Showing 1–50 of 175 results for author: Stritzinger, M D

Panchromatic JWST Observations and Models of the Dim Type Iax Supernova 2024vjm at 200 days

Authors: E Baron, J. M. DerKacy, C. Ashall, M. Shahbandeh, Peter H. Hauschildt, T. Barman, J. P. Aufdenberg, C. R. Burns, N. Morrell, M. D. Stritzinger, P. Hoeflich, K. Medler, E. Fereidouni, C. M. Pfeffer, T. Mera, W. B. Hoogendam, S. Shiber, P. J. Brown, Divya Mishra, Inma Dominguez, L. Galbany, Paolo Mazzali, E. Y. Hsiao, Huangfei Xiao, T. de Jaeger , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report JWST spectra and photometry of the underluminous SN Iax 2024vjm obtained 202.8 restframe days post-explosion. The spectrum exhibits a rich set of forbidden lines from low-ionization, intermediate-mass, and iron-group elements, notably the [Ni II] 6.64 micron resonance line, which is a direct indicator of stable nickel. Strong CO and SiO emission is detected alongside a warm dust continuu… ▽ More We report JWST spectra and photometry of the underluminous SN Iax 2024vjm obtained 202.8 restframe days post-explosion. The spectrum exhibits a rich set of forbidden lines from low-ionization, intermediate-mass, and iron-group elements, notably the [Ni II] 6.64 micron resonance line, which is a direct indicator of stable nickel. Strong CO and SiO emission is detected alongside a warm dust continuum; the spectral properties are consistent with pre-existing rather than newly formed dust. Synthetic spectra were computed with the generalized stellar atmospheres code PHOENIX/1D using simplified ejecta models. The models reproduce the overall spectral energy distribution and the molecular emission features reasonably well, but substantially underestimate the strength of the mid-infrared atomic forbidden lines, leaving the synthetic spectrum dominated by molecular emission. Experiments in which the molecular opacity is suppressed do not recover the forbidden lines; instead, the emission peak migrates to Co and Fe transitions near 2 microns. We attribute this discrepancy to poorly constrained collisional rates and possibly to an excess of iron-group material in the current ejecta models. A prominent feature at 12.8 microns is not well accounted for by the [Ne II] 12.81 micron line, indicating that the 12.8 micron feature may be largely due to [Fe III]. The presence of CO, SiO, and stable nickel together with the non-detection of neon places tight constraints on the total ejecta mass and the nucleosynthetic yields of SNe Iax progenitor systems. △ Less

Submitted 15 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 19 pages, 10 figures, to appear in ApJ (Letters)

SN 2025aico: Early observations of a faint Type IIb supernova with a low-mass envelope

Authors: J. -W. Zhao, A. Pastorello, B. Kumar, Y. -Z. Cai, A. Dutta, D. K. Sahu, A. Reguitti, R. S. Teja, H. Das, T. J. Moriya, N. Pyykkinen, K. Valeckas, G. Valerin, X. -Z. Zou, C. Ashall, S. Bijavara Seshashayana, G. -W. Du, G. C. Anupama, A. L. Bouquin, S. Campana, K. Chatterjee, X. -L. Chen, X. -L. Du, N. Elias-Rosa, Y. Fang , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We aimed to investigate the physical properties and the underlying explosion mechanisms of the Type IIb SN 2025aico. Through a comprehensive analysis of early-phase optical light curves and spectroscopic data, we aim to constrain the fundamental explosion parameters and evaluate the physical state of the event. We present early multi-band optical imaging and low-resolution optical spectroscopic fo… ▽ More We aimed to investigate the physical properties and the underlying explosion mechanisms of the Type IIb SN 2025aico. Through a comprehensive analysis of early-phase optical light curves and spectroscopic data, we aim to constrain the fundamental explosion parameters and evaluate the physical state of the event. We present early multi-band optical imaging and low-resolution optical spectroscopic follow-up observations of the Type IIb SN 2025aico, spanning approximately 70 days from the explosion. We constrain the properties of SN 2025aico by utilizing a hybrid model that combines shock-cooling emission and radioactively powered diffusion, as well as by analyzing the spectroscopic evolution. We use various approaches to constrain the 56Ni mixing from early data, and also compared our spectra with models to constrain the properties of the progenitor. The explosion epoch of SN 2025aico is estimated to be MJD 61032.69, while the rise time in the r_M-band is 22.30 +/- 0.70 days. The peak pseudo-bolometric luminosity in the optical bands is L_opt = (4.07 +/- 0.10) x 10^41 erg/s. The fitting yields a moderate to relatively low 56Ni mass of M_Ni = 0.033 +0.006/-0.004 M_sun and an ejecta mass of M_ej = 2.79 +0.21/-0.18 M_sun. The photospheric velocity near the bolometric peak, measured from the Fe II lambda 5169 line, is 6450 +180/-160 km/s. The derived envelope properties suggest a compact He-star progenitor possessing an H-rich envelope of M_env approx. 0.01 M_sun and a radius of R_env approx. 6-10 R_sun. The derived physical properties of SN 2025aico indicate an origin from a moderate-mass, stripped He-star in a compact binary system, characterized by a minimal residual hydrogen envelope. The explosion itself demonstrates weak to moderate 56Ni mixing throughout the ejecta. △ Less

Submitted 12 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 20 pages, 14 figures, submit to Astronomy & Astrophysics

The type Ia supernova 2023vjh: a peculiar 1991bg-like SN with unusually faint light curves

Authors: M. Kopsacheili, L. Galbany, G. Folatelli, M. M. Phillips, C. R. Burns, M. D. Stritzinger, H. -Y. Miao, M. González-Bañuelos, R. García-Benito, T. E. Müller-Bravo, E. Y. Hsiao, K. Auchettl, J. P. Anderson, C. Ashall, T. -W. Chen, D. D. Desai, M. E. Huber, T. de Jaeger, J. M. DerKacy, M. Gromadzki, J. T. Hinkle, W. Hoogendam, C. Jimenez-Palau, K. Matilaine, P. A. Mazzali , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present observations of the 1991bg-like type Ia supernova (SN) 2023vjh, associated with the elliptical galaxy MCG+04-10-013. Its light-curve shape parameters ($Δm_{15}(B)=1.89 \pm 0.01$ mag and $s_{BV} = 0.45 \pm 0.03$), together with its spectroscopic evolution, place it firmly within the class of fast-declining, subluminous SNe Ia. The near-peak spectra show prominent features of Si II, Ca II… ▽ More We present observations of the 1991bg-like type Ia supernova (SN) 2023vjh, associated with the elliptical galaxy MCG+04-10-013. Its light-curve shape parameters ($Δm_{15}(B)=1.89 \pm 0.01$ mag and $s_{BV} = 0.45 \pm 0.03$), together with its spectroscopic evolution, place it firmly within the class of fast-declining, subluminous SNe Ia. The near-peak spectra show prominent features of Si II, Ca II, and Ti II, consistent with a cool photosphere, and place SN 2023vjh within the "cool" and extreme cool regions on the classification diagrams. In addition, the three late-phase near-infrared (NIR) spectra display the Ca II NIR triplet, Fe II, and Co II absorptions, but no obvious $H$-band break. Although SN 2023vjh falls in the same regions of the classification diagrams as other well-studied 91bg-like events, it shows some deviation within this class. In particular, it is systematically fainter than predicted by explosion models and fainter than other well-studied 91bg-like SNe. Light-curve fitting and color-based analyses indicate a relatively large reddening ($E(B-V)_{host}\sim$ 0.2 - 0.35 mag), which is unusual for 91bg-like SNe. Yet, the lack of detectable Na I D absorption in its spectra, along with its large projected distance from the center of its passive host galaxy (6.8 kpc), suggests that interstellar extinction along the line of sight is minimal. SN 2023vjh appears to be fainter than typical 91bg-like SNe, and it could be affected by circumstellar material (CSM). Comparisons with explosion models and alternative extinction prescriptions show that including CSM-like extinction improves agreement in the blue bands, but residual discrepancies in the $i$-band may reflect limitations in the model. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: Accepted

SN 2022erq: A Superluminous Thermonuclear Supernova with Escalating Preexplosion Mass Loss

Authors: Qian Zhai, Jujia Zhang, Xiaofeng Wang, A. Pastorello, Alexei V. Filippenko, József Vinkó, Thomas G. Brink, Yunkun Han, G. Valerin, N. Elias Rosa, Yongzhi Cai, Weili Lin, Yi Yang, WeiKang Zheng, Xiangcun Meng, Chengyuan Wu, Liping Li, Zeyi Zhao, J. Craig Wheeler, Jose L. Prieto, Jialian Liu, Gaici Li, Shengyu Yan, Fangzhou Guo, C. P. Gutiérrez , et al. (29 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a photometric and spectroscopic study of the superluminous Type Ia supernova SN 2022erq. Its early spectra, dominated by iron-group elements with weak intermediate-mass features, might indicate highly efficient nuclear burning, broadly similar to that inferred for some overluminous SNe Ia. The rapid emergence and persistence of narrow Balmer emission lines superposed on this iron-rich s… ▽ More We present a photometric and spectroscopic study of the superluminous Type Ia supernova SN 2022erq. Its early spectra, dominated by iron-group elements with weak intermediate-mass features, might indicate highly efficient nuclear burning, broadly similar to that inferred for some overluminous SNe Ia. The rapid emergence and persistence of narrow Balmer emission lines superposed on this iron-rich spectrum provide clear evidence of long-lived interaction with a hydrogen-rich circumstellar medium (CSM), establishing SN 2022erq as a member of the rare Ia-CSM class. SN 2022erq reached a peak bolometric luminosity of about 8 x 10^43 erg/s and exhibited an exceptionally slow post-peak decline, indicating that its light curve is dominated by long-duration ejecta-CSM interaction. By combining H-alpha diagnostics with bolometric light-curve modeling, we reconstruct the pre-explosion mass-loss history of the progenitor. The mass-loss rate escalated by one order of magnitude over the final decades, rising from about 0.04 to about 0.6 solar masses per year. This surge produced a massive, extended CSM shell of about 3 solar masses out to about 3.5 x 10^16 cm. The young stellar environment (about 100 Myr) together with this substantial, extensive CSM points to a progenitor system consisting of a white dwarf and an intermediate-mass companion that underwent increasing mass loss prior to explosion. △ Less

Submitted 27 July, 2026; v1 submitted 7 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 28 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

JWST Medium-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy of SN 2022acko: Tracing Molecule Formation in the Nebular Phase

Authors: K. Medler, T. Mera, C. Ashall, P. Hoeflich, E. Baron, M. Shahbandeh, J. M. DerKacy, E. Fereidouni, C. M. Pfeffer, S. Shiber, P. Brown, C. Burns, A. Cikota, T. de Jaeger, A. Do, D. O. Jones, L. Galbany, W. B. Hoogendam, E. Hsiao, K. Krisciunas, S. Kumar, J. Lu, P. Mazzali, N. Morrell, M. Phillips , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Type II supernova (SN II) SN 2022acko was the first to be spectroscopically observed by the James Webb Space Telescope ($\textit{JWST}$). Here, we analyze SN 2022acko's second and third $\textit{JWST}$ spectra obtained at $+259$ and $+368$ d. We identify strong features associated with hydrogen along with Intermediate-Mass and Iron-Group Elements (IM/IGEs). The medium-resolution mode of… ▽ More The Type II supernova (SN II) SN 2022acko was the first to be spectroscopically observed by the James Webb Space Telescope ($\textit{JWST}$). Here, we analyze SN 2022acko's second and third $\textit{JWST}$ spectra obtained at $+259$ and $+368$ d. We identify strong features associated with hydrogen along with Intermediate-Mass and Iron-Group Elements (IM/IGEs). The medium-resolution mode of $\textit{JWST}$/MIRI uniquely enables the isolation of emission features, allowing us to determine the structure of SN 2022acko, directly coupling the spectroscopic features and the explosion mechanism. We find that IMEs display peak velocities of $~ 300$ km s$^{-1}$, significantly larger than the $~ 100$ km s$^{-1}$ measured for H, He, and IGEs. We suggest a bipolar outflow best explains this ejecta distribution, although Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities may also contribute. Additionally, we find a bulk velocity offset of $~ 97.4^{+86.3}_{-42.3}$ km s$^{-1}$ in the ejecta which we associate with the natal kick of a neutron star. CO emission is also detected while no SiO or dust signatures are observed. We fit the CO first-overtone and fundamental bands with MOFAT and find a clumped distribution is required with a CO mass increasing from $1.55\times10^{-4}$ M$_{\odot}$ at $+259$ to $2.47\times10^{-4}$ M$_{\odot}$ at $+368$ d. This CO mass is approximately an order of magnitude lower than that of SN 2024ggi. As the first $\textit{JWST}$ nebular-phase study of a low-mass SN II, this work shows that such events form substantially less molecules than more massive SNe II, with dust formation likely occurring on longer timescales, if at all. △ Less

Submitted 30 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 23 pages, 11 figure, 7 tables

Decadal pre-explosion activity and circumstellar interaction in a supernova

Authors: Ting-Wan Chen, Amar Aryan, Sheng Yang, Stephen J. Smartt, Takashi J. Moriya, Seán J. Brennan, Maximilian D. Stritzinger, Bailey Martin, Matt Nicholl, Albert K. H. Kong, James H. Gillanders, Anirban Dutta, Brian P. Schmidt, Yu-Chi Cheng, Mark E. Huber, Cheng-Han Lai, Chien-Hsiu Lee, Yu-Hsing Lee, Chow-Choong Ngeow, Ken W. Smith, Christopher Ashall, Katie Auchettl, Chris R. Burns, Kenneth C. Chambers, Zhi-Yue Chen , et al. (30 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: When a massive star explodes as a supernova, crucial information about its immediate environment is lost within hours. Here we report rapid optical observations from Lulin Observatory of the broad-lined Type Ic supernova SN 2026gzf, beginning 1.25 hours after Einstein Probe detected the X-ray transient EP260321a. Our data led to the discovery of the optical counterpart and showed a luminous blue f… ▽ More When a massive star explodes as a supernova, crucial information about its immediate environment is lost within hours. Here we report rapid optical observations from Lulin Observatory of the broad-lined Type Ic supernova SN 2026gzf, beginning 1.25 hours after Einstein Probe detected the X-ray transient EP260321a. Our data led to the discovery of the optical counterpart and showed a luminous blue first-day excess that cannot be reproduced by standard radioactive models. We find that interaction between the ejecta and $\approx 0.02$ M$_{\odot}$ of circumstellar material accounts for the early excess. Archival Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) images show variability at the explosion site over the previous $\sim 12$ years, with the source brightening by a factor of $\sim 1.5$ in the final $\sim 3$ years before explosion, providing rare evidence for pre-explosion activity in a stripped-envelope progenitor system. The precursor brightening suggests enhanced eruptive mass loss during late-stage oxygen burning before core collapse, while an additional silicon-burning episode shortly before explosion may have created the compact nearby material responsible for the X-ray shock-breakout signal. SN 2026gzf therefore offers the first view of how a stripped progenitor modifies its immediate environment shortly before death, linking long-term precursor variability, circumstellar interaction and the explosion itself. △ Less

Submitted 8 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 63 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables, submitted

The transitional Type Ibn/IIn SN 2022pda, with pre-explosion outbursts and a double-peaked light curve

