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Observation of disorder-induced superfluidity
Authors:
Nicole Ticea,
Elias Portoles,
Eliott Rosenberg,
Alexander Schuckert,
Aaron Szasz,
Bryce Kobrin,
Nicolas Pomata,
Pranjal Praneel,
Connie Miao,
Shashwat Kumar,
Ella Crane,
Ilya Drozdov,
Yuri Lensky,
Sofia Gonzalez-Garcia,
Thomas Kiely,
Dmitry Abanin,
Amira Abbas,
Rajeev Acharya,
Laleh Aghababaie Beni,
Georg Aigeldinger,
Ross Alcaraz,
Sayra Alcaraz,
Markus Ansmann,
Frank Arute,
Kunal Arya
, et al. (277 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The emergence of states with long-range correlations in a disordered landscape is rare, as disorder typically suppresses the particle mobility required for long-range coherence. But when more than two energy levels are available per site, disorder can induce resonances that locally enhance mobility. Here we explore phases arising from the interplay between disorder, kinetic energy, and interaction…
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The emergence of states with long-range correlations in a disordered landscape is rare, as disorder typically suppresses the particle mobility required for long-range coherence. But when more than two energy levels are available per site, disorder can induce resonances that locally enhance mobility. Here we explore phases arising from the interplay between disorder, kinetic energy, and interactions on a superconducting processor with qutrit readout and control. Compressibility measurements distinguish an incompressible Mott insulator from surrounding compressible phases and reveal signatures of glassiness, reflected in non-ergodic behavior. Spatially-resolved two-point correlator measurements identify regions of the phase diagram with a non-vanishing condensate fraction. We also visualize the spectrum by measuring the dynamical structure factor. A linearly-dispersing phonon mode materializes in the superfluid, appearing even when disorder is introduced to the clean Mott insulator. Our results provide strong experimental evidence for disorder-induced superfluidity.
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Submitted 24 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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A comprehensive analysis of the $B^0\to K^{*0}μ^+μ^-$ decay
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
M. Akthar,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis
, et al. (1177 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
An analysis of the $B^{0}\rightarrow K^{*0}(\to K^+ π^-)μ^{+}μ^{-}$ decay is presented using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 8.4 fb$^{-1}$. The full set of $CP$-averaged and $CP$-asymmetric angular observables is determined in bins of the invariant mass squared of the dimuon system, as well as the branching fraction relati…
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An analysis of the $B^{0}\rightarrow K^{*0}(\to K^+ π^-)μ^{+}μ^{-}$ decay is presented using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 8.4 fb$^{-1}$. The full set of $CP$-averaged and $CP$-asymmetric angular observables is determined in bins of the invariant mass squared of the dimuon system, as well as the branching fraction relative to the $B^{0}\rightarrow J/ψ(\toμ^{+}μ^{-})K^+π^-$ decay. For the first time, the full set of observables pertaining to the $K^+π^-$ S-wave contribution to the final state are presented and consideration is given to effects arising from the mass of the muons. The measurements of the $CP$-averaged observables and the branching fractions continue to exhibit the pattern of tensions with the Standard Model predictions that have been seen in previous analyses that use part of the dataset considered in this study. The extracted $CP$-asymmetry observables show no significant deviations from zero.
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Submitted 19 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Search for heavy neutral leptons in B-meson decays
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis,
L. An
, et al. (1177 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for long-lived heavy neutral leptons produced in B-meson decays and decaying to a $ μ^\pm π^\mp$ final state is performed with data collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The results are interpreted in both lepton-number-conserving and lepton-number-violating sce…
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A search for long-lived heavy neutral leptons produced in B-meson decays and decaying to a $ μ^\pm π^\mp$ final state is performed with data collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The results are interpreted in both lepton-number-conserving and lepton-number-violating scenarios. No significant excess is observed. Constraints are placed on the squared mixing element $|U_{μN}|^2$ to the active muon neutrino, under the assumption that couplings to other lepton flavours are negligible, in the mass range of $1.6$-$5.5$ GeV.
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Submitted 16 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Georeferencing complex relative locality descriptions with large language models
Authors:
Aneesha Fernando,
Surangika Ranathunga,
Kristin Stock,
Raj Prasanna,
Christopher B. Jones
Abstract:
Georeferencing text documents has typically relied on either gazetteer-based methods to assign geographic coordinates to place names, or on language modelling approaches that associate textual terms with geographic locations. However, many location descriptions specify positions relatively with spatial relationships, making geocoding based solely on place names or geo-indicative words inaccurate.…
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Georeferencing text documents has typically relied on either gazetteer-based methods to assign geographic coordinates to place names, or on language modelling approaches that associate textual terms with geographic locations. However, many location descriptions specify positions relatively with spatial relationships, making geocoding based solely on place names or geo-indicative words inaccurate. This issue frequently arises in biological specimen collection records, where locations are often described through narratives rather than coordinates if they pre-date GPS. Accurate georeferencing is vital for biodiversity studies, yet the process remains labour-intensive, leading to a demand for automated georeferencing solutions. This paper explores the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) to georeference complex locality descriptions automatically, focusing on the biodiversity collections domain. We first identified effective prompting patterns, then fine-tuned an LLM using Quantized Low-Rank Adaptation (QLoRA) on biodiversity datasets from multiple regions and languages. Our approach outperforms existing baselines with an average, across datasets, of 65% of records within a 10 km radius, for a fixed amount of training data. The best results (New York state) were 85% within 10km and 67% within 1km. The selected LLM performs well for lengthy, complex descriptions, highlighting its potential for georeferencing intricate locality descriptions.
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Submitted 16 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Magic state cultivation on a superconducting quantum processor
Authors:
Emma Rosenfeld,
Craig Gidney,
Gabrielle Roberts,
Alexis Morvan,
Nathan Lacroix,
Dvir Kafri,
Jeffrey Marshall,
Ming Li,
Volodymyr Sivak,
Dmitry Abanin,
Amira Abbas,
Rajeev Acharya,
Laleh Aghababaie Beni,
Georg Aigeldinger,
Ross Alcaraz,
Sayra Alcaraz,
Trond I. Andersen,
Markus Ansmann,
Frank Arute,
Kunal Arya,
Walt Askew,
Nikita Astrakhantsev,
Juan Atalaya,
Ryan Babbush,
Brian Ballard
, et al. (270 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Fault-tolerant quantum computing requires a universal gate set, but the necessary non-Clifford gates represent a significant resource cost for most quantum error correction architectures. Magic state cultivation offers an efficient alternative to resource-intensive distillation protocols; however, testing the proposal's assumptions represents a challenging departure from quantum memory experiments…
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Fault-tolerant quantum computing requires a universal gate set, but the necessary non-Clifford gates represent a significant resource cost for most quantum error correction architectures. Magic state cultivation offers an efficient alternative to resource-intensive distillation protocols; however, testing the proposal's assumptions represents a challenging departure from quantum memory experiments. We present an experimental study of magic state cultivation on a superconducting quantum processor. We implement cultivation, including code-switching into a surface code, and develop a fault-tolerant measurement protocol to bound the magic state fidelity. Cultivation reduces the error by a factor of 40, with a state fidelity of 0.9999(1) (retaining 8% of attempts). Our results experimentally establish magic state cultivation as a viable solution to one of quantum computing's most significant challenges.
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Submitted 15 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Mid-circuit logic executed in the qubit layer of a quantum processor
Authors:
Cameron Jones,
Piper Wysocki,
MengKe Feng,
Gerardo A. Paz-Silva,
Corey I. Ostrove,
Tuomo Tanttu,
Kenneth M. Rudinger,
Samuel K. Bartee,
Kevin Young,
Fay E. Hudson,
Wee Han Lim,
Nikolay V. Abrosimov,
Hans-Joachim Pohl,
Michael L. W. Thewalt,
Robin Blume-Kohout,
Andrew S. Dzurak,
Andre Saraiva,
Arne Laucht,
Chih Hwan Yang
Abstract:
Practical quantum computers need to continuously exchange data between classical and quantum subsystems during a computation. Mid-circuit measurements of a qubits state are transferred to the classical electronics layer, and their outcome can inform feedforward operations that close the loop back to the quantum layer. These operations are crucial for fault-tolerant quantum computers, but the quant…
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Practical quantum computers need to continuously exchange data between classical and quantum subsystems during a computation. Mid-circuit measurements of a qubits state are transferred to the classical electronics layer, and their outcome can inform feedforward operations that close the loop back to the quantum layer. These operations are crucial for fault-tolerant quantum computers, but the quantum-classical loop must be completed before the qubits decohere, presenting a substantial engineering challenge for full-scale systems comprising millions of qubits. Here we perform the first mid-circuit measurements in a system of silicon spin qubits, and show that feedforward operations can be performed without needing to route information to the classical layer. This in-layer approach leverages a backaction-driven control technique that has previously been considered a source of error. We benchmark our in-layer strategy, together with the standard FPGA-enabled approach, and analyse the performance of both methods using gate set tomography. Our results provide the first step towards moving resource-intensive classical processing into the quantum layer, an advance that could solve key engineering challenges, and drastically reduce the power budget of future quantum computers.
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Submitted 14 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Pivot-Only Azimuthal Control and Attitude Estimation of Balloon-borne Payloads
Authors:
Philippe Voyer,
Simon Tartakovsky,
Steven J. Benton,
William C. Jones
Abstract:
This paper presents an attitude estimation and yaw-rate control framework for balloon-borne payloads using pivot-only actuation, motivated by the Taurus experiment. Taurus is a long-duration balloon instrument designed for rapid azimuthal scanning at approximately 30 deg/s using a motorized pivot at the flight-train connection, without a reaction wheel. We model the gondola as a rigid body subject…
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This paper presents an attitude estimation and yaw-rate control framework for balloon-borne payloads using pivot-only actuation, motivated by the Taurus experiment. Taurus is a long-duration balloon instrument designed for rapid azimuthal scanning at approximately 30 deg/s using a motorized pivot at the flight-train connection, without a reaction wheel. We model the gondola as a rigid body subject to realistic disturbances and sensing limitations, and implement a Multiplicative Extended Kalman Filter (MEKF) that estimates attitude and gyroscope bias by fusing inertial and vector-camera measurements. A simple PI controller uses the estimated states to regulate yaw rate. Numerical simulations incorporating representative disturbance and measurement noise levels are used to evaluate closed-loop control performance and MEKF behavior under flight-like conditions. Experimental tests on the Taurus gondola validate the pivot-only approach, demonstrating stable high-rate tracking under realistic hardware constraints. The close agreement between simulation and experiment indicates that the simplified rigid-body model captures the dominant dynamics relevant for controller design and integrated estimation-and-control development.
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Submitted 12 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Measurement of the top-quark production cross-section and charge asymmetry at LHCb
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
M. Akthar,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis
, et al. (1170 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The first measurements of the top- and antitop-quark differential production cross-sections and the top-quark charge asymmetry in the forward region are presented, using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 $fb^{-1}$. The total production cross-sections of top and antitop quarks are also…
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The first measurements of the top- and antitop-quark differential production cross-sections and the top-quark charge asymmetry in the forward region are presented, using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 $fb^{-1}$. The total production cross-sections of top and antitop quarks are also determined. Measurements are performed using the $μ+b\text{-jet}$ final state within a fiducial region defined by a $b\text{-jet}$ $p_{\text{T, jet}}>50$ GeV and pseudorapidity $2.2<η_{\text{jet}}<4.0$,, with the muon from the $W$-boson decay required to have $p_{\text{T},μ}>25$ GeV and pseudorapidity $2.0<η_μ<4.5$. The muon and $b$-jet system must satisfy $p_{T}(μ+\text{jet}) > 20$ GeV. The measured integrated production cross-sections for the top and antitop quarks are $σ_{t} = 0.95 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.08 \pm 0.02$ pb, $σ_{\bar{t}} = 0.81 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.02$ pb, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third accounts for the luminosity uncertainty. The top-quark charge asymmetry is measured to be $A_C^{t} = 0.08 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.01$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. These results are consistent with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.
