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Characterization of the MUSE NFM PSF as a function of atmospheric conditions: TipTop calibration
Authors:
Enrico Congiu,
Fuyan Bian,
Carlo F. Manara,
Arseniy Kuznetsov,
Guido Agapito,
Johanna Hartke,
Timo Kravtsov,
Lisa-Marie Mazzolo,
Fabio Rossi,
Cedric Plantet,
Fernando Selman
Abstract:
The Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) achieves exceptional spatial resolution in narrow-field mode (NFM) thanks to the GALACSI adaptive optics (AO) system. However, limitations in point spread function (PSF) characterization still hinder the full exploitation of its capabilities. In particular, the current exposure time calculator (ETC) lacks an accurate PSF model, preventing users from rel…
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The Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) achieves exceptional spatial resolution in narrow-field mode (NFM) thanks to the GALACSI adaptive optics (AO) system. However, limitations in point spread function (PSF) characterization still hinder the full exploitation of its capabilities. In particular, the current exposure time calculator (ETC) lacks an accurate PSF model, preventing users from reliably predicting the signal-to-noise ratio of NFM observations during proposal preparation. To address this limitation, we analyzed a large set of archival standard-star observations to quantify how NFM PSF properties vary with observing conditions, including airmass, seeing, coherence time, wind speed, and wavelength. We then used this reference dataset to calibrate TipTop, a fast AO PSF simulation tool that will be integrated into the next release of the MUSE NFM ETC. Our results demonstrate that calibration against real on-sky data is essential for accurate PSF modeling. In particular, we find that reproducing realistic PSFs requires both an additional static aberration term and an airmass-dependent tip-tilt jitter component. The calibration performs well at wavelengths longer than 7000 A, while additional corrections are still required at shorter wavelengths, likely due to unmodeled chromatic aberrations. Once implemented in the ETC, this tool will provide condition-dependent NFM PSF predictions and more reliable signal-to-noise estimates.
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Submitted 5 August, 2026;
originally announced August 2026.
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SN 2022erq: A Superluminous Thermonuclear Supernova with Escalating Preexplosion Mass Loss
Authors:
Qian Zhai,
Jujia Zhang,
Xiaofeng Wang,
A. Pastorello,
Alexei V. Filippenko,
József Vinkó,
Thomas G. Brink,
Yunkun Han,
G. Valerin,
N. Elias Rosa,
Yongzhi Cai,
Weili Lin,
Yi Yang,
WeiKang Zheng,
Xiangcun Meng,
Chengyuan Wu,
Liping Li,
Zeyi Zhao,
J. Craig Wheeler,
Jose L. Prieto,
Jialian Liu,
Gaici Li,
Shengyu Yan,
Fangzhou Guo,
C. P. Gutiérrez
, et al. (29 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present a photometric and spectroscopic study of the superluminous Type Ia supernova SN 2022erq. Its early spectra, dominated by iron-group elements with weak intermediate-mass features, might indicate highly efficient nuclear burning, broadly similar to that inferred for some overluminous SNe Ia. The rapid emergence and persistence of narrow Balmer emission lines superposed on this iron-rich s…
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We present a photometric and spectroscopic study of the superluminous Type Ia supernova SN 2022erq. Its early spectra, dominated by iron-group elements with weak intermediate-mass features, might indicate highly efficient nuclear burning, broadly similar to that inferred for some overluminous SNe Ia. The rapid emergence and persistence of narrow Balmer emission lines superposed on this iron-rich spectrum provide clear evidence of long-lived interaction with a hydrogen-rich circumstellar medium (CSM), establishing SN 2022erq as a member of the rare Ia-CSM class. SN 2022erq reached a peak bolometric luminosity of about 8 x 10^43 erg/s and exhibited an exceptionally slow post-peak decline, indicating that its light curve is dominated by long-duration ejecta-CSM interaction. By combining H-alpha diagnostics with bolometric light-curve modeling, we reconstruct the pre-explosion mass-loss history of the progenitor. The mass-loss rate escalated by one order of magnitude over the final decades, rising from about 0.04 to about 0.6 solar masses per year. This surge produced a massive, extended CSM shell of about 3 solar masses out to about 3.5 x 10^16 cm. The young stellar environment (about 100 Myr) together with this substantial, extensive CSM points to a progenitor system consisting of a white dwarf and an intermediate-mass companion that underwent increasing mass loss prior to explosion.
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Submitted 27 July, 2026; v1 submitted 7 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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Exploring the synergies of $[\mathrm{O\,II}]λ3727$ with MUSE spectroscopy in PHANGS H II regions
Authors:
Eric Habjan,
Kathryn Kreckel,
Christopher Faesi,
Francesco Belfiore,
Brent Groves,
J. Eduardo Méndez-Delgado,
Ryan J. Vaught,
Laurie Rousseau-Nepton,
Fabian Scheuermann,
F. Fabián Rosales-Ortega,
Hsi-An Pan,
Daniel A. Dale,
Thomas G. Williams,
Ralf S. Klessen,
Oleg V. Egorov,
Timo Kravtsov,
Amirnezam Amiri,
Kathryn Grasha,
Eric Emsellem
Abstract:
Spatially resolved maps of gas-phase metallicity provide key constraints on the chemical enrichment and mixing processes that drive galaxy evolution, but measurements based only on strong lines remain highly uncertain and dependent on emission-line coverage. In this work, we present a joint analysis of SITELLE observations, covering the $[O II]λ\lambda3726,3729$ doublet, with PHANGS-MUSE spectrosc…
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Spatially resolved maps of gas-phase metallicity provide key constraints on the chemical enrichment and mixing processes that drive galaxy evolution, but measurements based only on strong lines remain highly uncertain and dependent on emission-line coverage. In this work, we present a joint analysis of SITELLE observations, covering the $[O II]λ\lambda3726,3729$ doublet, with PHANGS-MUSE spectroscopy covering 4800-9300 Angstroms, including $Hβ$, $[O III]\lambda4959,5007$, $[N II]\lambda6584$, $Hα$, $[S II]λ\lambda6716,6731$, and $[S III]\lambda9069$, within five nearby spiral galaxies. By combining these data, we construct a homogeneous catalog of emission-line fluxes for 604 ionized nebulae, 556 of which are classified as H II regions. This enables a comparison of eight widely used strong-line metallicity calibrations, five new strong-line calibrations, and an investigation of ionization-parameter diagnostics. We recover known systematic offsets among calibrations, but also find that many exhibit very low scatter, less than 0.03-0.04 dex, in radial metallicity gradients. We find that $[S III]/[S II]$ exhibits minimal secondary dependence on metallicity or extinction, suggesting that it may be a more robust tracer of ionization parameter than $[O III]/[O II]$. No significant outliers are identified in O/H or N/O within the sampled regions, indicating internally consistent abundance trends across the inner disks probed by our data. We provide a publicly available catalog of all measured emission-line fluxes, designed to support future investigations, including temperature modeling and strong-line abundance calibrations.
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Submitted 8 July, 2026; v1 submitted 1 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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Late-time evolution of the interacting stripped-envelope supernova 2017dio
Authors:
C. Humina,
C. P. Gutiérrez,
H. Kuncarayakti,
T. Nagao,
S. González-Gaitán,
T. Kangas,
T. Kravtsov,
K. Maeda,
S. Mattila,
T. M. Reynolds,
L. Tartaglia,
S. Benetti,
M. Fraser,
C. Gall,
P. Lundqvist,
A. Morales-Garoffolo,
M. Stritzinger
Abstract:
The discovery of stripped-envelope supernovae (SNe) interacting with dense circumstellar medium (CSM) challenges our current understanding of massive star evolution. We present late-time observations of the interacting Type Ic SN 2017dio and investigate its mass-loss mechanism and progenitor channel. We analysed late-time spectra and light curves (LCs) that are dominated by ejecta-CSM interaction.…
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The discovery of stripped-envelope supernovae (SNe) interacting with dense circumstellar medium (CSM) challenges our current understanding of massive star evolution. We present late-time observations of the interacting Type Ic SN 2017dio and investigate its mass-loss mechanism and progenitor channel. We analysed late-time spectra and light curves (LCs) that are dominated by ejecta-CSM interaction. We examined the CSM and the source of the infrared (IR) excess by modelling the radiation produced by the ejecta-CSM interaction and the IR echo from circumstellar dust. In addition, we studied the evolution of spectral features, with a particular emphasis on the Halpha emission line. From the combined analysis of the LCs and spectral properties, we infer that the peak mass-loss rate for the CSM reaches ~0.2 $M_{\odot}/yr$ and that the typical value over most epochs is ~0.06 $M_{\odot}/yr$. The nearby CSM was formed over a period of 4 to 65 years before the explosion. The CSM radius begins at ~$1.3\cdot10^{15}$ cm. The IR excess identified in the LCs is consistent with the radiation from dust with a mass increasing from ~0.001 to ~0.005 $M_{\odot}$ in the case of carbon dust or ~0.005 to ~0.02 $M_{\odot}$ in the case of silicate dust. From IR echo modelling, we estimate an upper limit on the dust mass of $4\cdot10^{-5} M_{\odot}$, which implies an SN progenitor mass-loss rate of $2.4\cdot10^{-5} M_{\odot}/yr$ at the dust evaporation radius determined by the SN peak luminosity (0.017 pc for carbon dust, corresponding to mass loss ~170 years before the explosion). This implies a very rapid increase in the mass-loss rate ahead of the explosion. Although the progenitor of SN 2017dio has lost its helium envelope, it interacted with a hydrogen-rich CSM formed shortly before the explosion, suggesting that this material originated from a companion star rather than the progenitor itself. [Abridged]
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Submitted 27 June, 2026;
originally announced June 2026.