Authors: Y. -Z. Cai, A. Pastorello, R. Chiba, T. J. Moriya, A. Reguitti, L. Tartaglia, S. Moran, S. Campana, Z. -Y. Wang, J. -W. Zhao, J. P. Anderson, S. Benetti, S. J. Brennan, E. Cappellaro, K. C. Chambers, T. -W. Chen, Z. -H. Chen, T. de Boer, Y. -Z. Dong, J. Duarte, N. Elias-Rosa, M. Fraser, W. -P. Gan, H. Gao, M. Gromadzki , et al. (43 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the results of a photometric and spectroscopic follow-up campaign of the unusual interacting supernova (SN) 2022pda. Precursor variability lasting $\sim 100$ days is observed before the explosion. The SN light curve has a double peak shape. It reached a first maximum of $M_{\rm{r}} = -19.6 \pm 0.2$\,mag, followed by an initial two-month decline and a second, broad peak lasting about six… ▽ More We report the results of a photometric and spectroscopic follow-up campaign of the unusual interacting supernova (SN) 2022pda. Precursor variability lasting $\sim 100$ days is observed before the explosion. The SN light curve has a double peak shape. It reached a first maximum of $M_{\rm{r}} = -19.6 \pm 0.2$\,mag, followed by an initial two-month decline and a second, broad peak lasting about six months. The early spectra show a blue continuum with dominant H and He emission lines. A high-resolution pre-maximum spectrum shows that the profile of the \Hei~$λ$5876 line consists of a moderately narrow ($\sim 1900$ \kms) P~Cygni absorption superposed on a broader ($\sim 3300$ \kms) component. In the blue region, several spectral features are identified, including C {\sc iii}/N {\sc iii}/O {\sc ii} blends. Two broad bumps at 4600--5200 Å, 6400--6800~Å regions reveal a complex profile, which are likely due to blends of H, He, and other emission lines. Late-time spectra are still dominated by prominent and broad H and He lines in emission. Shock-driven model fits to the bolometric light curve suggest that the SN is powered by interaction with a massive CSM with enhanced mass loss rates $\sim 5$ \msun yr$^{-1}$, expelled during two events occurred $\sim 1$ and $\sim 0.2$ years before the explosion. The overall SN evolution indicates that SN\,2022pda is a transitional event between a H-rich SN IIn (SN\,2009ip-like) and a He-rich SN Ibn. Our findings suggest that the progenitor was likely a Luminous Blue Variable transitioning towards a Wolf--Rayet stage. △ Less

Submitted 25 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 19 Pages, 5 Figures, 2 Tables. Accepted for Publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters (ApJL)

The Enigmatic Type Icn Supernova 2024abvb Located ~22 kpc from Its Host Galaxy

Authors: J. Shi, K. Auchettl, W. B. Hoogendam, D. Farias, N. Sarin, K. W. Davis, N. Morrell, J. T. Hinkle, D. O. Jones, C. Lidman, C. Angus, C. Ashall, C. R. Burns, D. D. Desai, A. Do, L. Galbany, E. Y. Hsiao, M. E. Huber, M. Y. Kong, B. Martin, K. Medler, A. Möller, C. Pfeffer, A. Polin, L. Rauf , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report multiwavelength observations of the highly offset (~22.4 kpc) SN 2024abvb, the sixth Type Icn supernova to date. With a peak magnitude of Mr = -19.55 +/- 0.11 mag, it is among the most luminous in the existing sample and shows similar colours and decline rates to other SNe Icn. The early optical spectra show a blue continuum with narrow C II features (vFWHM ~ 2000 km s^-1), consistent wi… ▽ More We report multiwavelength observations of the highly offset (~22.4 kpc) SN 2024abvb, the sixth Type Icn supernova to date. With a peak magnitude of Mr = -19.55 +/- 0.11 mag, it is among the most luminous in the existing sample and shows similar colours and decline rates to other SNe Icn. The early optical spectra show a blue continuum with narrow C II features (vFWHM ~ 2000 km s^-1), consistent with a typical wind velocity of a Wolf-Rayet star. The absence of C III lambda 5696 emission at the time of explosion is consistent with a Type Ibn supernova; however, the lack of narrow He lines in both the optical and near-infrared spectra supports a SNe Icn classification. Unlike the majority of SNe Icn, we do not detect broad features in the late-time (7-21 days relative to o-band peak) spectral phase of SN 2024abvb. Semi-analytical modelling of the light curves shows that it can be reproduced by ~2.6 Msun of SN ejecta interacting with ~0.3 Msun of circumstellar material (CSM), both larger than other SNe Icn but consistent with rapidly evolving SNe Ibn. The metallicity at the SN location is significantly lower than the global metallicity of its host galaxy, suggesting that line-driven mass loss required to strip the progenitor of its H and He envelopes was likely inefficient. We estimate the star-formation-rate history at the location of SN 2024abvb and find that it lies at the bottom ~5th percentile among SESNe hosts, inconsistent with a Wolf-Rayet progenitor. Based on its spectral features, local and host environment properties, and host-galaxy offset, we favour an 8-10 Msun star stripped by a compact companion as the progenitor, with a sufficient runaway velocity to reach the observed offset. △ Less

Submitted 18 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 25 pages, 18 figures, 4 tables. Submitted to PASA

AT 2025abao: The fourth luminous red nova in M 31

Authors: A. Reguitti, A. Pastorello, G. Valerin, F. D. Romanov, A. Siviero, Y. -Z. Cai, S. Ciroi, N. Elias-Rosa, T. Iijima, E. Kankare, N. Koivisto, T. Kravtsov, E. Mason, K. Matilainen, A. C. Mura, P. Ochner, T. M. Reynolds, M. D. Stritzinger

Abstract: We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of the luminous red nova (LRN) AT 2025abao, the fourth discovered in M 31. The LRN, associated to the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star WNTR23bzdiq, was discovered during the fast rise following the minimum phase. It reached its peak at $g=15.1$ mag ($M_g=-9.5\pm0.1$ mag), and then it settled onto a long-duration plateau in the red bands, last… ▽ More We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of the luminous red nova (LRN) AT 2025abao, the fourth discovered in M 31. The LRN, associated to the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star WNTR23bzdiq, was discovered during the fast rise following the minimum phase. It reached its peak at $g=15.1$ mag ($M_g=-9.5\pm0.1$ mag), and then it settled onto a long-duration plateau in the red bands, lasting 70 days, while it was slowly linearly declining in the blue bands. At the peak the object showed similarities with the canonical LRNe V838 Monocerotis, V1309 Scorpii, and the faint and fast-evolving AT 2019zhd, which is the third LRN in M31, though the later evolution is different. Spectroscopically, AT 2025abao evolved as a canonical LRN: the early spectra present a blue continuum with narrow Balmer lines in emission; at the peak, the spectral continuum has cooled to a yellow colour, with a photospheric temperature of 6000 K. Balmer lines had weakened, while absorption lines from metals (Fe I, Fe II, Sc II, Ba II, Ti II) had developed, and they were particularly broad from the UV Ca II H&K lines. Medium- and high-resolution spectra reveal narrow ($\sim$50 km/s) absorption and broad ($\sim$450 km/s) emission profiles in the Balmer lines, from a slower wind and a faster outflow, respectively. Finally, late-time spectra show an orange continuum ($T\sim4000-5000$ K), a return in strength of the Balmer lines and the formation of molecular absorption bands. AT 2025abao is the rare case of an LRN with detailed archival information regarding the progenitor system. For the first time, we obtained the spectral energy distribution in the infrared of the precursor of an LRN, which is consistent with that of an M~giant/AGB. We propose that the dichotomy of light-curve behaviour in LRNe (two peaks vs. plateau) can be explained by the extent and H-richness of the common envelope. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2026; v1 submitted 14 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 14 pages, 17 figures, Accepted by A&A

Journal ref: A&A 709, A25 (2026)

SN 2017ati: A luminous type IIb explosion from a massive progenitor

Authors: Z. -H. Peng, S. Benetti, Y. -Z. Cai, A. Pastorello, J. -W. Zhao, A. Reguitti, Z. -Y. Wang, E. Cappellaro, N. Elias-Rosa, Q. -L. Fang, M. Fraser, T. Kangas, E. Kankare, Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, P. Lundqvist, S. Mattila, T. M. Reynolds, M. D. Stritzinger, A. Somero, L. Tomasella, S. -P. Pei, Y. -J. Yang, J. -J. Zhang, Y. Pan

Abstract: We present optical photometric and spectroscopic observations of the Type~IIb supernova (SN)~2017ati. It reached the maximum light at about 27~d after the explosion and the light curve shows a broad, luminous peak with an absolute $r$-band magnitude of $M_{r} = -18.48 \pm 0.16$~mag. At about 50~d after maximum light, SN~2017ati exhibits a decline rate close to that expected from the $^{56}$Co… ▽ More We present optical photometric and spectroscopic observations of the Type~IIb supernova (SN)~2017ati. It reached the maximum light at about 27~d after the explosion and the light curve shows a broad, luminous peak with an absolute $r$-band magnitude of $M_{r} = -18.48 \pm 0.16$~mag. At about 50~d after maximum light, SN~2017ati exhibits a decline rate close to that expected from the $^{56}$Co $\rightarrow$ $^{56}$Fe radioactive decay, at 0.98 mag per 100 days, as usually observed in SNe IIb. However, it remains systematically brighter at late times by about 1--2~mag, exceeding the usual upper luminosity range of this class. As a result, modelling the light curve of SN~2017ati with a standard $^{56}$Ni decay scenario requires a large nickel mass of up to $\sim0.37\,M_{\odot}$ and still fails to reproduce the early-time light curve adequately. In contrast, incorporating additional energy input from a magnetar yields a significantly improved fit to the light curve of SN~2017ati, which would reduce the nickel mass to $\sim0.21\,M_{\odot}$, still close to the upper end of the range typically inferred for SNe~IIb. Comparing the fitted results of SN~2017ati with the known sample of SNe~IIb indicates that its luminosity evolution is best explained by a combination of neutron star spin-down energy and radioactive nickel deposition. From late-time nebular spectra of SN~2017ati, the luminosity of the [\Oi]~$λ\lambda6300,6364$ doublet implies an oxygen mass of $\sim1.82-3.34\,M_{\odot}$, and the combination of a [\Caii]/[\Oi] flux ratio of $\sim0.5$ with nebular spectral model comparisons favours a progenitor zero-age main-sequence mass of $\geq17\,M_{\odot}$. △ Less

Submitted 10 April, 2026; v1 submitted 4 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 21 pages, 16 figures, 6 tables. Accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 709, A156 (2026)

The hydrogen-free circumstellar interaction in the Type Ib supernova 2021efd: A clue to the mechanism of the helium-layer stripping

Authors: N. Pyykkinen, T. Nagao, H. Kuncarayakti, M. D. Stritzinger, T. Kangas, K. Maeda, P. Chen, J. Sollerman, C. Burns, S. Bose, G. Folatelli, L. Ferrari, N. Morrell, A. Reguitti, I. Salmaso, S. Mattila, A. Gal-Yam, C. Fremling, S. Anand, M. Kasliwal, C. P. Gutiérrez, L. Galbany, W. Hoogendam, S. Schulze, C. Ashall , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Stripped-envelope supernovae (SESNe), including Type IIb, Ib, and Ic supernovae (SNe), originate from the explosions of massive stars whose outer envelopes have been largely removed during their lifetimes. The main stripping mechanism for the hydrogen (H) envelope in the progenitors of SESNe is often considered to be interaction with a binary companion, while that for the helium (He) layer is uncl… ▽ More Stripped-envelope supernovae (SESNe), including Type IIb, Ib, and Ic supernovae (SNe), originate from the explosions of massive stars whose outer envelopes have been largely removed during their lifetimes. The main stripping mechanism for the hydrogen (H) envelope in the progenitors of SESNe is often considered to be interaction with a binary companion, while that for the helium (He) layer is unclear. We conducted photometric and spectroscopic observations of the Type Ib SN 2021efd, which shows signs of interaction with H-free circumstellar material (CSM). Around 30 days after the r-band light curve (LC) peak, until at least ~ 770 days, its LCs display excessive luminosity compared to regular SESNe and at least three distinct peaks. The light curve evolution is similar to that of SN 2019tsf, whose previously unpublished spectrum at 400 days is also presented here. The nebular spectrum of SN 2021efd shows narrow emission lines (~ 1000 km/s) in various species. Our observations suggest that SN 2021efd is a Type Ib SN interacting with CSM with the following parameters: The estimated CSM mass, composition, and distribution are at least a few times 0.1 M_sun, H-free, and clumpy, respectively. Based on the estimated ejecta properties, we conclude that this event is a transitional SN whose progenitor was experiencing He-layer stripping at the epoch of the explosion, and was on the way to becoming a carbon-oxygen star from a He star. The estimated CSM properties suggest that the progenitor had some episodic mass ejections with a rate of ~ 0.001-0.01 M_sun/yr for the last decade and slightly smaller before this final phase at least from ~ 200 years before the explosion, for the assumed CSM velocity of 100 km/s. For the case of ~ 1000 km/s, the necessary mass-loss rate would be increased by a factor of ten, and the timescales decreased by a factor of ten. △ Less

Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 16 figures

Journal ref: A&A 706, A183 (2026)

SN 2022ngb: A faint, slowly evolving Type IIb supernova with a low-mass envelope

Authors: J. -W. Zhao, S. Benetti, Y. -Z. Cai, A. Pastorello, N. Elias-Rosa, A. Reguitti, G. Valerin, Z. -Y. Wang, E. Cappellaro, G. -F. Feng, A. Fiore, B. Fitzpatrick, M. Fraser, J. Isern, E. Kankare, T. Kravtsov, B. Kumar, P. Lundqvist, K. Matilainen, S. Mattila, P. A. Mazzali, S. Moran, P. Ochner, Z. -H. Peng, T. M. Reynolds , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: An extensive photometric and spectroscopic follow-up campaign of the Type IIb SN 2022ngb is presented in the article. Through detailed modeling of this dataset, we aim to constrain the key physical parameters of the explosion, infer the nature of the progenitor star and its environment, and probe the dynamical properties of the ejecta. We analyze photometric and spectroscopic data of SN 2022ngb. B… ▽ More An extensive photometric and spectroscopic follow-up campaign of the Type IIb SN 2022ngb is presented in the article. Through detailed modeling of this dataset, we aim to constrain the key physical parameters of the explosion, infer the nature of the progenitor star and its environment, and probe the dynamical properties of the ejecta. We analyze photometric and spectroscopic data of SN 2022ngb. By constructing and modeling the bolometric light curve with semi-analytic models, we estimate the primary explosion parameters. The spectroscopic data are compared with those of well-studied SNe IIb and NLTE models to constrain the properties of the progenitor and the structure of the resulting ejecta. SN 2022ngb is a low-luminosity SN IIb with a peak bolometric luminosity of L_bol = 7.76 (+1.15/-1.00) x 10^41 erg/s and a V-band rising time of 24.32 +/- 0.50 days. Light curve modeling indicates an ejecta mass of ~2.9-3.2 M_sun, an explosion energy of ~1.4 x 10^51 erg, and a low synthesized 56Ni mass of ~0.045 M_sun. Nebular phase spectra exhibit asymmetric line profiles, pointing to a non-spherical explosion and an anisotropic distribution of radioactive material. Our analysis reveals a relatively compact stripped-envelope progenitor with a pre-SN mass of approximately 4.7 M_sun (corresponding to a 15-16 M_sun ZAMS star). Our analysis suggests that SN 2022ngb originated from the explosion of a moderate-mass relatively compact, stripped-envelope star in a binary system. The asymmetries inferred from the nebular phase spectral line features suggest a non-spherical explosion. △ Less

Submitted 24 February, 2026; v1 submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 25 pages, 18 figures. Accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 706, A271 (2026)

The broad-lined type Ic supernova 2020lao experienced an energetic explosion with no central-engine signatures

Authors: M. D. Stritzinger, T. J. Moriya, S. Bose, P. A. Mazzali, P. Lundqvist, E. Karamehmetoglu, L. S. Arndt, C. Ashall, L. Galbany, W. B. Hoogendam, E. Baron, J. M. DerKacy, N. Elias-Rosa, E. Y. Hsiao, P. Höflich, E. Pian, E. A. M. Jensen, S. Moran, A. Pastorello, M. Shahbandeh, G. Valerin