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Submitted 12 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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GA-NIFS: Powerful and frequent outflows in moderate-luminosity AGN at $z\sim3-6$
Authors:
Giacomo Venturi,
Stefano Carniani,
Elena Bertola,
Chiara Circosta,
Eleonora Parlanti,
Michele Perna,
Santiago Arribas,
Torsten Böker,
Andrew Bunker,
Stéphane Charlot,
Francesco D'Eugenio,
Roberto Maiolino,
Bruno Rodríguez del Pino,
Hannah Übler,
Giovanni Cresci,
Gareth C. Jones,
Nimisha Kumari,
Isabella Lamperti,
Madeline A. Marshall,
Jan Scholtz,
Sandra Zamora
Abstract:
The period between z ~ 3-6, a key transformational phase in galaxy evolution preceding `cosmic noon' (z ~ 1-3), is very poorly explored in terms of feedback from AGN acting through gas outflows. In this work, we study the properties of outflows in AGN (mostly X-ray-selected) from the GOODS-S field, exploiting JWST NIRSpec IFU observations as part of the GA-NIFS GTO survey. Together with its twin s…
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The period between z ~ 3-6, a key transformational phase in galaxy evolution preceding `cosmic noon' (z ~ 1-3), is very poorly explored in terms of feedback from AGN acting through gas outflows. In this work, we study the properties of outflows in AGN (mostly X-ray-selected) from the GOODS-S field, exploiting JWST NIRSpec IFU observations as part of the GA-NIFS GTO survey. Together with its twin sub-sample from COSMOS reported in a previous GA-NIFS work, this constitutes the largest spatially resolved sample of AGN outflows at these redshifts to date, comprising 16 targets with outflows (out of a total of 19 AGN), and probes the unexplored regime of AGN at z ~ 3-6 with bolometric luminosities ~$10^{45-46}$ erg/s. We mapped the rest-optical ionised gas emission lines at sub-kpc scales and spectrally isolated the broad wings tracing fast outflows from the gas at rest in the host galaxies. The incidence of ionised outflows in the GOODS-S + COSMOS GA-NIFS sample is high (>75\%), among the highest at any redshift. We inferred outflow velocities between ~600-2000 km/s, maximum radii of <1-4 kpc, and ionised gas mass outflow rates of ~0.1-100 $M_\odot$/yr, which in some cases can exceed the host galaxy star formation rate (SFR). We find that the outflow properties inferred for the GOODS-S + COSMOS GA-NIFS AGN sample and their relations with $L_{\rm bol}$ and SFR generally align with those observed for other spatially resolved literature samples of AGN outflows across different redshifts and AGN luminosities. Nonetheless, after accounting for any luminosity bias, our analysis suggests a cosmic evolution of the outflow properties, with higher median mass outflow rates (and possibly also mass loading factors) at higher redshifts, especially at z>3, indicating that AGN outflows were stronger in the early Universe than at later times, and thus potentially more capable of affecting their host galaxy.
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Submitted 10 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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No evidence for accretion around the intermediate-mass black hole in Omega Centauri
Authors:
Angiraben D. Mahida,
Arash Bahramian,
James C. A. Miller Jones,
Susmita Sett,
Kristen Dage,
Jay Strader,
Timothy J. Galvin,
Alessandro Paduano
Abstract:
For over a decade, both theoretical predictions and observational studies have suggested that $ω$ Centauri ($ω$ Cen), the most massive Milky Way globular cluster, might harbor an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH). Recently, identification of fast-moving stars in the core of $ω$ Cen provided the strongest evidence to date for the presence of such an IMBH. One of the key questions in the study of…
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For over a decade, both theoretical predictions and observational studies have suggested that $ω$ Centauri ($ω$ Cen), the most massive Milky Way globular cluster, might harbor an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH). Recently, identification of fast-moving stars in the core of $ω$ Cen provided the strongest evidence to date for the presence of such an IMBH. One of the key questions in the study of IMBHs is their accretion efficiency, which determines their radio and X-ray signatures. We investigate the accretion signature of the IMBH in $ω$ Cen with ultra-deep radio continuum observations of the central region of the cluster. Using approximately 170 hours of Australia Telescope Compact Array observations, we achieve a root mean square noise of 1.1 $μ$Jy at 7.25 GHz, making this the most sensitive radio image of the cluster to date. We detect no radio emission at any of the proposed centers of the cluster, imposing stringent constraints on the presence of an accreting IMBH in $ω$ Cen. Considering the fundamental plane of black hole activity, our findings indicate that the accretion efficiency around the black hole is exceptionally low (with a conservative 3-$σ$ upper limit of $ε\lesssim 4\times10^{-3}$).
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Submitted 10 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Representation Invariance and Allocation: When Subgroup Balance Matters
Authors:
Anissa Alloula,
Charles Jones,
Zuzanna Wakefield-Skorniewska,
Francesco Quinzan,
Bartłomiej Papież
Abstract:
Unequal representation of demographic groups in training data poses challenges to model generalisation across populations. Standard practice assumes that balancing subgroup representation optimises performance. However, recent empirical results contradict this assumption: in some cases, imbalanced data distributions actually improve subgroup performance, while in others, subgroup performance remai…
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Unequal representation of demographic groups in training data poses challenges to model generalisation across populations. Standard practice assumes that balancing subgroup representation optimises performance. However, recent empirical results contradict this assumption: in some cases, imbalanced data distributions actually improve subgroup performance, while in others, subgroup performance remains unaffected by the absence of an entire subgroup during training. We conduct a systematic study of subgroup allocation across four vision and language models, varying training data composition to characterise the sensitivity of subgroup performance to data balance. We propose the latent separation hypothesis, which states that a partially fine-tuned model's dependence on subgroup representation is determined by the degree of separation between subgroups in the latent space of the pre-trained model. We formalise this hypothesis, provide theoretical analysis, and validate it empirically. Finally, we present a practical application to foundation model fine-tuning, demonstrating that quantitative analysis of latent subgroup separation can inform data collection and balancing decisions.
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Submitted 10 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Personalized Building Climate Control with Contextual Preferential Bayesian Optimization
Authors:
Wenbin Wang,
Jicheng Shi,
Colin N. Jones
Abstract:
Efficient tuning of building climate controllers to optimize occupant utility is essential for ensuring overall comfort and satisfaction. However, this is a challenging task since the latent utility are difficult to measure directly. Time-varying contextual factors, such as outdoor temperature, further complicate the problem. To address these challenges, we propose a contextual preferential Bayesi…
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Efficient tuning of building climate controllers to optimize occupant utility is essential for ensuring overall comfort and satisfaction. However, this is a challenging task since the latent utility are difficult to measure directly. Time-varying contextual factors, such as outdoor temperature, further complicate the problem. To address these challenges, we propose a contextual preferential Bayesian optimization algorithm that leverages binary preference feedback together with contextual information to enable efficient real-time controller tuning. We validate the approach by tuning an economic MPC controller on BOPTEST, a high-fidelity building simulation platform. Over a two-month simulation period, our method outperforms the baseline controller and achieves an improvement of up to 23% in utility. Moreover, for different occupant types, we demonstrate that the algorithm automatically adapts to individual preferences, enabling personalized controller tuning.
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Submitted 10 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Precision measurement of CP violation and branching fractions in $B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} h^{\pm}$ $(h = π, K)$ decays and search for the rare decay $B_c^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm}$
Authors:
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
M. Akthar,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis,
L. An
, et al. (1174 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
An analysis of the decays $B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} π^{\pm}$ and $B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm}$ is performed using proton--proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4fb$^{-1}$. The CP asymmetries are determined to be…
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An analysis of the decays $B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} π^{\pm}$ and $B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm}$ is performed using proton--proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4fb$^{-1}$. The CP asymmetries are determined to be ${\cal A}^{CP}(B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} π^{\pm}) = -0.028 \pm 0.009 \pm 0.009$ and ${\cal A}^{CP}(B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm}) = 0.118 \pm 0.062 \pm 0.031$, and the branching-fraction ratio is measured to be ${\cal B}(B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm}) / {\cal B}(B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} π^{\pm}) = 0.055 \pm 0.004 \pm 0.002$, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. These results are the most precise measurements of these quantities to date. A search for the rare decay $B_c^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm}$ is also performed. No significant signal is observed, and the upper limit on the product of the branching-fraction ratio ${\cal B}(B_c^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm}) / {\cal B}(B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} π^{\pm})$ and the fragmentation-fraction ratio $f_c/f_u$ is set to be 0.015 (0.016) at the 90% (95%) confidence level.
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Submitted 9 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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GA-NIFS: Understanding the ionization nature of EGSY8p7/CEERS-1019. Evidence for a star formation-driven outflow at z = 8.6
Authors:
Sandra Zamora,
Stefano Carniani,
Elena Bertola,
Eleonora Parlanti,
Pablo G. Pérez-González,
Santiago Arribas,
Torsten Böker,
Andrew J. Bunker,
Francesco D'Eugenio,
Roberto Maiolino,
Michele Perna,
Bruno Rodríguez Del Pino,
Hannah Übler,
Giovanni Cresci,
Gareth C. Jones,
Isabella Lamperti,
Jan Scholtz,
Bartolomeo Trefoloni,
Giacomo Venturi
Abstract:
Understanding the physical conditions and feedback mechanisms in early massive galaxies is essential to uncover how they formed and evolved during the first billion years of the Universe. In this context, the galaxy EGSY8p7/CEERS-1019 at z=8.6 provides an excellent benchmark, given its stellar mass of $10^{9.3}M_\odot$ and elevated N/O abundance despite its sub-solar metallicity. In this study, we…
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Understanding the physical conditions and feedback mechanisms in early massive galaxies is essential to uncover how they formed and evolved during the first billion years of the Universe. In this context, the galaxy EGSY8p7/CEERS-1019 at z=8.6 provides an excellent benchmark, given its stellar mass of $10^{9.3}M_\odot$ and elevated N/O abundance despite its sub-solar metallicity. In this study, we present new JWST/NIRSpec observations offering the first spatially resolved spectroscopy of this galaxy, with higher sensitivity and spectral resolution than previous studies. We identify broad (FWHM=650km/s) H$β$ and [OIII] emission components whose emission is located between the two rest-frame UV clumps of the galaxy and extended over a distance of $\sim1kpc$. The morphology and kinematics of these components indicate that the broad emission arises from outflowing gas rather than from an AGN broad-line region. The kinetic energy injection rate from stellar feedback is an order of magnitude higher than that of the outflow, while the radiation pressure rate is comparable to the outflow momentum rate. These results suggest that stellar feedback alone can drive the outflow, with radiation pressure potentially providing the required momentum transfer. We derive a low mass-loading factor ($η=0.16$) and ionizing photon escape fraction ($f_{esc}=0.021\pm0.014$). Together with the high electron density measured ($n_e=2200cm^{-3}$), these results support the interpretation that most of the gas remains confined within the galaxy. Comparisons of diagnostic emission-line ratios with photoionization and shock models support a star-formation-driven ionization scenario, ruling out any excitation by AGN radiation. Finally, the absence of detectable Wolf-Rayet features suggests that alternative mechanisms must be considered to explain the high N/O ratio in this galaxy.
