are available at https://zenodo.org/records/17054582. The MAGIC data are also released in a Data Level 3 (DL3) format and can be downloaded from https://zenodo.org/records/17064461

Journal ref: ApJ, 998, 6 (2026)

Combined dark matter search towards dwarf spheroidal galaxies with Fermi-LAT, HAWC, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS

Authors: Fermi-LAT Collaboration, :, S. Abdollahi, L. Baldini, R. Bellazzini, B. Berenji, E. Bissaldi, R. Bonino, P. Bruel, S. Buson, E. Charles, A. W. Chen, S. Ciprini, M. Crnogorcevic, A. Cuoco, F. D'Ammando, A. de Angelis, M. Di Mauro, N. Di Lalla, L. Di Venere, A. Domínguez, S. J. Fegan, A. Fiori, P. Fusco, V. Gammaldi , et al. (582 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are excellent targets for indirect dark matter (DM) searches using gamma-ray telescopes because they are thought to have high DM content and a low astrophysical background. The sensitivity of these searches is improved by combining the observations of dSphs made by different gamma-ray telescopes. We present the results of a combined search by the most sensitive cu… ▽ More Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are excellent targets for indirect dark matter (DM) searches using gamma-ray telescopes because they are thought to have high DM content and a low astrophysical background. The sensitivity of these searches is improved by combining the observations of dSphs made by different gamma-ray telescopes. We present the results of a combined search by the most sensitive currently operating gamma-ray telescopes, namely: the satellite-borne Fermi-LAT telescope; the ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope arrays H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS; and the HAWC water Cherenkov detector. Individual datasets were analyzed using a common statistical approach. Results were subsequently combined via a global joint likelihood analysis. We obtain constraints on the velocity-weighted cross section $\langle σ\mathit{v} \rangle$ for DM self-annihilation as a function of the DM particle mass. This five-instrument combination allows the derivation of up to 2-3 times more constraining upper limits on $\langle σ\mathit{v} \rangle$ than the individual results over a wide mass range spanning from 5 GeV to 100 TeV. Depending on the DM content modeling, the 95% confidence level observed limits reach $1.5\times$10$^{-24}$ cm$^3$s$^{-1}$ and $3.2\times$10$^{-25}$ cm$^3$s$^{-1}$, respectively, in the $τ^+τ^-$ annihilation channel for a DM mass of 2 TeV. △ Less

Submitted 27 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Journal ref: JCAP 03 (2026) 035

Constraining the TeV gamma-ray emission of SN 2024bch, a possible type IIn-L from a red supergiant progenitor. Multiwavelength observations and analysis of the progenitor

Authors: The CTAO-LST Project, :, K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, C. Alispach, D. Ambrosino, F. Ambrosino, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, K. Asano, P. Aubert, A. Baktash, M. Balbo, A. Bamba, A. Baquero-Larriva, U. Barresde-Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios-Jiménez , et al. (310 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present very high-energy optical photometry and spectroscopic observations of SN 2024bch in the nearby galaxy NGC 3206 (\sim 20 Mpc). We used gamma-ray observations performed with the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) and optical observations with the Liverpool Telescope (LT) combined with data from public repositories to evaluate the genera… ▽ More We present very high-energy optical photometry and spectroscopic observations of SN 2024bch in the nearby galaxy NGC 3206 (\sim 20 Mpc). We used gamma-ray observations performed with the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) and optical observations with the Liverpool Telescope (LT) combined with data from public repositories to evaluate the general properties of the event and the progenitor star. No significant emission above the LST-1 energy threshold for this observation (\sim 100 GeV) was detected in the direction of SN 2024bch, and we computed an integral upper limit on the photon flux of F_γ(>100 GeV) \le 3.61 \times 10^{-12} cm^{-2} s^{-1} based on six nonconsecutive nights of observations with the LST-1, between 16 and 38 days after the explosion. Employing a general model for the gamma-ray flux emission, we found an upper limit on the mass-loss-rate to wind-velocity ratio of \dot M/u_{w} \le 10^{-4} \frac{M_\odot}{yr}\frac{s}{km}, although gamma-gamma absorption could potentially have skewed this estimation, effectively weakening our constraint. From spectro-photometric observations we found progenitor parameters of M_{pr} = 11 - 20 M_\odot and R_{pr} = 531 \pm 125 R_\odot. Finally, using archival images from the Hubble Space Telescope, we constrained the luminosity of the progenitor star to log(L_{pr}/L_\odot) \le 4.82 and its effective temperature to T_{pr} \le 4000 K. Our results suggest that SN 2024bch is a type IIn-L supernova that originated from a progenitor star consistent with a red supergiant. We show how the correct estimation of the mass-loss history of a supernova will play a major role in future multiwavelength observations. △ Less

Submitted 27 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: Paper accepted for publication on A&A journal

Prospects for dark matter observations in dwarf spheroidal galaxies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory

Authors: K. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Acharyya, R. Adam, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, A. Aguirre-Santaella, J. Alfaro, R. Alfaro, C. Alispach, R. Alves Batista, J. -P. Amans, E. Amato, G. Ambrosi, D. Ambrosino, F. Ambrosino, L. Angel, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, C. Arcaro, K. Asano, Y. Ascasibar , et al. (469 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) orbiting the Milky Way are widely regarded as systems supported by velocity dispersion against self-gravity, and as prime targets for the search for indirect dark matter (DM) signatures in the GeV-to-TeV $γ$-ray range owing to their lack of astrophysical $γ$-ray background. We present forecasts of the sensitivity of the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Ob… ▽ More The dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) orbiting the Milky Way are widely regarded as systems supported by velocity dispersion against self-gravity, and as prime targets for the search for indirect dark matter (DM) signatures in the GeV-to-TeV $γ$-ray range owing to their lack of astrophysical $γ$-ray background. We present forecasts of the sensitivity of the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) to annihilating or decaying DM signals in these targets. An original selection of candidates is performed from the current catalogue of known objects, including both classical and ultra-faint dSphs. For each, the expected DM content is derived using the most comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic data available, within a consistent framework of analysis. This approach enables the derivation of novel astrophysical factor profiles for indirect DM searches, which are compared with results from the literature. From an initial sample of 64 dSphs, eight promising targets are identified -- Draco I, Coma Berenices, Ursa Major II, Ursa Minor and Willman 1 in the North, Reticulum II, Sculptor and Sagittarius II in the South -- for which different DM density models yield consistent expectations, leading to robust predictions. CTAO is expected to provide the strongest limits above $\sim$10 TeV, reaching velocity-averaged annihilation cross sections of $\sim$5$\times$10$^{-25}$ cm$^3$ s$^{-1}$ and decay lifetimes up to $\sim$10$^{26}$ s for combined limits. The dominant uncertainties arise from the imprecise determination of the DM content, particularly for ultra-faint dSphs. Observation strategies are proposed that optimise either deep exposures of the best candidates or diversified target selections. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2025; v1 submitted 26 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 40 pages, 19 figures, 10 tables, accepted for publication on MNRAS

Journal ref: Mon Not R Astron Soc (2025) 2946-2986

Evaluation of gamma-ray response of the AstroPix4 HV-CMOS active pixel sensor

Authors: Yusuke Suda, Regina Caputo, Daniel Violette, Grant Sommer, Nicolas Striebig, Manoj Jadhav, Yasushi Fukazawa, Carolyn Kierans, Richard Leys, Jessica Metcalfe, Norito Nakano, Ivan Perić, Jeremy S. Perkins, Hiroyasu Tajima

Abstract: AstroPix is a novel high-voltage CMOS active pixel sensor being developed for a next generation gamma-ray space telescope, AMEGO-X. To meet AMEGO-X instrument requirements, AstroPix must achieve full depletion of its $500~\rm{μm}$ thick, $500~\rm{μm}$-pitch pixels. It must be sensitive to gamma rays in the range of $25-700$ keV, with the energy resolution at 122 keV of $<10$%. Furthermore, given t… ▽ More AstroPix is a novel high-voltage CMOS active pixel sensor being developed for a next generation gamma-ray space telescope, AMEGO-X. To meet AMEGO-X instrument requirements, AstroPix must achieve full depletion of its $500~\rm{μm}$ thick, $500~\rm{μm}$-pitch pixels. It must be sensitive to gamma rays in the range of $25-700$ keV, with the energy resolution at 122 keV of $<10$%. Furthermore, given the space-based nature of AMEGO-X, the power consumption of AstroPix needs to be lower than $1.5~\rm{mW/{cm}^2}$. We report the gamma-ray response of the latest version of AstroPix, AstroPix4. The chip contains $16\times 13$ array of $500~\rm{μm}$-pitch pixels. The power consumption is estimated to be about $2~\rm{mW/{cm}^2}$, which is approximately half the power of the previous AstroPix version. The input capacitance is reduced, allowing for the detection of the 14 keV photopeak from $\rm{^{57}Co}$ and a moderate energy resolution of 14% at 122 keV. The dynamic range is estimated to be in the range from 14 keV to $\sim250$ keV. We found that the sensor depletion layer expands as expected and the measured depletion depth is approximately $90~\rm{μm}$ when biased at $-240$ V. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 4 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Nucl. Instrum. Methods A

Very-high-energy observations of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 with MAGIC -- Indication of another gamma-ray obscured candidate neutrino source