Abstract: We present infant-phase observations of the SN Ic-BL 2020lao, including optical spectroscopy beginning 48 hrs after explosion. The explosion time was constrained by power-law fits to the rising TESS and ZTF light curves, with the first ZTF detection occurring 27 hrs after explosion. The optical light curves show a rapid rise lasting 8.8 days and a peak luminosity typical of SNe Ic-BL (Mr=-18.5 mag… ▽ More We present infant-phase observations of the SN Ic-BL 2020lao, including optical spectroscopy beginning 48 hrs after explosion. The explosion time was constrained by power-law fits to the rising TESS and ZTF light curves, with the first ZTF detection occurring 27 hrs after explosion. The optical light curves show a rapid rise lasting 8.8 days and a peak luminosity typical of SNe Ic-BL (Mr=-18.5 mag). Unlike some engine-driven SN Ic-BL events, the light curve of SN 2020lao shows no evidence of an optical afterglow or excess emission, and the absence of shock-cooling in the TESS and ZTF data constrains the progenitor to a Wolf-Rayet-like star with radius less than a few times the solar radius, ruling out any extended envelope. The spectra resemble those of the X-ray-flash-associated SN 2006aj but with higher expansion velocities. From Arnett-type fits to the bolometric light curve and measured FeII velocities, we infer a Ni mass of 0.2 solar masses, an ejecta mass of 3.2 solar masses, and a kinetic energy of about 23x10^51 erg, corresponding to a specific kinetic energy of 7x10^51 erg per solar mass. Spectral synthesis modeling broadly reproduces the photospheric spectra of SN 2020lao and suggests a specific kinetic energy of 5x10^51 erg per solar mass. SN 2020lao and SN 2006aj synthesized comparable amounts of Ni, yet SN 2020lao exhibits specific kinetic energy values 5-10 times larger. VLA and Swift/XRT non-detections reveal no afterglow emission, allowing limits on relativistic ejecta and dense circumstellar material. Given that SN 2020lao reaches a specific kinetic energy typical of engine-driven SNe Ic-BL, the lack of an optical excess with the non-detections in the radio and X-ray bands suggests that if a relativistic jet was launched, it was either viewed far off axis or choked before breakout. If there was no relativistic jet, SN 2020lao would be an extreme nonrelativistic SN Ic-BL. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2026; v1 submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 10 figures, several tables. Revised version. Referee comments addressed. Abridged abstract

Journal ref: A&A 708, A305 (2026)

The ANDICAM-SOFI Near-infrared and Optical type Ia Supernova (ASNOS) sample: Description and data release

Authors: Kim Phan, Lluís Galbany, Tomás E. Müller-Bravo, Subhash Bose, Christopher R. Burns, Maximilian D. Stritzinger, Camilla T. G. Sørensen, Chris Ashall, Francisco J. Castander, Cristina Jiménez Palau, Joel Johansson, Joseph P. Anderson, Ken. C. Chambers, Mariusz Gromadzki, Priscila J. Pessi, Ting-Wan Chen

Abstract: Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) provide the most robust means of measuring extragalactic distances. While most of the effort has focused on increasing the number of SNe Ia observed in the optical, near-infrared (NIR) observations remain scarce despite their advantages, that is, reduced dust extinction and a more intrinsic standard candle behavior, requiring little to no empirical corrections. Here, we… ▽ More Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) provide the most robust means of measuring extragalactic distances. While most of the effort has focused on increasing the number of SNe Ia observed in the optical, near-infrared (NIR) observations remain scarce despite their advantages, that is, reduced dust extinction and a more intrinsic standard candle behavior, requiring little to no empirical corrections. Here, we present ASNOS (ANDICAM-SOFI Near-infrared and Optical type Ia Supernova), a dataset with sample size of 1,482 epochs in the $BVRIYJH$ filters from the ANDICAM instrument on the 1.3-meter SMARTS telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, along with 125 $JHK$ epochs from the SOFI instrument on the 3.58-meter New Technology Telescope on the La Silla Observatory. Additionally, we incorporate optical forced photometry from the Zwicky Transient Facility and the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System. The sample comprises 41 SNe Ia in total, including 29 normal events, eight 1991T-like objects, and four peculiar subtypes, all located at redshifts $z < 0.085$. This paper provides a detailed overview of the ASNOS sample selection, data reduction, SN photometry, host-galaxy spectral energy distribution construction, both global and local, and SN light-curve fitting using three methods: SALT3-NIR, SNooPy, and BayeSN. A companion paper will present the cosmological analysis. △ Less

Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: Accepted in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 706, A348 (2026)

The Type Ia Supernova 2021hem: A 2003fg-like Event in an Apparently Hostless Environment

Authors: Subhash Bose, M. D. Stritzinger, A. Malmgaard, C. J. Miller, N. Elias-Rosa, J. P. U. Fynbo, C. Ashall, C. R. Burns, J. M. DerKacy, L. Galbany, C. P. Gutiérrez, W. B. Hoogendam, E. Y. Hsiao, E. A. M. Jensen, K. Medler, Alaa Alburai, J. Anderson, E. Baron, J. Duarte, M. Gromadzki, C. Inserra, P. A. Mazzali, T. E. Müller-Bravo, P. Lundqvist, A. Reguitti , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report observations of Type Ia SN 2021hem, located in an apparently hostless environment. With a peak absolute B-band magnitude of -19.96 mag, and a lack of secondary maximum in near-infrared and i-band light curves make it resemble 2003fg-like events. The slowly evolving light curves, and the earliest spectrum showing CII absorption lines, further support this classification. Fireball model fi… ▽ More We report observations of Type Ia SN 2021hem, located in an apparently hostless environment. With a peak absolute B-band magnitude of -19.96 mag, and a lack of secondary maximum in near-infrared and i-band light curves make it resemble 2003fg-like events. The slowly evolving light curves, and the earliest spectrum showing CII absorption lines, further support this classification. Fireball model fit to early light curves yields a time of first light of -16.43 days relative to B-band maximum. The first detection occurs 1.51 days before the onset of the fireball-like flux rise. This early emission, and $(g - r)_0$ color, is inconsistent with circumstellar or companion interaction. Instead, shallow $^{56}$Ni mixing or an asymmetric $^{56}$Ni distribution offers a plausible explanation. SN2021hem is the fifth known 2003fg-like SN with early-time excess flux emission. The estimated mass of radioactive $^{56}$Ni in SN2021hem is $1.00\pm0.09 M_\odot$. Deep GTC imaging obtained 2.5 yr after the explosion (with $m_{lim,r}=24.4$ mag and $μ_{lim,r} = 26.3\rm~mag~arsec^{-2}$), reveals no coincident host, thereby ruling out most faint dwarf and UDGs. Alternatively, assuming the nearest plausible AGN host galaxy, at a distance of 104 kpc, implies a hyper-velocity progenitor ejected at $\sim$2200 km/s by AGN interaction. A faint diffuse feature ~6 kpc from the SN site has also been detected in the image, with its surface brightness of a UDGs. However, it is unclear whether it is a galaxy and is associated with SN2021hem. Considering its large normalized directional light distance ($d_{DLR}\sim3-4$) from SN, and its unusual elongation, it is a candidate of low probability to be the host galaxy of SN2021hem. These results identify SN2021hem as one of the strongest candidates for a hostless SN Ia, underscoring the diversity of luminous, slowly evolving, 2003fg-like explosions. △ Less

Submitted 24 November, 2025; v1 submitted 10 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 22pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 706, A252 (2026)

Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium XII. SN 2024acyl: A fast, linearly declining Type Ibn supernova with early flash-ionisation features

Authors: Y. -Z. Cai, A. Pastorello, K. Maeda, J. -W. Zhao, Z. -Y. Wang, Z. -H. Peng, A. Reguitti, L. Tartaglia, A. V. Filippenko, Y. Pan, G. Valerin, B. Kumar, Z. Wang, M. Fraser, J. P. Anderson, S. Benetti, S. Bose, T. G. Brink, E. Cappellaro, T. -W. Chen, X. -L. Chen, N. Elias-Rosa, A. Esamdin, A. Gal-Yam, M. González-Bañuelos , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the Type Ibn supernova (SN) 2024acyl. It rises to an absolute magnitude peak of about -17.58 mag in 10.6 days, and displays a rapid linear post-peak light-curve decline in all bands, similar to most SNe Ibn. The optical pseudobolometric light curve peaks at $(3.5\pm0.8) \times 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$, with a total radiated energy of… ▽ More We present a photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the Type Ibn supernova (SN) 2024acyl. It rises to an absolute magnitude peak of about -17.58 mag in 10.6 days, and displays a rapid linear post-peak light-curve decline in all bands, similar to most SNe Ibn. The optical pseudobolometric light curve peaks at $(3.5\pm0.8) \times 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$, with a total radiated energy of $(5.0\pm0.4) \times 10^{48}$ erg. The spectra are dominated by a blue continuum at early stages, with narrow P Cygni He I lines and flash-ionisation emission lines of C III, N III, and He II. The P Cygni He I features gradually evolve and become emission-dominated in late-time spectra. Our multi-band light-curve modelling yields estimates of the ejecta mass of $M_{\rm ej} = 0.49^{+0.11}_{-0.09}$ M$_\odot$ with a kinetic energy of $E_{\rm k} = 0.06^{+0.01}_{-0.01} \times 10^{51}$ erg, and a $^{56}$Ni mass of $M_{\rm Ni} = 0.018$ M$_\odot$. The inferred CSM properties are characterised by a mass of $M_{\rm CSM} = 0.51^{+0.05}_{-0.04}$ M$_\odot$, an inner radius of $R_0 = 17.8^{+3.6}_{-3.0}$ AU, and a density of $ρ_{\rm CSM} =(8.3_{-1.2}^{+2.7})\times10^{-12}$ g cm$^{-3}$. The multi-epoch spectra are well reproduced by the CMFGEN/he4p0 model, corresponding to a He-ZAMS mass of 4 M$_\odot$ (H-ZAMS mass 18.11 M$_\odot$, pre-SN mass 3.16 M$_\odot$). These findings are consistent with a scenario of an SN powered by ejecta-CSM interaction, originating from a low-mass helium star that evolved within an interacting binary system where the CSM with some residual hydrogen may originate from the mass-transfer process. In addition, a channel of core-collapse explosion of a late-type Wolf-Rayet star with H, or an Ofpe/WN9 star with fallback accretion, cannot be entirely ruled out. △ Less

Submitted 25 February, 2026; v1 submitted 6 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 707, A157 (2026)

SN2017ckj: A linearly declining Type IIb supernova with a relatively massive hydrogen envelope

Authors: L. -H. Li, S. Benetti, Y. -Z. Cai, B. Wang, A. Pastorello, N. Elias-Rosa, A. Reguitti, L. Borsato, E. Cappellaro, A. Fiore, M. Fraser, M. Gromadzki, J. Harmanen, J. Isern, T. Kangas, E. Kankare, P. Lundqvist, S. Mattila, P. Ochner, Z. -H. Peng, T. M. Reynolds, I. Salmaso, S. Srivastav, M. D. Stritzinger, L. Tomasella , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present optical observations of the Type IIb supernova (SN) 2017ckj, covering approximately 180 days after the explosion. Its early-time multi-band light curves display no clear evidence of a shock-cooling tail, resembling the behavior of SN2008ax. The $V$-band light curve exhibits a short rise time of about 5 days and reaches an absolute fitted peak magnitude of… ▽ More We present optical observations of the Type IIb supernova (SN) 2017ckj, covering approximately 180 days after the explosion. Its early-time multi-band light curves display no clear evidence of a shock-cooling tail, resembling the behavior of SN2008ax. The $V$-band light curve exhibits a short rise time of about 5 days and reaches an absolute fitted peak magnitude of $M_{\rm V}=-18.49\pm0.18\mathrm{mag}$. The late-time multi-band light curves reveal a linear decline. We modelled the bolometric light curve of SN2017ckj to constrain the progenitor and the explosion parameters. We estimated a total mass of $\rm ^{56}Ni$ synthesized by SN2017ckj of $M_{\rm Ni} = 0.21^{+0.05}_{-0.03}\ M_\odot$, with a massive H-rich envelope of $M_{\rm env} = 0.4^{+0.1}_{-0.1}\ M_\odot$. Both the $\rm ^{56}Ni$ mass and the envelope mass of SN2017ckj are higher than those of typical SNe IIb, in agreement with its peculiar light curve evolution. The early-time spectra of SN2017ckj are dominated by a blue continuum, accompanied by narrow $\rm H_α$ and \Heii emission lines. The earliest spectrum exhibits flash ionization features, from which we estimated a progenitor mass-loss rate of $\sim 3\times10^{-4}M_\odot \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. At later epochs, the spectra develop broad P-Cygni profiles and become increasingly similar to those of SNe IIb, especially SN2018gk. The late-time spectrum at around 139 days does not show a distinct decline in the strength of $\rm H_α$ emission profile, also indicating a relatively massive envelope of its progenitor. Aside from the $\rm H_α$ feature, the nebular spectrum exhibits prominent emission lines of \Oi, \Caii, [\Caii], and \Mgi], which are consistent with the prototypical SN1993J. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2025; v1 submitted 27 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 15 figures, published in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 704, A233 (2025)

The nebular phase of SN 2024ggi: a low-mass progenitor with no signs of interaction

Authors: L. Ferrari, G. Folatelli, K. Ertini, H. Kuncarayakti, T. Regna, M. C. Bersten, C. Ashall, E. Baron, C. R. Burns, L. Galbany, W. B. Hoogendam, K. Maeda, K. Medler, N. I. Morrell, B. Shappee, M. D. Stritzinger, H. Xiao

Abstract: Context: SN 2024ggi is a Type II supernova (SN) discovered in the nearby galaxy NGC 3621 (D $\approx6.7\pm0.d$ Mpc) on 2024 April 03.21 UT. Its proximity enabled a detailed investigation of the SN's properties and its progenitor star. This work focuses on the optical evolution of SN 2024ggi at the nebular phase. Aims: We investigate the progenitor properties and possible asymmetries in the ejecta… ▽ More Context: SN 2024ggi is a Type II supernova (SN) discovered in the nearby galaxy NGC 3621 (D $\approx6.7\pm0.d$ Mpc) on 2024 April 03.21 UT. Its proximity enabled a detailed investigation of the SN's properties and its progenitor star. This work focuses on the optical evolution of SN 2024ggi at the nebular phase. Aims: We investigate the progenitor properties and possible asymmetries in the ejecta by studying the nebular phase evolution between days 287 and 400 after the explosion. Methods: We present optical photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2024ggi during the nebular phase, obtained with the Las Campanas and Gemini South Observatories. Four nebular spectra were taken at 287, 288, 360, and 396 days post-explosion, supplemented by late-time $uBVgri$-band photometry spanning $320-400$ days. The analysis of the nebular emission features is performed to probe ejecta asymmetries. Based on the [O I] flux and [O I]/[Ca II] ratio, and comparisons with spectra models from the literature, we arrive to an estimate of the progenitor mass. Additionally, we construct the bolometric light curve from optical photometry and near-infrared data to derive the synthesized nickel mass. Results: Our analysis suggests a progenitor zero-age-main-sequence mass between $12-15 M_\odot$. The late-time bolometric light curve is consistent with a synthesized $^{56}$Ni mass of $0.05-0.06 M_\odot$. The line profiles exhibit only minor changes over the observed period and suggest a roughly symmetrical ejecta, with a possible clump of oxygen-rich material moving towards the observer. No signatures of circumstellar material interaction are detected up to 400 days after the explosion. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2025; v1 submitted 30 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 11 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 703, A12 (2025)