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The transitional Type Ibn/IIn SN 2022pda, with pre-explosion outbursts and a double-peaked light curve
Authors:
Y. -Z. Cai,
A. Pastorello,
R. Chiba,
T. J. Moriya,
A. Reguitti,
L. Tartaglia,
S. Moran,
S. Campana,
Z. -Y. Wang,
J. -W. Zhao,
J. P. Anderson,
S. Benetti,
S. J. Brennan,
E. Cappellaro,
K. C. Chambers,
T. -W. Chen,
Z. -H. Chen,
T. de Boer,
Y. -Z. Dong,
J. Duarte,
N. Elias-Rosa,
M. Fraser,
W. -P. Gan,
H. Gao,
M. Gromadzki
, et al. (43 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the results of a photometric and spectroscopic follow-up campaign of the unusual interacting supernova (SN) 2022pda. Precursor variability lasting $\sim 100$ days is observed before the explosion. The SN light curve has a double peak shape. It reached a first maximum of $M_{\rm{r}} = -19.6 \pm 0.2$\,mag, followed by an initial two-month decline and a second, broad peak lasting about six…
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We report the results of a photometric and spectroscopic follow-up campaign of the unusual interacting supernova (SN) 2022pda. Precursor variability lasting $\sim 100$ days is observed before the explosion. The SN light curve has a double peak shape. It reached a first maximum of $M_{\rm{r}} = -19.6 \pm 0.2$\,mag, followed by an initial two-month decline and a second, broad peak lasting about six months. The early spectra show a blue continuum with dominant H and He emission lines. A high-resolution pre-maximum spectrum shows that the profile of the \Hei~$λ$5876 line consists of a moderately narrow ($\sim 1900$ \kms) P~Cygni absorption superposed on a broader ($\sim 3300$ \kms) component. In the blue region, several spectral features are identified, including C {\sc iii}/N {\sc iii}/O {\sc ii} blends. Two broad bumps at 4600--5200 Å, 6400--6800~Å regions reveal a complex profile, which are likely due to blends of H, He, and other emission lines. Late-time spectra are still dominated by prominent and broad H and He lines in emission. Shock-driven model fits to the bolometric light curve suggest that the SN is powered by interaction with a massive CSM with enhanced mass loss rates $\sim 5$ \msun yr$^{-1}$, expelled during two events occurred $\sim 1$ and $\sim 0.2$ years before the explosion. The overall SN evolution indicates that SN\,2022pda is a transitional event between a H-rich SN IIn (SN\,2009ip-like) and a He-rich SN Ibn. Our findings suggest that the progenitor was likely a Luminous Blue Variable transitioning towards a Wolf--Rayet stage.
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Submitted 25 May, 2026;
originally announced May 2026.
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AT 2025abao: The fourth luminous red nova in M 31
Authors:
A. Reguitti,
A. Pastorello,
G. Valerin,
F. D. Romanov,
A. Siviero,
Y. -Z. Cai,
S. Ciroi,
N. Elias-Rosa,
T. Iijima,
E. Kankare,
N. Koivisto,
T. Kravtsov,
E. Mason,
K. Matilainen,
A. C. Mura,
P. Ochner,
T. M. Reynolds,
M. D. Stritzinger
Abstract:
We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of the luminous red nova (LRN) AT 2025abao, the fourth discovered in M 31. The LRN, associated to the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star WNTR23bzdiq, was discovered during the fast rise following the minimum phase. It reached its peak at $g=15.1$ mag ($M_g=-9.5\pm0.1$ mag), and then it settled onto a long-duration plateau in the red bands, last…
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We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of the luminous red nova (LRN) AT 2025abao, the fourth discovered in M 31. The LRN, associated to the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star WNTR23bzdiq, was discovered during the fast rise following the minimum phase. It reached its peak at $g=15.1$ mag ($M_g=-9.5\pm0.1$ mag), and then it settled onto a long-duration plateau in the red bands, lasting 70 days, while it was slowly linearly declining in the blue bands. At the peak the object showed similarities with the canonical LRNe V838 Monocerotis, V1309 Scorpii, and the faint and fast-evolving AT 2019zhd, which is the third LRN in M31, though the later evolution is different. Spectroscopically, AT 2025abao evolved as a canonical LRN: the early spectra present a blue continuum with narrow Balmer lines in emission; at the peak, the spectral continuum has cooled to a yellow colour, with a photospheric temperature of 6000 K. Balmer lines had weakened, while absorption lines from metals (Fe I, Fe II, Sc II, Ba II, Ti II) had developed, and they were particularly broad from the UV Ca II H&K lines. Medium- and high-resolution spectra reveal narrow ($\sim$50 km/s) absorption and broad ($\sim$450 km/s) emission profiles in the Balmer lines, from a slower wind and a faster outflow, respectively. Finally, late-time spectra show an orange continuum ($T\sim4000-5000$ K), a return in strength of the Balmer lines and the formation of molecular absorption bands. AT 2025abao is the rare case of an LRN with detailed archival information regarding the progenitor system. For the first time, we obtained the spectral energy distribution in the infrared of the precursor of an LRN, which is consistent with that of an M~giant/AGB. We propose that the dichotomy of light-curve behaviour in LRNe (two peaks vs. plateau) can be explained by the extent and H-richness of the common envelope.
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Submitted 1 April, 2026; v1 submitted 14 February, 2026;
originally announced February 2026.
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SN 2022ngb: A faint, slowly evolving Type IIb supernova with a low-mass envelope
Authors:
J. -W. Zhao,
S. Benetti,
Y. -Z. Cai,
A. Pastorello,
N. Elias-Rosa,
A. Reguitti,
G. Valerin,
Z. -Y. Wang,
E. Cappellaro,
G. -F. Feng,
A. Fiore,
B. Fitzpatrick,
M. Fraser,
J. Isern,
E. Kankare,
T. Kravtsov,
B. Kumar,
P. Lundqvist,
K. Matilainen,
S. Mattila,
P. A. Mazzali,
S. Moran,
P. Ochner,
Z. -H. Peng,
T. M. Reynolds
, et al. (13 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
An extensive photometric and spectroscopic follow-up campaign of the Type IIb SN 2022ngb is presented in the article. Through detailed modeling of this dataset, we aim to constrain the key physical parameters of the explosion, infer the nature of the progenitor star and its environment, and probe the dynamical properties of the ejecta. We analyze photometric and spectroscopic data of SN 2022ngb. B…
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An extensive photometric and spectroscopic follow-up campaign of the Type IIb SN 2022ngb is presented in the article. Through detailed modeling of this dataset, we aim to constrain the key physical parameters of the explosion, infer the nature of the progenitor star and its environment, and probe the dynamical properties of the ejecta. We analyze photometric and spectroscopic data of SN 2022ngb. By constructing and modeling the bolometric light curve with semi-analytic models, we estimate the primary explosion parameters. The spectroscopic data are compared with those of well-studied SNe IIb and NLTE models to constrain the properties of the progenitor and the structure of the resulting ejecta. SN 2022ngb is a low-luminosity SN IIb with a peak bolometric luminosity of L_bol = 7.76 (+1.15/-1.00) x 10^41 erg/s and a V-band rising time of 24.32 +/- 0.50 days. Light curve modeling indicates an ejecta mass of ~2.9-3.2 M_sun, an explosion energy of ~1.4 x 10^51 erg, and a low synthesized 56Ni mass of ~0.045 M_sun. Nebular phase spectra exhibit asymmetric line profiles, pointing to a non-spherical explosion and an anisotropic distribution of radioactive material. Our analysis reveals a relatively compact stripped-envelope progenitor with a pre-SN mass of approximately 4.7 M_sun (corresponding to a 15-16 M_sun ZAMS star). Our analysis suggests that SN 2022ngb originated from the explosion of a moderate-mass relatively compact, stripped-envelope star in a binary system. The asymmetries inferred from the nebular phase spectral line features suggest a non-spherical explosion.