Authors: K. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, K. Asano, A. Babić, C. Bakshi, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios-Jiménez, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete , et al. (185 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Seyfert galaxies are emerging as a promising source class of high-energy neutrinos. The Seyfert galaxies NGC 4151 and NGC 1068 have come up respectively as the most promising counterparts of a 3$σ$ and of a 4.2$σ$ neutrino excesses detected by IceCube in the TeV energy range. Constraining the very-high-energy (VHE) emission associated with the neutrino signal is crucial to unveil the mechanism and… ▽ More Seyfert galaxies are emerging as a promising source class of high-energy neutrinos. The Seyfert galaxies NGC 4151 and NGC 1068 have come up respectively as the most promising counterparts of a 3$σ$ and of a 4.2$σ$ neutrino excesses detected by IceCube in the TeV energy range. Constraining the very-high-energy (VHE) emission associated with the neutrino signal is crucial to unveil the mechanism and site of neutrino production. In this work, we present the first results of the VHE observations ($\sim$29 hours) of NGC 4151 with the MAGIC telescopes. We detect no gamma-ray excess in the direction of NGC 4151, and we derive constraining upper limits on the VHE gamma-ray flux. The integral flux upper limit (at the 95% confidence level) above 200 GeV is $f = 2.3 \times 10^{-12}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The comparison of the MAGIC and IceCube measurements suggests the presence of a gamma-ray obscured accelerator, and it allows us to constrain the gamma-ray optical depth and the size of the neutrino production site. △ Less

Submitted 22 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 8 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 702, A38 (2025)

Testing the ubiquitous presence of very high energy emission in gamma-ray bursts with the MAGIC telescopes

Authors: S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, K. Asano, A. Babic, C. Bakshi, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios-Jimenez, I. Batkovic, J. Baxter, J. Becerra Gonzalez, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti , et al. (184 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most powerful transient objects in the Universe, and they are a primary target for the MAGIC Collaboration. Recognizing the challenges of observing these elusive objects with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), we implemented a dedicated observational strategy that included an automated procedure for rapid re-pointing to transient sources. Since 2013,… ▽ More Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most powerful transient objects in the Universe, and they are a primary target for the MAGIC Collaboration. Recognizing the challenges of observing these elusive objects with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), we implemented a dedicated observational strategy that included an automated procedure for rapid re-pointing to transient sources. Since 2013, this automated procedure has enabled MAGIC to observe GRBs at a rate of approximately ten per year, which led to the successful detection of two GRBs at very high energies (VHE; E > 100 GeV). We present a comprehensive analysis of 42 non-detected GRBs (4 short GRBs) observed by MAGIC from 2013 to 2019. We derived upper limits (ULs) on the observed energy flux as well as on the intrinsic energy flux corrected for absorption by the extragalactic background light (EBL) from the MAGIC observations in selected energy and time intervals. We conducted a comprehensive study of their properties to investigate the reasons for these non-detections, including the possible peculiar properties of TeV-detected GRBs. We find that strong EBL absorption significantly hinders TeV detection for the majority of GRBs in our sample. For a subset of 6 GRBs with redshift z < 2, we compared the UL on the intrinsic flux in the VHE domain with the simultaneous X-ray flux, which is observed to be at the same level in the current population of TeV-detected GRBs. Based on these inferred MAGIC ULs, we conclude that a VHE component with a luminosity comparable to the simultaneously observed X-ray luminosity cannot be ruled out for this sample. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 700 , p. A96, 2025

GRB 221009A: Observations with LST-1 of CTAO and Implications for Structured Jets in Long Gamma-Ray Bursts

Authors: The CTAO-LST Collaboration, :, K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, C. Alispach, D. Ambrosino, F. Ambrosino, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, K. Asano, P. Aubert, A. Baktash, M. Balbo, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios Jiménez , et al. (307 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) observed to date. Extensive observations of its afterglow emission across the electromagnetic spectrum were performed, providing the first strong evidence of a jet with a nontrivial angular structure in a long GRB. We carried out an extensive observation campaign in very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays with the first Large-Sized Telescope of the futu… ▽ More GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) observed to date. Extensive observations of its afterglow emission across the electromagnetic spectrum were performed, providing the first strong evidence of a jet with a nontrivial angular structure in a long GRB. We carried out an extensive observation campaign in very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays with the first Large-Sized Telescope of the future Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory, starting on 2022 October 10, about 1 day after the burst. A dedicated analysis of the GRB 221009A data is performed to account for the different moonlight conditions under which data were recorded. We find an excess of gamma-like events with a statistical significance of 4.1$σ$ during the observations taken 1.33 days after the burst, followed by background-compatible results for the later days. The results are compared with various models of afterglows from structured jets that are consistent with the published multiwavelength data but entail significant quantitative and qualitative differences in the VHE emission after 1 day. We disfavor models that imply VHE flux at 1 day considerably above $10^{-11}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. Our late-time VHE observations can help disentangle the degeneracy among the models and provide valuable new insight into the structure of GRB jets. △ Less

Submitted 10 March, 2026; v1 submitted 3 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 20 pages, 7 figures. Published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

Journal ref: ApJL 988 L42 (2025)

Pion properties in isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter using in-medium chiral perturbation theory

Authors: Kihong Kwon, Yamato Suda, Stephan Hübsch, Daisuke Jido

Abstract: We compute the density dependence of in-medium pion properties, such as mass, wave function renormalization, and decay constant in the correlation function approach, and how they change under the influence of isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter. To this end, we use in-medium chiral perturbation theory to compute the relevant Feynman diagrams up to two-loop diagrams. Our results show that the isospin… ▽ More We compute the density dependence of in-medium pion properties, such as mass, wave function renormalization, and decay constant in the correlation function approach, and how they change under the influence of isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter. To this end, we use in-medium chiral perturbation theory to compute the relevant Feynman diagrams up to two-loop diagrams. Our results show that the isospin asymmetry of the nuclear matter splits these quantities into three separate values, corresponding to the three pions. Consequently, the tendency of each in-medium pion mass, wave function renormalization, and decay constant is dependent on the density and the neutron-to-proton ratio $ρ_n/ρ_p$ of nuclear matter. We also derive an in-medium Gell-Mann--Oakes--Renner relation which is valid for isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter and investigate to what extent it holds within our calculations. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 23 pages, 3 figures, 4 tables

Detection of the Geminga pulsar at energies down to 20 GeV with the LST-1 of CTAO

Authors: The CTAO-LST Project, :, K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, C. Alispach, D. Ambrosino, F. Ambrosino, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, K. Asano, P. Aubert, A. Baktash, M. Balbo, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios Jiménez , et al. (309 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Geminga is the third gamma-ray pulsar firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) after the Crab and the Vela pulsars. Most of its emission is expected at tens of GeV, and, out of the planned telescopes of the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), the Large-Sized Telescopes (LSTs) are the only ones with optimised sensitivity at these energies. We aim to cha… ▽ More Geminga is the third gamma-ray pulsar firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) after the Crab and the Vela pulsars. Most of its emission is expected at tens of GeV, and, out of the planned telescopes of the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), the Large-Sized Telescopes (LSTs) are the only ones with optimised sensitivity at these energies. We aim to characterise the gamma-ray pulse shape and spectrum of Geminga as observed by the first LST (hereafter LST-1) of the CTAO-North. Furthermore, this study confirms the great performance and the improved energy threshold of the telescope, as low as 10 GeV for pulsar analysis, with respect to current-generation Cherenkov telescopes. We analysed 60 hours of good-quality data taken by the LST-1 at zenith angles below 50$^\circ$. Additionally, a new Fermi-LAT analysis of 16.6 years of data was carried out to extend the spectral analysis down to 100 MeV. Lastly, a detailed study of the systematic effects was performed. We report the detection of Geminga in the energy range between 20 and 65 GeV. Of the two peaks of the phaseogram, the second one, P2, is detected with a significance of 12.2$σ$, while the first (P1) reaches a significance level of 2.6$σ$. The best-fit model for the spectrum of P2 was found to be a power law with $Γ= (4.5 \pm 0.4_{stat})^{+0.2_{sys}}_{-0.6_{sys}}$, compatible with the previous results obtained by the MAGIC. No evidence of curvature is found in the LST-1 energy range. The joint fit with Fermi data confirms a preference for a sub-exponential cut-off over a pure exponential, even though both models fail to reproduce the data above several tens of GeV. The overall results presented in this paper prove that the LST-1 is an excellent telescope for the observation of pulsars, and improved sensitivity is expected to be achieved with the full CTAO-North. △ Less

Submitted 27 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A, 698, A283 (2025)

Different scenarios of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in the interacting instanton liquid model via flavor symmetry breaking

Authors: Yamato Suda, Daisuke Jido

Abstract: We investigate a type of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (D$χ$SB) for various current quark masses using the interacting instanton liquid model. The type of D$χ$SB is classified based on the sign of the second derivative of the free energy density with respect to the quark condensate at the origin. We perform numerical simulations of the interacting instanton liquid model with the flavor SU(2)… ▽ More We investigate a type of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (D$χ$SB) for various current quark masses using the interacting instanton liquid model. The type of D$χ$SB is classified based on the sign of the second derivative of the free energy density with respect to the quark condensate at the origin. We perform numerical simulations of the interacting instanton liquid model with the flavor SU(2) symmetric and (2+1)-flavor quarks. We find that the curvature is negative in the SU(2) case. This means the ordinary type of D$χ$SB. In contrast, in the (2+1)-flavor case, a positive curvature is observed when the strange quark mass is as small as those of the up and down quarks. This suggests that the anomaly-driven type of D$χ$SB can occur under the approximate flavor SU(3) symmetry. As the strange quark mass increases, the curvature gradually decreases and becomes negative when the strange quark mass is approximately three times larger than those of the light quarks. This difference can be understood in terms of the 't Hooft vertex which induces a six-quark interaction in the $N_f=3$ case and does a four-quark interaction in the $N_f=2$ case. Our results might indicate that the ratio between the strange and light quark masses plays a crucial role in understanding the microscopic relationship between D$χ$SB and the anomaly effect. △ Less

Submitted 14 August, 2025; v1 submitted 28 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 11 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables; some discussion have added and clarified; minor corrections have added