JWST Observations of SN 2023ixf II: The Panchromatic Evolution Between 250 and 720 Days After the Explosion

Authors: K. Medler, C. Ashall, P. Hoeflich, E. Baron, J. M. DerKacy, M. Shahbandeh, T. Mera, C. M. Pfeffer, W. B. Hoogendam, D. O. Jones, S. Shiber, E. Fereidouni, O. D. Fox, J. Jencson, L. Galbany, J. T. Hinkle, M. A. Tucker, B. J. Shappee, M. E. Huber, K. Auchettl, C. R. Angus, D. D. Desai, A. Do, A. V. Payne, J. Shi , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the nebular phase spectroscopic and photometric observations of the nearby hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernova (CC-SN) 2023ixf, obtained through our JWST programs. These observations, combined with ground-based optical and near-infrared spectra, cover +252.67 - 719.96 d, creating a comprehensive, panchromatic time-series dataset spanning 0.32 - 30$μ$m. In this second paper of the seri… ▽ More We present the nebular phase spectroscopic and photometric observations of the nearby hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernova (CC-SN) 2023ixf, obtained through our JWST programs. These observations, combined with ground-based optical and near-infrared spectra, cover +252.67 - 719.96 d, creating a comprehensive, panchromatic time-series dataset spanning 0.32 - 30$μ$m. In this second paper of the series, we focus on identifying key spectral emission features and tracking their evolution through the nebular phase. The JWST data reveal hydrogen emission from the Balmer to Humphreys series, as well as prominent forbidden lines from Ne, Ar, Fe, Co, and Ni. NIRSpec observations display strong emission from the first overtone and fundamental bands of carbon monoxide, which weaken with time as the ejecta cools and dust emission dominates. The spectral energy distribution shows a clear infrared excess emerging by +252.67 d peaking around 10.0$μ$m, with a secondary bump at 18.0$μ$m developing by +719.96 d. We suggest that this evolution could arises from multiple warm dust components. In upcoming papers in this series, we will present detailed modeling of the molecular and dust properties. Overall, this dataset significantly advances our understanding of the mid-infrared properties of CC-SNe, providing an unprecedented view of their late-time line, molecule, and dust emission. △ Less

Submitted 25 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ

JWST Observations of SN 2023ixf I: Completing the Early Multi-Wavelength Picture with Plateau-phase Spectroscopy

Authors: J. M. DerKacy, C. Ashall, E. Baron, K. Medler, T. Mera, P. Hoeflich, M. Shahbandeh, C. R. Burns, M. D. Stritzinger, M. A. Tucker, B. J. Shappee, K. Auchettl, C. R. Angus, D. D. Desai, A. Do, J. T. Hinkle, W. B. Hoogendam, M. E. Huber, A. V. Payne, D. O. Jones, J. Shi, M. Y. Kong, S. Romagnoli, A. Syncatto, S. Moran , et al. (24 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present and analyze panchromatic (0.35--14 $μ$m) spectroscopy of the Type II supernova 2023ixf, including near- and mid-infrared spectra obtained 33.6 days after explosion during the plateau-phase, with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This is the first in a series of papers examining the evolution of SN 2023ixf with JWST spanning the initial 1000 days after explosion, monitoring the form… ▽ More We present and analyze panchromatic (0.35--14 $μ$m) spectroscopy of the Type II supernova 2023ixf, including near- and mid-infrared spectra obtained 33.6 days after explosion during the plateau-phase, with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This is the first in a series of papers examining the evolution of SN 2023ixf with JWST spanning the initial 1000 days after explosion, monitoring the formation and growth of molecules and dust in ejecta and surrounding environment. The JWST infrared spectra are overwhelmingly dominated by H lines, whose profiles reveal ejecta structures, including flat tops, blue notches, and red shoulders, unseen in the optical spectra. We characterize the nature of these structures, concluding that they likely result from a combination of ejecta geometry, viewing angle, and opacity effects. We find no evidence for the formation of dust precursor molecules such as carbon-monoxide (CO), nor do we observe an infrared excess attributable to dust. These observations imply that the detections of molecules and dust in SN 2023ixf at later epochs arise either from freshly synthesized material within the ejecta or circumstellar material at radii not yet heated by the supernova at this epoch. △ Less

Submitted 22 October, 2025; v1 submitted 24 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 20 pages, 10 figures, accepted by ApJ; updated to accepted version

JWST Observations of SN 2024ggi I: Interpretation and Model Comparison of the Type II Supernova 2024ggi at 55 days Past Explosion

Authors: E. Baron, C. Ashall, J. M. DerKacy, P. Hoeflich, K. Medler, M. Shahbandeh, E. Fereidouni, C. M. Pfeffer, T. Mera, W. B. Hoogendam, S. Shiber, K. Auchettl, P. J. Brown, C. R. Burns, A. Burrow, D. . A. Coulter, M. Engesser, G. Folatelli, O. Fox, L. Galbany, M. Guolo, J. T. Hinkle, Mark E. Huber, E. Y. Hsiao, T. de Jaeger , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present panchromatic 0.4-21 microns observations of the nearby (about 7.2 Mpc) Type II supernova 2024ggi, obtained during the plateau phase at about 55 d past explosion. Our dataset includes JWST spectra spanning 1.7-14 microns, MIR imaging at 7.7 and 21 microns, and near-simultaneous ground-based optical and NIR spectra covering 0.32-1.8 microns. The NIR and MIR spectral features of SN 2024ggi… ▽ More We present panchromatic 0.4-21 microns observations of the nearby (about 7.2 Mpc) Type II supernova 2024ggi, obtained during the plateau phase at about 55 d past explosion. Our dataset includes JWST spectra spanning 1.7-14 microns, MIR imaging at 7.7 and 21 microns, and near-simultaneous ground-based optical and NIR spectra covering 0.32-1.8 microns. The NIR and MIR spectral features of SN 2024ggi are dominated by HI emission. We present line IDs and a toy PHOENIX/1D model that reproduces the observations well, especially the continuum redward of 0.9 microns We compare SN 2024ggi to SN 2022acko and SN 2023ixf, two other Type II supernovae that were also observed by JWST, and highlight key similarities and differences in their spectral features. No evidence for a MIR excess or dust is found at these epochs, with the model matching the observed flux out to 21 microns. We discuss the model's shortcomings, focusing on the density profile, which suppresses line blanketing and produces features in the optical that are too narrow. Our results show the power of panchromatic studies in both exploring the nature of the SN ejecta and constraining detailed models of SNe. △ Less

Submitted 29 September, 2025; v1 submitted 24 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 24 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ. Revision includes changes suggested by the referee

Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium. XI. Diverse evolution of five Ibn SNe 2020nxt, 2020taz, 2021bbv, 2023utc and 2024aej

Authors: Z. -Y. Wang, A. Pastorello, Y. -Z. Cai, M. Fraser, A. Reguitti, W. -L. Lin, L. Tartaglia, D. Andrew Howell, S. Benetti, E. Cappellaro, Z. -H. Chen, N. Elias-Rosa, J. Farah, A. Fiore, D. Hiramatsu, E. Kankare, Z. -T. Li, P. Lundqvist, P. A. Mazzali, C. McCully, J. Mo, S. Moran, M. Newsome, E. Padilla Gonzalez, C. Pellegrino , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the photometric and spectroscopic analysis of five Type Ibn supernovae (SNe): SN 2020nxt, SN 2020taz, SN 2021bbv, SN 2023utc, and SN 2024aej. These events share key observational features and belong to a family of objects similar to the prototypical Type Ibn SN 2006jc. The SNe exhibit rise times of approximately 10 days and peak absolute magnitudes ranging from $-$16.5 to $-$19 mag. Not… ▽ More We present the photometric and spectroscopic analysis of five Type Ibn supernovae (SNe): SN 2020nxt, SN 2020taz, SN 2021bbv, SN 2023utc, and SN 2024aej. These events share key observational features and belong to a family of objects similar to the prototypical Type Ibn SN 2006jc. The SNe exhibit rise times of approximately 10 days and peak absolute magnitudes ranging from $-$16.5 to $-$19 mag. Notably, SN 2023utc is the faintest Type Ibn supernova discovered to date, with an exceptionally low r-band absolute magnitude of $-16.4$ mag. The pseudo-bolometric light curves peak at $(1-10) \times 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$, with total radiated energies on the order of $(1-10) \times 10^{48}$ erg. Spectroscopically, these SNe display relatively slow spectral evolution; the early spectra are characterised by a hot blue continuum and prominent He I emission lines. Early spectra show blackbody temperatures exceeding $10000~\mathrm{K}$, with a subsequent decline in temperature during later phases. Narrow He I lines, indicative of unshocked circumstellar material (CSM), show velocities of approximately $1000~\mathrm{km~s^{-1}}$. The spectra suggest that the progenitors of these SNe underwent significant mass loss prior to the explosion, resulting in a He-rich CSM. Light curve modelling yields estimates for the ejecta mass ($M_{\rm ej}$) in the range $1-3~M_{\odot}$, with kinetic energies ($E_{\rm Kin}$) of $(0.1-1) \times 10^{50}$ erg. The inferred CSM mass ranges from $0.2$ to $1~M_{\odot}$. These findings are consistent with expectations for core-collapse events arising from relatively massive, envelope-stripped progenitors. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 54 pages, 53 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 700, A156 (2025)

The Search for Stable Nickel: Investigating the Origins of Type Ia Supernovae with Late-time NIR Spectroscopy from the Carnegie Supernova Project-II

Authors: Sahana Kumar, Eric Y. Hsiao, Christopher Ashall, Peter Hoeflich, Eddie Baron, Mark M. Phillips, Maryam Modjaz, Abigail Polin, Nidia Morrell, Christopher R. Burns, Jing Lu, Melissa Shahbandeh, Lindsey A. Kwok, Lluis Galbany, Maximilian D. Stritzinger, Carlos Contreras, James M. DerKacy, T Hoover, Syed Uddin, Saurabh W. Jha, Huangfei Xiao, Kevin Krisciunas, Nicholas B. Suntzeff

Abstract: Producing stable $^{58}$Ni in Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) requires sufficiently high density conditions that are not predicted for all origin scenarios, so examining the distribution of $^{58}$Ni using the NIR [Ni II] 1.939 $μ$m line may observationally distinguish between possible progenitors and explosion mechanisms. We present 79 telluric-corrected NIR spectra of 22 low-redshift SNe Ia from the… ▽ More Producing stable $^{58}$Ni in Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) requires sufficiently high density conditions that are not predicted for all origin scenarios, so examining the distribution of $^{58}$Ni using the NIR [Ni II] 1.939 $μ$m line may observationally distinguish between possible progenitors and explosion mechanisms. We present 79 telluric-corrected NIR spectra of 22 low-redshift SNe Ia from the Carnegie Supernova Project-II ranging from +50 to +505 days, including 31 previously unpublished spectra. We introduce the Gaussian Peak Ratio, a detection parameter that confirms the presence of the NIR [Ni II] 1.939 $μ$m line in 8 SNe in our sample. Non-detections occur at earlier phases when the NIR Ni line has not emerged yet or in low signal-to-noise spectra yielding inconclusive results. Subluminous 86G-like SNe Ia show the earliest NIR Ni features around ~+50 days, whereas normal-bright SNe Ia do not exhibit NIR Ni until ~+150 days. NIR Ni features detected in our sample have low peak velocities ($v$~1200 km/s) and narrow line widths ($\leq$ 3500 km/s), indicating stable $^{58}$Ni is centrally located. This implies high density burning conditions in the innermost regions of SNe Ia and could be due to higher mass progenitors (i.e. near-$M_{ch}$). NIR spectra of the nearly two dozen SNe Ia in our sample are compared to various model predictions and paired with early-time properties to identify ideal observation windows for future SNe Ia discovered by upcoming surveys with Rubin-LSST or the Roman Space Telescope. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2026; v1 submitted 23 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: submitted to ApJ on April 18, 2025 accepted by ApJ on Dec 31, 2025 published March 23, 2025

Journal ref: ApJ 1000 178 (2026)

Analyzing type Ia supernovae near-infrared light curves with Principal Component Analysis

Authors: T. E. Müller-Bravo, L. Galbany, M. D. Stritzinger, C. Ashall, E. Baron, C. R. Burns, P. Höflich, N. Morrell, M. Phillips, N. B. Suntzeff, S. A. Uddin

Abstract: Type Ia supernovae (SNeIa), the thermonuclear explosions of C/O white dwarf stars in binary systems, are phenomena that remain poorly understood. The complexity of their progenitor systems, explosion physics and intrinsic diversity poses not only challenges for their understanding as astrophysical objects, but also for their standardization and use as cosmological probes. Near-infrared (NIR) obser… ▽ More Type Ia supernovae (SNeIa), the thermonuclear explosions of C/O white dwarf stars in binary systems, are phenomena that remain poorly understood. The complexity of their progenitor systems, explosion physics and intrinsic diversity poses not only challenges for their understanding as astrophysical objects, but also for their standardization and use as cosmological probes. Near-infrared (NIR) observations offer a promising avenue for studying the physics of SNeIa and for reducing systematic uncertainties in distance estimations, as they exhibit lower dust extinction and smaller dispersion in peak luminosity than optical bands. Here, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to a sample of SNeIa with well-sampled NIR (YJH-band) light curves to identify the dominant components of their variability and constrain physical underlying properties. The theoretical models of Kasen2006 are used for the physical interpretation of the PCA components, where we found the 56Ni mass to describe the dominant variability. Other factors, such as mixing and metallicity, were found to contribute significantly as well. However, some differences are found between the components of the NIR bands which may be attributed to differences in the explosion aspects they each trace. Additionally, the PCA components are compared to various light-curve parameters, identifying strong correlations between some components and peak brightness in both the NIR and optical bands, particularly in the Y band. When applying PCA to NIR color curves, we found interesting correlations with the host-galaxy mass, where SNeIa with redder NIR colors are predominantly found in less massive galaxies. We also investigate the potential for improved standardization in the Y band by incorporating PCA coefficients as correction parameters, leading to a reduction in the scatter of the intrinsic luminosity of SNeIa. △ Less

Submitted 2 December, 2025; v1 submitted 8 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: Submitted to A&A, 16 pages. Comments are welcome

Journal ref: A&A 702, A134 (2025)

A long-lasting eruption heralds SN 2023ldh, a clone of SN 2009ip

Authors: A. Pastorello, A. Reguitti, L. Tartaglia, G. Valerin, Y. -Z. Cai, P. Charalampopoulos, F. De Luise, Y. Dong, N. Elias-Rosa, J. Farah, A. Farina, S. Fiscale, M. Fraser, L. Galbany, S. Gomez, M. Gonzalez-Banuelos, D. Hiramatsu, D. A. Howell, T. Kangas, T. L. Killestein, P. Marziani, P. A. Mazzali, E. Mazzotta Epifani, C. McCully, P. Ochner , et al. (24 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We discuss the results of the spectroscopic and photometric monitoring of the type IIn supernova (SN) 2023ldh. Survey archive data show that the SN progenitor experienced some erratic outbursts in the years before exploding. From May 2023, the source shows a general slow luminosity rise lasting over four months with some superposed luminosity fluctuations. In analogy to SN 2009ip, we label this br… ▽ More We discuss the results of the spectroscopic and photometric monitoring of the type IIn supernova (SN) 2023ldh. Survey archive data show that the SN progenitor experienced some erratic outbursts in the years before exploding. From May 2023, the source shows a general slow luminosity rise lasting over four months with some superposed luminosity fluctuations. In analogy to SN 2009ip, we label this brightening as Event A. During Event A, SN 2023ldh reaches a maximum absolute magnitude of Mr = -15.52 +- 0.24 mag. Then the light curves show a luminosity decline of about 1 mag in all filters lasting about two weeks, followed by a steep brightening (Event B) to an absolute peak magnitude of Mr = -18.53 +- 0.23 mag, replicating the evolution of SN 2009ip and similar SNe IIn. Three spectra of SN 2023ldh are obtained during Event A, showing multi-component P Cygni profiles of H I and Fe II lines. During the rise to the Event B peak, the spectrum shows a blue continuum dominated by Balmer lines in emission with Lorentzian profiles, with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) velocity of about 650 km/s. Later, in the post-peak phase, the spectrum reddens, and broader wings appear in the Halpha line profile. Metal lines are well visible with P Cygni profiles and velocities of about 2000 km/s. Beginning around three months past maximum and until very late phases, the Ca II lines become among the most prominent features, while Halpha is dominated by an intermediate-width component with a boxy profile. Although SN 2023ldh mimics the evolution of other SN 2009ip-like transients, it is slightly more luminous and has a slower photometric evolution. The surprisingly homogeneous observational properties of SN 2009ip-like events may indicate similar explosion scenarios and similar progenitor parameters. △ Less