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Submitted 9 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Probing jet base emission of M87* with the 2021 Event Horizon Telescope observations
Authors:
Saurabh,
Hendrik Müller,
Sebastiano D. von Fellenberg,
Paul Tiede,
Michael Janssen,
Lindy Blackburn,
Avery E. Broderick,
Erandi Chavez,
Boris Georgiev,
Thomas P. Krichbaum,
Kotaro Moriyama,
Dhanya G. Nair,
Iniyan Natarajan,
Jongho Park,
Andrew Thomas West,
Maciek Wielgus,
Kazunori Akiyama,
Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz,
Antxon Alberdi,
Walter Alef,
Juan Carlos Algaba,
Richard Anantua,
Keiichi Asada,
Rebecca Azulay,
Uwe Bach
, et al. (260 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We investigate the presence and spatial characteristics of the jet base emission in M87* at 230 GHz, enabled by the enhanced uv coverage in the 2021 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations. The addition of the 12-m Kitt Peak Telescope and NOEMA provides two key intermediate-length baselines to SMT and the IRAM 30-m, giving sensitivity to emission structures at scales of $\sim250~μ$as and…
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We investigate the presence and spatial characteristics of the jet base emission in M87* at 230 GHz, enabled by the enhanced uv coverage in the 2021 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations. The addition of the 12-m Kitt Peak Telescope and NOEMA provides two key intermediate-length baselines to SMT and the IRAM 30-m, giving sensitivity to emission structures at scales of $\sim250~μ$as and $\sim2500~μ$as (0.02 pc and 0.2 pc). Without these baselines, earlier EHT observations lacked the capability to constrain emission on large scales, where a "missing flux" of order $\sim1$ Jy is expected. To probe these scales, we analyzed closure phases, robust against station-based gain errors, and modeled the jet base emission using a simple Gaussian offset from the compact ring emission at separations $>100~μ$as. Our analysis reveals a Gaussian feature centered at ($Δ$RA $\approx320~μ$as, $Δ$Dec $\approx60~μ$as), a projected separation of $\approx5500$ AU, with a flux density of only $\sim60$ mJy, implying that most of the missing flux in previous studies must arise from larger scales. Brighter emission at these scales is ruled out, and the data do not favor more complex models. This component aligns with the inferred direction of the large-scale jet and is consistent with emission from the jet base. While our findings indicate detectable jet base emission at 230 GHz, coverage from only two intermediate baselines limits reconstruction of its morphology. We therefore treat the recovered Gaussian as an upper limit on the jet base flux density. Future EHT observations with expanded intermediate-baseline coverage will be essential to constrain the structure and nature of this component.
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Submitted 1 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Exploring the binary origin of B and Be rapid rotators
Authors:
Jonathan Labadie-Bartz,
Mark Suffak,
Carol Jones,
Yaël Nazé,
Ken Gayley,
Geraldine Peters,
Rina Rast,
Anusha Ravikumar,
Asif ud-Doula,
Coralie Neiner,
Jeremy J. Drake
Abstract:
Observational evidence has continued to mount that a significant fraction of rapidly rotating early-B type stars are products of binary mass transfer. However, very few mid- and late-type B stars with rapid rotation have been demonstrated to be post-interaction products, despite a growing sample of SB1 binaries among stars within this range of spectral types. By considering the currently available…
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Observational evidence has continued to mount that a significant fraction of rapidly rotating early-B type stars are products of binary mass transfer. However, very few mid- and late-type B stars with rapid rotation have been demonstrated to be post-interaction products, despite a growing sample of SB1 binaries among stars within this range of spectral types. By considering the currently available information over the entire range of rapidly rotating B-type binaries, we argue that a significant fraction of the mid- and late-type rapid rotators found in binaries are also likely the result of past mass transfer episodes. The observed properties of this sample are compared to the predictions from the Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis code (BPASS), with attention given to the expected evolutionary pathways of stripped stars and the stellar and binary properties of both components of post-interaction systems across a range of initial conditions. Prospects for directly detecting and characterizing the stripped cores of the previous mass donors in such systems are described, and the implications for the role of binary interaction in causing rapid rotation are discussed. An accurate description of prevalence of binary interaction, the physics of mass transfer, and the post-interaction configuration of systems over a range of initial conditions has far-reaching implications including double-degenerate binaries and their eventual mergers, the output of ionizing UV flux of stellar populations, and the supernova explosions that can arise from stripped or rapidly-rotating progenitors.
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Submitted 9 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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A scalable and real-time neural decoder for topological quantum codes
Authors:
Andrew W. Senior,
Thomas Edlich,
Francisco J. H. Heras,
Lei M. Zhang,
Oscar Higgott,
James S. Spencer,
Taylor Applebaum,
Sam Blackwell,
Justin Ledford,
Akvilė Žemgulytė,
Augustin Žídek,
Noah Shutty,
Andrew Cowie,
Yin Li,
George Holland,
Peter Brooks,
Charlie Beattie,
Michael Newman,
Alex Davies,
Cody Jones,
Sergio Boixo,
Hartmut Neven,
Pushmeet Kohli,
Johannes Bausch
Abstract:
Fault-tolerant quantum computing will require error rates far below those achievable with physical qubits. Quantum error correction (QEC) bridges this gap, but depends on decoders being simultaneously fast, accurate, and scalable. This combination of requirements has not yet been met by a machine-learning decoder, nor by any decoder for promising resource-efficient codes such as the colour code. H…
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Fault-tolerant quantum computing will require error rates far below those achievable with physical qubits. Quantum error correction (QEC) bridges this gap, but depends on decoders being simultaneously fast, accurate, and scalable. This combination of requirements has not yet been met by a machine-learning decoder, nor by any decoder for promising resource-efficient codes such as the colour code. Here we introduce AlphaQubit 2, a neural-network decoder that achieves near-optimal logical error rates for both surface and colour codes at large scales under realistic noise. For the colour code, it is orders of magnitude faster than other high-accuracy decoders. For the surface code, we demonstrate real-time decoding faster than 1 microsecond per cycle up to distance 11 on current commercial accelerators with better accuracy than leading real-time decoders. These results support the practical application of a wider class of promising QEC codes, and establish a credible path towards high-accuracy, real-time neural decoding at the scales required for fault-tolerant quantum computation.
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Submitted 8 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Reasoning about concurrent loops and recursion with rely-guarantee rules
Authors:
Ian J. Hayes,
Larissa A. Meinicke,
Cliff B. Jones
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to present general, mechanically verified, refinement rules for reasoning about recursive programs and while loops in the context of concurrency. Unlike many approaches to concurrency, we do not assume that expression evaluation is atomic. We make use of the rely-guarantee approach to concurrency that facilitates reasoning about interference from concurrent threads i…
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The objective of this paper is to present general, mechanically verified, refinement rules for reasoning about recursive programs and while loops in the context of concurrency. Unlike many approaches to concurrency, we do not assume that expression evaluation is atomic. We make use of the rely-guarantee approach to concurrency that facilitates reasoning about interference from concurrent threads in a compositional manner. Recursive programs can be defined as fixed points over a lattice of commands and hence we develop laws for reasoning about fixed points. Loops can be defined in terms of fixed points and hence the laws for recursion can be applied to develop laws for loops.
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Submitted 5 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Numerically Reliable Brunovsky Transformations
Authors:
Shaohui Yang,
Colin N. Jones
Abstract:
The Brunovsky canonical form provides sparse structural representations that are beneficial for computational optimal control, yet existing methods fail to compute it reliably. We propose a technique that produces Brunovsky transformations with substantially lower construction errors and improved conditioning. A controllable linear system is first reduced to staircase form via an orthogonal simila…
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The Brunovsky canonical form provides sparse structural representations that are beneficial for computational optimal control, yet existing methods fail to compute it reliably. We propose a technique that produces Brunovsky transformations with substantially lower construction errors and improved conditioning. A controllable linear system is first reduced to staircase form via an orthogonal similarity transformation. We then derive a simple linear parametrization of the transformations yielding the unique Brunovsky form. Numerical stability is further enhanced by applying a deadbeat gain before computing system matrix powers and by optimizing the linear parameters to minimize condition numbers.
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Submitted 5 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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GA-NIFS: A smouldering disk galaxy undergoing ordered rotation at z=4.26
Authors:
Gareth C. Jones,
Roberto Maiolino,
Francesco D'Eugenio,
Santiago Arribas,
Andrew J. Bunker,
Stephane Charlot,
Michele Perna,
Bruno Rodriguez del Pino,
Hannah Übler,
Torsten Böker,
Giovanni Cresci,
Isabella Lamperti,
Eleonora Parlanti,
Robert Pascalau,
Jan Scholtz,
Sandra Zamora
Abstract:
Rotating galaxies with relaxed gaseous disks have been discovered across cosmic time, from the local Universe to high redshift (z>4). But few such sources have been confirmed at z>4, making them a precious sample to examine what conditions result in such ordered kinematics in an early, more chaotic Universe. One of the best examples of this sample is the galaxy DLA0817g1 (z=4.2603), which shows re…
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Rotating galaxies with relaxed gaseous disks have been discovered across cosmic time, from the local Universe to high redshift (z>4). But few such sources have been confirmed at z>4, making them a precious sample to examine what conditions result in such ordered kinematics in an early, more chaotic Universe. One of the best examples of this sample is the galaxy DLA0817g1 (z=4.2603), which shows remarkably clear rotation in ALMA [CII] data. We present recent JWST/NIRSpec IFU data (R~2700) of DLA0817g1, which we combine with archival ALMA [CII] observations to place constraints on its ISM conditions and morpho-kinematics. From a combination of line ratios, we find a high gas-phase metallicity (~0.7 solar), high fraction of obscured star formation, low ionisation (compared to other high-redshift galaxies observed with JWST), and no significant evidence for AGN (based on the WHAN diagnostic). Dynamical modelling with 3DBarolo reveal nearly identical rotation in Halpha and [CII], but with a higher velocity dispersion in the former. Using our metallicity estimate and previous CO and [CII] detections, we derive a new estimate of the molecular gas mass, relieving a previous strain in the mass budget. Altogether, we suggest that this is a 'smouldering' galaxy, where past star formation resulted in significant chemical enrichment (i.e., Zgas and Mdust), but the current activity is low (i.e., lower ionisation parameter and electron temperature). These new observations have opened a window into questions regarding the interplay of gas, metallicity, star formation, and kinematics in a prototypical early disk galaxy.