Very-high-energy gamma-ray detection and long-term multi-wavelength view of the flaring blazar B2 1811+31

Authors: K. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, K. Asano, A. Babic, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios-Jimenez, I. Batkovic, J. Baxter, J. Becerra Gonzalez, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder , et al. (209 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Among the blazars whose emission has been detected up to very-high-energy (VHE; 100 GeV < E < 100 TeV) gamma rays, intermediate synchrotron-peaked BL Lacs (IBLs) are quite rare. The IBL B2 1811+31 (z = 0.117) exhibited intense flaring activity in 2020. Detailed characterization of the source emissions from radio to gamma-ray energies was achieved with quasi-simultaneous observations, which led to… ▽ More Among the blazars whose emission has been detected up to very-high-energy (VHE; 100 GeV < E < 100 TeV) gamma rays, intermediate synchrotron-peaked BL Lacs (IBLs) are quite rare. The IBL B2 1811+31 (z = 0.117) exhibited intense flaring activity in 2020. Detailed characterization of the source emissions from radio to gamma-ray energies was achieved with quasi-simultaneous observations, which led to the first-time detection of VHE gamma-ray emission from the source with the MAGIC telescopes. In this work, we present a comprehensive multi-wavelength view of B2 1811+31 employing data from MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, Swift-XRT, Swift-UVOT and from several optical and radio ground-based telescopes. We investigate the variability, cross-correlations and classification of the source emissions during low and high states. During the 2020 flaring state, the synchrotron peak frequency shifted to higher values and reached the limit of the IBL classification. Variability in timescales of few hours in the high-energy (HE; 100 MeV < E < 100 GeV) gamma-ray band poses an upper limit of 6 x 10^{14} delta_D cm to the size of the emission region responsible for the gamma-ray flare, delta_D being the relativistic Doppler factor of the region. During the 2020 high state, the average spectrum became harder in the X-ray and HE gamma-ray bands compared to the low states. Conversely, during different activity periods, we find harder-when-brighter trends in X rays and a hint of softer-when-brighter trends at HE gamma rays. Gamma-optical correlation indicates the same emission regions dominate the radiative output in both ranges, whereas the levolution at 15 GHz shows no correlation with the flux at higher frequencies. We test one-zone and two-zone synchrotron-self-Compton models for describing the broad-band spectral energy distribution during the 2020 flare and investigate the self-consistency of the proposed scenario. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 24 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 697, A172 (2025)

Antihelium-3 Sensitivity for the GRAMS Experiment

Authors: J. Zeng, T. Aramaki, K. Aoyama, S. Arai, S. Arai, J. Asaadi, A. Bamba, N. Cannady, P. Coppi, G. De Nolfo, M. Errando, L. Fabris, T. Fujiwara, Y. Fukazawa, P. Ghosh, K. Hagino, T. Hakamata, N. Hiroshima, M. Ichihashi, Y. Ichinohe, Y. Inoue, K. Ishikawa, K. Ishiwata, T. Iwata, G. Karagiorgi , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Gamma-Ray and AntiMatter Survey (GRAMS) is a next-generation balloon/satellite mission utilizing a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) detector to measure both MeV gamma rays and antinuclei produced by dark matter annihilation or decay. The GRAMS can identify antihelium-3 events based on the measurements of X-rays and charged pions from the decay of the exotic atoms, Time of Flight (… ▽ More The Gamma-Ray and AntiMatter Survey (GRAMS) is a next-generation balloon/satellite mission utilizing a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) detector to measure both MeV gamma rays and antinuclei produced by dark matter annihilation or decay. The GRAMS can identify antihelium-3 events based on the measurements of X-rays and charged pions from the decay of the exotic atoms, Time of Flight (TOF), energy deposition, and stopping range. This paper shows the antihelium-3 sensitivity estimation using a GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation. For the proposed long-duration balloon (LDB) flight program (35 days $ \times $ 3 flights) and future satellite mission (2-year observation / 10-year observation), the sensitivities become 1.47 $\times$ 10$^{-7}$ [m$^2$ s sr GeV/n]$^{-1}$ and 1.55 $\times$ 10$^{-9}$ [m$^2$ s sr GeV/n]$^{-1}$ / $3.10\times10^{-10}$ [m$^2$ s sr GeV/n]$^{-1}$, respectively. The results indicate that GRAMS can extensively investigate various dark matter models through the antihelium-3 measurements. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2025; v1 submitted 20 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 9 pages, 9 figures

Journal ref: Astroparticle Physics 173 (2025) 103152

Detection of RS Oph with LST-1 and modelling of its HE/VHE gamma-ray emission

Authors: CTA-LST Project, :, K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, C. Alispach, N. Alvarez Crespo, D. Ambrosino, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, K. Asano, P. Aubert, A. Baktash, M. Balbo, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios Jiménez, I. Batkovic , et al. (294 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi (RS Oph) underwent a thermonuclear eruption in August 2021. In this event, RS Oph was detected by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC), and the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) of the future Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) at very-high gamma-ray energies above 100 GeV. This means that no… ▽ More The recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi (RS Oph) underwent a thermonuclear eruption in August 2021. In this event, RS Oph was detected by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC), and the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) of the future Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) at very-high gamma-ray energies above 100 GeV. This means that novae are a new class of very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emitters. We report the analysis of the RS Oph observations with LST-1. We constrain the particle population that causes the observed emission in hadronic and leptonic scenarios. Additionally, we study the prospects of detecting further novae using LST-1 and the upcoming LST array of CTAO-North. We conducted target-of-opportunity observations with LST-1 from the first day of this nova event. The data were analysed in the framework of cta-lstchain and Gammapy, the official CTAO-LST reconstruction and analysis packages. One-zone hadronic and leptonic models were considered to model the gamma-ray emission of RS Oph using the spectral information from Fermi-LAT and LST-1, together with public data from the MAGIC and H.E.S.S. telescopes. RS Oph was detected at $6.6σ$ with LST-1 in the first 6.35 hours of observations following the eruption. The hadronic scenario is preferred over the leptonic scenario considering a proton energy spectrum with a power-law model with an exponential cutoff whose position increases from $(0.26\pm 0.08)$ TeV on day 1 up to $(1.6\pm 0.6)$ TeV on day 4 after the eruption. The deep sensitivity and low energy threshold of the LST-1/LST array will allow us to detect faint novae and increase their discovery rate. △ Less

Submitted 17 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 9 figures. Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A, 695 (2025) A152

AstroPix: A Pixelated HVCMOS Sensor for Space-Based Gamma-Ray Measurement

Authors: Amanda L. Steinhebel, Regina Caputo, Daniel P. Violette, Anthony Affolder, Autumn Bauman, Carolyn Chinatti, Aware Deshmukh, Vitaliy Fadayev, Yasushi Fukazawa, Manoj Jadhav, Carolyn Kierans, Bobae Kim, Jihee Kim, Henry Klest, Olivia Kroger, Kavic Kumar, Shin Kushima, Jean-Marie Lauenstein, Richard Leys, Forest Martinez-Mckinney, Jessica Metcalfe, Zachary Metzler, John W. Mitchell, Norito Nakano, Jennifer Ott , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A next-generation medium-energy gamma-ray telescope targeting the MeV range would address open questions in astrophysics regarding how extreme conditions accelerate cosmic-ray particles, produce relativistic jet outflows, and more. One concept, AMEGO-X, relies upon the mission-enabling CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor silicon chip AstroPix. AstroPix is designed for space-based use, featuring lo… ▽ More A next-generation medium-energy gamma-ray telescope targeting the MeV range would address open questions in astrophysics regarding how extreme conditions accelerate cosmic-ray particles, produce relativistic jet outflows, and more. One concept, AMEGO-X, relies upon the mission-enabling CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor silicon chip AstroPix. AstroPix is designed for space-based use, featuring low noise, low power consumption, and high scalability. Desired performance of the device include an energy resolution of 5 keV (or 10% FWHM) at 122 keV and a dynamic range per-pixel of 25-700 keV, enabled by the addition of a high-voltage bias to each pixel which supports a depletion depth of 500 um. This work reports on the status of the AstroPix development process with emphasis on the current version under test, version three (v3), and highlights of version two (v2). Version 3 achieves energy resolution of 10.4 +/- 3.2% at 59.5 keV and 94 +/- 6 um depletion in a low-resistivity test silicon substrate. △ Less

Submitted 28 October, 2025; v1 submitted 20 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 13 figures

Cosmic-ray acceleration and escape from supernova remnant W44 as probed by Fermi-LAT and MAGIC

Authors: S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, K. Asano, A. Babi'c, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batkovi'c, A. Bautista, J. Baxter, J. Becerra Gonz'alez, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder , et al. (196 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Context. The supernova remnant (SNR) W44 and its surroundings are a prime target for studying the acceleration of cosmic rays (CRs). Several previous studies established an extended gamma-ray emission that is set apart from the radio shell of W44. This emission is thought to originate from escaped high-energy CRs that interact with a surrounding dense molecular cloud complex. Aims. We present a de… ▽ More Context. The supernova remnant (SNR) W44 and its surroundings are a prime target for studying the acceleration of cosmic rays (CRs). Several previous studies established an extended gamma-ray emission that is set apart from the radio shell of W44. This emission is thought to originate from escaped high-energy CRs that interact with a surrounding dense molecular cloud complex. Aims. We present a detailed analysis of Fermi-LAT data with an emphasis on the spatial and spectral properties of W44 and its surroundings. We also report the results of the observations performed with the MAGIC telescopes of the northwestern region of W44. Finally, we present an interpretation model to explain the gamma-ray emission of the SNR and its surroundings. Methods. We first performed a detailed spatial analysis of 12 years of Fermi-LAT data at energies above 1 GeV, in order to exploit the better angular resolution, while we set a threshold of 100MeV for the spectral analysis. We performed a likelihood analysis of 174 hours of MAGIC data above 130 GeV using the spatial information obtained with Fermi-LAT. Results. The combined spectra of Fermi-LAT and MAGIC, extending from 100MeV to several TeV, were used to derive constraints on the escape of CRs. Using a time-dependent model to describe the particle acceleration and escape from the SNR, we show that the maximum energy of the accelerated particles has to be ' 40 GeV. However, our gamma-ray data suggest that a small number of lower-energy particles also needs to escape. We propose a novel model, the broken-shock scenario, to account for this effect and explain the gamma-ray emission. △ Less