Submitted 18 July, 2025; v1 submitted 29 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables (and 1 online table). Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 701, A32 (2025)

Expanding the parameter space of 2002es-like type Ia supernovae: on the underluminous ASASSN-20jq / SN 2020qxp

Authors: Subhash Bose, Maximilian D. Stritzinger, Chris Ashall, Eddie Baron, Peter Hoeflich, L. Galbany, W. B. Hoogendam, E. A. M. Jensen, C. S. Kochanek, R. S. Post, A. Reguitti, N. Elias-Rosa, K. Z. Stanek, Peter Lundqvist, Katie Auchettl, Alejandro Clocchiatti, A. Fiore, Claudia P. Gutiérrez, Jason T. Hinkle, Mark E. Huber, T. de Jaeger, Andrea Pastorello, Anna V. Payne, Mark Phillips, Benjamin J. Shappee , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present optical photometric and spectroscopic observations of the peculiar Type Ia supernova ASASSN-20jq/SN 2020qxp. It is a low-luminosity object with a peak absolute magnitude of $M_B=-17.1\pm0.5$ mag. Despite its low luminosity, its post-peak light-curve decline rate ($Δm_{15}(B)=1.35\pm0.09$ mag) and color-stretch parameter (sBV>0.82) are similar to normal SNe Ia, making it an outlier in th… ▽ More We present optical photometric and spectroscopic observations of the peculiar Type Ia supernova ASASSN-20jq/SN 2020qxp. It is a low-luminosity object with a peak absolute magnitude of $M_B=-17.1\pm0.5$ mag. Despite its low luminosity, its post-peak light-curve decline rate ($Δm_{15}(B)=1.35\pm0.09$ mag) and color-stretch parameter (sBV>0.82) are similar to normal SNe Ia, making it an outlier in the luminosity-width and luminosity-color-stretch relations. Early light curves suggest a "bump" during the first 1.4 days of explosion. ASASSN-20jq synthesized a low radioactive $^{56}$Ni mass of $0.09\pm0.01M_\odot$. Near-maximum light spectra reveal strong Si II absorption lines, indicating a cooler photosphere than normal SNe Ia, but lack Ti II absorption lines. Unusually strong O I $λ$7773 and Ca II near-infrared triplet absorption features are present. Nebular spectra show a strong, narrow forbidden [Ca II] $λλ$7291,7324 doublet emission, rarely seen in SNe Ia except in some Type Iax events. Marginal detection of [O I] $λλ$6300,6364 doublet emission, which is extremely rare, is observed. Both [Ca II] and [O I] lines are redshifted by $\sim2000$ km/s. A strong [Fe II] $λ$7155 emission line with a tilted-top profile, identical to the [Fe II] $λ$16433 profile, is also observed. These asymmetric [Fe II] profiles and redshifted [Ca II] and [O I] emissions suggest a high central density white dwarf progenitor undergoing an off-center delayed-detonation explosion mechanism, producing roughly equal amounts of $^{56}$Ni in deflagration and detonation phases. This distinguishes ASASSN-20jq from normal and subluminous SNe Ia. ASASSN-20jq's light curve and spectra do not align with any single SNe Ia subclass but show similarities to 2002es-like objects. Thus, we add it as an extreme candidate within the heterogeneous parameter space of 2002es-like SNe Ia. △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2025; v1 submitted 7 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 20 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 699, A169 (2025)

Using nebular near-IR spectroscopy to measure asymmetric chemical distributions in 2003fg-like thermonuclear supernovae

Authors: J. O'Hora, C. Ashall, M. Shahbandeh, E. Hsiao, P. Hoeflich, M. D. Stritzinger, L. Galbany, E. Baron, J. DerKacy, S. Kumar, J. Lu, K. Medler, B. Shappee

Abstract: We present an analysis of three near-infrared (NIR; 1.0-2.4 $μ$m) spectra of the SN 2003fg-like/"super-Chandrasekhar" type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) SN 2009dc, SN 2020hvf, and SN 2022pul at respective phases +372, +296, and +294~d relative to the epoch of $B$-band maximum. We find that all objects in our sample have asymmetric, or "tilted", [Fe~II] 1.257 and 1.644 $μ$m profiles. We quantify the asymm… ▽ More We present an analysis of three near-infrared (NIR; 1.0-2.4 $μ$m) spectra of the SN 2003fg-like/"super-Chandrasekhar" type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) SN 2009dc, SN 2020hvf, and SN 2022pul at respective phases +372, +296, and +294~d relative to the epoch of $B$-band maximum. We find that all objects in our sample have asymmetric, or "tilted", [Fe~II] 1.257 and 1.644 $μ$m profiles. We quantify the asymmetry of these features using five methods: velocity at peak flux, profile tilts, residual testing, velocity fitting, and comparison to deflagration-detonation transition models. Our results demonstrate that, while the profiles of the [Fe II] 1.257 and 1.644 $μ$m features are widely varied between 2003fg-likes, these features are correlated in shape within the same SN. This implies that line blending is most likely not the dominant cause of the asymmetries inferred from these profiles. Instead, it is more plausible that 2003fg-like SNe have aspherical chemical distributions in their inner regions. These distributions may come from aspherical progenitor systems, such as double white dwarf mergers, or off-center delayed-detonation explosions of Chandrasekhar-mass Carbon-Oxygen white dwarfs. Additional late-phase NIR observation of 2003fg-like SNe and detailed 3-D NLTE modeling of these two explosion scenarios are encouraged. △ Less

Submitted 21 March, 2025; v1 submitted 12 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Optical and near-infrared photometry of 94 type II supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project

Authors: J. P. Anderson, C. Contreras, M. D. Stritzinger, M. Hamuy, M. M. Phillips, N. B. Suntzeff, N. Morrell, S. Gonzalez-Gaitan, C. P. Gutierrez, C. R. Burns, E. Y. Hsiao, J. Anais, C. Ashall, C. Baltay, E. Baron, M. Bersten, L. Busta, S. Castellon, T. de Jaeger, D. DePoy, A. V. Filippenko, G. Folatelli, F. Forster, L. Galbany, C. Gall , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Type II supernovae (SNeII) mark the endpoint in the lives of hydrogen-rich massive stars. Their large explosion energies and luminosities allow us to measure distances, metallicities, and star formation rates into the distant Universe. To fully exploit their use in answering different astrophysical problems, high-quality low-redshift data sets are required. Such samples are vital to understand the… ▽ More Type II supernovae (SNeII) mark the endpoint in the lives of hydrogen-rich massive stars. Their large explosion energies and luminosities allow us to measure distances, metallicities, and star formation rates into the distant Universe. To fully exploit their use in answering different astrophysical problems, high-quality low-redshift data sets are required. Such samples are vital to understand the physics of SNeII, but also to serve as calibrators for distinct - and often lower-quality - samples. We present uBgVri optical and YJH near-infrared (NIR) photometry for 94 low-redshift SNeII observed by the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP). A total of 9817 optical and 1872 NIR photometric data points are released, leading to a sample of high-quality SNII light curves during the first ~150 days post explosion on a well-calibrated photometric system. The sample is presented and its properties are analysed and discussed through comparison to literature events. We also focus on individual SNeII as examples of classically defined subtypes and outlier objects. Making a cut in the plateau decline rate of our sample (s2), a new subsample of fast-declining SNeII is presented. The sample has a median redshift of 0.015, with the nearest event at 0.001 and the most distant at 0.07. At optical wavelengths (V), the sample has a median cadence of 4.7 days over the course of a median coverage of 80 days. In the NIR (J), the median cadence is 7.2 days over the course of 59 days. The fast-declining subsample is more luminous than the full sample and shows shorter plateau phases. Of the non-standard SNeII highlighted, SN2009A particularly stands out with a steeply declining then rising light curve, together with what appears to be two superimposed P-Cygni profiles of H-alpha in its spectra. We outline the significant utility of these data, and finally provide an outlook of future SNII science. △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A. Photometric data will be uploaded to the CDS and the CSP website, and can also be requested from the first author

CSS161010: a luminous, fast blue optical transient with broad blueshifted hydrogen lines

Authors: Claudia P. Gutiérrez, Seppo Mattila, Peter Lundqvist, Luc Dessart, Santiago González-Gaitán, Peter G. Jonker, Subo Dong, Deanne Coppejans, Ping Chen, Panos Charalampopoulos, Nancy Elias-Rosa, Thomas Reynolds, Christopher Kochanek, Morgan Fraser, Andrea Pastorello, Mariusz Gromadzki, Jack Neustadt, Stefano Benetti, Erkki Kankare, Tuomas Kangas, Rubina Kotak, Maximilian D. Stritzinger, Thomas Wevers, Bing Zhang, David Bersier , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present ultraviolet, optical and near-infrared photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of the luminous, fast blue optical transient (LFBOT), CSS161010:045834-081803 (CSS161010). The transient was found in a low-redshift (z=0.033) dwarf galaxy. The light curves of CSS161010 are characterized by an extremely fast evolution and blue colours. The V-band light curve shows that CSS161010 r… ▽ More We present ultraviolet, optical and near-infrared photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of the luminous, fast blue optical transient (LFBOT), CSS161010:045834-081803 (CSS161010). The transient was found in a low-redshift (z=0.033) dwarf galaxy. The light curves of CSS161010 are characterized by an extremely fast evolution and blue colours. The V-band light curve shows that CSS161010 reaches an absolute peak of M$_{V}^{max}=-20.66\pm0.06$ mag in 3.8 days from the start of the outburst. After maximum, CSS161010 follows a power-law decline $\propto t^{-2.8\pm0.1}$ in all optical bands. These photometric properties are comparable to those of well-observed LFBOTs such as AT 2018cow, AT 2020mrf and AT 2020xnd. However, unlike these objects, the spectra of CSS161010 show a remarkable transformation from a blue and featureless continuum to spectra dominated by very broad, entirely blueshifted hydrogen emission lines of velocities of up to 10% of the speed of light. The persistent blueshifted emission and the lack of any emission at the rest wavelength of CSS161010 are unique features not seen in any transient before CSS161010. The combined observational properties of CSS161010 and its M$_{*}\sim10^{8}$ M$_\odot$ dwarf galaxy host favour the tidal disruption of a star by an intermediate-mass black hole as its origin. △ Less

Submitted 22 October, 2024; v1 submitted 8 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 29 pages (including the appendix); 8 figures in the main text, 4 figures and 8 tables in the appendix. Accepted for publication in ApJ

A study in scarlet -- II. Spectroscopic properties of a sample of Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients

Authors: G. Valerin, A. Pastorello, E. Mason, A. Reguitti, S. Benetti, Y. -Z. Cai, T. -W. Chen, D. Eappachen, N. Elias-Rosa, M. Fraser, A. Gangopadhyay, E. Y. Hsiao, D. A. Howell, C. Inserra, L. Izzo, J. Jencson, E. Kankare, R. Kotak, P. Lundqvist, P. A. Mazzali, K. Misra, G. Pignata, S. J. Prentice, D. J. Sand, S. J. Smartt , et al. (43 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the spectroscopic characteristics of Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients (ILRTs), a class of elusive objects with peak luminosity between that of classical novae and standard supernovae. We present the extensive optical and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic monitoring of four ILRTs, namely NGC 300 2008OT-1, AT 2019abn, AT 2019ahd and AT 2019udc. First we focus on the evolution of… ▽ More We investigate the spectroscopic characteristics of Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients (ILRTs), a class of elusive objects with peak luminosity between that of classical novae and standard supernovae. We present the extensive optical and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic monitoring of four ILRTs, namely NGC 300 2008OT-1, AT 2019abn, AT 2019ahd and AT 2019udc. First we focus on the evolution of the most prominent spectral features observed in the low resolution spectra, then we discuss more in detail the high resolution spectrum collected for NGC 300 2008OT-1 with the Very Large Telescope equipped with UVES. Finally we analyse late time spectra of NGC 300 2008OT-1 and AT 2019ahd through comparisons with both synthetic and observed spectra. Balmer and Ca lines dominate the optical spectra, revealing the presence of slowly moving circumstellar medium (CSM) around the objects. The line luminosity of H$α$, H$β$ and Ca II NIR triplet presents a double peaked evolution with time, possibly indicative of interaction between fast ejecta and the slow CSM. The high resolution spectrum of NGC 300 2008OT-1 reveals a complex circumstellar environment, with the transient being surrounded by a slow ($\sim$30 km s$^{-1}$) progenitor wind. At late epochs, optical spectra of NGC 300 2008OT-1 and AT 2019ahd show broad ($\sim$2500 km s$^{-1}$) emission features at $\sim$6170 A and $\sim$7000 A which are unprecedented for ILRTs. We find that these lines originate most likely from the blending of several narrow lines, possibly of iron-peak elements. △ Less

Submitted 31 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 28 pages, 19 figures. Submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 695, A43 (2025)

A study in scarlet -- I. Photometric properties of a sample of Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients

Authors: G. Valerin, A. Pastorello, A. Reguitti, S. Benetti, Y. -Z. Cai, T. -W. Chen, D. Eappachen, N. Elias-Rosa, M. Fraser, A. Gangopadhyay, E. Y. Hsiao, D. A. Howell, C. Inserra, L. Izzo, J. Jencson, E. Kankare, R. Kotak, P. A. Mazzali, K. Misra, G. Pignata, S. J. Prentice, D. J. Sand, S. J. Smartt, M. D. Stritzinger, L. Tartaglia , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the photometric characteristics of a sample of Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients (ILRTs), a class of elusive objects with peak luminosity between that of classical novae and standard supernovae. We present the multi-wavelength photometric follow-up of four ILRTs, namely NGC 300 2008OT-1, AT 2019abn, AT 2019ahd and AT 2019udc. Through the analysis and modelling of their spectral… ▽ More We investigate the photometric characteristics of a sample of Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients (ILRTs), a class of elusive objects with peak luminosity between that of classical novae and standard supernovae. We present the multi-wavelength photometric follow-up of four ILRTs, namely NGC 300 2008OT-1, AT 2019abn, AT 2019ahd and AT 2019udc. Through the analysis and modelling of their spectral energy distribution and bolometric light curves we infer the physical parameters associated with these transients. All four objects display a single peaked light curve which ends in a linear decline in magnitudes at late phases. A flux excess with respect to a single black body emission is detected in the infrared domain for three objects in our sample, a few months after maximum. This feature, commonly found in ILRTs, is interpreted as a sign of dust formation. Mid infrared monitoring of NGC 300 2008OT-1 761 days after maximum allows us to infer the presence of $\sim$10$^{-3}$-10$^{-5}$ M$_{\odot}$ of dust, depending on the chemical composition and the grain size adopted. The late time decline of the bolometric light curves of the considered ILRTs is shallower than expected for $^{56}$Ni decay, hence requiring an additional powering mechanism. James Webb Space Telescope observations of AT 2019abn prove that the object has faded below its progenitor luminosity in the mid-infrared domain, five years after its peak. Together with the disappearance of NGC 300 2008OT-1 in Spitzer images seven years after its discovery, this supports the terminal explosion scenario for ILRTs. With a simple semi-analytical model we try to reproduce the observed bolometric light curves in the context of few M$_{\odot}$ of material ejected at few 10$^{3}$ km s$^{-1}$ and enshrouded in an optically thick circumstellar medium. △ Less