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Submitted 24 February, 2026; v1 submitted 10 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium XII. SN 2024acyl: A fast, linearly declining Type Ibn supernova with early flash-ionisation features
Authors:
Y. -Z. Cai,
A. Pastorello,
K. Maeda,
J. -W. Zhao,
Z. -Y. Wang,
Z. -H. Peng,
A. Reguitti,
L. Tartaglia,
A. V. Filippenko,
Y. Pan,
G. Valerin,
B. Kumar,
Z. Wang,
M. Fraser,
J. P. Anderson,
S. Benetti,
S. Bose,
T. G. Brink,
E. Cappellaro,
T. -W. Chen,
X. -L. Chen,
N. Elias-Rosa,
A. Esamdin,
A. Gal-Yam,
M. González-Bañuelos
, et al. (41 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present a photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the Type Ibn supernova (SN) 2024acyl. It rises to an absolute magnitude peak of about -17.58 mag in 10.6 days, and displays a rapid linear post-peak light-curve decline in all bands, similar to most SNe Ibn. The optical pseudobolometric light curve peaks at $(3.5\pm0.8) \times 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$, with a total radiated energy of…
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We present a photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the Type Ibn supernova (SN) 2024acyl. It rises to an absolute magnitude peak of about -17.58 mag in 10.6 days, and displays a rapid linear post-peak light-curve decline in all bands, similar to most SNe Ibn. The optical pseudobolometric light curve peaks at $(3.5\pm0.8) \times 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$, with a total radiated energy of $(5.0\pm0.4) \times 10^{48}$ erg. The spectra are dominated by a blue continuum at early stages, with narrow P Cygni He I lines and flash-ionisation emission lines of C III, N III, and He II. The P Cygni He I features gradually evolve and become emission-dominated in late-time spectra. Our multi-band light-curve modelling yields estimates of the ejecta mass of $M_{\rm ej} = 0.49^{+0.11}_{-0.09}$ M$_\odot$ with a kinetic energy of $E_{\rm k} = 0.06^{+0.01}_{-0.01} \times 10^{51}$ erg, and a $^{56}$Ni mass of $M_{\rm Ni} = 0.018$ M$_\odot$. The inferred CSM properties are characterised by a mass of $M_{\rm CSM} = 0.51^{+0.05}_{-0.04}$ M$_\odot$, an inner radius of $R_0 = 17.8^{+3.6}_{-3.0}$ AU, and a density of $ρ_{\rm CSM} =(8.3_{-1.2}^{+2.7})\times10^{-12}$ g cm$^{-3}$. The multi-epoch spectra are well reproduced by the CMFGEN/he4p0 model, corresponding to a He-ZAMS mass of 4 M$_\odot$ (H-ZAMS mass 18.11 M$_\odot$, pre-SN mass 3.16 M$_\odot$). These findings are consistent with a scenario of an SN powered by ejecta-CSM interaction, originating from a low-mass helium star that evolved within an interacting binary system where the CSM with some residual hydrogen may originate from the mass-transfer process. In addition, a channel of core-collapse explosion of a late-type Wolf-Rayet star with H, or an Ofpe/WN9 star with fallback accretion, cannot be entirely ruled out.
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Submitted 25 February, 2026; v1 submitted 6 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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SN 2024cld: unveiling the complex mass-loss histories of evolved supergiant progenitors to core collapse supernovae
Authors:
T. L. Killestein,
M. Pursiainen,
R. Kotak,
P. Charalampopoulos,
J. Lyman,
K. Ackley,
S. Belkin,
D. L. Coppejans,
B. Davies,
M. J. Dyer,
L. Galbany,
B. Godson,
D. Jarvis,
N. Koivisto,
A. Kumar,
M. Magee,
M. Mitchell,
D. O'Neill,
A. Sahu,
B. Warwick,
R. P. Breton,
T. Butterley,
Y. -Z. Cai,
J. Casares,
V. S. Dhillon
, et al. (30 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Pre-explosion mass loss in supernova (SN) progenitors is a crucial unknown factor in stellar evolution, yet has been illuminated recently by the diverse zoo of interacting transients. We present SN2024cld, a transitional core-collapse SN at a distance of 39 Mpc, straddling the boundary between SN II and SN IIn, showing persistent interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) similar to H-rich SN19…
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Pre-explosion mass loss in supernova (SN) progenitors is a crucial unknown factor in stellar evolution, yet has been illuminated recently by the diverse zoo of interacting transients. We present SN2024cld, a transitional core-collapse SN at a distance of 39 Mpc, straddling the boundary between SN II and SN IIn, showing persistent interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) similar to H-rich SN1998S and PTF11iqb. The SN was discovered and classified just 12h post-explosion via the GOTO-FAST high-cadence program. Optical spectroscopy, photometry, and polarimetry over 220d chart the complex, long-lived interaction in this transient. Early evolution is dominated by CSM interaction, showing a 14d rise to a peak absolute magnitude of g=-17.6 mag, with clear flash-ionisation signatures. SN2024cld also shows a slowly-evolving late time light curve powered by CSM interaction, with high-velocity (6000 km/s) shoulders on a strong multi-component H-alpha profile. Dense polarimetric coverage reveals marked evolution in the photospheric geometry -- peaking at p=2% 10 days post-explosion, and rotating approx. 60 deg as the ejecta sweep more distant CSM. We observe a narrow 60 km/s H-alpha P Cygni feature throughout, associated with pre-shock CSM. SN2024cld represents among the best-observed 98S-like SNe to date, revealing a multi-component CSM structure: a dense, inner aspherical envelope, CSM disk/torus, and tenuous, extended wind. We propose this SN arose from an evolved supergiant progenitor experiencing multiple mass loss episodes in its terminal years, with binary interaction plausibly generating the CSM disk. SN2024cld constrains the progenitors and mass-loss paradigms of 98S-like SNe, unveiling the chaotic ends of evolved supergiant stars from afar.
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Submitted 19 December, 2025; v1 submitted 31 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Masses, Star-Formation Efficiencies, and Dynamical Evolution of 18,000 HII Regions
Authors:
Debosmita Pathak,
Adam K. Leroy,
Ashley. T. Barnes,
Todd A. Thompson,
Laura A. Lopez,
Karin M. Sandstrom,
Jiayi Sun,
Simon C. O. Glover,
Ralf S. Klessen,
Eric W. Koch,
Kirsten L. Larson,
Janice Lee,
Sharon Meidt,
Patricia Sanchez-Blazquez,
Eva Schinnerer,
Zein Bazzi,
Francesco Belfiore,
Médéric Boquien,
Ryan Chown,
Dario Colombo,
Enrico Congiu,
Oleg V. Egorov,
Cosima Eibensteiner,
Sushma Kurapati,
Miguel Querejeta
, et al. (14 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present measurements of the masses associated with $\sim18,000$ HII regions across 19 nearby star-forming galaxies by combining data from JWST, HST, MUSE, ALMA, VLA, and MeerKAT from the multi-wavelength PHANGS survey. We report 10 pc-scale measurements of the mass of young stars, ionized gas, and older disk stars coincident with each HII region, as well as the initial and current mass of molec…
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We present measurements of the masses associated with $\sim18,000$ HII regions across 19 nearby star-forming galaxies by combining data from JWST, HST, MUSE, ALMA, VLA, and MeerKAT from the multi-wavelength PHANGS survey. We report 10 pc-scale measurements of the mass of young stars, ionized gas, and older disk stars coincident with each HII region, as well as the initial and current mass of molecular gas, atomic gas, and swept-up shell material, estimated from lower resolution data. We find that the mass of older stars dominates over young stars at $\gtrsim10\rm\,pc$ scales, and ionized gas exceeds the stellar mass in most optically bright HII regions. Combining our mass measurements for a statistically large sample of HII regions, we derive 10 pc scale star-formation efficiencies $\approx6{-}17\%$ for individual HII regions. Comparing each region's self-gravity with the ambient ISM pressure and total pressure from pre-supernova stellar feedback, we show that most optically bright HII regions are over-pressured relative to their own self-gravity and the ambient ISM pressure, and that they are hence likely expanding into their surroundings. Larger HII regions in galaxy centers approach dynamical equilibrium. The self-gravity of regions is expected to dominate over pre-supernova stellar feedback pressure at $\gtrsim130\rm\,pc$ and $60\rm\,pc$ scales in galaxy disks and centers, respectively, but is always sub-dominant to the ambient ISM pressure on HII region scales. Our measurements have direct implications for the dynamical evolution of star-forming regions and the efficiency of stellar feedback in ionizing and clearing cold gas.