Submitted 7 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Characterization of Markarian 421 during its most violent year: Multiwavelength variability and correlations

Authors: K. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, K. Asano, D. Baack, A. Babić, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, A. Bautista, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti , et al. (190 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Mrk 421 was in its most active state around early 2010, which led to the highest TeV gamma-ray flux ever recorded from any active galactic nuclei. We aim to characterize the multiwavelength behavior during this exceptional year for Mrk 421, and evaluate whether it is consistent with the picture derived with data from other less exceptional years. We investigated the period from November 5, 2009, (… ▽ More Mrk 421 was in its most active state around early 2010, which led to the highest TeV gamma-ray flux ever recorded from any active galactic nuclei. We aim to characterize the multiwavelength behavior during this exceptional year for Mrk 421, and evaluate whether it is consistent with the picture derived with data from other less exceptional years. We investigated the period from November 5, 2009, (MJD 55140) until July 3, 2010, (MJD 55380) with extensive coverage from very-high-energy (VHE; E$\,>\,$100$\,$GeV) gamma rays to radio with MAGIC, VERITAS, Fermi-LAT, RXTE, Swift, GASP-WEBT, VLBA, and a variety of additional optical and radio telescopes. We investigated the variability and correlation behavior among different energy bands in great detail. We find the strongest variability in X-rays and VHE gamma rays, and PSDs compatible with power-law functions. We observe strong correlations between X-rays and VHE gamma rays. We also report a marginally significant positive correlation between high-energy (HE; E$\,>\,$100$\,$MeV) gamma rays and the ultraviolet band. We detected marginally significant correlations between the HE and VHE gamma rays, and between HE gamma rays and the X-ray, that disappear when the large flare in February 2010 is excluded from the correlation study. The activity of Mrk 421 also yielded the first ejection of features in the VLBA images of the jet of Mrk 421. Yet the large uncertainties in the ejection times of these radio features prevent us from firmly associating them to the specific flares recorded during the campaign. We also show that the collected multi-instrument data are consistent with a scenario where the emission is dominated by two regions, a compact and extended zone, which could be considered as a simplified implementation of an energy-stratified jet as suggested by recent IXPE observations. △ Less

Submitted 7 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Corresponding authors: Felix Schmuckermaier, David Paneque, Axel Arbet Engels

Possible scenario of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in the instanton liquid

Authors: Yamato Suda, Daisuke Jido

Abstract: Based on simulations of the interacting instanton liquid model (IILM) with three-flavor quarks, we compute the free energy density of the QCD vacuum as a function of the quark condensate. We then evaluate the second derivative of the free energy density with respect to the quark condensate at the origin. This evaluation allows us to investigate whether chiral symmetry breaking in the IILM occurs i… ▽ More Based on simulations of the interacting instanton liquid model (IILM) with three-flavor quarks, we compute the free energy density of the QCD vacuum as a function of the quark condensate. We then evaluate the second derivative of the free energy density with respect to the quark condensate at the origin. This evaluation allows us to investigate whether chiral symmetry breaking in the IILM occurs in an anomaly-driven way. Such a breaking pattern of chiral symmetry has been proposed in a previous study to connect the QCD vacuum structure with meson properties, such as the mass of the sigma meson. We also perform the quenched simulations, in which no dynamical quarks interact with instantons. Comparing these results with the full calculations provides a better understanding of the pattern of chiral symmetry breaking in the IILM. We find that in the full IILM, chiral symmetry is dynamically broken in anomaly-driven way, whereas in the quenched IILM, it is broken through the ordinary mechanism. Based on these results, we suggest that chiral symmetry breaking in real QCD could also occur in an anomaly-driven way. Consequently, in phenomena where chiral symmetry breaking plays a crucial role, the anomaly effect may also have significant influence. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2025; v1 submitted 30 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 6 pages, 6 figures

Time-dependent modelling of short-term variability in the TeV-blazar VER J0521+211 during the major flare in 2020

Authors: MAGIC Collaboration, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, D. Baack, A. Babić, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, A. Bautista, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete , et al. (206 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The BL Lacertae object VER J0521+211 underwent a notable flaring episode in February 2020. A short-term monitoring campaign, led by the MAGIC (Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov) collaboration, covering a wide energy range from radio to very-high-energy (VHE, 100 GeV < E < 100 TeV) gamma rays was organised to study its evolution. These observations resulted in a consistent detection of the… ▽ More The BL Lacertae object VER J0521+211 underwent a notable flaring episode in February 2020. A short-term monitoring campaign, led by the MAGIC (Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov) collaboration, covering a wide energy range from radio to very-high-energy (VHE, 100 GeV < E < 100 TeV) gamma rays was organised to study its evolution. These observations resulted in a consistent detection of the source over six consecutive nights in the VHE gamma-ray domain. Combining these nightly observations with an extensive set of multiwavelength data made modelling of the blazar's spectral energy distribution (SED) possible during the flare. This modelling was performed with a focus on two plausible emission mechanisms: i) a leptonic two-zone synchrotron-self-Compton scenario, and ii) a lepto-hadronic one-zone scenario. Both models effectively replicated the observed SED from radio to the VHE gamma-ray band. Furthermore, by introducing a set of evolving parameters, both models were successful in reproducing the evolution of the fluxes measured in different bands throughout the observing campaign. Notably, the lepto-hadronic model predicts enhanced photon and neutrino fluxes at ultra-high energies (E > 100 TeV). While the photon component, generated via decay of neutral pions, is not directly observable as it is subject to intense pair production (and therefore extinction) through interactions with the cosmic microwave background photons, neutrino detectors (e.g. IceCube) can probe the predicted neutrino component. Finally, the analysis of the gamma-ray spectra, as observed by MAGIC and the Fermi-LAT telescopes, yielded a conservative 95\% confidence upper limit of z \leq 0.244 for the redshift of this blazar. △ Less

Submitted 20 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 694, A308 (2025)

ComPair-2: A Next Generation Medium Energy Gamma-ray Telescope Prototype

Authors: Regina Caputo, Carolyn Kierans, Nicholas Cannady, Abe Falcone, Yasushi Fukazawa, Manoj Jadhav, Matthew Kerr, Nicholas Kirschner, Kavic Kumar, Adrien Laviron, Richard Leys, Iker Liceaga-Indart, Julie McEnery, Jessica Metcalfe, Zachary Metzler, Nathan Miller, John Mitchell, Lucas Parker, Ivan Peric, Jeremy Perkins, Bernard Phlips, Judith Racusin, Makoto Sasaki, Kenneth N. Segal, Daniel Shy , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Many questions posed in the Astro2020 Decadal survey in both the New Messengers and New Physics and the Cosmic Ecosystems science themes require a gamma-ray mission with capabilities exceeding those of existing (e.g. Fermi, Swift) and planned (e.g. COSI) observatories. ComPair, the Compton Pair telescope, is a prototype of such a next-generation gamma-ray mission. It had its inaugural balloon flig… ▽ More Many questions posed in the Astro2020 Decadal survey in both the New Messengers and New Physics and the Cosmic Ecosystems science themes require a gamma-ray mission with capabilities exceeding those of existing (e.g. Fermi, Swift) and planned (e.g. COSI) observatories. ComPair, the Compton Pair telescope, is a prototype of such a next-generation gamma-ray mission. It had its inaugural balloon flight from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico in August 2023. To continue the goals of the ComPair project to develop technologies that will enable a future gamma-ray mission, the next generation of ComPair (ComPair-2) will be upgraded to increase the sensitivity and low-energy transient capabilities of the instrument. These advancements are enabled by AstroPix, a silicon monolithic active pixel sensor, in the tracker and custom dual-gain silicon photomultipliers and front-end electronics in the calorimeter. This effort builds on design work for the All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer (AMEGO-X) concept that was submitted the 2021 MIDEX Announcement of Opportunity. Here we describe the ComPair-2 prototype design and integration and testing plans to advance the readiness level of these novel technologies. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2024; v1 submitted 3 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 11 pages, 7 figures, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2004 conference proceedings

Journal ref: Proceedings Volume 13093, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray; 130932L (2024)

A-STEP: The AstroPix Sounding Rocket Technology Demonstration Payload

Authors: Daniel P. Violette, Amanda Steinhebel, Abhradeep Roy, Ryan Boggs, Regina Caputo, David Durachka, Yasushi Fukazawa, Masaki Hashizume, Scott Hesh, Manoj Jadhav, Carolyn Kierans, Kavic Kumar, Shin Kushima, Richard Leys, Jessica Metcalfe, Zachary Metzler, Norito Nakano, Ivan Peric, Jeremy Perkins, Lindsey Seo, K. W. Taylor Shin, Nicolas Striebig, Yusuke Suda, Hiroyasu Tajima