Submitted 31 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 21 pages, 15 figures plus 20 additional pages of data in appendix. Submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 695, A42 (2025)

Optical Spectroscopy of Type Ia Supernovae by the Carnegie Supernova Projects I and II

Authors: N. Morrell, M. M. Phillips, G. Folatelli, M. D. Stritzinger, M. Hamuy, N. B. Suntzeff, E. Y. Hsiao, F. Taddia, C. R. Burns, P. Hoeflich, C. Ashall, C. Contreras, L. Galbany, J. Lu, A. L. Piro, J. Anais, E. Baron, A. Burrow, L. Busta, A. Campillay, S. Castellón, C. Corco, T. Diamond, W. L. Freedman, C. González , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the second and final release of optical spectroscopy of Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained during the first and second phases of the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP-I and CSP-II). The newly released data consist of 148 spectra of 30 SNe Ia observed in the course of the CSP-I, and 234 spectra of 127 SNe Ia obtained during the CSP-II. We also present 216 optical spectra of 46 historical… ▽ More We present the second and final release of optical spectroscopy of Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained during the first and second phases of the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP-I and CSP-II). The newly released data consist of 148 spectra of 30 SNe Ia observed in the course of the CSP-I, and 234 spectra of 127 SNe Ia obtained during the CSP-II. We also present 216 optical spectra of 46 historical SNe Ia, including 53 spectra of 30 SNe Ia observed by the Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey. We combine these observations with previously published CSP data and publicly-available spectra to compile a large sample of measurements of spectroscopic parameters at maximum light, consisting of pseudo-equivalent widths and expansion velocities of selected features, for 232 CSP and historical SNe Ia (including more than 1000 spectra). Finally, we review some of the strongest correlations between spectroscopic and photometric properties of SNe Ia. Specifically, we define two samples: one consisting of SNe Ia discovered by targeted searches (most of them CSP-I objects) and the other composed of SNe Ia discovered by untargeted searches, which includes most of the CSP-II objects. The analysed correlations are similar for both samples. We find a larger incidence of SNe Ia belonging to the Cool (CL)and Broad Line (BL) Branch subtypes among the events discovered by targeted searches, Shallow Silicon (SS) SNe Ia are present with similar frequencies in both samples, while Core Normal (CN) SNe Ia are more frequent in untargeted searches. △ Less

Submitted 7 May, 2024; v1 submitted 29 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 59 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. May 7, 2024: LaTex file updated: corrected one missing comma and an extraneous space in Table 2

A JWST Medium Resolution MIRI Spectrum and Models of the Type Ia supernova 2021aefx at +415 d

Authors: C. Ashall, P. Hoeflich, E. Baron, M. Shahbandeh, J. M. DerKacy, K. Medler, B. J. Shappee, M. A. Tucker, E. Fereidouni, T. Mera, J. Andrews, D. Baade, K. A. Bostroem, P. J. Brown, C. R. Burns, A. Burrow, A. Cikota, T. de Jaeger, A. Do, Y. Dong, I. Dominguez, O. Fox, L. Galbany, E. Y. Hsiao, K. Krisciunas , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a JWST MIRI/MRS spectrum (5-27 $\mathrmμ$m) of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), SN 2021aefx at $+415$ days past $B$-band maximum. The spectrum, which was obtained during the iron-dominated nebular phase, has been analyzed in combination with previous JWST observations of SN 2021aefx, to provide the first JWST time series analysis of an SN Ia. We find the temporal evolution of the [Co III]… ▽ More We present a JWST MIRI/MRS spectrum (5-27 $\mathrmμ$m) of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), SN 2021aefx at $+415$ days past $B$-band maximum. The spectrum, which was obtained during the iron-dominated nebular phase, has been analyzed in combination with previous JWST observations of SN 2021aefx, to provide the first JWST time series analysis of an SN Ia. We find the temporal evolution of the [Co III] 11.888 $\mathrmμ$m feature directly traces the decay of $^{56}$Co. The spectra, line profiles, and their evolution are analyzed with off-center delayed-detonation models. Best fits were obtained with White Dwarf (WD) central densities of $ρ_c=0.9-1.1\times 10^9$g cm$^{-3}$, a WD mass of M$_{\mathrm{WD}}$=1.33-1.35M$_\odot$, a WD magnetic field of $\approx10^6$G, and an off-center deflagration-to-detonation transition at $\approx$ 0.5 $M_\odot$ seen opposite to the line of sight of the observer (-30). The inner electron capture core is dominated by energy deposition from $γ$-rays whereas a broader region is dominated by positron deposition, placing SN 2021aefx at +415 d in the transitional phase of the evolution to the positron-dominated regime. The formerly `flat-tilted' profile at 9 $\mathrmμ$m now has significant contribution from [Ni IV], [Fe II], and [Fe III] and less from [Ar III], which alters the shape of the feature as positrons excite mostly the low-velocity Ar. Overall, the strength of the stable Ni features in the spectrum is dominated by positron transport rather than the Ni mass. Based on multi-dimensional models, our analysis is consistent with a single-spot, close-to-central ignition with an indication for a pre-existing turbulent velocity field, and excludes a multiple-spot, off-center ignition. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2024; v1 submitted 25 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Extrapolation of Type Ia Supernova Spectra into the Near-Infrared Using PCA

Authors: Anthony Burrow, E. Baron, Christopher R. Burns, Eric Y. Hsiao, Jing Lu, Chris Ashall, Peter J. Brown, James M. DerKacy, G. Folatelli, Lluís Galbany, P. Hoeflich, Kevin Krisciunas, N. Morrell, M. M. Phillips, Benjamin J. Shappee, Maximilian D. Stritzinger, Nicholas B. Suntzeff

Abstract: We present a method of extrapolating the spectroscopic behavior of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength regime up to 2.30 $μ$m using optical spectroscopy. Such a process is useful for accurately estimating K-corrections and other photometric quantities of SNe Ia in the NIR. Principal component analysis is performed on data consisting of Carnegie Supernova Project I & I… ▽ More We present a method of extrapolating the spectroscopic behavior of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength regime up to 2.30 $μ$m using optical spectroscopy. Such a process is useful for accurately estimating K-corrections and other photometric quantities of SNe Ia in the NIR. Principal component analysis is performed on data consisting of Carnegie Supernova Project I & II optical and near-infrared FIRE spectra to produce models capable of making these extrapolations. This method differs from previous spectral template methods by not parameterizing models strictly by photometric light-curve properties of SNe Ia, allowing for more flexibility of the resulting extrapolated NIR flux. A difference of around -3.1% to -2.7% in the total integrated NIR flux between these extrapolations and the observations is seen here for most test cases including Branch core-normal and shallow-silicon subtypes. However, larger deviations from the observation are found for other tests, likely due to the limited high-velocity and broad-line SNe Ia in the training sample. Maximum-light principal components are shown to allow for spectroscopic predictions of the color-stretch light-curve parameter, $s_{BV}$, within approximately $\pm$0.1 units of the value measured with photometry. We also show these results compare well with NIR templates, although in most cases the templates are marginally more fitting to observations, illustrating a need for more concurrent optical+NIR spectroscopic observations to truly understand the diversity of SNe Ia in the NIR. △ Less

Submitted 6 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 25 pages, 16 figures, ApJ, in press

JWST NIRSpec+MIRI Observations of the nearby Type IIP supernova 2022acko

Authors: M. Shahbandeh, C. Ashall, P. Hoeflich, E. Baron, O. Fox, T. Mera, J. DerKacy, M. D. Stritzinger, B. Shappee, D. Law, J. Morrison, T. Pauly, J. Pierel, K. Medler, J. Andrews, D. Baade, A. Bostroem, P. Brown, C. Burns, A. Burrow, A. Cikota, D. Cross, S. Davis, T. de Jaeger, A. Do , et al. (43 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present JWST spectral and photometric observations of the Type IIP supernova (SN) 2022acko at ~50 days past explosion. These data are the first JWST spectral observations of a core-collapse SN. We identify ~30 different H I features, other features associated with products produced from the CNO cycle, and s-process elements such as Sc II and Ba II. By combining the JWST spectra with ground-base… ▽ More We present JWST spectral and photometric observations of the Type IIP supernova (SN) 2022acko at ~50 days past explosion. These data are the first JWST spectral observations of a core-collapse SN. We identify ~30 different H I features, other features associated with products produced from the CNO cycle, and s-process elements such as Sc II and Ba II. By combining the JWST spectra with ground-based optical and NIR spectra, we construct a full Spectral Energy Distribution from 0.4 to 25 microns and find that the JWST spectra are fully consistent with the simultaneous JWST photometry. The data lack signatures of CO formation and we estimate a limit on the CO mass of < 10^{-8} solar mass. We demonstrate how the CO fundamental band limits can be used to probe underlying physics during stellar evolution, explosion, and the environment. The observations indicate little mixing between the H envelope and C/O core in the ejecta and show no evidence of dust. The data presented here set a critical baseline for future JWST observations, where possible molecular and dust formation may be seen. △ Less

Submitted 25 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Observations of type Ia supernova SN 2020nlb up to 600 days after explosion, and the distance to M85

Authors: S. C. Williams, R. Kotak, P. Lundqvist, S. Mattila, P. A. Mazzali, A. Pastorello, A. Reguitti, M. D. Stritzinger, A. Fiore, I. M. Hook, S. Moran, I. Salmaso

Abstract: The type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2020nlb was discovered in the Virgo Cluster galaxy M85 shortly after explosion. Here we present observations that include one of the earliest high-quality spectra and some of the earliest multi-colour photometry of a SN Ia to date. We calculated that SN 2020nlb faded 1.28 +/- 0.02 mag in the B band in the first 15 d after maximum brightness. We independently fitted… ▽ More The type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2020nlb was discovered in the Virgo Cluster galaxy M85 shortly after explosion. Here we present observations that include one of the earliest high-quality spectra and some of the earliest multi-colour photometry of a SN Ia to date. We calculated that SN 2020nlb faded 1.28 +/- 0.02 mag in the B band in the first 15 d after maximum brightness. We independently fitted a power-law rise to the early flux in each filter, and found that the optical filters all give a consistent first light date estimate. In contrast to the earliest spectra of SN 2011fe, those of SN 2020nlb show strong absorption features from singly ionised metals, including Fe II and Ti II, indicating lower-excitation ejecta at the earliest times. These earliest spectra show some similarities to maximum-light spectra of 1991bg-like SNe Ia. The spectra of SN 2020nlb then evolve to become hotter and more similar to SN 2011fe as it brightens towards peak. We also obtained a sequence of nebular spectra that extend up to 594 days after maximum light, a phase out to which SNe Ia are rarely followed. The [Fe III]/[Fe II] flux ratio (as measured from emission lines in the optical spectra) begins to fall around 300 days after peak; by the +594 d spectrum, the ionisation balance of the emitting region of the ejecta has shifted dramatically, with [Fe III] by then being completely absent. The final spectrum is almost identical to SN 2011fe at a similar epoch. Comparing our data to other SN Ia nebular spectra, there is a possible trend where SNe that were more luminous at peak tend to have a higher [Fe III]/[Fe II] flux ratio in the nebular phase, but there is a notable outlier in SN 2003hv. Finally, using light-curve fitting on our data, we estimate the distance modulus for M85 to be 30.99 +/- 0.19 mag, corresponding to a distance of $15.8^{+1.4}_{-1.3}$ Mpc. △ Less

Submitted 29 February, 2024; v1 submitted 16 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A. New version which removes reference to an archival nebular spectrum of SN 1994D, as the spectrum has since been found to have been incorrectly associated with that supernova

Type Ia Supernova Progenitor Properties and Their Host Galaxies

Authors: Sudeshna Chakraborty, Benjamin Sadler, Peter Hoeflich, Eric Hsiao, M. M. Phillips, C. R. Burns, T. Diamond, I. Dominguez, L. Galbany, S. A. Uddin, C. Ashall, K. Krisciunas, S. Kumar, T. B. Mera, N. Morrell, E. Baron, M. C. Contreras, M. D. Stritzinger, N. N. Suntzeff

Abstract: We present an eigenfunction method to analyze 161 visual light curves (LCs) of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained by the Carnegie Supernova Project to characterize their diversity and host-galaxy correlations. The eigenfunctions are based on the delayed-detonation scenario using three parameters: the LC stretch being determined by the amount of deflagration-burning governing the 56Ni production,… ▽ More We present an eigenfunction method to analyze 161 visual light curves (LCs) of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained by the Carnegie Supernova Project to characterize their diversity and host-galaxy correlations. The eigenfunctions are based on the delayed-detonation scenario using three parameters: the LC stretch being determined by the amount of deflagration-burning governing the 56Ni production, the main-sequence mass M_MS of the progenitor white dwarf controlling the explosion energy, and its central density rho_c shifting the 56Ni distribution. Our analysis tool (SPAT) extracts the parameters from observations and projects them into physical space using their allowed ranges M_MS < 8 M_sun, rho_c < 7-8x10^9g/cc. The residuals between fits and individual LC-points are ~ 1-3% for ~ 92% of objects. We find two distinct M_MS groups corresponding to a fast (~ 40-65 Myrs) and a slow(~ 200-500 Myrs) stellar evolution. Most underluminous SNe Ia have hosts with low star formation but high M_MS, suggesting slow evolution times of the progenitor system. 91T-likes SNe show very similar LCs and high M_MS and are correlated to star formation regions, making them potentially important tracers of star formation in the early Universe out to z = 4-11. Some 6% outliers with `non-physical' parameters can be attributed to superluminous SNe Ia and subluminous SNe Ia with hosts of active star formation. For deciphering the SNe Ia diversity and high-precision SNe Ia cosmology, the importance is shown for LCs covering out to ~ 60 days past maximum. Finally, our method and results are discussed within the framework of multiple explosion scenarios, and in light of upcoming surveys. △ Less

Submitted 27 July, 2024; v1 submitted 6 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 42 pages, 22 figures, 6 tables in main text, 2 tables in appendix. This work has been published in the ApJ journal and is in partial fulfillment of the PhD thesis of the first author

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal (2024), Volume 969, Number 2, 80

Newly Formed Dust within the Circumstellar Environment of SNIa-CSM 2018evt

Authors: Lingzhi Wang, Maokai Hu, Lifan Wang, Yi Yang, Jiawen Yang, Haley Gomez, Sijie Chen, Lei Hu, Ting-Wan Chen, Jun Mo, Xiaofeng Wang, Dietrich Baade, Peter Hoeflich, J. Craig Wheeler, Giuliano Pignata, Jamison Burke, Daichi Hiramatsu, D. Andrew Howell, Curtis McCully, Craig Pellegrino, Lluís Galbany, Eric Y. Hsiao, David J. Sand, Jujia Zhang, Syed A Uddin , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Dust associated with various stellar sources in galaxies at all cosmic epochs remains a controversial topic, particularly whether supernovae (SNe) play an important role in dust production. We report evidence of dust formation in the cold, dense shell behind the ejecta-circumstellar medium (CSM) interaction in the Type Ia-CSM SN 2018evt three years after the explosion, characterized by a rise in t… ▽ More Dust associated with various stellar sources in galaxies at all cosmic epochs remains a controversial topic, particularly whether supernovae (SNe) play an important role in dust production. We report evidence of dust formation in the cold, dense shell behind the ejecta-circumstellar medium (CSM) interaction in the Type Ia-CSM SN 2018evt three years after the explosion, characterized by a rise in the mid-infrared (MIR) emission accompanied by an accelerated decline in the optical radiation of the SN. Such a dust-formation picture is also corroborated by the concurrent evolution of the profiles of the Ha emission line. Our model suggests enhanced CSM dust concentration at increasing distances from the SN as compared to what can be expected from the density profile of the mass loss from a steady stellar wind. By the time of the last MIR observations at day +1041, a total amount of 1.2+-0.2x10^{-2} Msun of new dust has been formed by SN 2018evt, making SN 2018evt one of the most prolific dust factories among SNe with evidence of dust formation. The unprecedented witness of the intense production procedure of dust may shed light on the perceptions of dust formation in cosmic history. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2024; v1 submitted 23 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: Accepted by Nature Astronomy, 6 main figures, 7 extended figures, and 2 extended tables