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Submitted 26 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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SN 2024hpj: A perspective on SN 2009ip-like events
Authors:
I. Salmaso,
A. Pastorello,
E. Borsato,
S. Benetti,
M. T. Botticella,
Y. -Z. Cai,
N. Elias-Rosa,
A. Farina,
M. Fraser,
L. Galbany,
M. González-Bañuelos,
C. P. Gutiérrez,
M. Huang,
P. Lundqvist,
T. Kangas,
T. L. Killestein,
T. Kravtsov,
K. Matilainen,
A. Morales-Garoffolo,
A. Mura,
G. Pignata,
A. Reguitti,
T. M. Reynolds,
S. Smartt,
S. Srivastav
, et al. (3 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Supernovae (SNe) IIn are terminal explosions of massive stars that are surrounded by a dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Among SNe IIn, a notable subset is the SN 2009ip-like, which exhibits an initial, fainter peak attributed to stellar variability in the late evolutionary stages, followed by a brighter peak, interpreted as the SN explosion itself. In this context, we analysed the spectrophotomet…
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Supernovae (SNe) IIn are terminal explosions of massive stars that are surrounded by a dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Among SNe IIn, a notable subset is the SN 2009ip-like, which exhibits an initial, fainter peak attributed to stellar variability in the late evolutionary stages, followed by a brighter peak, interpreted as the SN explosion itself. In this context, we analysed the spectrophotometric evolution of SN 2024hpj, an object with a triple-peaked light curve and spectra typical of a SN IIn but with a complex line profile composed of broad P-Cygni features topped by narrow emissions. Comparing it with other SN 2009ip-like events in the literature, as well as with other unpublished objects (SNe 2019mry, 2022ytx, 2024uzf, and 2025csc), we identify star-forming regions as their preferred formation environment. On the other hand, the diversity of spectrophotometric features within the sample suggests that variations in CSM mass and distribution may influence the observed characteristics. We identify four sub-classes based on the luminosity and rapidity of the light curve evolution, which provides insights into possible differences in the progenitors, while a statistical analysis of their observed rate indicates progenitor masses around 25 - 31 solar masses or lower.
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Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 20 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Infrared observations reveal the reprocessing envelope in the tidal disruption event AT 2019azh
Authors:
Thomas M. Reynolds,
Lars Thomsen,
Seppo Mattila,
Takashi Nagao,
Joseph P. Anderson,
Franz E. Bauer,
Panos Charalampopoulos,
Lixin Dai,
Sara Faris,
Mariusz Gromadzki,
Claudia P. Gutiérrez,
Hanin Kuncarayakti,
Cosimo Inserra,
Erkki Kankare,
Timo Kravtsov,
Shane Moran,
Phil Wiseman
Abstract:
Tidal disruption events (TDEs) are expected to release much of their energy in the far-ultraviolet (UV), which we do not observe directly. However, infrared (IR) observations can observe re-radiation of the optical/UV emission from dust, and if this dust is observed in the process of sublimation, we can infer the un-observed UV radiated energy. TDEs have also been predicted to show spectra shallow…
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Tidal disruption events (TDEs) are expected to release much of their energy in the far-ultraviolet (UV), which we do not observe directly. However, infrared (IR) observations can observe re-radiation of the optical/UV emission from dust, and if this dust is observed in the process of sublimation, we can infer the un-observed UV radiated energy. TDEs have also been predicted to show spectra shallower than a blackbody in the IR, but this has not yet been observed. We present near/mid-IR observations of the TDE AT 2019azh spanning from -3 d before peak until >1750 d after. We evaluate these observations for consistency with dust emission or direct emission from the TDE. We fit the IR data with a modified blackbody associated with dust emission. The UV+optical+IR data are compared with simulated spectra produced from general relativistic radiation magnetohydrodynamics simulations of super-Eddington accretion. We model the data at later times (> 200 d) as an IR echo. The IR data at the maximum light can not be self-consistently fit with dust emission. Instead, the data can be better fit with a reprocessing model, with the IR excess arising due to the absorption opacity being dominated by free-free processes in the dense reprocessing envelope. We infer a large viewing angle of $\sim$60$^{\circ}$, consistent with previously reported X-ray observations, and a tidally disrupted star with mass > 2 M$_{\odot}$. The IR emission at later times is consistent with cool dust emission. We model these data as an IR echo and find that the dust is distant (0.65 pc), and clumpy, with a low covering factor. We show that TDEs can have an IR excess not arising from dust and that IR observations at early times can constrain the viewing angle for the TDE in the unified model. Near-IR observations are therefore essential to distinguish between hot dust and a non-thermal IR excess.
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Submitted 23 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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The MUSE view of the Sculptor galaxy: survey overview and the planetary nebulae luminosity function
Authors:
E. Congiu,
F. Scheuermann,
K. Kreckel,
A. Leroy,
E. Emsellem,
F. Belfiore,
J. Hartke,
G. Anand,
O. V. Egorov,
B. Groves,
T. Kravtsov,
D. Thilker,
C. Tovo,
F. Bigiel,
G. A. Blanc,
A. D. Bolatto,
S. A. Cronin,
D. A. Dale,
R. McClain,
J. E. Méndez-Delgado,
E. K. Oakes,
R. S. Klessen,
E. Schinnerer,
T. G. Williams
Abstract:
NGC 253, the Sculptor galaxy, is the southern, massive, star-forming disk galaxy closest to the Milky Way. In this work, we present a new 103-pointing MUSE mosaic of this galaxy covering the majority of its star-forming disk up to 0.75xR25. With an area of ~20x5 arcmin2 (~20x5 kpc2, projected) and a physical resolution of ~15 pc, this mosaic constitutes one of the largest, highest physical resolut…
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NGC 253, the Sculptor galaxy, is the southern, massive, star-forming disk galaxy closest to the Milky Way. In this work, we present a new 103-pointing MUSE mosaic of this galaxy covering the majority of its star-forming disk up to 0.75xR25. With an area of ~20x5 arcmin2 (~20x5 kpc2, projected) and a physical resolution of ~15 pc, this mosaic constitutes one of the largest, highest physical resolution integral field spectroscopy surveys of any star-forming galaxy to date. Here, we exploit the mosaic to identify a sample of ~500 planetary nebulae (~20 times larger than in previous studies) to build the planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF) and obtain a new estimate of the distance to NGC 253. The value obtained is 17% higher than estimates returned by other reliable measurements, mainly obtained via the top of the red giant branch method (TRGB). The PNLF also varies between the centre (r < 4 kpc) and the disk of the galaxy. The distance derived from the PNLF of the outer disk is comparable to that of the full sample, while the PNLF of the centre returns a distance ~0.9 Mpc larger. Our analysis suggests that extinction related to the dust-rich interstellar medium and edge-on view of the galaxy (the average E(B-V) across the disk is ~0.35 mag) plays a major role in explaining both the larger distance recovered from the full PNLF and the difference between the PNLFs in the centre and in the disk.