Abstract: A next-generation medium-energy (100 keV to 100 MeV) gamma-ray observatory will greatly enhance the identification and characterization of multimessenger sources in the coming decade. Coupling gamma-ray spectroscopy, imaging, and polarization to neutrino and gravitational wave detections will develop our understanding of various astrophysical phenomena including compact object mergers, supernovae… ▽ More A next-generation medium-energy (100 keV to 100 MeV) gamma-ray observatory will greatly enhance the identification and characterization of multimessenger sources in the coming decade. Coupling gamma-ray spectroscopy, imaging, and polarization to neutrino and gravitational wave detections will develop our understanding of various astrophysical phenomena including compact object mergers, supernovae remnants, active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts. An observatory operating in the MeV energy regime requires technologies that are capable of measuring Compton scattered photons and photons interacting via pair production. AstroPix is a monolithic high voltage CMOS active pixel sensor which enables future gamma-ray telescopes in this energy range. AstroPix's design is iterating towards low-power (~1.5 mW/cm$^{2}$), high spatial (500 microns pixel pitch) and spectral (<5 keV at 122 keV) tracking of photon and charged particle interactions. Stacking planar arrays of AstroPix sensors in three dimensions creates an instrument capable of reconstructing the trajectories and energies of incident gamma rays over large fields of view. A prototype multi-layered AstroPix instrument, called the AstroPix Sounding rocket Technology dEmonstration Payload (A-STEP), will test three layers of AstroPix quad chips in a suborbital rocket flight. These quad chips (2x2 joined AstroPix sensors) form the 4x4 cm$^{2}$ building block of future large area AstroPix instruments, such as ComPair-2 and AMEGO-X. This payload will be the first demonstration of AstroPix detectors operated in a space environment and will demonstrate the technology's readiness for future astrophysical and nuclear physics applications. In this work, we overview the design and state of development of the ASTEP payload. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 11 pages, 10 figures, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2004 conference proceedings

Journal ref: Proceedings Volume 13093, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray; 1309381 (2024)

Insights from the first flaring activity of a high-synchrotron-peaked blazar with X-ray polarization and VHE gamma rays

Authors: MAGIC Collaboration, K. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, K. Asano, A. Babić, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios-Jiménez, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti , et al. (229 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We study a flaring activity of the HSP Mrk421 that was characterized from radio to very-high-energy (VHE; E $>0.1$TeV) gamma rays with MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, Swift, XMM-Newton and several optical and radio telescopes. These observations included, for the first time for a gamma-ray flare of a blazar, simultaneous X-ray polarization measurements with IXPE. We find substantial variability in both X-rays a… ▽ More We study a flaring activity of the HSP Mrk421 that was characterized from radio to very-high-energy (VHE; E $>0.1$TeV) gamma rays with MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, Swift, XMM-Newton and several optical and radio telescopes. These observations included, for the first time for a gamma-ray flare of a blazar, simultaneous X-ray polarization measurements with IXPE. We find substantial variability in both X-rays and VHE gamma rays throughout the campaign, with the highest VHE flux above 0.2 TeV occurring during the IXPE observing window, and exceeding twice the flux of the Crab Nebula. However, the VHE and X-ray spectra are on average softer, and the correlation between these two bands weaker that those reported in previous flares of Mrk421. IXPE reveals an X-ray polarization degree significantly higher than that at radio and optical frequencies. The X-ray polarization angle varies by $\sim$100$^\circ$ on timescales of days, and the polarization degree changes by more than a factor 4. The highest X-ray polarization degree reaches 26%, around which a X-ray counter-clockwise hysteresis loop is measured with XMM-Newton. It suggests that the X-ray emission comes from particles close to the high-energy cutoff, hence possibly probing an extreme case of the Turbulent Extreme Multi-Zone model. We model the broadband emission with a simplified stratified jet model throughout the flare. The polarization measurements imply an electron distribution in the X-ray emitting region with a very high minimum Lorentz factor, which is expected in electron-ion plasma, as well as a variation of the emitting region size up to a factor of three during the flaring activity. We find no correlation between the fluxes and the evolution of the model parameters, which indicates a stochastic nature of the underlying physical mechanism. Such behaviour would be expected in a highly turbulent electron-ion plasma crossing a shock front. △ Less

Submitted 1 September, 2025; v1 submitted 30 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysics (on January 17th 2025). Corresponding authors: Axel Arbet-Engels, Lea Heckmann, David Paneque

Journal ref: A&A 695, A217 (2025)

Multi-wavelength study of OT 081: broadband modelling of a transitional blazar

Authors: MAGIC Collaboration, H. Abe, S. Abe, V. A. Acciari, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, D. Baack, A. Babić, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, I. Batković, J. Baxter, E. Bernardini, M. Bernardos, J. Bernete, A. Berti, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, O. Blanch , et al. (250 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: OT 081 is a well-known, luminous blazar that is remarkably variable in many energy bands. We present the first broadband study of the source which includes very-high-energy (VHE, $E>$100\,GeV) $γ$-ray data taken by the MAGIC and H.E.S.S. imaging Cherenkov telescopes. The discovery of VHE $γ$-ray emission happened during a high state of $γ$-ray activity in July 2016, observed by many instruments fr… ▽ More OT 081 is a well-known, luminous blazar that is remarkably variable in many energy bands. We present the first broadband study of the source which includes very-high-energy (VHE, $E>$100\,GeV) $γ$-ray data taken by the MAGIC and H.E.S.S. imaging Cherenkov telescopes. The discovery of VHE $γ$-ray emission happened during a high state of $γ$-ray activity in July 2016, observed by many instruments from radio to VHE $γ$-rays. We identify four states of activity of the source, one of which includes VHE $γ$-ray emission. Variability in the VHE domain is found on daily timescales. The intrinsic VHE spectrum can be described by a power-law with index $3.27\pm0.44_{\rm stat}\pm0.15_{\rm sys}$ (MAGIC) and $3.39\pm0.58_{\rm stat}\pm0.64_{\rm sys}$ (H.E.S.S.) in the energy range of 55--300\,GeV and 120--500\,GeV, respectively. The broadband emission cannot be sucessfully reproduced by a simple one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model. Instead, an additional external Compton component is required. We test a lepto-hadronic model that reproduces the dataset well and a proton-synchrotron dominated model that requires an extreme proton luminosity. Emission models that are able to successfully represent the data place the emitting region well outside of the Broad Line Region (BLR) to a location at which the radiative environment is dominated by the infrared thermal radiation field of the dusty torus. In the scenario described by this flaring activity, the source appears to be an FSRQ, in contrast with past categorizations. This suggests that the source can be considered to be a transitional blazar, intermediate between BL~Lac and FSRQ objects. △ Less

Submitted 12 November, 2024; v1 submitted 29 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Accepted on MNRAS Corresponding authors: M. Manganaro, J. Becerra González, M. Seglar-Arroyo, D. A. Sanchez

A new method of reconstructing images of gamma-ray telescopes applied to the LST-1 of CTAO

Authors: CTA-LST Project, :, K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, C. Alispach, N. Alvarez Crespo, D. Ambrosino, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, K. Asano, P. Aubert, A. Baktash, M. Balbo, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios Jiménez, I. Batkovic , et al. (283 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) are used to observe very high-energy photons from the ground. Gamma rays are indirectly detected through the Cherenkov light emitted by the air showers they induce. The new generation of experiments, in particular the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), sets ambitious goals for discoveries of new gamma-ray sources and precise measurements… ▽ More Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) are used to observe very high-energy photons from the ground. Gamma rays are indirectly detected through the Cherenkov light emitted by the air showers they induce. The new generation of experiments, in particular the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), sets ambitious goals for discoveries of new gamma-ray sources and precise measurements of the already discovered ones. To achieve these goals, both hardware and data analysis must employ cutting-edge techniques. This also applies to the LST-1, the first IACT built for the CTAO, which is currently taking data on the Canary island of La Palma. This paper introduces a new event reconstruction technique for IACT data, aiming to improve the image reconstruction quality and the discrimination between the signal and the background from misidentified hadrons and electrons. The technique models the development of the extensive air shower signal, recorded as a waveform per pixel, seen by CTAO telescopes' cameras. Model parameters are subsequently passed to random forest regressors and classifiers to extract information on the primary particle. The new reconstruction was applied to simulated data and to data from observations of the Crab Nebula performed by the LST-1. The event reconstruction method presented here shows promising performance improvements. The angular and energy resolution, and the sensitivity, are improved by 10 to 20% over most of the energy range. At low energy, improvements reach up to 22%, 47%, and 50%, respectively. A future extension of the method to stereoscopic analysis for telescope arrays will be the next important step. △ Less

Submitted 21 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Accepted in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 691, A328 (2024)

Standardised formats and open-source analysis tools for the MAGIC telescopes data

Authors: S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, A. Babić, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, A. Bautista, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder , et al. (186 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Instruments for gamma-ray astronomy at Very High Energies ($E>100\,{\rm GeV}$) have traditionally derived their scientific results through proprietary data and software. Data standardisation has become a prominent issue in this field both as a requirement for the dissemination of data from the next generation of gamma-ray observatories and as an effective solution to realise public data legacies o… ▽ More Instruments for gamma-ray astronomy at Very High Energies ($E>100\,{\rm GeV}$) have traditionally derived their scientific results through proprietary data and software. Data standardisation has become a prominent issue in this field both as a requirement for the dissemination of data from the next generation of gamma-ray observatories and as an effective solution to realise public data legacies of current-generation instruments. Specifications for a standardised gamma-ray data format have been proposed as a community effort and have already been successfully adopted by several instruments. We present the first production of standardised data from the Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. We converted $166\,{\rm h}$ of observations from different sources and validated their analysis with the open-source software Gammapy. We consider six data sets representing different scientific and technical analysis cases and compare the results obtained analysing the standardised data with open-source software against those produced with the MAGIC proprietary data and software. Aiming at a systematic production of MAGIC data in this standardised format, we also present the implementation of a database-driven pipeline automatically performing the MAGIC data reduction from the calibrated down to the standardised data level. In all the cases selected for the validation, we obtain results compatible with the MAGIC proprietary software, both for the manual and for the automatic data productions. Part of the validation data set is also made publicly available, thus representing the first large public release of MAGIC data. This effort and this first data release represent a technical milestone toward the realisation of a public MAGIC data legacy. △ Less