JWST MIRI/MRS Observations and Spectral Models of the Under-luminous Type Ia Supernova 2022xkq

Authors: J. M. DerKacy, C. Ashall, P. Hoeflich, E. Baron, M. Shahbandeh, B. J. Shappee, J. Andrews, D. Baade, E. F Balangan, K. A. Bostroem, P. J. Brown, C. R. Burns, A. Burrow, A. Cikota, T. de Jaeger, A. Do, Y. Dong, I. Dominguez, O. Fox, L. Galbany, E. T. Hoang, E. Y. Hsiao, D. Janzen, J. E. Jencson, K. Krisciunas , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a JWST mid-infrared spectrum of the under-luminous Type Ia Supernova (SN Ia) 2022xkq, obtained with the medium-resolution spectrometer on the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) $\sim130$ days post-explosion. We identify the first MIR lines beyond 14 $μ$m in SN Ia observations. We find features unique to under-luminous SNe Ia, including: isolated emission of stable Ni, strong blends of [Ti I… ▽ More We present a JWST mid-infrared spectrum of the under-luminous Type Ia Supernova (SN Ia) 2022xkq, obtained with the medium-resolution spectrometer on the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) $\sim130$ days post-explosion. We identify the first MIR lines beyond 14 $μ$m in SN Ia observations. We find features unique to under-luminous SNe Ia, including: isolated emission of stable Ni, strong blends of [Ti II], and large ratios of singly ionized to doubly ionized species in both [Ar] and [Co]. Comparisons to normal-luminosity SNe Ia spectra at similar phases show a tentative trend between the width of the [Co III] 11.888 $μ$m feature and the SN light curve shape. Using non-LTE-multi-dimensional radiation hydro simulations and the observed electron capture elements we constrain the mass of the exploding white dwarf. The best-fitting model shows that SN 2022xkq is consistent with an off-center delayed-detonation explosion of a near-Chandrasekhar mass WD (M$_{\rm ej}$ $\approx 1.37$ M$_{\odot}$) of high-central density ($ρ_c \geq 2.0\times10^{9}$ g cm$^{-3}$) seen equator on, which produced M($^{56}$Ni) $= 0.324$ M$_{\odot}$ and M($^{58}$Ni) $\geq 0.06$ M$_{\odot}$. The observed line widths are consistent with the overall abundance distribution; and the narrow stable Ni lines indicate little to no mixing in the central regions, favoring central ignition of sub-sonic carbon burning followed by an off-center DDT beginning at a single point. Additional observations may further constrain the physics revealing the presence of additional species including Cr and Mn. Our work demonstrates the power of using the full coverage of MIRI in combination with detailed modeling to elucidate the physics of SNe Ia at a level not previously possible. △ Less

Submitted 7 November, 2023; v1 submitted 13 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: 31 pages, 18 figures, accepted to ApJ; updated to accepted version

Characterizing the Rapid Hydrogen Disappearance in SN2022crv: Evidence of a Continuum between Type Ib and IIb Supernova Properties

Authors: Yize Dong, Stefano Valenti, Chris Ashall, Marc Williamson, David J. Sand, Schuyler D. Van Dyk, Alexei V. Filippenko, Saurabh W. Jha, Michael Lundquist, Maryam Modjaz, Jennifer E. Andrews, Jacob E. Jencson, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Jeniveve Pearson, Lindsey A. Kwok, Teresa Boland, Eric Y. Hsiao, Nathan Smith, Nancy Elias-Rosa, Shubham Srivastav, Stephen Smartt, Michael Fulton, WeiKang Zheng, Thomas G. Brink, Melissa Shahbandeh , et al. (30 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present optical and near-infrared observations of SN~2022crv, a stripped envelope supernova in NGC~3054, discovered within 12 hrs of explosion by the Distance Less Than 40 Mpc Survey. We suggest SN~2022crv is a transitional object on the continuum between SNe Ib and SNe IIb. A high-velocity hydrogen feature ($\sim$$-$20,000 -- $-$16,000 $\rm km\,s^{-1}$) was conspicuous in SN~2022crv at early p… ▽ More We present optical and near-infrared observations of SN~2022crv, a stripped envelope supernova in NGC~3054, discovered within 12 hrs of explosion by the Distance Less Than 40 Mpc Survey. We suggest SN~2022crv is a transitional object on the continuum between SNe Ib and SNe IIb. A high-velocity hydrogen feature ($\sim$$-$20,000 -- $-$16,000 $\rm km\,s^{-1}$) was conspicuous in SN~2022crv at early phases, and then quickly disappeared around maximum light. By comparing with hydrodynamic modeling, we find that a hydrogen envelope of $\sim 10^{-3}$ \msun{} can reproduce the behaviour of the hydrogen feature observed in SN~2022crv. The early light curve of SN~2022crv did not show envelope cooling emission, implying that SN~2022crv had a compact progenitor with extremely low amount of hydrogen. The analysis of the nebular spectra shows that SN~2022crv is consistent with the explosion of a He star with a final mass of $\sim$4.5 -- 5.6 \msun{} that has evolved from a $\sim$16 -- 22 \msun{} zero-age main sequence star in a binary system with about 1.0 -- 1.7 \msun{} of oxygen finally synthesized in the core. The high metallicity at the supernova site indicates that the progenitor experienced a strong stellar wind mass loss. In order to retain a small amount of residual hydrogen at such a high metallicity, the initial orbital separation of the binary system is likely larger than $\sim$1000~$\rm R_{\odot}$. The near-infrared spectra of SN~2022crv show a unique absorption feature on the blue side of He I line at $\sim$1.005~$μ$m. This is the first time that such a feature has been observed in a Type Ib/IIb, and could be due to \ion{Sr}{2}. Further detailed modelling on SN~2022crv can shed light on the progenitor and the origin of the mysterious absorption feature in the near infrared. △ Less

Submitted 29 October, 2024; v1 submitted 17 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: accepted for publication in ApJ

Journal ref: ApJ 974 316 (2024)

The carbon-rich type Ic supernova 2016adj in the iconic dust lane of Centaurus A: signatures of interaction with circumstellar hydrogen?

Authors: Maximilian D. Stritzinger, Eddie Baron, Francesco Taddia, Chris R. Burns, Morgan Fraserm Lluis Galbany, Simon Holmbo, Peter Hoeflich, Nidia Morrell, E. Y. Hsiao, Joel P. Johansson, Emir Karamehmetoglu, Hanindyo Kuncarayakti, Joe Lyman, Takashi J. Moriya, Kim Phan, Mark M. Phillips, Joseph P. Anderson, Chris Ashall, Peter J. Brown, Sergio Castellon, Massimo Della Valle, Santiago Gonzalez-Gaitan, Mariusz Gromadzki, Rasmus Handberg, Jing Lu , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a comprehensive data set of supernova (SN) 2016adj located within the central dust lane of Centaurus A. SN 2016adj is significantly reddened and after correcting the peak apparent $B$-band magnitude ($m_B = 17.48\pm0.05$) for Milky Way reddening and our inferred host-galaxy reddening parameters (i.e., $R_{V}^{host} = 5.7\pm0.7$ and $A_{V}^{host} = 6.3\pm0.2$), we estimate it reached a p… ▽ More We present a comprehensive data set of supernova (SN) 2016adj located within the central dust lane of Centaurus A. SN 2016adj is significantly reddened and after correcting the peak apparent $B$-band magnitude ($m_B = 17.48\pm0.05$) for Milky Way reddening and our inferred host-galaxy reddening parameters (i.e., $R_{V}^{host} = 5.7\pm0.7$ and $A_{V}^{host} = 6.3\pm0.2$), we estimate it reached a peak absolute magnitude of $M_B \sim -18$. Detailed inspection of the optical/NIR spectroscopic time-series reveals a carbon-rich SN Ic and not a SN Ib/IIb as previously suggested in the literature. The NIR spectra shows prevalent carbon-monoxide formation occurring already by +41 days past $B$-band maximum, which is $\approx 11$ days earlier than previously reported in the literature for this object. Interestingly around two months past maximum, the NIR spectrum of SN~2016adj begins to exhibit H features, with a +97~d medium resolution spectrum revealing both Paschen and Bracket lines with absorption minima of $\sim 2000$ km/s, full-width-half-maximum emission velocities of $\sim 1000$ km/s, and emission line ratios consistent with a dense emission region. We speculate these attributes are due to circumstellar interaction (CSI) between the rapidly expanding SN ejecta and a H-rich shell of material formed during the pre-SN phase. A bolometric light curve is constructed and a semi-analytical model fit suggests the supernova synthesized 0.5 solar masses of $^{56}$Ni and ejected 4.2 solar masses of material, though these values should be approached with caution given the large uncertainties associated with the adopted reddening parameters, possible CSI contamination, and known light echo emission. Finally, inspection of Hubble Space Telescope archival data yielded no progenitor detection. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: Submitted to A&A, comments are welcome

Journal ref: A&A 686, A79 (2024)

Lightcurve and spectral modelling of the Type IIb SN 2020acat. Evidence for a strong Ni bubble effect on the diffusion time

Authors: Mattias Ergon, Peter Lundqvist, Claes Fransson, Hanindyo Kuncarayakti, Kaustav K. Das, Kishalay De, Lucia Ferrari, Christoffer Fremling, Kyle Medler, Keiichi Maeda, Andrea Pastorello, Jesper Sollerman, Maximilian D. Stritzinger

Abstract: We use the light curve and spectral synthesis code JEKYLL to calculate a set of macroscopically mixed Type IIb supernova (SN) models, which are compared to both previously published and new late-phase observations of SN 2020acat. The models differ in the initial mass, the radial mixing and expansion of the radioactive material, and the properties of the hydrogen envelope. The best match to the pho… ▽ More We use the light curve and spectral synthesis code JEKYLL to calculate a set of macroscopically mixed Type IIb supernova (SN) models, which are compared to both previously published and new late-phase observations of SN 2020acat. The models differ in the initial mass, the radial mixing and expansion of the radioactive material, and the properties of the hydrogen envelope. The best match to the photospheric and nebular spectra and lightcurves of SN 2020acat is found for a model with an initial mass of 17 solar masses, strong radial mixing and expansion of the radioactive material, and a 0.1 solar mass hydrogen envelope with a low hydrogen mass-fraction of 0.27. The most interesting result is that strong expansion of the clumps containing radioactive material seems to be required to fit the observations of SN 2020acat both in the diffusion phase and the nebular phase. These "Ni bubbles" are expected to expand due to heating from radioactive decays, but the degree of expansion is poorly constrained. Without strong expansion there is a tension between the diffusion phase and the subsequent evolution, and models that fit the nebular phase produce a diffusion peak that is too broad. The diffusion phase lightcurve is sensitive to the expansion of the "Ni bubbles", as the resulting Swiss-cheese-like geometry decreases the effective opacity and therefore the diffusion time. This effect has not been taken into account in previous lightcurve modelling of stripped-envelope SNe, which may lead to a systematic underestimate of their ejecta masses. It should be emphasized, though, that JEKYLL is limited to a geometry that is spherically symmetric on average, and large-scale asymmetries may also play a role. The relatively high initial mass found for the progenitor of SN 2020acat places it at the upper end of the mass distribution of Type IIb SN progenitors, and a single star origin can not be excluded. △ Less

Submitted 14 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication by Astronomy and Astrophysics

No plateau observed in late-time near-infrared observations of the underluminous Type Ia supernova 2021qvv

Authors: O. Graur, E. Padilla Gonzalez, J. Burke, M. Deckers, S. W. Jha, L. Galbany, E. Karamenhmetoglu, M. D. Stritzinger, K. Maguire, D. A. Howell, R. Fisher, A. G. Fullard, R. Handberg, D. Hiramatsu, G. Hosseinzadeh, W. E. Kerzendorf, C. McCully, M. Newsome, C. Pellegrino, A. Rest, A. G. Riess, I. R. Seitenzahl, M. M. Shara, K. J. Shen, G. Terreran , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Near-infrared (NIR) observations of normal Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained between 150 to 500 d past maximum light reveal the existence of an extended plateau. Here, we present observations of the underluminous, 1991bg-like SN 2021qvv. Early, ground-based optical and NIR observations show that SN 2021qvv is similar to SN 2006mr, making it one of the dimmest, fastest-evolving 1991bg-like SNe t… ▽ More Near-infrared (NIR) observations of normal Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained between 150 to 500 d past maximum light reveal the existence of an extended plateau. Here, we present observations of the underluminous, 1991bg-like SN 2021qvv. Early, ground-based optical and NIR observations show that SN 2021qvv is similar to SN 2006mr, making it one of the dimmest, fastest-evolving 1991bg-like SNe to date. Late-time (170-250 d) Hubble Space Telescope observations of SN 2021qvv reveal no sign of a plateau. An extrapolation of these observations backwards to earlier-phase NIR observations of SN 2006mr suggests the complete absence of a NIR plateau, at least out to 250 d. This absence may be due to a higher ionization state of the ejecta, as predicted by certain sub-Chandrasekhar-mass detonation models, or to the lower temperatures of the ejecta of 1991bg-like SNe, relative to normal SNe Ia, which might preclude their becoming fluorescent and shifting ultraviolet light into the NIR. This suggestion can be tested by acquiring NIR imaging of a sample of 1991bg-like SNe that covers the entire range from slowly-evolving to fast-evolving events ($0.2 \lesssim s_\mathrm{BV} \lesssim 0.6$). A detection of the NIR plateau in slower-evolving, hotter 1991bg-like SNe would provide further evidence that these SNe exist along a continuum with normal SNe Ia. Theoretical progenitor and explosion scenarios would then have to match the observed properties of both SN Ia subtypes. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2023; v1 submitted 22 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS (14 pages, 9 figures)

The broad-lined Type-Ic supernova SN 2022xxf with extraordinary two-humped light curves