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Submitted 17 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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SN 2024abfo: a partially stripped SN II from a yellow supergiant
Authors:
A. Reguitti,
A. Pastorello,
S. J. Smartt,
G. Valerin,
G. Pignata,
S. Campana,
T. -W. Chen,
A. Sankar. K.,
S. Moran,
P. A. Mazzali,
J. Duarte,
I. Salmaso,
J. P. Anderson,
C. Ashall,
S. Benetti,
M. Gromadzki,
C. P. Gutierrez,
C. Humina,
C. Inserra,
E. Kankare,
T. Kravtsov,
T. E. Muller-Bravo,
P. J. Pessi,
J. Sollerman,
D. R. Young
, et al. (13 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present photometric and spectroscopic data of the type IIb supernova (SN) 2024abfo in NGC 1493 (at 11 Mpc). The ATLAS survey discovered the object just a few hours after the explosion, and observed a fast rise on the first day. Signs of the sharp shock break-out peak and the subsequent cooling phase are observed in the ultraviolet and the bluest optical bands in the first couple of days, while…
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We present photometric and spectroscopic data of the type IIb supernova (SN) 2024abfo in NGC 1493 (at 11 Mpc). The ATLAS survey discovered the object just a few hours after the explosion, and observed a fast rise on the first day. Signs of the sharp shock break-out peak and the subsequent cooling phase are observed in the ultraviolet and the bluest optical bands in the first couple of days, while no peak is visible in the reddest filters. Subsequently, in analogy with normal SNe IIb, the light curve of SN 2024abfo rises again in all bands to the broad peak, with the maximum light reached around one month after the explosion. Its absolute magnitude at peak is $M_r=-16.5\pm0.1$ mag, making it a faint SN IIb. The early spectra are dominated by Balmer lines with broad P-Cygni profiles indicating ejecta velocity of 22,500 km/s. One month after the explosion, the spectra display a transition towards being He-dominated, though the H lines do not completely disappear, supporting the classification of SN 2024abfo as a relatively H-rich SN IIb. We identify the progenitor of SN 2024abfo in archival images of the Hubble Space Telescope, the Dark Energy Survey, and the XMM-Newton space telescope, in multiple optical filters. From its spectral energy distribution, the progenitor is consistent with being a yellow supergiant, having an initial mass of 15 $M_{\odot}$. This detection supports an emerging trend of SN IIb progenitors being more luminous and hotter than SN II ones, and being primaries of massive binaries. Within the SN IIb class, fainter events such as SN 2024abfo tend to have cooler and more expanded progenitors than luminous SNe IIb.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025; v1 submitted 5 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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The bright long-lived Type II SN 2021irp powered by aspherical circumstellar material interaction (I): Revealing the energy source with photometry and spectroscopy
Authors:
T. M. Reynolds,
T. Nagao,
R. Gottumukkala,
C. P. Gutiérrez,
T. Kangas,
T. Kravtsov,
H. Kuncarayakti,
K. Maeda,
N. Elias-Rosa,
M. Fraser,
R. Kotak,
S. Mattila,
A. Pastorello,
P. J. Pessi,
Y. -Z. Cai,
J. P. U. Fynbo,
M. Kawabata,
P. Lundqvist,
K. Matilainen,
S. Moran,
A. Reguitti,
K. Taguchi,
M. Yamanaka
Abstract:
Some core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are too luminous and radiate too much total energy to be powered by the release of thermal energy from the ejecta and radioactive-decay energy from the synthesised $^{56}$Ni/$^{56}$Co. A source of additional power is the interaction between the supernova (SN) ejecta and a massive circumstellar material (CSM). This is an important power source in Type IIn SNe,…
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Some core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are too luminous and radiate too much total energy to be powered by the release of thermal energy from the ejecta and radioactive-decay energy from the synthesised $^{56}$Ni/$^{56}$Co. A source of additional power is the interaction between the supernova (SN) ejecta and a massive circumstellar material (CSM). This is an important power source in Type IIn SNe, which show narrow spectral lines arising from the unshocked CSM, but not all interacting SNe show such narrow lines. We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of the hydrogen-rich SN 2021irp, which is both luminous, with $M_{o} < -19.4$ mag, and long-lived, remaining brighter than $M_{o} = -18$ mag for $\sim$ 250 d. We show that an additional energy source is required to power such a SN, and determine the nature of the source. We also investigate the properties of the pre-existing and newly formed dust associated with the SN. Photometric observations show that the luminosity of the SN is an order of magnitude higher than typical Type II SNe and persists for much longer. We detect a infrared excess attributed to dust emission. Spectra show multi-component line profiles, an Fe II pseudo-continuum, and a lack of absorption lines, all typical features of Type IIn SNe. We detect a narrow (< 85 kms$^{-1}$) P-Cygni profile associated with the unshocked CSM. An asymmetry in emission line profiles indicates dust formation occurring from 250-300 d. Analysis of the SN blackbody radius evolution indicates asymmetry in the shape of the emitting region. We identify the main power source of SN 2021irp as extensive interaction with a massive CSM, and that this CSM is distributed asymmetrically around the progenitor star. The infrared excess is explained with emission from newly formed dust although there is also some evidence of an IR echo from pre-existing dust at early times.
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Submitted 23 January, 2025;
originally announced January 2025.
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Optical evolution of AT 2024wpp: the high-velocity outflows in Cow-like transients are consistent with high spherical symmetry
Authors:
M. Pursiainen,
T. L. Killestein,
H. Kuncarayakti,
P. Charalampopoulos,
B. Warwick,
J. Lyman,
R. Kotak,
G. Leloudas,
D. Coppejans,
T. Kravtsov,
K. Maeda,
T. Nagao,
K. Taguchi,
K. Ackley,
V. S. Dhillon,
D. K. Galloway,
A. Kumar,
D. O'Neill,
G. Ramsay,
D. Steeghs
Abstract:
We present the analysis of optical data of a bright and extremely-rapidly evolving transient, AT2024wpp, whose properties are similar to the enigmatic AT2018cow (aka the Cow). AT2024wpp rose to a peak brightness of c=-21.9mag in 4.3d and remained above the half-maximum brightness for only 6.7d. The blackbody fits to the multi-band photometry show that the event remained persistently hot (T>20000K)…
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We present the analysis of optical data of a bright and extremely-rapidly evolving transient, AT2024wpp, whose properties are similar to the enigmatic AT2018cow (aka the Cow). AT2024wpp rose to a peak brightness of c=-21.9mag in 4.3d and remained above the half-maximum brightness for only 6.7d. The blackbody fits to the multi-band photometry show that the event remained persistently hot (T>20000K) with a rapidly receding photosphere (v~11500km/s) until the end of the photometric dataset at +16.1d post-discovery. This behaviour mimics that of AT2018cow, albeit with a several times larger photosphere. The spectra are consistent with blackbody emission throughout our spectral sequence ending at +21.9d, showing a tentative, very broad emission feature at 5500Å -- implying that the optical photosphere is likely within a near-relativistic outflow. Furthermore, reports of strong X-ray and radio emission cement the nature of AT2024wpp as a likely Cow-like transient. AT2024wpp is only the second event of the class with optical polarimetry. Our BVRI observations obtained from +6.1 to +14.4d show a low polarisation of P<0.5% across all bands, similar to AT2018cow that was consistent with P~0% during the same outflow-driven phase. In the absence of evidence for a preferential viewing angle, it is unlikely that both events would have shown low polarisation in the case that their photospheres were aspherical. As such, we conclude that the near-relativistic outflows launched in these events are likely highly spherical, but polarimetric observations of further events are crucial to constrain their ejecta geometry and stratification in detail.
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Submitted 6 February, 2025; v1 submitted 5 November, 2024;
originally announced November 2024.
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SN 2023tsz: A helium-interaction driven supernova in a very low-mass galaxy
Authors:
B. Warwick,
J. Lyman,
M. Pursiainen,
D. L. Coppejans,
L. Galbany,
G. T. Jones,
T. L. Killestein,
A. Kumar,
S. R. Oates,
K. Ackley,
J. P. Anderson,
A. Aryan,
R. P. Breton,
T. W. Chen,
P. Clark,
V. S. Dhillon,
M. J. Dyer,
A. Gal-Yam,
D. K. Galloway,
C. P. Gutiérrez,
M. Gromadzki,
C. Inserra,
F. Jiménez-Ibarra,
L. Kelsey,
R. Kotak
, et al. (27 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
SN 2023tsz is a Type Ibn supernova (SNe Ibn) discovered in an extremely low-mass host. SNe Ibn are an uncommon subtype of stripped-envelope core-collapse SNe. They are characterised by narrow helium emission lines in their spectra and are believed to originate from the collapse of massive Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, though their progenitor systems still remain poorly understood. In terms of energetics…
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SN 2023tsz is a Type Ibn supernova (SNe Ibn) discovered in an extremely low-mass host. SNe Ibn are an uncommon subtype of stripped-envelope core-collapse SNe. They are characterised by narrow helium emission lines in their spectra and are believed to originate from the collapse of massive Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, though their progenitor systems still remain poorly understood. In terms of energetics and spectrophotometric evolution, SN 2023tsz is largely a typical example of the class, although line profile asymmetries in the nebular phase are seen, which may indicate the presence of dust formation or unshocked circumstellar material. Intriguingly, SN 2023tsz is located in an extraordinarily low-mass host galaxy that is in the 2nd percentile for SESN host masses and star formation rates (SFR). The host has a radius of 1.0 kpc, a $g$-band absolute magnitude of $-12.73$, and an estimated metallicity of $\log(Z_{*}/Z_{\odot}$) = $-1.56$. The SFR and metallicity of the host galaxy raise questions about the progenitor of SN 2023tsz. The low SFR suggests that a star with sufficient mass to evolve into a WR would be uncommon in this galaxy. Further, the very low-metallicity is a challenge for single stellar evolution to enable H and He stripping of the progenitor and produce a SN Ibn explosion. The host galaxy of SN 2023tsz adds another piece to the ongoing puzzle of SNe Ibn progenitors, and demonstrates that they can occur in hosts too faint to be observed in contemporary sky surveys at a more typical SN Ibn redshift.