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Submitted 4 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Measurement of the branching fractions and longitudinal polarisations of $B^0_{(s)} \to K^{*0} \kern 0.18em \overline{\kern -0.18em K}{}^{*0}$ decays
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis,
L. An
, et al. (1180 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A time- and flavour-integrated amplitude analysis of $B^0$ and $B^0_s$ decays to the $(K^+π^-)(K^-π^+)$ final state in the $K^*(892)^0 \kern 0.18em \overline{\kern -0.18em K}{}^{*}(892)^0$ region is presented, using $pp$ collision data recorded with the LHCb detector in 2011--2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $9\,\text{fb}^{-1}$. The branching fractions of the $B^0$ and $B^0_s$ de…
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A time- and flavour-integrated amplitude analysis of $B^0$ and $B^0_s$ decays to the $(K^+π^-)(K^-π^+)$ final state in the $K^*(892)^0 \kern 0.18em \overline{\kern -0.18em K}{}^{*}(892)^0$ region is presented, using $pp$ collision data recorded with the LHCb detector in 2011--2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $9\,\text{fb}^{-1}$. The branching fractions of the $B^0$ and $B^0_s$ decays are measured relative to the $B^0 \to D^-π^+$ and $B^0_s \to D^-_s π^+$ modes, respectively. The corresponding longitudinal polarisation fractions are found to be $f_L^{d} = 0.600 \pm 0.022 \pm 0.017$ and $f_L^{s} = 0.159 \pm 0.010 \pm 0.007$, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The theory-motivated $L_{K^{*0} \kern 0.18em \overline{\kern -0.18em K}{}^{*0}}$ observable is found to be $L_{K^{*0} \kern 0.18em \overline{\kern -0.18em K}{}^{*0}} = 4.92 \pm 0.55 \pm 0.47 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.10$, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, due to uncertainty of external mass and lifetime measurements, and due to knowledge of the fragmentation fraction ratio, respectively. This confirms the previously reported tension between experimental determinations and theoretical predictions of longitudinal polarisation in $B \to VV$ decays.
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Submitted 4 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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BlendedNet++: A Large-Scale Blended Wing Body Aerodynamics Dataset and Benchmark
Authors:
Nicholas Sung,
Steven Spreizer,
Mohamed Elrefaie,
Matthew C. Jones,
Faez Ahmed
Abstract:
Despite progress in machine learning-based aerodynamic surrogates, the scarcity of large, field-resolved datasets limits progress on accurate pointwise prediction and reproducible inverse design for aircraft. We introduce BlendedNet++, a large-scale aerodynamic dataset and benchmark focused on blended wing body (BWB) aircraft. The dataset contains over 12,000 unique geometries, each simulated at a…
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Despite progress in machine learning-based aerodynamic surrogates, the scarcity of large, field-resolved datasets limits progress on accurate pointwise prediction and reproducible inverse design for aircraft. We introduce BlendedNet++, a large-scale aerodynamic dataset and benchmark focused on blended wing body (BWB) aircraft. The dataset contains over 12,000 unique geometries, each simulated at a single flight condition, yielding 12,490 aerodynamic results for steady RANS CFD. For every case, we provide (i) integrated force/moment coefficients CL, CD, CM and (ii) dense surface fields of pressure and skin friction coefficients Cp and (Cfx, Cfy, Cfz). Using this dataset, we standardize a forward-surrogate benchmark to predict pointwise fields across six model families: GraphSAGE, GraphUNet, PointNet, a coordinate Transformer (Transolver-style), a FiLMNet (coordinate MLP with feature-wise modulation), and a Graph Neural Operator Transformer (GNOT). Finally, we present an inverse design task of achieving a specified lift-to-drag ratio under fixed flight conditions, implemented via a conditional diffusion model. To assess performance, we benchmark this approach against gradient-based optimization on the same surrogate and a diffusion-optimization hybrid that first samples with the conditional diffusion model and then further optimizes the designs. BlendedNet++ provides a unified forward and inverse protocol with multi-model baselines, enabling fair, reproducible comparison across architectures and optimization paradigms. We expect BlendedNet++ to catalyze reproducible research in field-level aerodynamics and inverse design; resources (dataset, splits, baselines, and scripts) will be released upon acceptance.
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Submitted 2 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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How much gas and dust is in the $z=5.7$ Lyman Break Galaxy HZ10? An ALMA Band 10 to 4 and JWST/NIRSpec study of its interstellar medium
Authors:
H. S. B. Algera,
R. Herrera-Camus,
M. Aravena,
R. Assef,
T. L. J. C. Bakx,
A. Bolatto,
K. Cescon,
C. -C. Chen,
E. da Cunha,
P. Dayal,
I. De Looze,
T. Diaz-Santos,
A. Faisst,
A. Ferrara,
N. Förster Schreiber,
N. Hathi,
R. Ikeda,
H. Inami,
G. C. Jones,
A. Koekemoer,
D. Lutz,
M. Relaño,
M. Romano,
L. Rowland,
L. Sommovigo
, et al. (4 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A complete overview of the stellar, gas and dust contents of galaxies is key to understanding their assembly at early times. However, an estimation of molecular and atomic gas reservoirs at high redshift relies on various indirect tracers, while robust dust mass measurements require multi-band far-infrared continuum observations. We take census of the full baryonic content of the main-sequence sta…
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A complete overview of the stellar, gas and dust contents of galaxies is key to understanding their assembly at early times. However, an estimation of molecular and atomic gas reservoirs at high redshift relies on various indirect tracers, while robust dust mass measurements require multi-band far-infrared continuum observations. We take census of the full baryonic content of the main-sequence star-forming galaxy HZ10 at $z=5.65$, a unique case study where all necessary tracers are available. We present new ALMA Band 10 ($λ_\mathrm{rest}=50μ$m) and Band 4 ($300μ$m) observations towards HZ10, which combined with previously taken ALMA Band 6 through 9 data ($70-200μ$m) constrains its dust properties. We complete the baryonic picture using archival high-resolution [CII] observations that provide both a dynamical mass and molecular and atomic gas mass estimates, a JVLA CO(2-1)-based molecular gas mass, and JWST metallicity and stellar mass measurements. We detect continuum emission from HZ10 in Bands 10 and 4 at the $3.4-4.0σ$ level, and measure a dust temperature of $T_\mathrm{dust} = 37_{-5}^{+6}$K and dust mass $\log(M_\mathrm{dust}/M_\odot) = 8.0 \pm 0.1$. Leveraging the dynamical constraints, we infer its total gas budget, and find that commonly used [CII]-to-H$_2$ and [CII]-to-HI conversions overpredict the gas mass relative to the dynamical mass. For this reason, we derive a [CII]-to-total ISM mass (atomic + molecular) conversion factor, which for HZ10 corresponds to $α_\mathrm{[CII]}^\mathrm{ISM} = 39^{+50}_{-25}M_\odot L_\odot^{-1}$. We also find that HZ10 falls below the local scaling relation between dust-to-gas ratio and metallicity, suggesting inefficient ISM dust growth. These results demonstrate a powerful synergy between ALMA and JWST in disentangling the baryonic components of early galaxies, paving the way for future studies of larger samples.
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Submitted 1 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Quantum-Classical Separation in Bounded-Resource Tasks Arising from Measurement Contextuality
Authors:
Shashwat Kumar,
Eliott Rosenberg,
Alejandro Grajales Dau,
Rodrigo Cortinas,
Dmitri Maslov,
Richard Oliver,
Adam Zalcman,
Matthew Neeley,
Alice Pagano,
Aaron Szasz,
Ilya Drozdov,
Zlatko Minev,
Craig Gidney,
Noureldin Yosri,
Stijn J. de Graaf,
Aniket Maiti,
Dmitry Abanin,
Rajeev Acharya,
Laleh Aghababaie Beni,
Georg Aigeldinger,
Ross Alcaraz,
Sayra Alcaraz,
Trond I. Andersen,
Markus Ansmann,
Frank Arute
, et al. (258 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The prevailing view is that quantum phenomena can be harnessed to tackle certain problems beyond the reach of classical approaches. Quantifying this capability as a quantum-classical separation and demonstrating it on current quantum processors has remained elusive. Using a superconducting qubit processor, we show that quantum contextuality enables certain tasks to be performed with success probab…
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The prevailing view is that quantum phenomena can be harnessed to tackle certain problems beyond the reach of classical approaches. Quantifying this capability as a quantum-classical separation and demonstrating it on current quantum processors has remained elusive. Using a superconducting qubit processor, we show that quantum contextuality enables certain tasks to be performed with success probabilities beyond classical limits. With a few qubits, we illustrate quantum contextuality with the magic square game, as well as quantify it through a Kochen--Specker--Bell inequality violation. To examine many-body contextuality, we implement the N-player GHZ game and separately solve a 2D hidden linear function problem, exceeding classical success rate in both. Our work proposes novel ways to benchmark quantum processors using contextuality-based algorithms.
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Submitted 1 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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A warmstarting technique for general conic optimization in interior point methods
Authors:
Yuwen Chen,
Paul Goulart,
Colin Jones
Abstract:
We propose a novel warmstarting method for primal-dual interior point methods based on a smoothing operator that generates a starting point on the central path from the previous optimum. Compared to traditional approaches that prioritize minimizing infeasibility residuals, our method focuses on maintaining proximity to the central path. Computation of a smoothing operator is efficient and can be p…
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We propose a novel warmstarting method for primal-dual interior point methods based on a smoothing operator that generates a starting point on the central path from the previous optimum. Compared to traditional approaches that prioritize minimizing infeasibility residuals, our method focuses on maintaining proximity to the central path. Computation of a smoothing operator is efficient and can be parallelized for conic constraints. We also prove that the residual of the smoothed starting point remains comparable to the one before the smoothing step. The numerical tests show that the proposed warmstarting strategy can reduce iteration numbers and computational time effectively across test problems.
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Submitted 29 November, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Observation of the rare baryonic decay $B^{+}\rightarrow p \bar{\itΛ}$ and measurement of its weak decay parameter
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis,
L. An
, et al. (1179 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The first observation of the decay $B^{+}\rightarrow p \bar{\itΛ}$ is presented, using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment between 2016 and 2018 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The signal significance exceeds seven standard deviations. Using the…
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The first observation of the decay $B^{+}\rightarrow p \bar{\itΛ}$ is presented, using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment between 2016 and 2018 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The signal significance exceeds seven standard deviations. Using the $B^{+} \rightarrow K^{\mathrm{0}}_{\mathrm{S}} π^{+}$ decay as a normalization channel, the branching fraction is measured and combined with previous LHCb results based on data collected at 7 and 8 TeV in 2011 and 2012, yielding $\mathcal{B}(B^{+}\rightarrow p \bar{\itΛ})=(1.24\pm 0.17\pm 0.05\pm 0.03)\times 10^{-7}$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third comes from the uncertainty on the branching fraction of the normalization channel. The $B^{+}\rightarrow p \bar{\itΛ}$ weak decay parameter is measured to be $α_B = 0.87_{-0.29}^{+0.26} \pm 0.09$, indicating the presence of comparable S-wave and P-wave decay amplitudes.