Submitted 7 October, 2024; v1 submitted 27 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the Journal of High Energy Astrophysics

Journal ref: Journal of High Energy Astrophysics, Volume 44, pp. 266-278, November 2024

First operation of LArTPC in the stratosphere as an engineering GRAMS balloon flight (eGRAMS)

Authors: R. Nakajima, S. Arai, K. Aoyama, Y. Utsumi, T. Tamba, H. Odaka, M. Tanaka, K. Yorita, S. Arai, T. Aramaki, J. Asaadi, A. Bamba, N. Cannady, P. Coppi, G. De Nolfo, M. Errando, L. Fabris, T. Fujiwara, Y. Fukazawa, P. Ghosh, K. Hagino, T. Hakamata, U. Hijikata, N. Hiroshima, M. Ichihashi , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: GRAMS (Gamma-Ray and AntiMatter Survey) is a next-generation balloon/satellite experiment utilizing a LArTPC (Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber), to simultaneously target astrophysical observations of cosmic MeV gamma-rays and conduct an indirect dark matter search using antimatter. While LArTPCs are widely used in particle physics experiments, they have never been operated at balloon altitudes… ▽ More GRAMS (Gamma-Ray and AntiMatter Survey) is a next-generation balloon/satellite experiment utilizing a LArTPC (Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber), to simultaneously target astrophysical observations of cosmic MeV gamma-rays and conduct an indirect dark matter search using antimatter. While LArTPCs are widely used in particle physics experiments, they have never been operated at balloon altitudes. An engineering balloon flight with a small-scale LArTPC (eGRAMS) was conducted on July 27th, 2023, to establish a system for safely operating a LArTPC at balloon altitudes and to obtain cosmic-ray data from the LArTPC. The flight was launched from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's (JAXA) Taiki Aerospace Research Field in Hokkaido, Japan. The total flight duration was 3 hours and 12 minutes, including a level flight of 44 minutes at a maximum altitude of 28.9 km. The flight system was landed on the sea and successfully recovered. The LArTPC was successfully operated throughout the flight, and about 0.5 million events of the cosmic-ray data including muons, protons, and Compton scattering gamma-ray candidates, were collected. This pioneering flight demonstrates the feasibility of operating a LArTPC in high-altitude environments, paving the way for future GRAMS missions and advancing our capabilities in MeV gamma-ray astronomy and dark matter research. △ Less

Submitted 25 November, 2024; v1 submitted 20 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Journal ref: Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Volume 2024, Issue 12, December 2024, 123F01

Performance evaluation of the high-voltage CMOS active pixel sensor AstroPix for gamma-ray space telescopes

Authors: Yusuke Suda, Regina Caputo, Amanda L. Steinhebel, Nicolas Striebig, Manoj Jadhav, Yasushi Fukazawa, Masaki Hashizume, Carolyn Kierans, Richard Leys, Jessica Metcalfe, Michela Negro, Ivan Perić, Jeremy S. Perkins, Taylor Shin, Hiroyasu Tajima, Daniel Violette, Norito Nakano

Abstract: AstroPix is a novel monolithic high-voltage CMOS active pixel sensor proposed for next generation medium-energy gamma-ray observatories like the All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer (AMEGO-X). For AMEGO-X AstroPix must maintain a power consumption of less than $1.5~\rm{mW/{cm}^2}$ while having a pixel pitch of up to $500~\rm{μm}$. We developed the second and third versions of Astro… ▽ More AstroPix is a novel monolithic high-voltage CMOS active pixel sensor proposed for next generation medium-energy gamma-ray observatories like the All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer (AMEGO-X). For AMEGO-X AstroPix must maintain a power consumption of less than $1.5~\rm{mW/{cm}^2}$ while having a pixel pitch of up to $500~\rm{μm}$. We developed the second and third versions of AstroPix, namely AstroPix2 and AstroPix3. AstroPix2 and AstroPix3 exhibit power consumptions of $3.4~\rm{mW/{cm}^2}$ and $4.1~\rm{mW/{cm}^2}$, respectively. While AstroPix2 has a pixel pitch of $250~\rm{μm}$, AstroPix3 achieves the desired size for AMEGO-X with a pixel pitch of $500~\rm{μm}$. Performance evaluation of a single pixel in an AstroPix2 chip revealed a dynamic range from 13.9 keV to 59.5 keV, with the energy resolution meeting the AMEGO-X target value ($<10\%$ (FWHM) at 60 keV). We performed energy calibration on most of the pixels in an AstroPix3 chip, yielding a mean energy resolution of 6.2 keV (FWHM) at 59.5 keV, with 44.4% of the pixels satisfying the target value. The dynamic range of AstroPix3 was assessed to span from 22.2 keV to 122.1 keV. The expansion of the depletion layer aligns with expectations in both AstroPix2 and AstroPix3. Furthermore, radiation tolerance testing was conducted on AstroPix. An AstroPix2 chip was subjected to an equivalent exposure of approximately 10 Gy from a high-intensity $\rm{^{60}Co}$ source. The chip was fully operational after irradiation although a decrease in gain by approximately 4% was observed. △ Less

Submitted 23 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 8 pages, 15 figures, HSTD13 proceedings, accepted for publication in Nucl. Instrum. Methods A

The path toward 500 $μ$m depletion of AstroPix, a pixelated silicon HVCMOS sensor for space and EIC

Authors: Amanda L. Steinhebel, Jennifer Ott, Olivia Kroger, Regina Caputo, Vitaliy Fadeyev, Anthony Affolder, Kirsten Affolder, Aware Deshmukh, Nicolas Striebig, Manoj Jadhav, Yusuke Suda, Yasushi Fukazawa, Jessica Metcalfe, Richard Leys, Ivan Peric, Taylor, Shin, Daniel Violette

Abstract: The precise reconstruction of Compton-scatter events is paramount for an imaging medium-energy gamma-ray telescope. The proposed AMEGO-X is enabled by a silicon tracker utilizing AstroPix chips - a pixelated silicon HVCMOS sensor novel for space use. To achieve science goals, each 500 x 500 $μ$m$^2$ pixel must be sensitive for energy deposits ranging from 25 - 700 keV with an energy resolution of… ▽ More The precise reconstruction of Compton-scatter events is paramount for an imaging medium-energy gamma-ray telescope. The proposed AMEGO-X is enabled by a silicon tracker utilizing AstroPix chips - a pixelated silicon HVCMOS sensor novel for space use. To achieve science goals, each 500 x 500 $μ$m$^2$ pixel must be sensitive for energy deposits ranging from 25 - 700 keV with an energy resolution of 5 keV at 122 keV (< 10%). This is achieved through depletion of the 500 $μ$m thick sensor, although complete depletion poses an engineering and design challenge. This work will summarize the current status of depletion measurements highlighting direct measurement with TCT laser scanning and the agreement with simulation. Future plans for further testing will also be identified. △ Less

Submitted 8 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 13 pages, proceedings, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024, June 16-21 2024

A detailed study of the very-high-energy Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1

Authors: CTA-LST Project, :, K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, N. Alvarez Crespo, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, A. Arbet-Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, P. Aubert, A. Baktash, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, L. Baroncelli, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batkovic, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González , et al. (272 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Context: There are currently three pulsars firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), two of them reaching TeV energies, challenging models of very-high-energy (VHE) emission in pulsars. More precise observations are needed to better characterize pulsar emission at these energies. The LST-1 is the prototype of the Large-Sized Telescope, that will be part of the Cherenkov… ▽ More Context: There are currently three pulsars firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), two of them reaching TeV energies, challenging models of very-high-energy (VHE) emission in pulsars. More precise observations are needed to better characterize pulsar emission at these energies. The LST-1 is the prototype of the Large-Sized Telescope, that will be part of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). Its improved performance over previous IACTs makes it well suited for studying pulsars. Aims: To study the Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1, improving and complementing the results from other telescopes. These observations can also be used to characterize the potential of the LST-1 to study other pulsars and detect new ones. Methods: We analyzed a total of $\sim$103 hours of gamma-ray observations of the Crab pulsar conducted with the LST-1 in the period from September 2020 to January 2023. The observations were carried out at zenith angles less than 50 degrees. A new analysis of the Fermi-LAT data was also performed, including $\sim$14 years of observations. Results: The Crab pulsar phaseogram, long-term light-curve, and phase-resolved spectra are reconstructed with the LST-1 from 20 GeV to 450 GeV for P1 and up to 700 GeV for P2. The pulsed emission is detected with a significance of 15.2$σ$. The two characteristic emission peaks of the Crab pulsar are clearly detected (>10$σ$), as well as the so-called bridge emission (5.7$σ$). We find that both peaks are well described by power laws, with spectral indices of $\sim$3.44 and $\sim$3.03 respectively. The joint analysis of Fermi-LAT and LST-1 data shows a good agreement between both instruments in the overlapping energy range. The detailed results obtained in the first observations of the Crab pulsar with LST-1 show the potential that CTAO will have to study this type of sources. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: Accepted by A&A

Constraints on Lorentz invariance violation from the extraordinary Mrk 421 flare of 2014 using a novel analysis method