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Submitted 21 September, 2024;
originally announced September 2024.
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Discovery of young, oxygen-rich supernova remnants in PHANGS-MUSE galaxies
Authors:
Timo Kravtsov,
Joseph P. Anderson,
Hanindyo Kuncarayakti,
Keiichi Maeda,
Seppo Mattila
Abstract:
Context. Supernova remnants (SNRs) are the late stages of supernovae before their merging into the surrounding medium. Oxygen-rich supernova remnants represent a rare subtype with strong visible light oxygen emission. Aims. We present a new method to detect SNRs exploiting the capabilities of modern visible-light integral-field units based on the shapes of the SNR emission lines. Methods. We searc…
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Context. Supernova remnants (SNRs) are the late stages of supernovae before their merging into the surrounding medium. Oxygen-rich supernova remnants represent a rare subtype with strong visible light oxygen emission. Aims. We present a new method to detect SNRs exploiting the capabilities of modern visible-light integral-field units based on the shapes of the SNR emission lines. Methods. We search for unresolved shocked regions with broadened emission lines using the medium-resolution integral-field spectrograph MUSE on the Very Large Telescope. The spectral resolving power allows shocked emission sources to be differentiated from photoionised sources based on the linewidths. Results. We find 307 supernova remnants, including seven O-rich SNRs. For all O-rich SNRs, we observe the [O III]λλ4959,5007 emission doublet. In addition, we observe emissions from [O I]λλ6300,6364, [O II]λλ7320,7330, Hα+[N II]λ6583 and [S II]λλ6717,6731 to varying degrees. The linewidths for the O-rich SNRs are generally broader than the rest of the SNRs in the sample of this article. The oxygen emission complexes are reminiscient of SNR 4449-1 and some long-lasting SNe. For the O-rich SNRs, we also search for counterparts in archival data of other telescopes; we detect X-ray and mid-IR counterparts for a number of remnants. Conclusions. We have shown efficacy of the method to detect SNRs presented in this article. In addition, the method is also effective in detecting the rare O-rich SNRs, doubling the sample size in the literature. The origin of O-rich SNRs and their link to specific SN types or environments is still unclear, but further work into this new sample will unquestionably help us shed light on these rare remnants.
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Submitted 10 September, 2024;
originally announced September 2024.
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Red eminence: The intermediate-luminosity red transient AT 2022fnm
Authors:
S. Moran,
R. Kotak,
M. Fraser,
A. Pastorello,
Y. -Z. Cai,
G. Valerin,
S. Mattila,
E. Cappellaro,
T. Kravtsov,
C. P. Gutiérrez,
N. Elias-Rosa,
A. Reguitti,
P. Lundqvist,
T. G. Brink,
A. V. Filippenko,
X. -F. Wang
Abstract:
We present results from a five-month-long observing campaign of the unusual transient AT 2022fnm, which displays properties common to both luminous red novae (LRNe) and intermediate-luminosity red transients (ILRTs). Although its photometric evolution is broadly consistent with that of LRNe, no second peak is apparent in its light curve, and its spectral properties are more reminiscent of ILRTs. I…
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We present results from a five-month-long observing campaign of the unusual transient AT 2022fnm, which displays properties common to both luminous red novae (LRNe) and intermediate-luminosity red transients (ILRTs). Although its photometric evolution is broadly consistent with that of LRNe, no second peak is apparent in its light curve, and its spectral properties are more reminiscent of ILRTs. It has a fairly rapid rise time of 5.3$\pm$1.5 d, reaching a peak absolute magnitude of $-12.7\pm$0.1 (in the ATLAS $o$ band). We find some evidence for circumstellar interaction, and a near-infrared excess becomes apparent at approximately +100 d after discovery. We attribute this to a dust echo. Finally, from an analytical diffusion toy model, we attempted to reproduce the pseudo-bolometric light curve and find that a mass of $\sim$4 M$_\odot$ is needed. Overall, the characteristics of AT 2022fnm are consistent with a weak stellar eruption or an explosion reminiscent of low-energy type IIP supernovae, which is compatible with expectations for ILRTs.
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Submitted 4 June, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
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The enigmatic double-peaked stripped-envelope SN 2023aew
Authors:
Tuomas Kangas,
Hanindyo Kuncarayakti,
Takashi Nagao,
Rubina Kotak,
Erkki Kankare,
Morgan Fraser,
Heloise Stevance,
Seppo Mattila,
Kei'ichi Maeda,
Maximilian Stritzinger,
Peter Lundqvist,
Nancy Elias-Rosa,
Lucía Ferrari,
Gastón Folatelli,
Christopher Frohmaier,
Lluís Galbany,
Miho Kawabata,
Eleni Koutsiona,
Tomás E. Müller-Bravo,
Lara Piscarreta,
Miika Pursiainen,
Avinash Singh,
Kenta Taguchi,
Rishabh Singh Teja,
Giorgio Valerin
, et al. (7 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2023aew and our findings on its remarkable properties. This event, initially resembling a Type IIb supernova (SN), rebrightens dramatically $\sim$90 d after the first peak, at which time its spectrum transforms into that of a SN Ic. The slowly evolving spectrum specifically resembles a post-peak SN~Ic with relatively low line v…
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We present optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2023aew and our findings on its remarkable properties. This event, initially resembling a Type IIb supernova (SN), rebrightens dramatically $\sim$90 d after the first peak, at which time its spectrum transforms into that of a SN Ic. The slowly evolving spectrum specifically resembles a post-peak SN~Ic with relatively low line velocities even during the second rise. The second peak, reached 119 d after the first peak, is both more luminous ($M_r = -18.75\pm0.04$ mag) and much broader than those of typical SNe Ic. Blackbody fits to SN 2023aew indicate that the photosphere shrinks almost throughout its observed evolution, and the second peak is caused by an increasing temperature. Bumps in the light curve after the second peak suggest interaction with circumstellar matter (CSM) or possibly accretion. We consider several scenarios for producing the unprecedented behavior of SN 2023aew. Two separate SNe, either unrelated or from the same binary system, require either an incredible coincidence or extreme fine-tuning. A pre-SN eruption followed by a SN requires an extremely powerful, SN-like eruption (consistent with $\sim$10$^{51}$ erg) and is also disfavored. We therefore consider only the first peak a true stellar explosion. The observed evolution is difficult to reproduce if the second peak is dominated by interaction with a distant CSM shell. A delayed internal heating mechanism is more likely, but emerging embedded interaction with a CSM disk should be accompanied by CSM lines in the spectrum, which are not observed, and is difficult to hide long enough. A magnetar central engine requires a delayed onset to explain the long time between the peaks. Delayed fallback accretion onto a black hole may present the most promising scenario, but we cannot definitively establish the power source.
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Submitted 17 June, 2024; v1 submitted 30 January, 2024;
originally announced January 2024.