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Submitted 3 December, 2025; v1 submitted 29 November, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Extracting Disaster Impacts and Impact Related Locations in Social Media Posts Using Large Language Models
Authors:
Sameeah Noreen Hameed,
Surangika Ranathunga,
Raj Prasanna,
Kristin Stock,
Christopher B. Jones
Abstract:
Large-scale disasters can often result in catastrophic consequences on people and infrastructure. Situation awareness about such disaster impacts generated by authoritative data from in-situ sensors, remote sensing imagery, and/or geographic data is often limited due to atmospheric opacity, satellite revisits, and time limitations. This often results in geo-temporal information gaps. In contrast,…
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Large-scale disasters can often result in catastrophic consequences on people and infrastructure. Situation awareness about such disaster impacts generated by authoritative data from in-situ sensors, remote sensing imagery, and/or geographic data is often limited due to atmospheric opacity, satellite revisits, and time limitations. This often results in geo-temporal information gaps. In contrast, impact-related social media posts can act as "geo-sensors" during a disaster, where people describe specific impacts and locations. However, not all locations mentioned in disaster-related social media posts relate to an impact. Only the impacted locations are critical for directing resources effectively. e.g., "The death toll from a fire which ripped through the Greek coastal town of #Mati stood at 80, with dozens of people unaccounted for as forensic experts tried to identify victims who were burned alive #Greecefires #AthensFires #Athens #Greece." contains impacted location "Mati" and non-impacted locations "Greece" and "Athens". This research uses Large Language Models (LLMs) to identify all locations, impacts and impacted locations mentioned in disaster-related social media posts. In the process, LLMs are fine-tuned to identify only impacts and impacted locations (as distinct from other, non-impacted locations), including locations mentioned in informal expressions, abbreviations, and short forms. Our fine-tuned model demonstrates efficacy, achieving an F1-score of 0.69 for impact and 0.74 for impacted location extraction, substantially outperforming the pre-trained baseline. These robust results confirm the potential of fine-tuned language models to offer a scalable solution for timely decision-making in resource allocation, situational awareness, and post-disaster recovery planning for responders.
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Submitted 23 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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First observation of the $\overline{B}_{s}^{0}\toΛ_{c}^{+}\overlineΛ_{c}{}^{-}$ decay and evidence for the $\overline{B}^{0}\toΛ_{c}^{+}\overlineΛ_{c}{}^{-}$ decay
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
M. Akthar,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis
, et al. (1181 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search is presented for the two-body charmed baryonic decays $\overline{B}_{(s)}^{0}\toΛ_{c}^{+}\overlineΛ_{c}{}^{-}$, using a data sample collected by the LHCb experiment during 2011--2012 and 2015--2018 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $9\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The first observation of the $\overline{B}_{s}^{0}\toΛ_{c}^{+}\overlineΛ_{c}{}^{-}$ decay is reported with $6.2σ$ significanc…
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A search is presented for the two-body charmed baryonic decays $\overline{B}_{(s)}^{0}\toΛ_{c}^{+}\overlineΛ_{c}{}^{-}$, using a data sample collected by the LHCb experiment during 2011--2012 and 2015--2018 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $9\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The first observation of the $\overline{B}_{s}^{0}\toΛ_{c}^{+}\overlineΛ_{c}{}^{-}$ decay is reported with $6.2σ$ significance, along with $4.3σ$ evidence for the $\overline{B}^{0}\toΛ_{c}^{+}\overlineΛ_{c}{}^{-}$ decay. The branching fractions are measured to be $\mathcal{B}{}(\overline{B}^{0}\toΛ_{c}^{+}\overlineΛ_{c}{}^{-}) = (1.01^{+0.27}_{-0.28} \pm 0.08 \pm 0.15) \times 10^{-5}$ and $\mathcal{B}{}(\overline{B}_{s}^{0}\toΛ_{c}^{+}\overlineΛ_{c}{}^{-}) = (5.0 \pm 1.3 \pm 0.5 \pm 0.8) \times 10^{-5}$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third due to external inputs. These results provide novel experimental inputs for the theoretical framework describing two-body baryonic decays of $B$ mesons via $W$-emission and $W$-exchange mechanisms.
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Submitted 27 November, 2025; v1 submitted 25 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Observation and investigation of the $T_{c\bar{c}1}(4430)^{+}$ structure in $B^{+} \to ψ(2S) K_{\text{S}}^{0} π^{+}$ decays
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
M. Akthar,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis
, et al. (1181 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The first four-dimensional amplitude analysis of the $B^{+} \to ψ(2S) K_{\text{S}}^{0} π^{+}$ decay is performed with proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at $\sqrt{s} = 13~\rm{TeV}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4~\rm{fb^{-1}}$. The data cannot be fully explained by $B^{+} \to ψ(2S) K^{*+}$ contributions alone. A significantly better description of the…
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The first four-dimensional amplitude analysis of the $B^{+} \to ψ(2S) K_{\text{S}}^{0} π^{+}$ decay is performed with proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at $\sqrt{s} = 13~\rm{TeV}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4~\rm{fb^{-1}}$. The data cannot be fully explained by $B^{+} \to ψ(2S) K^{*+}$ contributions alone. A significantly better description of the data is obtained by adding a $T_{c\bar{c}}^{+}$ contribution decaying to $ψ(2S)π^{+}$. The properties of the $T_{c\bar{c}}^{+}$ structure are consistent with the exotic state $T_{c\bar{c}1}(4430)^{+}$ reported in the isospin-related $\bar{B}^{0} \to ψ(2S) K^{-} π^{+}$ decay. Effects of a possible $T_{c\bar{c}1}(4430)^{+} \to \bar{D}_{1}^{*}(2600)^{0} D^{+}$ decay mode on the $T_{c\bar{c}1}(4430)^{+} \to ψ(2S)π^{+}$ mass distribution are investigated through a Flatté parametrization, providing constraints on the relative decay strength. A description of the $T_{c\bar{c}1}(4430)^{+}$ structure using the triangle singularity mechanism is studied and also found to be consistent with the data.
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Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 25 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Classical Spin Transitions and Absorptive Scattering
Authors:
Juan Pablo Gatica,
Callum R. T. Jones
Abstract:
We describe an on-shell, amplitudes-based approach to incorporating radiation absorption effects in the post-Minkowskian scattering of generic, compact, spinning bodies. Classical spinning observables are recovered by extrapolating to large spin, results calculated with finite quantum spin-$s$ particles using the properties of spin universality and Casimir interpolation. At leading-order our resul…
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We describe an on-shell, amplitudes-based approach to incorporating radiation absorption effects in the post-Minkowskian scattering of generic, compact, spinning bodies. Classical spinning observables are recovered by extrapolating to large spin, results calculated with finite quantum spin-$s$ particles using the properties of spin universality and Casimir interpolation. At leading-order our results give a completely general and non-redundant parametrization of absorptive observables in terms of a finite number of Wilson coefficients associated with 3-particle mass and spin-magnitude changing on-shell amplitudes. We denote these semi-fictitious microscopic processes: \textit{classical spin transitions}. Explicit results for the leading-order impulse due to the absorption of scalar, electromagnetic and gravitational radiation, for spin transitions $Δs = 0,\pm 1, \pm 2$ are given in a fully interpolated form up to $\mathcal{O}\left(S^2\right)$, and Casimir independent contributions given up to $\mathcal{O}\left(S^4\right)$. Our explicit results reveal some surprising universal patterns. We find that, up to identification of Wilson coefficients, the Casimir independent contributions to the impulse for spinning-up and spinning-down by the same magnitude $|Δs|$ are identical. For processes where the quantum $Δs<0$ transition is forbidden, the corresponding classical observable is suppressed in powers of $S$ by a predictable amount. Additionally we find that, while for generic non-aligned spin configurations there is a non-zero scattering angle at leading-order, for aligned spin, similar to non-spinning absorption, the scattering angle vanishes and the impulse is purely longitudinal.
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Submitted 24 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Differential decay rate of $B^+ \to J/ψK^+$ with the LHCb Upgrade I experiment
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
M. Akthar,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis
, et al. (1177 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The normalised decay rate of $B^+ \to J/ψ(\to μ^+μ^-) K^+$ is measured as a function of the lepton helicity angle using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $1.1 \text{fb}^{-1}$ collected during October 2024 with the upgraded (Upgrade I) LHCb detector. This angular distribution can be parameterised by two coefficients, the forward-backward asymmetry, $A_{FB}$, and the flatnes…
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The normalised decay rate of $B^+ \to J/ψ(\to μ^+μ^-) K^+$ is measured as a function of the lepton helicity angle using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $1.1 \text{fb}^{-1}$ collected during October 2024 with the upgraded (Upgrade I) LHCb detector. This angular distribution can be parameterised by two coefficients, the forward-backward asymmetry, $A_{FB}$, and the flatness parameter, $F_{H}$, whose values are constrained by conservation of angular momentum. These coefficients are measured both integrated and differentially across various kinematic and detector-response variables, and the results are found to be in good agreement with expectations. These measurements show that the detector response of the LHCb Upgrade I experiment is understood to the precision required to reliably extract the angular coefficients associated with rare $b \to s μ^+μ^-$ and $b \to d μ^+μ^-$ transitions, which are particularly sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model.
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Submitted 20 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Branching fraction measurement of the $\mathitΛ \to p μ^- \overlineν_μ$ decay
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis,
L. An
, et al. (1185 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A measurement of the branching fraction for the decay $\mathitΛ \to p μ^- \overlineν_μ$ is presented using $\textit{pp}$ collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The analysis is based on data recorded between 2016 and 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4 \ \text{fb}^{-1}$. The result is obtained using $\mathitΛ \to p π^-$ decays as a…
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A measurement of the branching fraction for the decay $\mathitΛ \to p μ^- \overlineν_μ$ is presented using $\textit{pp}$ collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The analysis is based on data recorded between 2016 and 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4 \ \text{fb}^{-1}$. The result is obtained using $\mathitΛ \to p π^-$ decays as a normalisation channel. The measured branching fraction is $B(\mathitΛ \to p μ^- \overlineν_μ)= (1.462 \pm 0.016 \pm 0.100 \pm 0.011 ) \times 10^{-4}$, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and due to the limited knowledge of the normalisation mode branching fraction, respectively. This result improves the precision of the branching fraction measurement by a factor of two compared to the previous best measurement and sets a more stringent bound on lepton flavour universality in $s \to u$ quark transitions. It is consistent with previous measurements, and the extracted lepton flavour universality test observable, $R^{μe} = \frac{Γ(\mathitΛ \to p μ^- \overlineν_μ)}{Γ(\mathitΛ \to p e^- \overlineν_e)} = 0.175 \pm 0.012$, agrees with the Standard Model prediction.
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Submitted 19 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Measurement of charged-hadron distributions in heavy-flavor jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=13 TeV
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
M. Akthar,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis
, et al. (1172 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Charged-hadron distributions in heavy-flavor jets are measured in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV collected by the LHCb experiment. Distributions of the longitudinal momentum fraction, transverse momentum, and radial profile of charged hadrons are measured separately in beauty and charm jets. The distributions are compared to those previously measured by…
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Charged-hadron distributions in heavy-flavor jets are measured in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV collected by the LHCb experiment. Distributions of the longitudinal momentum fraction, transverse momentum, and radial profile of charged hadrons are measured separately in beauty and charm jets. The distributions are compared to those previously measured by the LHCb collaboration in jets produced back-to-back with a $Z$ boson, which in the forward region are primarily light-quark-initiated, to compare the hadronization mechanisms of heavy and light quarks. The observed differences between the heavy- and light-jet distributions are consistent with the heavy-quark dynamics expected to arise from the dead-cone effect, as well as with a hard fragmentation of the heavy-flavor hadron as previously measured in single-hadron fragmentation functions. This measurement provides additional constraints for the extraction of collinear and transverse-momentum-dependent heavy-flavor fragmentation functions and offers another approach to probing the mechanisms that govern heavy-flavor hadronization.