Authors: MAGIC Collaboration, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, A. Babić, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, A. Bautista, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete , et al. (192 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV), a proposed consequence of certain quantum gravity (QG) scenarios, could instigate an energy-dependent group velocity for ultra-relativistic particles. This energy dependence, although suppressed by the massive QG energy scale $E_\mathrm{QG}$, expected to be on the level of the Planck energy $1.22 \times 10^{19}$ GeV, is potentially detectable in astrophysica… ▽ More The Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV), a proposed consequence of certain quantum gravity (QG) scenarios, could instigate an energy-dependent group velocity for ultra-relativistic particles. This energy dependence, although suppressed by the massive QG energy scale $E_\mathrm{QG}$, expected to be on the level of the Planck energy $1.22 \times 10^{19}$ GeV, is potentially detectable in astrophysical observations. In this scenario, the cosmological distances traversed by photons act as an amplifier for this effect. By leveraging the observation of a remarkable flare from the blazar Mrk\,421, recorded at energies above 100 GeV by the MAGIC telescopes on the night of April 25 to 26, 2014, we look for time delays scaling linearly and quadratically with the photon energies. Using for the first time in LIV studies a binned-likelihood approach we set constraints on the QG energy scale. For the linear scenario, we set $95\%$ lower limits $E_\mathrm{QG}>2.7\times10^{17}$ GeV for the subluminal case and $E_\mathrm{QG}> 3.6 \times10^{17}$ GeV for the superluminal case. For the quadratic scenario, the $95\%$ lower limits for the subluminal and superluminal cases are $E_\mathrm{QG}>2.6 \times10^{10}$ GeV and $E_\mathrm{QG}>2.5\times10^{10}$ GeV, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 11 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Journal ref: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 07 p.044 (2024)

Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2018 EHT Campaign including a Very High Energy Flaring Episode

Authors: J. C. Algaba, M. Balokovic, S. Chandra, W. Y. Cheong, Y. Z. Cui, F. D'Ammando, A. D. Falcone, N. M. Ford, M. Giroletti, C. Goddi, M. A. Gurwell, K. Hada, D. Haggard, S. Jorstad, A. Kaur, T. Kawashima, S. Kerby, J. Y. Kim, M. Kino, E. V. Kravchenko, S. S. Lee, R. S. Lu, S. Markoff, J. Michail, J. Neilsen , et al. (721 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The nearby elliptical galaxy M87 contains one of the only two supermassive black holes whose emission surrounding the event horizon has been imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). In 2018, more than two dozen multi-wavelength (MWL) facilities (from radio to gamma-ray energies) took part in the second M87 EHT campaign. The goal of this extensive MWL campaign was to better understand the physi… ▽ More The nearby elliptical galaxy M87 contains one of the only two supermassive black holes whose emission surrounding the event horizon has been imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). In 2018, more than two dozen multi-wavelength (MWL) facilities (from radio to gamma-ray energies) took part in the second M87 EHT campaign. The goal of this extensive MWL campaign was to better understand the physics of the accreting black hole M87*, the relationship between the inflow and inner jets, and the high-energy particle acceleration. Understanding the complex astrophysics is also a necessary first step towards performing further tests of general relativity. The MWL campaign took place in April 2018, overlapping with the EHT M87* observations. We present a new, contemporaneous spectral energy distribution (SED) ranging from radio to very high energy (VHE) gamma-rays, as well as details of the individual observations and light curves. We also conduct phenomenological modelling to investigate the basic source properties. We present the first VHE gamma-ray flare from M87 detected since 2010. The flux above 350 GeV has more than doubled within a period of about 36 hours. We find that the X-ray flux is enhanced by about a factor of two compared to 2017, while the radio and millimetre core fluxes are consistent between 2017 and 2018. We detect evidence for a monotonically increasing jet position angle that corresponds to variations in the bright spot of the EHT image. Our results show the value of continued MWL monitoring together with precision imaging for addressing the origins of high-energy particle acceleration. While we cannot currently pinpoint the precise location where such acceleration takes place, the new VHE gamma-ray flare already presents a challenge to simple one-zone leptonic emission model approaches, and emphasises the need for combined image and spectral modelling. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2024; v1 submitted 24 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 46 pages, 23 figures, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics on August. 29, 2024

Journal ref: A&A 692, A140 (2024)

Dark Matter Line Searches with the Cherenkov Telescope Array

Authors: S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Acharyya, R. Adam, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, A. Aguirre-Santaella, J. Alfaro, R. Alfaro, N. Alvarez-Crespo, R. Alves Batista, J. -P. Amans, E. Amato, G. Ambrosi, L. Angel, C. Aramo, C. Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, L. Arrabito, K. Asano, Y. Ascasibar, J. Aschersleben, H. Ashkar , et al. (540 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Monochromatic gamma-ray signals constitute a potential smoking gun signature for annihilating or decaying dark matter particles that could relatively easily be distinguished from astrophysical or instrumental backgrounds. We provide an updated assessment of the sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to such signals, based on observations of the Galactic centre region as well as of sele… ▽ More Monochromatic gamma-ray signals constitute a potential smoking gun signature for annihilating or decaying dark matter particles that could relatively easily be distinguished from astrophysical or instrumental backgrounds. We provide an updated assessment of the sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to such signals, based on observations of the Galactic centre region as well as of selected dwarf spheroidal galaxies. We find that current limits and detection prospects for dark matter masses above 300 GeV will be significantly improved, by up to an order of magnitude in the multi-TeV range. This demonstrates that CTA will set a new standard for gamma-ray astronomy also in this respect, as the world's largest and most sensitive high-energy gamma-ray observatory, in particular due to its exquisite energy resolution at TeV energies and the adopted observational strategy focussing on regions with large dark matter densities. Throughout our analysis, we use up-to-date instrument response functions, and we thoroughly model the effect of instrumental systematic uncertainties in our statistical treatment. We further present results for other potential signatures with sharp spectral features, e.g.~box-shaped spectra, that would likewise very clearly point to a particle dark matter origin. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2024; v1 submitted 7 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 44 pages JCAP style (excluding author list and references), 19 figures; minor changes to match published version

Journal ref: JCAP 07 (2024) 047

The variability patterns of the TeV blazar PG 1553+113 from a decade of MAGIC and multi-band observations

Authors: MAGIC Collaboration, H. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, V. A. Acciari, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, D. Baack, A. Babić, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder, C. Bigongiari , et al. (242 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: PG 1553+113 is one of the few blazars with a convincing quasi-periodic emission in the gamma-ray band. The source is also a very high-energy (VHE; >100 GeV) gamma-ray emitter. To better understand its properties and identify the underlying physical processes driving its variability, the MAGIC Collaboration initiated a multiyear, multiwavelength monitoring campaign in 2015 involving the OVRO 40-m a… ▽ More PG 1553+113 is one of the few blazars with a convincing quasi-periodic emission in the gamma-ray band. The source is also a very high-energy (VHE; >100 GeV) gamma-ray emitter. To better understand its properties and identify the underlying physical processes driving its variability, the MAGIC Collaboration initiated a multiyear, multiwavelength monitoring campaign in 2015 involving the OVRO 40-m and Medicina radio telescopes, REM, KVA, and the MAGIC telescopes, Swift and Fermi satellites, and the WEBT network. The analysis presented in this paper uses data until 2017 and focuses on the characterization of the variability. The gamma-ray data show a (hint of a) periodic signal compatible with literature, but the X-ray and VHE gamma-ray data do not show statistical evidence for a periodic signal. In other bands, the data are compatible with the gamma-ray period, but with a relatively high p-value. The complex connection between the low and high-energy emission and the non-monochromatic modulation and changes in flux suggests that a simple one-zone model is unable to explain all the variability. Instead, a model including a periodic component along with multiple emission zones is required. △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 19 pages, 9 figures. Corresponding authors: Elisa Prandini, Antonio Stamerra, Talvikki Hovatta

Possible scenario of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in the interacting instanton liquid model

Authors: Yamato Suda, Daisuke Jido

Abstract: We compute the vacuum energy density as a function of the quark condensate in the interacting instanton liquid model (IILM) and examine the pattern of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking from its behavior around the origin. This evaluation is performed by using simulation results of the IILM. We find that chiral symmetry is broken in the U(1)_A anomaly assisted way in the IILM with three-flavor dyn… ▽ More We compute the vacuum energy density as a function of the quark condensate in the interacting instanton liquid model (IILM) and examine the pattern of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking from its behavior around the origin. This evaluation is performed by using simulation results of the IILM. We find that chiral symmetry is broken in the U(1)_A anomaly assisted way in the IILM with three-flavor dynamical quarks. We call such a symmetry breaking the anomaly-driven breaking which is one of the scenarios of chiral symmetry breaking proposed in the context of the chiral effective theories. We also find that the instanton-quark interaction included in the IILM plays a crucial role for the anomaly-driven breaking by comparing the full and the quenched IILM calculations. △ Less

Submitted 8 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 12 pages, 7 figures, 11 tables

Performance and first measurements of the MAGIC Stellar Intensity Interferometer

Authors: MAGIC Collaboration, S. Abe, J. Abhir, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, A. Babić, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, A. Bautista, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, E. Bernardini, M. Bernardos, J. Bernete, A. Berti , et al. (195 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In recent years, a new generation of optical intensity interferometers has emerged, leveraging the existing infrastructure of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). The MAGIC telescopes host the MAGIC-SII system (Stellar Intensity Interferometer), implemented to investigate the feasibility and potential of this technique on IACTs. After the first successful measurements in 2019, the sys… ▽ More In recent years, a new generation of optical intensity interferometers has emerged, leveraging the existing infrastructure of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). The MAGIC telescopes host the MAGIC-SII system (Stellar Intensity Interferometer), implemented to investigate the feasibility and potential of this technique on IACTs. After the first successful measurements in 2019, the system was upgraded and now features a real-time, dead-time-free, 4-channel, GPU-based correlator. These hardware modifications allow seamless transitions between MAGIC's standard very-high-energy gamma-ray observations and optical interferometry measurements within seconds. We establish the feasibility and potential of employing IACTs as competitive optical Intensity Interferometers with minimal hardware adjustments. The measurement of a total of 22 stellar diameters are reported, 9 corresponding to reference stars with previous comparable measurements, and 13 with no prior measurements. A prospective implementation involving telescopes from the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory's northern hemisphere array, such as the first prototype of its Large-Sized Telescopes, LST-1, is technically viable. This integration would significantly enhance the sensitivity of the current system and broaden the UV-plane coverage. This advancement would enable the system to achieve competitive sensitivity with the current generation of long-baseline optical interferometers over blue wavelengths. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 13 figures, submitted to MNRAS