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The fast transient AT 2023clx in the nearby LINER galaxy NGC 3799 as a tidal disruption of a very low-mass star
Authors:
P. Charalampopoulos,
R. Kotak,
T. Wevers,
G. Leloudas,
T. Kravtsov,
M. Pursiainen,
P. Ramsden,
T. M. Reynolds,
A. Aamer,
J. P. Anderson,
I. Arcavi,
Y. -Z. Cai,
T. -W. Chen,
M. Dennefeld,
L. Galbany,
M. Gromadzki,
C. P. Guti'errez,
N. Ihanec,
T. Kangas,
E. Kankare,
E. Kool,
A. Lawrence,
P. Lundqvist,
L. Makrygianni,
S. Mattila
, et al. (8 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present an extensive analysis of the optical and UV properties of AT2023clx, the closest TDE to date, that occurred in the nucleus of the interacting LINER galaxy, NGC3799 (z=0.01107). After correcting for the host reddening (E(B-V) = 0.179 mag), we find its peak absolute g-band magnitude to be -18.03{+/-}0.07 mag, and its peak bolometric luminosity to be L=(1.57{+/-}0.19)x10^43 erg/s. AT2023cl…
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We present an extensive analysis of the optical and UV properties of AT2023clx, the closest TDE to date, that occurred in the nucleus of the interacting LINER galaxy, NGC3799 (z=0.01107). After correcting for the host reddening (E(B-V) = 0.179 mag), we find its peak absolute g-band magnitude to be -18.03{+/-}0.07 mag, and its peak bolometric luminosity to be L=(1.57{+/-}0.19)x10^43 erg/s. AT2023clx displays several distinctive features: first, it rose to peak within 10.4{+/-}2.5 days, making it the fastest rising TDE to date. Our SMBH mass estimate of M_BH ~ 10^6 Msol rules out the possibility of an intermediate-mass BH as the reason for the fast rise. Dense spectral follow-up reveals a blue continuum that cools slowly and broad Balmer and HeII lines as well as weak HeI 5876,6678 emission features that are typically seen in TDEs. The early, broad (width ~ 15000 km/s) profile of Ha matches theoretical expectations from an optically thick outflow. A flat Balmer decrement (~ 1.58) suggests that the lines are collisionally excited rather than being produced via photoionisation, in contrast to typical active galactic nuclei. A second distinctive feature, seen for the first time in TDE spectra, is a sharp, narrow emission peak at a rest wavelength of ~ 6353 A. This feature is clearly visible up to 10d post-peak; we attribute it to clumpy material preceding the bulk outflow, which manifests as a high-velocity component of Ha (-9584 km/s). Its third distinctive feature is the rapid cooling during the first ~ 20 days after peak, reflected as a break in the temperature evolution. Combining these findings, we propose a scenario for AT2023clx involving the disruption of a very low-mass star (<=0.1 Msol) with an outflow launched in our line of sight and with disruption properties that led to efficient circularisation and prompt accretion disc formation, observed through a low-density photosphere.
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Submitted 26 August, 2024; v1 submitted 22 January, 2024;
originally announced January 2024.
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The broad-lined Type-Ic supernova SN 2022xxf with extraordinary two-humped light curves
Authors:
H. Kuncarayakti,
J. Sollerman,
L. Izzo,
K. Maeda,
S. Yang,
S. Schulze,
C. R. Angus,
M. Aubert,
K. Auchettl,
M. Della Valle,
L. Dessart,
K. Hinds,
E. Kankare,
M. Kawabata,
P. Lundqvist,
T. Nakaoka,
D. Perley,
S. I. Raimundo,
N. L. Strotjohann,
K. Taguchi,
Y. -Z. Cai,
P. Charalampopoulos,
Q. Fang,
M. Fraser,
C. P. Gutierrez
, et al. (38 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report on our study of supernova (SN) 2022xxf based on observations obtained during the first four months of its evolution. The light curves (LCs) display two humps of similar maximum brightness separated by 75 days, unprecedented for a broad-lined (BL) Type Ic supernova (SN IcBL). SN 2022xxf is the most nearby SN IcBL to date (in NGC 3705, $z = 0.0037$, at a distance of about 20 Mpc). Optical…
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We report on our study of supernova (SN) 2022xxf based on observations obtained during the first four months of its evolution. The light curves (LCs) display two humps of similar maximum brightness separated by 75 days, unprecedented for a broad-lined (BL) Type Ic supernova (SN IcBL). SN 2022xxf is the most nearby SN IcBL to date (in NGC 3705, $z = 0.0037$, at a distance of about 20 Mpc). Optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy are used to identify the energy source powering the LC. Nearly 50 epochs of high signal-to-noise-ratio spectroscopy were obtained within 130 days, comprising an unparalleled dataset for a SN IcBL, and one of the best-sampled SN datasets to date. The global spectral appearance and evolution of SN 2022xxf points to typical SN Ic/IcBL, with broad features (up to $\sim14000$ km s$^{-1}$) and a gradual transition from the photospheric to the nebular phase. However, narrow emission lines (corresponding to $\sim1000-2500$ km s$^{-1}$) are present in the spectra from the time of the second rise, suggesting slower-moving circumstellar material (CSM). These lines are subtle, in comparison to the typical strong narrow lines of CSM-interacting SNe, for example, Type IIn, Ibn, and Icn, but some are readily noticeable at late times such as in Mg I $λ$5170 and [O I] $λ$5577. Unusually, the near-infrared spectra show narrow line peaks in a number of features formed by ions of O and Mg. We infer the presence of CSM that is free of H and He. We propose that the radiative energy from the ejecta-CSM interaction is a plausible explanation for the second LC hump. This interaction scenario is supported by the color evolution, which progresses to the blue as the light curve evolves along the second hump, and the slow second rise and subsequent rapid LC drop. (Abstract abridged)
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Submitted 14 August, 2023; v1 submitted 29 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
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Performance characterization and near-realtime monitoring of MUSE adaptive optics modes at Paranal
Authors:
T. Wevers,
F. J. Selman,
A. Reyes,
M. Vega,
J. Hartke,
F. Bian,
O. Beltramo-Martin,
R. Fétick,
S. Kamann,
J. Kolb,
T. Kravtsov,
C. Moya,
B. Neichel,
S. Oberti,
C. Reyes,
E. Valenti
Abstract:
The Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) is an integral field spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope Unit Telescope 4, capable of laser guide star assisted and tomographic adaptive optics using the GALACSI module. Its observing capabilities include a wide field (1 square arcmin), ground layer AO mode (WFM-AO) and a narrow field (7.5"x7.5"), laser tomography AO mode (NFM-AO). The latter has h…
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The Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) is an integral field spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope Unit Telescope 4, capable of laser guide star assisted and tomographic adaptive optics using the GALACSI module. Its observing capabilities include a wide field (1 square arcmin), ground layer AO mode (WFM-AO) and a narrow field (7.5"x7.5"), laser tomography AO mode (NFM-AO). The latter has had several upgrades in the 4 years since commissioning, including an optimisation of the control matrices for the AO system and a new sub-electron noise detector for its infra-red low order wavefront sensor. We set out to quantify the NFM-AO system performance by analysing $\sim$230 spectrophotometric standard star observations taken over the last 3 years. To this end we expand upon previous work, designed to facilitate analysis of the WFM-AO system performance. We briefly describe the framework that will provide a user friendly, semi-automated way for system performance monitoring during science operations. We provide the results of our performance analysis, chiefly through the measured Strehl ratio and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the core of the point spread function (PSF) using two PSF models, and correlations with atmospheric conditions. These results will feed into a range of applications, including providing a more accurate prediction of the system performance as implemented in the exposure time calculator, and the associated optimization of the scientific output for a given set of limiting atmospheric conditions.