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Submitted 13 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Reinforcement Learning Control of Quantum Error Correction
Authors:
Volodymyr Sivak,
Alexis Morvan,
Michael Broughton,
Matthew Neeley,
Alec Eickbusch,
Dmitry Abanin,
Amira Abbas,
Rajeev Acharya,
Laleh Aghababaie Beni,
Georg Aigeldinger,
Ross Alcaraz,
Sayra Alcaraz,
Trond I. Andersen,
Markus Ansmann,
Frank Arute,
Kunal Arya,
Walt Askew,
Nikita Astrakhantsev,
Juan Atalaya,
Brian Ballard,
Joseph C. Bardin,
Hector Bates,
Andreas Bengtsson,
Majid Bigdeli Karimi,
Alexander Bilmes
, et al. (269 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The promise of fault-tolerant quantum computing is challenged by environmental drift that relentlessly degrades the quality of quantum operations. The contemporary solution, halting the entire quantum computation for recalibration, is unsustainable for the long runtimes of the future algorithms. We address this challenge by unifying calibration with computation, granting the quantum error correcti…
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The promise of fault-tolerant quantum computing is challenged by environmental drift that relentlessly degrades the quality of quantum operations. The contemporary solution, halting the entire quantum computation for recalibration, is unsustainable for the long runtimes of the future algorithms. We address this challenge by unifying calibration with computation, granting the quantum error correction process a dual role: its error detection events are not only used to correct the logical quantum state, but are also repurposed as a learning signal, teaching a reinforcement learning agent to continuously steer the physical control parameters and stabilize the quantum system during the computation. We experimentally demonstrate this framework on a superconducting processor, improving the logical error rate stability of the surface code 3.5-fold against injected drift and pushing the performance beyond what is achievable with state-of-the-art traditional calibration and human-expert tuning. Simulations of surface codes up to distance-15 confirm the scalability of our method, revealing an optimization speed that is independent of the system size. This work thus enables a new paradigm: a quantum computer that learns to self-improve directly from its errors and never stops computing.
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Submitted 4 December, 2025; v1 submitted 11 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Search for $K_{\mathrm{S(L)}}^{0} \rightarrow π^{+}π^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-}$ decays at LHCb
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis,
L. An
, et al. (1180 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for $K_{\mathrm{S(L)}}^{0} \rightarrow π^{+}π^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-}$ decays is performed using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of $13\,\mathrm{TeV}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4\,\mathrm{fb^{-1}}$. No $K_{\mathrm{S(L)}}^{0} \rightarrow π^{+}π^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-}$ signals are found and upper limits are set for the first time…
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A search for $K_{\mathrm{S(L)}}^{0} \rightarrow π^{+}π^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-}$ decays is performed using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of $13\,\mathrm{TeV}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4\,\mathrm{fb^{-1}}$. No $K_{\mathrm{S(L)}}^{0} \rightarrow π^{+}π^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-}$ signals are found and upper limits are set for the first time on the branching fractions $\mathcal{B}(K_\text{S}^{0} \rightarrow π^{+}π^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-}) < 1.4 \times 10^{-9}$ and $\mathcal{B}(K_\text{L}^{0} \rightarrow π^{+}π^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-}) < 6.6 \times 10^{-7}$, at the 90% confidence level.
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Submitted 4 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Parallel KKT Solver in PIQP for Multistage Optimization
Authors:
Fenglong Song,
Roland Schwan,
Yuwen Chen,
Colin N. Jones
Abstract:
This paper presents an efficient parallel Cholesky factorization and triangular solve algorithm for the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) systems arising in multistage optimization problems, with a focus on model predictive control and trajectory optimization for racing. The proposed approach directly parallelizes solving the KKT systems with block-tridiagonal-arrow KKT matrices on the linear algebra level…
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This paper presents an efficient parallel Cholesky factorization and triangular solve algorithm for the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) systems arising in multistage optimization problems, with a focus on model predictive control and trajectory optimization for racing. The proposed approach directly parallelizes solving the KKT systems with block-tridiagonal-arrow KKT matrices on the linear algebra level arising in interior-point methods. The algorithm is implemented as a new backend of the PIQP solver and released as open source. Numerical experiments on the chain-of-masses benchmarks and a minimum curvature race line optimization problem demonstrate substantial performance gains compared to other state-of-the-art solvers.
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Submitted 2 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Predicting the spatial distribution and demographics of commercial swine farms in the United States
Authors:
Felipe E. Sanchez,
Thomas A. Lake,
Jason A. Galvis,
Chris Jones,
Gustavo Machado
Abstract:
Data on livestock farm locations and demographics are essential for disease monitoring, risk assessment, and developing spatially explicit epidemiological models. Our semantic segmentation model achieved an F2 score of 92 % and a mean Intersection over Union of 76 %. An initial total of 194,474 swine barn candidates were identified in the Southeast (North Carolina = 111,135, South Carolina = 37,26…
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Data on livestock farm locations and demographics are essential for disease monitoring, risk assessment, and developing spatially explicit epidemiological models. Our semantic segmentation model achieved an F2 score of 92 % and a mean Intersection over Union of 76 %. An initial total of 194,474 swine barn candidates were identified in the Southeast (North Carolina = 111,135, South Carolina = 37,264 Virginia = 46,075) and 524,962 in the Midwest (Iowa = 168,866 Minnesota = 165,714 Ohio = 190,382). The post processing Random Forest classifier reduced false positives by 82 % in the Southeast and 88 % in the Midwest, resulting in 45,580 confirmed barn polygons. These were grouped into 16,976 predicted farms and classified into one of the four production types. Population sizes were then estimated using the Random Forest regression model, with prediction accuracy varying by production type. Across all farms, 87 % of predictions for operations with 1,000 2,000 pigs were within 500 pigs of the reference value, with nursery farms showing the highest agreement (R2= 0.82), followed by finisher farms (R2 = 0.77) and sow farms (R2 = 0.56). Our results revealed substantial gaps in the existing spatial and demographic data on U.S. swine production.
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Submitted 31 October, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Predicted observational effects of rapid rotation for Be stars
Authors:
Rina G. Rast,
Carol E. Jones,
Mark W. Suffak,
Jonathan Labadie-Bartz,
Asif ud Doula,
Alex C. Carciofi,
Peter Quigley,
Coralie Neiner,
Jeremy J. Drake
Abstract:
We conduct a systematic study on the effects of rapid rotation on predicted Be star observables. We use the three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, \textsc{hdust}, to model a comprehensive range of Be star subtypes at varying rotation rates. Using these models, we predict $V$ magnitude and photometric color, H$α$ line profiles, and polarization at UV wavelengths as well as in the…
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We conduct a systematic study on the effects of rapid rotation on predicted Be star observables. We use the three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, \textsc{hdust}, to model a comprehensive range of Be star subtypes at varying rotation rates. Using these models, we predict $V$ magnitude and photometric color, H$α$ line profiles, and polarization at UV wavelengths as well as in the $V$-band for Be stars from B0 to B8. For each spectral subtype, we investigate the effects of disk density on the produced observables. We find that reddening and brightening effects of gravity darkening may cause rapidly-rotating stars to appear more evolved than they truly are. Rotational effects on the H$α$ line profile shape may reduce line intensity for Be stars viewed at low inclinations and increase line intensity for those viewed at high inclinations. Additionally, rapid rotation can significantly impact the measured equivalent width of the line produced by a star with a moderate to high density disk, especially at high inclinations. When the star-disk system is viewed near edge-on, gravity darkening can result in stronger H$α$ emission than would otherwise be expected for a disk of a given density. We also find that the competing effects of rapid rotation and H\,\textsc{i} opacity cause the slope of the polarized continuum (the polarization color) to be very sensitive to changes in the stellar rotation rate. This quantity offers a strong diagnostic for the rotation rate of Be stars.
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Submitted 24 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Quantum computation of molecular geometry via many-body nuclear spin echoes
Authors:
C. Zhang,
R. G. Cortiñas,
A. H. Karamlou,
N. Noll,
J. Provazza,
J. Bausch,
S. Shirobokov,
A. White,
M. Claassen,
S. H. Kang,
A. W. Senior,
N. Tomašev,
J. Gross,
K. Lee,
T. Schuster,
W. J. Huggins,
H. Celik,
A. Greene,
B. Kozlovskii,
F. J. H. Heras,
A. Bengtsson,
A. Grajales Dau,
I. Drozdov,
B. Ying,
W. Livingstone
, et al. (298 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Quantum-information-inspired experiments in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may yield a pathway towards determining molecular structure and properties that are otherwise challenging to learn. We measure out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs) [1-4] on two organic molecules suspended in a nematic liquid crystal, and investigate the utility of this data in performing structural learning task…
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Quantum-information-inspired experiments in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may yield a pathway towards determining molecular structure and properties that are otherwise challenging to learn. We measure out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs) [1-4] on two organic molecules suspended in a nematic liquid crystal, and investigate the utility of this data in performing structural learning tasks. We use OTOC measurements to augment molecular dynamics models, and to correct for known approximations in the underlying force fields. We demonstrate the utility of OTOCs in these models by estimating the mean ortho-meta H-H distance of toluene and the mean dihedral angle of 3',5'-dimethylbiphenyl, achieving similar accuracy and precision to independent spectroscopic measurements of both quantities. To ameliorate the apparent exponential classical cost of interpreting the above OTOC data, we simulate the molecular OTOCs on a Willow superconducting quantum processor, using AlphaEvolve-optimized [5] quantum circuits and arbitrary-angle fermionic simulation gates. We implement novel zero-noise extrapolation techniques based on the Pauli pathing model of operator dynamics [6], to repeat the learning experiments with root-mean-square error $0.05$ over all circuits used. Our work highlights a computational protocol to interpret many-body echoes from nuclear magnetic systems using low resource quantum computation.
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Submitted 22 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Stellar and nebular dust attenuation of main-sequence galaxies at z~4-6
Authors:
Akiyoshi Tsujita,
Seiji Fujimoto,
Andreas Faisst,
Meédéric Boquien,
Juno Li,
Andrea Ferrara,
Andrew J. Battisti,
Poulomi Dam,
Manuel Aravena,
Matthieu Béthermin,
Caitlin M. Casey,
Olivia R. Cooper,
Steven L. Finkelstein,
Michele Ginolfi,
Diego A. Gómez-Espinoza,
Ali Hadi,
Rodrigo Herrera-Camus,
Edo Ibar,
Hanae Inami,
Gareth C. Jones,
Anton M. Koekemoer,
Kotaro Kohno,
Brian C. Lemaux,
Ilse De Looze,
Ikki Mitsuhashi
, et al. (17 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Characterizing dust attenuation is crucial for revealing the intrinsic physical properties of galaxies. We present an analysis of dust attenuation in 18 spectroscopically confirmed star-forming main-sequence galaxies at $z = 4.4-5.7$ observed with JWST/NIRSpec IFU and NIRCam, selected from the ALPINE and CRISTAL ALMA large programs. We fit the emission line fluxes from NIRSpec and the broad-band p…
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Characterizing dust attenuation is crucial for revealing the intrinsic physical properties of galaxies. We present an analysis of dust attenuation in 18 spectroscopically confirmed star-forming main-sequence galaxies at $z = 4.4-5.7$ observed with JWST/NIRSpec IFU and NIRCam, selected from the ALPINE and CRISTAL ALMA large programs. We fit the emission line fluxes from NIRSpec and the broad-band photometry from NIRCam with Prospector, using both spatially integrated emission and $\sim0.6$ kpc pixel-by-pixel measurements. We derive the stellar-to-nebular dust attenuation ratio ($f=E(B-V)_{\mathrm{star}}/E(B-V)_{\mathrm{neb}}$) from the SED fits and the Balmer decrement with H$α$ and H$β$. Although individual galaxies show large scatter, the best-fit value is $f = 0.51^{+0.04}_{-0.03}$, slightly higher than that measured for local starburst galaxies. We find weak correlations of $f$ with galaxy properties, increasing with higher specific star-formation rates, younger stellar ages, and more recent star-formation. For the range of $E(B-V)_{\mathrm{star}} = 0.009-0.15$ mag for in our sample, assuming $f = 1$ (often adopted in high-redshift studies) instead of $f = 0.51$ underestimate line luminosities and ionizing photon production efficiency $ξ_\text{ion}$ by $\sim3-36\%$ and $\sim4-46\%$, respectively. We also find that the total stellar masses estimated from spatially-integrated SED fits with a delayed-$τ$ star-formation histories are systematically smaller than the sum of pixel-by-pixel SED fits, with a median offset of $\sim 0.26$ dex, likely because the integrated fits are biased toward luminous young stellar populations.