Authors: H. Kuncarayakti, J. Sollerman, L. Izzo, K. Maeda, S. Yang, S. Schulze, C. R. Angus, M. Aubert, K. Auchettl, M. Della Valle, L. Dessart, K. Hinds, E. Kankare, M. Kawabata, P. Lundqvist, T. Nakaoka, D. Perley, S. I. Raimundo, N. L. Strotjohann, K. Taguchi, Y. -Z. Cai, P. Charalampopoulos, Q. Fang, M. Fraser, C. P. Gutierrez , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on our study of supernova (SN) 2022xxf based on observations obtained during the first four months of its evolution. The light curves (LCs) display two humps of similar maximum brightness separated by 75 days, unprecedented for a broad-lined (BL) Type Ic supernova (SN IcBL). SN 2022xxf is the most nearby SN IcBL to date (in NGC 3705, $z = 0.0037$, at a distance of about 20 Mpc). Optical… ▽ More We report on our study of supernova (SN) 2022xxf based on observations obtained during the first four months of its evolution. The light curves (LCs) display two humps of similar maximum brightness separated by 75 days, unprecedented for a broad-lined (BL) Type Ic supernova (SN IcBL). SN 2022xxf is the most nearby SN IcBL to date (in NGC 3705, $z = 0.0037$, at a distance of about 20 Mpc). Optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy are used to identify the energy source powering the LC. Nearly 50 epochs of high signal-to-noise-ratio spectroscopy were obtained within 130 days, comprising an unparalleled dataset for a SN IcBL, and one of the best-sampled SN datasets to date. The global spectral appearance and evolution of SN 2022xxf points to typical SN Ic/IcBL, with broad features (up to $\sim14000$ km s$^{-1}$) and a gradual transition from the photospheric to the nebular phase. However, narrow emission lines (corresponding to $\sim1000-2500$ km s$^{-1}$) are present in the spectra from the time of the second rise, suggesting slower-moving circumstellar material (CSM). These lines are subtle, in comparison to the typical strong narrow lines of CSM-interacting SNe, for example, Type IIn, Ibn, and Icn, but some are readily noticeable at late times such as in Mg I $λ$5170 and [O I] $λ$5577. Unusually, the near-infrared spectra show narrow line peaks in a number of features formed by ions of O and Mg. We infer the presence of CSM that is free of H and He. We propose that the radiative energy from the ejecta-CSM interaction is a plausible explanation for the second LC hump. This interaction scenario is supported by the color evolution, which progresses to the blue as the light curve evolves along the second hump, and the slow second rise and subsequent rapid LC drop. (Abstract abridged) △ Less

Submitted 14 August, 2023; v1 submitted 29 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: Accepted version

Journal ref: A&A 678, A209 (2023)

Fast and Not-so-Furious: Case Study of the Fast and Faint Type IIb SN 2021bxu

Authors: Dhvanil D. Desai, Chris Ashall, Benjamin J. Shappee, Nidia Morrell, Lluís Galbany, Christopher R. Burns, James M. DerKacy, Jason T. Hinkle, Eric Hsiao, Sahana Kumar, Jing Lu, Mark M. Phillips, Melissa Shahbandeh, Maximilian D. Stritzinger, Eddie Baron, Melina C. Bersten, Peter J. Brown, Thomas de Jaeger, Nancy Elias-Rosa, Gastón Folatelli, Mark E. Huber, Paolo Mazzali, Tomás E. Müller-Bravo, Anthony L. Piro, Abigail Polin , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present photometric and spectroscopic observations and analysis of SN 2021bxu (ATLAS21dov), a low-luminosity, fast-evolving Type IIb supernova (SN). SN 2021bxu is unique, showing a large initial decline in brightness followed by a short plateau phase. With $M_r = -15.93 \pm 0.16\, \mathrm{mag}$ during the plateau, it is at the lower end of the luminosity distribution of stripped-envelope supern… ▽ More We present photometric and spectroscopic observations and analysis of SN 2021bxu (ATLAS21dov), a low-luminosity, fast-evolving Type IIb supernova (SN). SN 2021bxu is unique, showing a large initial decline in brightness followed by a short plateau phase. With $M_r = -15.93 \pm 0.16\, \mathrm{mag}$ during the plateau, it is at the lower end of the luminosity distribution of stripped-envelope supernovae (SE-SNe) and shows a distinct $\sim$10 day plateau not caused by H- or He-recombination. SN 2021bxu shows line velocities which are at least $\sim1500\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ slower than typical SE-SNe. It is photometrically and spectroscopically similar to Type IIb SNe during the photospheric phases of evolution, with similarities to Ca-rich IIb SNe. We find that the bolometric light curve is best described by a composite model of shock interaction between the ejecta and an envelope of extended material, combined with a typical SN IIb powered by the radioactive decay of $^{56}$Ni. The best-fit parameters for SN 2021bxu include a $^{56}$Ni mass of $M_{\mathrm{Ni}} = 0.029^{+0.004}_{-0.005}\,\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$, an ejecta mass of $M_{\mathrm{ej}} = 0.61^{+0.06}_{-0.05}\,\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$, and an ejecta kinetic energy of $K_{\mathrm{ej}} = 8.8^{+1.1}_{-1.0} \times 10^{49}\, \mathrm{erg}$. From the fits to the properties of the extended material of Ca-rich IIb SNe we find a trend of decreasing envelope radius with increasing envelope mass. SN 2021bxu has $M_{\mathrm{Ni}}$ on the low end compared to SE-SNe and Ca-rich SNe in the literature, demonstrating that SN 2021bxu-like events are rare explosions in extreme areas of parameter space. The progenitor of SN 2021bxu is likely a low mass He star with an extended envelope. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2023; v1 submitted 23 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 18 pages, 15 figures, accepted to MNRAS

Journal ref: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 524, Issue 1, September 2023, Pages 767-785

SN2017egm: A Helium-rich Superluminous Supernova with Multiple Bumps in the Light Curves

Authors: Jiazheng Zhu, Ning Jiang, Subo Dong, Alexei V. Filippenko, Richard J. Rudy, A. Pastorello, Christopher Ashall, Subhash Bose, R. S. Post, D. Bersier, Stefano Benetti, Thomas G. Brink, Ping Chen, Liming Dou, N. Elias-Rosa, Peter Lundqvist, Seppo Mattila, Ray W. Russell, Michael L. Sitko, Auni Somero, M. D. Stritzinger, Tinggui Wang, Peter J. Brown, E. Cappellaro, Morgan Fraser , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: When discovered, SN~2017egm was the closest (redshift $z=0.03$) hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) and a rare case that exploded in a massive and metal-rich galaxy. Thus, it has since been extensively observed and studied. We report spectroscopic data showing strong emission at around He~I $λ$10,830 and four He~I absorption lines in the optical. Consequently, we classify SN~2017egm as… ▽ More When discovered, SN~2017egm was the closest (redshift $z=0.03$) hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) and a rare case that exploded in a massive and metal-rich galaxy. Thus, it has since been extensively observed and studied. We report spectroscopic data showing strong emission at around He~I $λ$10,830 and four He~I absorption lines in the optical. Consequently, we classify SN~2017egm as a member of an emerging population of helium-rich SLSNe-I (i.e., SLSNe-Ib). We also present our late-time photometric observations. By combining them with archival data, we analyze high-cadence ultra-violet, optical, and near-infrared light curves spanning from early pre-peak ($\sim -20\,d$) to late phases ($\sim +300\,d$). We obtain its most complete bolometric light curve, in which multiple bumps are identified. None of the previously proposed models can satisfactorily explain all main light-curve features, while multiple interactions between the ejecta and circumstellar material (CSM) may explain the undulating features. The prominent infrared excess with a blackbody luminosity of $10^7$--$10^8\,L_{sun}$ detected in SN~2017egm could originate from the emission of either an echo of a pre-existing dust shell, or newly-formed dust, offering an additional piece of evidence supporting the ejecta-CSM interaction model. Moreover, our analysis of deep $Chandra$ observations yields the tightest-ever constraint on the X-ray emission of an SLSN-I, amounting to an X-ray-to-optical luminosity ratio $\lesssim 10^{-3}$ at late phases ($\sim100-200\,d$), which could help explore its close environment and central engine. △ Less

Submitted 6 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 25 pages, 14 Figures, 4 Tables; accepted for publication in ApJ (Mar. 2023)

The Carnegie Supernova Project-I. Spectroscopic analysis of stripped-envelope supernovae

Authors: S. Holmbo, M. D. Stritzinger, E. Karamehmetoglu, C. R. Burns, N. Morrell, C. Ashall, E. Y. Hsiao, L. Galbany, G. Folatelli, M. M. Phillips, E. Baron, C. P. Gutierrez, G. Leloudas, T. E. Muller-Bravo, P. Hoeflich, F. Taddia, N. B. Suntzeff

Abstract: An analysis leveraging 170 optical spectra of 35 stripped-envelope (SE) core-collapse supernovae observed by the Carnegie Supernova Project-I and published in a companion paper is presented. Mean template spectra are constructed for the SNe IIb, Ib and Ic sub-types and parent ions associated with designated spectral features are identified with the aid of the spectral synthesis code SYNAPPS. Our m… ▽ More An analysis leveraging 170 optical spectra of 35 stripped-envelope (SE) core-collapse supernovae observed by the Carnegie Supernova Project-I and published in a companion paper is presented. Mean template spectra are constructed for the SNe IIb, Ib and Ic sub-types and parent ions associated with designated spectral features are identified with the aid of the spectral synthesis code SYNAPPS. Our modeled mean spectra suggest the ~6150~Å feature in SNe~IIb may have an underlying contribution due to silicon, while the same feature in some SNe Ib may have an underlying contribution due to hydrogen. Standard spectral line diagnostics consisting of pseudo-equivalent widths (pEW) and blue-shifted Doppler velocity are measured for each of the spectral features. Correlation matrices and rolling mean values of both spectral diagnostics are constructed. A Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to various wavelength ranges of the entire data set and suggests clear separation among the different SE SN sub-types, which follows from trends previously identified in the literature. In addition, our finds reveal the presence of two SNe IIb sub-types, a handful of SNe Ib displaying signatures of weak, high-velocity hydrogen, and a single SN~Ic with evidence of weak helium features. Our PCA results can be leveraged to obtain robust sub-typing of SE SN based on a single spectrum taken during the so-called photospheric phase, separating SNe IIb from SNe Ib with ~80 percent completion. △ Less

Submitted 17 August, 2023; v1 submitted 22 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: Version submitted to the publishers

The Carnegie Supernova Project-I. Optical spectroscopy of stripped-envelope supernovae

Authors: M. D. Stritzinger, S. Holmbo, N. Morrell, M. M. Phillips, C. R. Burns, S. Castellon, G. Folatelli, M. Hamuy, G. Leloudas, N. B. Suntzeff, J. P. Anderson, C. Ashall, E. Baron, S. Boissier, E. Y. Hsiao, E. Karamehmetoglu, F. Olivares

Abstract: We present 170 optical spectra of 35 low-redshift stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae observed by the Carnegie Supernova Project-I between 2004 and 2009. The data extend from as early as -19 days (d) prior to the epoch of B-band maximum to +322 d, with the vast majority obtained during the so-called photospheric phase covering the weeks around peak luminosity. In addition to histogram plots… ▽ More We present 170 optical spectra of 35 low-redshift stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae observed by the Carnegie Supernova Project-I between 2004 and 2009. The data extend from as early as -19 days (d) prior to the epoch of B-band maximum to +322 d, with the vast majority obtained during the so-called photospheric phase covering the weeks around peak luminosity. In addition to histogram plots characterizing the red-shift distribution, number of spectra per object, and the phase distribution of the sample, spectroscopic classification is also provided following standard criteria. The CSP-I spectra are electronically available and a detailed analysis of the data set is presented in a companion paper being the fifth and final paper of the series △ Less

Submitted 17 August, 2023; v1 submitted 22 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: Updated version that went to the publishers

Journal ref: A&A 675, A83 (2023)

JWST Low-Resolution MIRI Spectral Observations of SN~2021aefx: High-density Burning in a Type Ia Supernova

Authors: J. M. DerKacy, C. Ashall, P. Hoeflich, E. Baron, B. J. Shappee, D. Baade, J. Andrews, K. A. Bostroem, P. J. Brown, C. R. Burns, A. Burrow, A. Cikota, T. de Jaeger, A. Do, Y. Dong, I. Dominguez, L. Galbany, E. Y. Hsiao, E. Karamehmetoglu, K. Krisciunas, S. Kumar, J. Lu, T. B. Mera Evans, J. R. Maund, P. Mazzali , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a JWST/MIRI low-resolution mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopic observation of the normal Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2021aefx at +323 days past rest-frame B-band maximum light. The spectrum ranges from 4-14 um, and shows many unique qualities including a flat-topped [Ar III] 8.991 um profile, a strongly tilted [Co III] 11.888 um feature, and multiple stable Ni lines. These features provid… ▽ More We present a JWST/MIRI low-resolution mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopic observation of the normal Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2021aefx at +323 days past rest-frame B-band maximum light. The spectrum ranges from 4-14 um, and shows many unique qualities including a flat-topped [Ar III] 8.991 um profile, a strongly tilted [Co III] 11.888 um feature, and multiple stable Ni lines. These features provide critical information about the physics of the explosion. The observations are compared to synthetic spectra from detailed NLTE multi-dimensional models. The results of the best-fitting model are used to identify the components of the spectral blends and provide a quantitative comparison to the explosion physics. Emission line profiles and the presence of electron capture (EC) elements are used to constrain the mass of the exploding white dwarf (WD) and the chemical asymmetries in the ejecta. We show that the observations of SN 2021aefx are consistent with an off-center delayed-detonation explosion of a near-Chandrasekhar mass (Mch) WD at a viewing angle of -30 degrees relative to the point of the deflagration-to-detonation transition. From the strength of the stable Ni lines we determine that there is little to no mixing in the central regions of the ejecta. Based on both the presence of stable Ni and the Ar velocity distributions, we obtain a strict lower limit of 1.2 Msun of the initial WD, implying that most sub-Mch explosions models are not viable models for SN 2021aefx. The analysis here shows the crucial importance of MIR spectra for distinguishing between explosion scenarios for SNe Ia. △ Less

Submitted 2 February, 2023; v1 submitted 9 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 21 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables, accepted to ApJL; updated to accepted version

SN 2021fxy: Mid-Ultraviolet Flux Suppression is a Common Feature of Type Ia Supernovae

Authors: J. M. DerKacy, S. Paugh, E. Baron, P. J. Brown, C. Ashall, C. R. Burns, E. Y. Hsiao, S. Kumar, J. Lu, N. Morrell, M. M. Phillips, M. Shahbandeh, B. J. Shappee, M. D. Stritzinger, M. A. Tucker, Z. Yarbrough, K. Boutsia, P. Hoeflich, L. Wang, L. Galbany, E. Karamehmetoglu, K. Krisciunas, P. Mazzali, A. L. Piro, N. B. Suntzeff , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) observations and analysis of the nearby Type Ia supernova SN 2021fxy. Our observations include UV photometry from Swift/UVOT, UV spectroscopy from HST/STIS, and high-cadence optical photometry with the Swope 1-m telescope capturing intra-night rises during the early light curve. Early $B-V$ colours show SN 2021fxy is the first "shallow-silicon" (S… ▽ More We present ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) observations and analysis of the nearby Type Ia supernova SN 2021fxy. Our observations include UV photometry from Swift/UVOT, UV spectroscopy from HST/STIS, and high-cadence optical photometry with the Swope 1-m telescope capturing intra-night rises during the early light curve. Early $B-V$ colours show SN 2021fxy is the first "shallow-silicon" (SS) SN Ia to follow a red-to-blue evolution, compared to other SS objects which show blue colours from the earliest observations. Comparisons to other spectroscopically normal SNe Ia with HST UV spectra reveal SN 2021fxy is one of several SNe Ia with flux suppression in the mid-UV. These SNe also show blue-shifted mid-UV spectral features and strong high-velocity Ca II features. One possible origin of this mid-UV suppression is the increased effective opacity in the UV due to increased line blanketing from high velocity material, but differences in the explosion mechanism cannot be ruled out. Among SNe Ia with mid-UV suppression, SNe 2021fxy and 2017erp show substantial similarities in their optical properties despite belonging to different Branch subgroups, and UV flux differences of the same order as those found between SNe 2011fe and 2011by. Differential comparisons to multiple sets of synthetic SN Ia UV spectra reveal this UV flux difference likely originates from a luminosity difference between SNe 2021fxy and 2017erp, and not differing progenitor metallicities as suggested for SNe 2011by and 2011fe. These comparisons illustrate the complicated nature of UV spectral formation, and the need for more UV spectra to determine the physical source of SNe Ia UV diversity. △ Less

Submitted 12 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: 26 pages, 19 figures, 9 tables; submitted to MNRAS, posted after receiving referee comments