Insights into the broad-band emission of the TeV blazar Mrk 501 during the first X-ray polarization measurements

Authors: S. Abe, J. Abhir, V. A. Acciari, A. Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, K. Asano, A. Babić, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, A. Bautista, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, M. Bernardos, J. Bernete, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder , et al. (239 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first multi-wavelength study of Mrk 501 including very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray observations simultaneous to X-ray polarization measurements from the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). We use radio-to-VHE data from a multi-wavelength campaign organized between 2022-03-01 and 2022-07-19. The observations were performed by MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift (XRT and UVOT), and… ▽ More We present the first multi-wavelength study of Mrk 501 including very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray observations simultaneous to X-ray polarization measurements from the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). We use radio-to-VHE data from a multi-wavelength campaign organized between 2022-03-01 and 2022-07-19. The observations were performed by MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift (XRT and UVOT), and several instruments covering the optical and radio bands. During the IXPE pointings, the VHE state is close to the average behavior with a 0.2-1 TeV flux of 20%-50% the emission of the Crab Nebula. Despite the average VHE activity, an extreme X-ray behavior is measured for the first two IXPE pointings in March 2022 with a synchrotron peak frequency >1 keV. For the third IXPE pointing in July 2022, the synchrotron peak shifts towards lower energies and the optical/X-ray polarization degrees drop. The X-ray polarization is systematically higher than at lower energies, suggesting an energy-stratification of the jet. While during the IXPE epochs the polarization angle in the X-ray, optical and radio bands align well, we find a clear discrepancy in the optical and radio polarization angles in the middle of the campaign. We model the broad-band spectra simultaneous to the IXPE pointings assuming a compact zone dominating in the X-rays and VHE, and an extended zone stretching further downstream the jet dominating the emission at lower energies. NuSTAR data allow us to precisely constrain the synchrotron peak and therefore the underlying electron distribution. The change between the different states observed in the three IXPE pointings can be explained by a change of magnetization and/or emission region size, which directly connects the shift of the synchrotron peak to lower energies with the drop in polarization degree. △ Less

Submitted 1 September, 2025; v1 submitted 16 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: A&A, 685, A117 (2024). 19 pages, 9 figures. Corresponding authors: Lea Heckmann, Axel Arbet Engels, David Paneque

Constraints on axion-like particles with the Perseus Galaxy Cluster with MAGIC

Authors: MAGIC Collaboration, H. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, V. A. Acciari, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, D. Baack, A. Babić, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti , et al. (189 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Axion-like particles (ALPs) are pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons that emerge in various theories beyond the standard model. These particles can interact with high-energy photons in external magnetic fields, influencing the observed gamma-ray spectrum. This study analyzes 41.3 hrs of observational data from the Perseus Galaxy Cluster collected with the MAGIC telescopes. We focused on the spectra the r… ▽ More Axion-like particles (ALPs) are pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons that emerge in various theories beyond the standard model. These particles can interact with high-energy photons in external magnetic fields, influencing the observed gamma-ray spectrum. This study analyzes 41.3 hrs of observational data from the Perseus Galaxy Cluster collected with the MAGIC telescopes. We focused on the spectra the radio galaxy in the center of the cluster: NGC 1275. By modeling the magnetic field surrounding this target, we searched for spectral indications of ALP presence. Despite finding no statistical evidence of ALP signatures, we were able to exclude ALP models in the sub-micro electronvolt range. Our analysis improved upon previous work by calculating the full likelihood and statistical coverage for all considered models across the parameter space. Consequently, we achieved the most stringent limits to date for ALP masses around 50 neV, with cross sections down to $g_{aγ} = 3 \times 10^{-12}$ GeV$^{-1}$. △ Less

Submitted 15 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 25 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Physics of the Dark Universe

First characterization of the emission behavior of Mrk421 from radio to VHE gamma rays with simultaneous X-ray polarization measurements

Authors: S. Abe, J. Abhir, V. A. Acciari, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, A. Babić, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland , et al. (229 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We perform the first broadband study of Mrk421 from radio to TeV gamma rays with simultaneous measurements of the X-ray polarization from IXPE. The data were collected within an extensive multiwavelength campaign organized between May and June 2022 using MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, XMM-Newton, Swift, and several optical and radio telescopes to complement IXPE. During the IXPE exposures, the measured… ▽ More We perform the first broadband study of Mrk421 from radio to TeV gamma rays with simultaneous measurements of the X-ray polarization from IXPE. The data were collected within an extensive multiwavelength campaign organized between May and June 2022 using MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, XMM-Newton, Swift, and several optical and radio telescopes to complement IXPE. During the IXPE exposures, the measured 0.2-1 TeV flux is close to the quiescent state and ranges from 25% to 50% of the Crab Nebula without intra-night variability. Throughout the campaign, the VHE and X-ray emission are positively correlated at a $4σ$ significance level. The IXPE measurements unveil a X-ray polarization degree that is a factor of 2-5 higher than in the optical/radio bands; that implies an energy-stratified jet in which the VHE photons are emitted co-spatially with the X-rays, in the vicinity of a shock front. The June 2022 observations exhibit a rotation of the X-ray polarization angle. Despite no simultaneous VHE coverage being available during a large fraction of the swing, the Swift-XRT monitoring unveils an X-ray flux increase with a clear spectral hardening. It suggests that flares in high synchrotron peaked blazars can be accompanied by a polarization angle rotation, as observed in some flat spectrum radio quasars. Finally, during the polarization angle rotation, NuSTAR data reveal two contiguous spectral hysteresis loops in opposite directions (clockwise and counter-clockwise), implying important changes in the particle acceleration efficiency on $\sim$hour timescales. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 29 pages, 22 figures. Corresponding authors: Axel Arbet Engels, Felix Schmuckermaier, David Paneque

Chasing Gravitational Waves with the Cherenkov Telescope Array

Authors: Jarred Gershon Green, Alessandro Carosi, Lara Nava, Barbara Patricelli, Fabian Schüssler, Monica Seglar-Arroyo, Cta Consortium, :, Kazuki Abe, Shotaro Abe, Atreya Acharyya, Remi Adam, Arnau Aguasca-Cabot, Ivan Agudo, Jorge Alfaro, Nuria Alvarez-Crespo, Rafael Alves Batista, Jean-Philippe Amans, Elena Amato, Filippo Ambrosino, Ekrem Oguzhan Angüner, Lucio Angelo Antonelli, Carla Aramo, Cornelia Arcaro, Luisa Arrabito , et al. (545 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star merger by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (GW170817), along with the discovery of the electromagnetic counterparts of this gravitational wave event, ushered in a new era of multimessenger astronomy, providing the first direct evidence that BNS mergers are progenitors of short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Such events may also produce very… ▽ More The detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star merger by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (GW170817), along with the discovery of the electromagnetic counterparts of this gravitational wave event, ushered in a new era of multimessenger astronomy, providing the first direct evidence that BNS mergers are progenitors of short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Such events may also produce very-high-energy (VHE, > 100GeV) photons which have yet to be detected in coincidence with a gravitational wave signal. The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is a next-generation VHE observatory which aims to be indispensable in this search, with an unparalleled sensitivity and ability to slew anywhere on the sky within a few tens of seconds. New observing modes and follow-up strategies are being developed for CTA to rapidly cover localization areas of gravitational wave events that are typically larger than the CTA field of view. This work will evaluate and provide estimations on the expected number of of gravitational wave events that will be observable with CTA, considering both on- and off-axis emission. In addition, we will present and discuss the prospects of potential follow-up strategies with CTA. △ Less

Submitted 5 February, 2024; v1 submitted 11 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: Presented at the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2023), 2023 (arXiv:2309.08219)

Report number: CTA-ICRC/2023/30

MAGIC detection of GRB 201216C at $z=1.1$

Authors: H. Abe, S. Abe, V. A. Acciari, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, M. Artero, K. Asano, D. Baack, A. Babić, A. Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder, C. Bigongiari , et al. (195 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are explosive transient events occurring at cosmological distances, releasing a large amount of energy as electromagnetic radiation over several energy bands. We report the detection of the long GRB~201216C by the MAGIC telescopes. The source is located at $z=1.1$ and thus it is the farthest one detected at very high energies. The emission above \SI{70}{\GeV} of GRB~201216C… ▽ More Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are explosive transient events occurring at cosmological distances, releasing a large amount of energy as electromagnetic radiation over several energy bands. We report the detection of the long GRB~201216C by the MAGIC telescopes. The source is located at $z=1.1$ and thus it is the farthest one detected at very high energies. The emission above \SI{70}{\GeV} of GRB~201216C is modelled together with multi-wavelength data within a synchrotron and synchrotron-self Compton (SSC) scenario. We find that SSC can explain the broadband data well from the optical to the very-high-energy band. For the late-time radio data, a different component is needed to account for the observed emission. Differently from previous GRBs detected in the very-high-energy range, the model for GRB~201216C strongly favors a wind-like medium. The model parameters have values similar to those found in past studies of the afterglows of GRBs detected up to GeV energies. △ Less

Submitted 10 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: 13 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Journal ref: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 527, Issue 3, January 2024, Pages 5856-5867