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Submitted 19 November, 2025; v1 submitted 20 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: JWST/IFU Optical Observations for 18 Main-Sequence Galaxies at z=4-6
Authors:
A. L. Faisst,
S. Fujimoto,
A. Tsujita,
W. Wang,
N. Nezhad,
F. Loiacono,
H. Übler,
M. Béthermin,
P. Cassata,
M. Dessauges-Zavadsky,
R. Herrera-Camus,
D. Schaerer,
J. Silverman,
L. Yan,
M. Aravena,
I. De Looze,
N. M. Förster Schreiber,
J. González-López,
J. Spilker,
K. Tadaki,
C. M. Casey,
M. Franco,
S. Harish,
H. J. McCracken,
J. S. Kartaltepe
, et al. (58 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
To fully characterize the formation and evolution of galaxies, we need to observe their stars, gas, and dust on resolved spatial scales. We present the ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST survey, which combines kpc-resolved imaging and spectroscopy from HST, JWST, and ALMA for 18 representative main-sequence galaxies at z=4-6 and log(M/$M_\odot$) > 9.5 to study their star formation, chemical properties, and exten…
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To fully characterize the formation and evolution of galaxies, we need to observe their stars, gas, and dust on resolved spatial scales. We present the ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST survey, which combines kpc-resolved imaging and spectroscopy from HST, JWST, and ALMA for 18 representative main-sequence galaxies at z=4-6 and log(M/$M_\odot$) > 9.5 to study their star formation, chemical properties, and extended gas reservoirs. The co-spatial measurements resolving the ionized gas, molecular gas, stars, and dust on 1-2 kpc scales make this a unique benchmark sample for the study of galaxy formation and evolution at $z\sim5$, connecting the Epoch of Reionization with the cosmic noon. In this paper, we outline the survey goals and sample selection, and present a summary of the available data for the 18 galaxies. In addition, we measure spatially integrated quantities (such as global gas metallicity), test different star formation rate indicators, and quantify the presence of H$α$ halos. Our targeted galaxies are relatively metal rich (10-70% solar), complementary to JWST samples at lower stellar mass, and there is broad agreement between different star formation indicators. One galaxy has the signature of an active galactic nuclei (AGN) based on its emission line ratios. Six show broad H$α$~emission suggesting type 1 AGN candidates. We conclude with an outlook on the exciting science that will be pursued with this unique sample in forthcoming papers.
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Submitted 29 December, 2025; v1 submitted 17 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey III: First data release of JCMT CO-line observations
Authors:
S. H. J. Wallström,
P. Scicluna,
S. Srinivasan,
J. G. A. Wouterloot,
I. McDonald,
L. Decock,
M. Wijshoff,
R. Chen,
D. Torres,
L. Umans,
B. Willebrords,
F. Kemper,
G. Rau,
S. Feng,
M. Jeste,
T. Kaminski,
D. Li,
F. C. Liu,
A. Trejo-Cruz,
H. Chawner,
S. Goldman,
H. MacIsaac,
J. Tang,
S. T. Zeegers,
T. Danilovich
, et al. (15 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Low- to intermediate-mass ($\sim$0.8$-$8 M$_\odot$) evolved stars contribute significantly to the chemical enrichment of the interstellar medium in the local Universe, making accurate mass-return estimates in their final stages crucial. The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey (NESS) is a large multi-telescope project targeting a volume-limited sample of $\sim$850 stars within 3 kpc in order to derive the…
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Low- to intermediate-mass ($\sim$0.8$-$8 M$_\odot$) evolved stars contribute significantly to the chemical enrichment of the interstellar medium in the local Universe, making accurate mass-return estimates in their final stages crucial. The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey (NESS) is a large multi-telescope project targeting a volume-limited sample of $\sim$850 stars within 3 kpc in order to derive the dust and gas return rates in the Solar Neighbourhood, and to constrain the physics underlying these processes. We present an initial analysis of the CO-line observations, including detection statistics, carbon isotopic ratios, initial mass-loss rates, and gas-to-dust ratios. We describe a new data reduction pipeline to analyse the available NESS CO data from the JCMT, measuring line parameters and calculating empirical gas mass-loss rates. We present the first release of the available data on 485 sources, one of the largest homogeneous samples of CO data to date. Comparison with a large literature sample finds that high mass-loss rate and especially carbon-rich sources are over-represented in literature, while NESS is probing significantly more sources at low mass-loss rates, detecting 59 sources in CO for the first time and providing useful upper limits. CO line detection rates are 81% for the CO (2--1) line and 75% for CO (3--2). The majority (82%) of detected lines conform to the expected soft parabola shape, while eleven sources show a double wind. Calculated mass-loss rates show power-law relations with both the dust-production rates and expansion velocities up to $\sim 5 \times 10^{-6}$~\msunyr. Median gas-to-dust ratios of 250 and 680 are found for oxygen-rich and carbon-rich sources, respectively. Our analysis of CO observations in this first data release highlights the importance of our volume-limited approach in characterizing the local AGB population as a whole.
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Submitted 16 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Mergers lighting the early Universe: enhanced star formation, AGN triggering, and Ly$α$ emission in close pairs at $z=3-9$
Authors:
Dávid Puskás,
Sandro Tacchella,
Charlotte Simmonds,
Gareth C. Jones,
Ignas Juodžbalis,
Jan Scholtz,
William M. Baker,
Andrew J. Bunker,
Stefano Carniani,
Emma Curtis-Lake,
Qiao Duan,
Daniel J. Eisenstein,
Kevin Hainline,
Benjamin D. Johnson,
Roberto Maiolino,
Marcia Rieke,
Brant Robertson,
Christina C. Williams,
Joris Witstok
Abstract:
Galaxy mergers and interactions are often invoked to explain enhanced star formation, black hole growth, and mass build-up of galaxies at later cosmic times, but their effect is poorly understood at high redshift ($z>2$). We use JADES data to analyse a mass-complete sample of 2095 galaxies at $z=3-9$ with ${\rm log}(M_\star/{\rm M_\odot}) = [8, 10]$, identifying major merger pairs (projected separ…
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Galaxy mergers and interactions are often invoked to explain enhanced star formation, black hole growth, and mass build-up of galaxies at later cosmic times, but their effect is poorly understood at high redshift ($z>2$). We use JADES data to analyse a mass-complete sample of 2095 galaxies at $z=3-9$ with ${\rm log}(M_\star/{\rm M_\odot}) = [8, 10]$, identifying major merger pairs (projected separation of $5-100$ pkpc, mass ratio $\geq 1/4$) using a probabilistic method. To look for signatures of enhancement in multiple physical properties, we carefully build a control sample of non-pairs that are simultaneously matched in redshift, stellar mass, isolation, and environment to the pair sample. We find a moderate enhancement in specific star formation rate (sSFR) of $1.12 \pm 0.05$ at separations $\lesssim 20$ kpc, which is weakly detectable out to $\sim50$ kpc. We find that at longer averaging timescales (50-100 Myr) the sSFR is more affected by interactions and environment, whereas at shorter timescales (5-10 Myr) it is dominated by internal feedback and burstiness. By averaging star formation histories, we find two distinct populations: pre-first passage/coalescence (monotonically rising SFR) and post-pericentre pairs (earlier peak in SFR). Finally, we find no significant excess of AGN in pairs, suggesting galaxy interactions are not effectively triggering black hole activity at separations $>5$ kpc. Similarly, we also do not detect an excess in the fraction of Lyman-$α$ emitters in pairs, implying that at the probed separations, galaxy interactions are not efficient at enhancing Lyman-$α$ photon production and escape, which may only become important at the smallest scales.
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Submitted 16 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Measurement of $C\!P$ asymmetry in $D^0 \to K^0_{\rm S} K^0_{\rm S}$ decays with the LHCb Upgrade I detector
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
M. Akthar,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis
, et al. (1187 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A measurement of $C\!P$ asymmetry in $D^0 \to K^0_{\rm S} K^0_{\rm S}$ decays is reported, based on a data sample of proton-proton collisions collected with the LHCb Upgrade I detector in 2024 at a centre-of-mass energy of $13.6\,$TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $6.2\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The $D^0 \to K^0_{\rm S} π^+ π^-$ decay is used as calibration channel to cancel residual dete…
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A measurement of $C\!P$ asymmetry in $D^0 \to K^0_{\rm S} K^0_{\rm S}$ decays is reported, based on a data sample of proton-proton collisions collected with the LHCb Upgrade I detector in 2024 at a centre-of-mass energy of $13.6\,$TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $6.2\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The $D^0 \to K^0_{\rm S} π^+ π^-$ decay is used as calibration channel to cancel residual detection and production asymmetries. The time-integrated $C\!P$ asymmetry for the $D^0 \to K^0_{\rm S} K^0_{\rm S}$ mode is measured to be $$ {\cal A}^{C\!P} (D^0 \to K^0_{\rm S} K^0_{\rm S}) = (1.86 \pm 1.04\pm 0.41)\%, $$ where the first uncertainty is statistical, and the second is systematic. This is the most precise determination of this quantity to date.
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Submitted 16 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Searches for $B^0\to K^+π^-τ^+τ^-$ and $B_s^0\to K^+K^-τ^+τ^-$ decays
Authors:
LHCb collaboration,
R. Aaij,
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb,
C. Abellan Beteta,
F. Abudinén,
T. Ackernley,
A. A. Adefisoye,
B. Adeva,
M. Adinolfi,
P. Adlarson,
C. Agapopoulou,
C. A. Aidala,
Z. Ajaltouni,
S. Akar,
K. Akiba,
M. Akthar,
P. Albicocco,
J. Albrecht,
R. Aleksiejunas,
F. Alessio,
P. Alvarez Cartelle,
R. Amalric,
S. Amato,
J. L. Amey,
Y. Amhis
, et al. (1182 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The first searches for $B^0\to K^+π^-τ^+τ^-$ and $B^0_s\to K^+K^-τ^+τ^-$ decays at the LHCb experiment are conducted with $pp$ collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4\textrm{ fb}^{-1}$. The tau leptons are reconstructed using the $τ^+\to μ^+\overlineν_τν_μ$ decay and the results are presented in bins of $K^+π^-$ or $K^+K^-$ mass. No signal is observed and upper limits are…
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The first searches for $B^0\to K^+π^-τ^+τ^-$ and $B^0_s\to K^+K^-τ^+τ^-$ decays at the LHCb experiment are conducted with $pp$ collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4\textrm{ fb}^{-1}$. The tau leptons are reconstructed using the $τ^+\to μ^+\overlineν_τν_μ$ decay and the results are presented in bins of $K^+π^-$ or $K^+K^-$ mass. No signal is observed and upper limits are set on the branching fractions. The searches result in the first upper limits for $B^0\to K^+π^-τ^+τ^-$ decays outside the $K^*(892)^0$ region in $K^+π^-$ mass and the first limits for $B^0_s\to K^+K^-τ^+τ^-$ decays. The searches are recast into limits on the decays $B^0\to K^*(892)^0τ^+τ^-$ and $B^0_s\to φ(1020)τ^+τ^-$, yielding $2.8\times10^{-4}$ ($2.5\times10^{-4}$) and $4.7\times10^{-4}$ ($4.1\times10^{-4}$) at the $95\%$ ($90\%$) confidence level, respectively. For the decay $B^0\to K^*(892)^0τ^+τ^-$, this result improves on the current best upper limit by an order of magnitude.
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Submitted 15 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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International AI Safety Report 2025: First Key Update: Capabilities and Risk Implications
Authors:
Yoshua Bengio,
Stephen Clare,
Carina Prunkl,
Shalaleh Rismani,
Maksym Andriushchenko,
Ben Bucknall,
Philip Fox,
Tiancheng Hu,
Cameron Jones,
Sam Manning,
Nestor Maslej,
Vasilios Mavroudis,
Conor McGlynn,
Malcolm Murray,
Charlotte Stix,
Lucia Velasco,
Nicole Wheeler,
Daniel Privitera,
Sören Mindermann,
Daron Acemoglu,
Thomas G. Dietterich,
Fredrik Heintz,
Geoffrey Hinton,
Nick Jennings,
Susan Leavy
, et al. (48 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Since the publication of the first International AI Safety Report, AI capabilities have continued to improve across key domains. New training techniques that teach AI systems to reason step-by-step and inference-time enhancements have primarily driven these advances, rather than simply training larger models. As a result, general-purpose AI systems can solve more complex problems in a range of dom…
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Since the publication of the first International AI Safety Report, AI capabilities have continued to improve across key domains. New training techniques that teach AI systems to reason step-by-step and inference-time enhancements have primarily driven these advances, rather than simply training larger models. As a result, general-purpose AI systems can solve more complex problems in a range of domains, from scientific research to software development. Their performance on benchmarks that measure performance in coding, mathematics, and answering expert-level science questions has continued to improve, though reliability challenges persist, with systems excelling on some tasks while failing completely on others. These capability improvements also have implications for multiple risks, including risks from biological weapons and cyber attacks. Finally, they pose new challenges for monitoring and controllability. This update examines how AI capabilities have improved since the first Report, then focuses on key risk areas where substantial new evidence warrants updated assessments.
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Submitted 15 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Centralizers of discrete Temperley-Lieb-Jones subfactors
Authors:
Corey Jones,
Emily McGovern
Abstract:
Discrete, unimodular inclusions of factors $(N\subseteq M, E)$ with $N$ of type $\rm{II}_{1}$ have a natural notion of standard invariant, generalizing the finite index case. When the unitary tensor category of $N$-$N$ bimodules generated by $_{N}L^{2}(M, τ\circ E)_{N}$ is equivalent to the Temperley-Lieb-Jones category $\text{TLJ}(δ)$, the associated discrete standard invariants are classified in…
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Discrete, unimodular inclusions of factors $(N\subseteq M, E)$ with $N$ of type $\rm{II}_{1}$ have a natural notion of standard invariant, generalizing the finite index case. When the unitary tensor category of $N$-$N$ bimodules generated by $_{N}L^{2}(M, τ\circ E)_{N}$ is equivalent to the Temperley-Lieb-Jones category $\text{TLJ}(δ)$, the associated discrete standard invariants are classified in terms of fair and balanced $δ$-graphs. Many examples of these subfactors naturally arise in the context of the Guionnet-Jones-Shlyakhtenko (GJS) construction for graphs. In this paper, we compute the discrete standard invariant of the centralizer subfactor $N\subseteq M^φ$ for the canonical state $φ=τ\circ E$, which is again a discrete subfactor of $\text{TLJ}(δ)$-type. We show that the associated fair and balanced $δ$-graph behaves analogously to a universal covering space of the original fair and balanced $δ$-graph. As an application, we obtain an obstruction to the realization of discrete tracial TLJ-type standard invariants by subfactors of a $\rm{II}_{1}$ factor $M$ in terms of the fundamental group of M.
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Submitted 14 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Model of deep zonal flows in giant planets
Authors:
Laura K. Currie,
Chris A. Jones
Abstract:
A mechanism by which the surface zonal flows of giant planets can be gradually attenuated with depth is explored. The zonal flow is driven by an imposed forcing in a thin layer near the surface. A meridional circulation is set up, analogous to the Ferrel-like cells observed in Jupiter's atmosphere. Acting on a stably stratified thin surface layer, the meridional flow induces a horizontal temperatu…
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A mechanism by which the surface zonal flows of giant planets can be gradually attenuated with depth is explored. The zonal flow is driven by an imposed forcing in a thin layer near the surface. A meridional circulation is set up, analogous to the Ferrel-like cells observed in Jupiter's atmosphere. Acting on a stably stratified thin surface layer, the meridional flow induces a horizontal temperature anomaly which leads to a gradual reduction of the zonal winds with depth, governed by the thermal wind equation. Our model is a Boussinesq plane layer, with gravity acting parallel to the rotation axis. A suite of fully three-dimensional time-dependent numerical simulations has been performed to investigate the model behaviour. Below the forced stable layer, convection is occurring, typically in the form of tall thin cells. The fluctuating components of the three-dimensional flow can be driven by either the convection or the Reynolds stresses associated with the jet shear flow. When fluctuations are mainly driven by convection in the form of tall thin columns and the forcing is relatively weak, the horizontal temperature anomaly persists much deeper into the interior than when it is driven by shear flow. The zonal jets can therefore extend deep into the interior, consistent with the Juno gravity data.
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Submitted 14 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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JADES Dark Horse: demonstrating high-multiplex observations with JWST/NIRSpec dense-shutter spectroscopy in the JADES Origins Field
Authors:
Francesco D'Eugenio,
Erica J. Nelson,
Daniel J. Eisenstein,
Roberto Maiolino,
Stefano Carniani,
Jan Scholtz,
Mirko Curti,
Christopher N. A. Willmer,
Andrew J. Bunker,
Jakob M. Helton,
Ignas Juodžbalis,
Fengwu Sun,
Sandro Tacchella,
Santiago Arribas,
Alex J. Cameron,
Stéphane Charlot,
Emma Curtis-Lake,
Kevin Hainline,
Benjamin D. Johnson,
Brant Robertson,
Christina C. Williams,
Chris Willott,
William M. Baker,
Jacopo Chevallard,
A. Lola Danhaive
, et al. (17 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present JWST/NIRSpec dense-shutter spectroscopy (DSS). This novel observing strategy with the NIRSpec micro-shutter assembly (MSA) deliberately permits a high number of controlled spectral overlaps to reach extreme multiplex while retaining the low background of slit spectroscopy. In a single configuration over the JADES Origins Field we opened shutters on all faint (F444W<30 mag) z…
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We present JWST/NIRSpec dense-shutter spectroscopy (DSS). This novel observing strategy with the NIRSpec micro-shutter assembly (MSA) deliberately permits a high number of controlled spectral overlaps to reach extreme multiplex while retaining the low background of slit spectroscopy. In a single configuration over the JADES Origins Field we opened shutters on all faint (F444W<30 mag) z$_{\rm phot}$>3 candidates in the MSA, prioritising emission-line science and rejecting only bright continuum sources. Using 33.6 and 35.8 ks on-source in G235M and G395M, we observed a single mask with ~850 sources, obtaining secure spectroscopic redshifts for ~540 galaxies over 2.5<z<8.9. The per-configuration target density in DSS mode is 4-5x higher than standard no- and low-overlap MSA strategies (<200 sources), with no loss in redshift precision or accuracy. Line-flux sensitivities are 30 percent lower at fixed exposure time, matching the expected increase in background noise, but the gain in survey speed is 5x in our setup, more than justifying the penalty. The measured line sensitivity exceeds NIRCam WFSS by a minimum factor of ~5 (i.e. ~25 in exposure time) at $λ$~4 $μ$m, demonstrating that controlled overlap is a compelling method to gain deep, wide-band spectra for large samples. Crucially, we envisage the MSA could deliver even higher target allocation densities than what used here. We derive Balmer-line based SFRs, gas-phase metallicities (including a large sample suitable for strong-line calibrations), and identify rare sources (mini-quenched systems and broad-line AGN). This approach is immediately applicable wherever deep imaging enables robust pre-selection and astrometry, providing an efficient method to obtain large samples of faint emission-line galaxies, a compelling middle ground between the completeness of slitless surveys and the sensitivity and bandwidth of NIRSpec/MSA.
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Submitted 13 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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MEGATRON: the impact of non-equilibrium effects and local radiation fields on the circumgalactic medium at cosmic noon
Authors:
Corentin Cadiou,
Harley Katz,
Martin P. Rey,
Oscar Agertz,
Jeremy Blaizot,
Alex J. Cameron,
Nicholas Choustikov,
Julien Devriendt,
Uliana Hauk,
Gareth C. Jones,
Taysun Kimm,
Isaac Laseter,
Sergio Martin-Alvarez,
Kosei Matsumoto,
Camilla T. Nyhagen,
Autumn Pearce,
Francisco Rodríguez Montero,
Joki Rosdahl,
Víctor Rufo Pastor,
Mahsa Sanati,
Aayush Saxena,
Adrianne Slyz,
Richard Stiskalek,
Anatole Storck,
Wonjae Yee
Abstract:
We present three cosmological radiation-hydrodynamic zoom simulations of the progenitor of a Milky Way-mass galaxy from the MEGATRON suite. The simulations combine on-the-fly radiative transfer with a detailed non-equilibrium thermochemical network (81 ions and molecules), resolving the cold and warm gas in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) on spatial scales down to 20 pc and on average 200 pc at co…
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We present three cosmological radiation-hydrodynamic zoom simulations of the progenitor of a Milky Way-mass galaxy from the MEGATRON suite. The simulations combine on-the-fly radiative transfer with a detailed non-equilibrium thermochemical network (81 ions and molecules), resolving the cold and warm gas in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) on spatial scales down to 20 pc and on average 200 pc at cosmic noon. Comparing our full non-equilibrium calculation with local radiation to traditional post-processed photoionization equilibrium (PIE) models assuming a uniform UV background (UVB), we find that non-equilibrium physics and local radiation fields fundamentally impact the thermochemistry of the CGM. Recombination lags and local radiation anisotropy shift ions away from their PIE+UVB values and modify covering fractions (for example, HI damped Ly$α$ absorbers differ by up to 40%). In addition, a resolution study with cooling-length refinement allows us to double the resolution in the cold and warm CGM gas, reaching 120 pc on average. When refining on cooling length, the mass of the lightest cold clumps decreases tenfold to $\approx 10^4\,M_\odot$, their boundary layers develop sharper ion stratification, and the warm gas is better resolved, boosting the abundance of warm gas tracers such as CIV and OIII. Together, these results demonstrate that non-equilibrium thermochemistry coupled to radiative transfer, combined with physically motivated resolution criteria, is essential to predict circumgalactic absorption and emission signatures and to guide the design of targeted observations with existing and upcoming facilities.
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Submitted 27 October, 2025; v1 submitted 7 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.