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Submitted 15 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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Panchromatic evolution of three luminous red novae: Forbidden hugs in pandemic times -- IV
Authors:
A. Pastorello,
G. Valerin,
M. Fraser,
A. Reguitti,
N. Elias-Rosa,
A. V. Filippenko,
C. Rojas-Bravo,
L. Tartaglia,
T. M. Reynolds,
S. Valenti,
J. E. Andrews,
C. Ashall,
K. A. Bostroem,
T. G. Brink,
J. Burke,
Y. -Z. Cai,
E. Cappellaro,
D. A. Coulter,
R. Dastidar,
K. W. Davis,
G. Dimitriadis,
A. Fiore,
R. J. Foley,
D. Fugazza,
L. Galbany
, et al. (55 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present photometric and spectroscopic data on three extragalactic luminous red novae (LRNe): AT2018bwo, AT2021afy, and AT2021blu. AT2018bwo was discovered in NGC45 (at 6.8 Mpc) a few weeks after the outburst onset. During the monitoring period, the transient reached a peak luminosity of 10^40 erg/s. AT2021afy, hosted by UGC10043 (49.2 Mpc), showed a double-peaked light curve, with the two peaks…
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We present photometric and spectroscopic data on three extragalactic luminous red novae (LRNe): AT2018bwo, AT2021afy, and AT2021blu. AT2018bwo was discovered in NGC45 (at 6.8 Mpc) a few weeks after the outburst onset. During the monitoring period, the transient reached a peak luminosity of 10^40 erg/s. AT2021afy, hosted by UGC10043 (49.2 Mpc), showed a double-peaked light curve, with the two peaks reaching a similar luminosity of 2.1(+-0.6)x10^41 erg/s. For AT2021blu in UGC5829, (8.6 Mpc), the pre-outburst phase was well-monitored by several photometric surveys, and the object showed a slow luminosity rise before the outburst. The light curve of AT2021blu was sampled with an unprecedented cadence until the object disappeared behind the Sun, and it was then recovered at late phases. The light curve of AT2021blu shows a double peak, with a prominent early maximum reaching a luminosity of 6.5x10^40 erg/s, which is half of that of AT2021afy. The spectra of AT2021afy and AT2021blu display the expected evolution for LRNe: a blue continuum dominated by prominent Balmer lines in emission during the first peak, and a redder continuum consistent with that of a K-type star with narrow absorption metal lines during the second, broad maximum. The spectra of AT2018bwo are markedly different, with a very red continuum dominated by broad molecular features in absorption. As these spectra closely resemble those of LRNe after the second peak, AT2018bwo was probably discovered at the very late evolutionary stages. This would explain its fast evolution and the spectral properties compatible with that of an M-type star. From the analysis of deep frames of the LRN sites years before the outburst, and considerations of the light curves, the quiescent progenitor systems of the three LRNe were likely massive, with primaries ranging from 13Mo for AT2018bwo, to 13-18Mo for AT2021blu, and over 40Mo for AT2021afy.
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Submitted 16 December, 2022; v1 submitted 4 August, 2022;
originally announced August 2022.
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Observations of the luminous red nova AT 2021biy in the nearby galaxy NGC 4631
Authors:
Y. -Z. Cai,
A. Pastorello,
M. Fraser,
X. -F. Wang,
A. V. Filippenko,
A. Reguitti,
K. C. Patra,
V. P. Goranskij,
E. A. Barsukova,
T. G. Brink,
N. Elias-Rosa,
H. F. Stevance,
W. Zheng,
Y. Yang,
K. E. Atapin,
S. Benetti,
T. J. L. de Boer,
S. Bose,
J. Burke,
R. Byrne,
E. Cappellaro,
K. C. Chambers,
W. -L. Chen,
N. Emami,
H. Gao
, et al. (51 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present an observational study of the luminous red nova (LRN) AT\,2021biy in the nearby galaxy NGC\,4631. The field of the object was routinely imaged during the pre-eruptive stage by synoptic surveys, but the transient was detected only at a few epochs from $\sim 231$\,days before maximum brightness. The LRN outburst was monitored with unprecedented cadence both photometrically and spectroscop…
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We present an observational study of the luminous red nova (LRN) AT\,2021biy in the nearby galaxy NGC\,4631. The field of the object was routinely imaged during the pre-eruptive stage by synoptic surveys, but the transient was detected only at a few epochs from $\sim 231$\,days before maximum brightness. The LRN outburst was monitored with unprecedented cadence both photometrically and spectroscopically. AT\,2021biy shows a short-duration blue peak, with a bolometric luminosity of $\sim 1.6 \times 10^{41}$\,erg\,s$^{-1}$, followed by the longest plateau among LRNe to date, with a duration of 210\,days. A late-time hump in the light curve was also observed, possibly produced by a shell-shell collision. AT\,2021biy exhibits the typical spectral evolution of LRNe. Early-time spectra are characterised by a blue continuum and prominent H emission lines. Then, the continuum becomes redder, resembling that of a K-type star with a forest of metal absorption lines during the plateau phase. Finally, late-time spectra show a very red continuum ($T_{\mathrm{BB}} \approx 2050$ K) with molecular features (e.g., TiO) resembling those of M-type stars. Spectropolarimetric analysis indicates that AT\,2021biy has local dust properties similar to those of V838\,Mon in the Milky Way Galaxy. Inspection of archival {\it Hubble Space Telescope} data taken on 2003 August 3 reveals a $\sim 20$\,\msun\ progenitor candidate with log\,$(L/{\rm L}_{\odot}) = 5.0$\,dex and $T_{\rm{eff}} = 5900$\,K at solar metallicity. The above luminosity and colour match those of a luminous yellow supergiant. Most likely, this source is a close binary, with a 17--24\,\msun\ primary component.
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Submitted 27 August, 2022; v1 submitted 2 July, 2022;
originally announced July 2022.
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SN 2020wnt: a slow-evolving carbon-rich superluminous supernova with no O II lines and a bumpy light curve
Authors:
C. P. Gutiérrez,
A. Pastorello,
M. Bersten,
S. Benetti,
M. Orellana,
A. Fiore,
E. Karamehmetoglu,
T. Kravtsov,
A. Reguitti,
T. M. Reynolds,
G. Valerin,
P. Mazzali,
M. Sullivan,
Y. -Z. Cai,
N. Elias-Rosa,
M. Fraser,
E. Y. Hsiao,
E. Kankare,
R. Kotak,
H. Kuncarayakti,
Z. Li,
S. Mattila,
J. Mo,
S. Moran,
P. Ochner
, et al. (7 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the analysis of SN 2020wnt, an unusual hydrogen-poor super-luminous supernova (SLSN-I), at a redshift of 0.032. The light curves of SN 2020wnt are characterised by an early bump lasting $\sim5$ days, followed by a bright main peak. The SN reaches a peak absolute magnitude of M$_{r}^{max}=-20.52\pm0.03$ mag at $\sim77.5$ days from explosion. This magnitude is at the lower end of the lumi…
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We present the analysis of SN 2020wnt, an unusual hydrogen-poor super-luminous supernova (SLSN-I), at a redshift of 0.032. The light curves of SN 2020wnt are characterised by an early bump lasting $\sim5$ days, followed by a bright main peak. The SN reaches a peak absolute magnitude of M$_{r}^{max}=-20.52\pm0.03$ mag at $\sim77.5$ days from explosion. This magnitude is at the lower end of the luminosity distribution of SLSNe-I, but the rise-time is one of the longest reported to date. Unlike other SLSNe-I, the spectra of SN 2020wnt do not show O II, but strong lines of C II and Si II are detected. Spectroscopically, SN 2020wnt resembles the Type Ic SN 2007gr, but its evolution is significantly slower. Comparing the bolometric light curve to hydrodynamical models, we find that SN 2020wnt luminosity can be explained by radioactive powering. The progenitor of SN 2020wnt is likely a massive and extended star with a pre-SN mass of 80 M$_\odot$ and a pre-SN radius of 15 R$_\odot$ that experiences a very energetic explosion of $45\times10^{51}$ erg, producing 4 M$_\odot$ of $^{56}$Ni. In this framework, the first peak results from a post-shock cooling phase for an extended progenitor, and the luminous main peak is due to a large nickel production. These characteristics are compatible with the pair-instability SN scenario. We note, however, that a significant contribution of interaction with circumstellar material cannot be ruled out.
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Submitted 26 October, 2022; v1 submitted 3 June, 2022;
originally announced June 2022.
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SN 2018bsz: significant dust formation in a nearby superluminous supernova
Authors:
T. -W. Chen,
S. J. Brennan,
R. Wesson,
M. Fraser,
T. Schweyer,
C. Inserra,
S. Schulze,
M. Nicholl,
J. P. Anderson,
E. Y. Hsiao,
A. Jerkstrand,
E. Kankare,
E. C. Kool,
T. Kravtsov,
H. Kuncarayakti,
G. Leloudas,
C. -J. Li,
M. Matsuura,
M. Pursiainen,
R. Roy,
A. J. Ruiter,
P. Schady,
I. Seitenzahl,
J. Sollerman,
L. Tartaglia
, et al. (19 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We investigate the thermal emission and the extinction from dust associated with the nearby (z = 0.0267) superluminous supernova (SLSN) 2018bsz. Our dataset combines daily-cadence, simultaneous optical and near-infrared coverage up to ~100 days with late-time (+1.7 yr) mid-infrared observations. At 230 days after light-curve peak, the SN is not detected in the optical, but shows a surprisingly str…
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We investigate the thermal emission and the extinction from dust associated with the nearby (z = 0.0267) superluminous supernova (SLSN) 2018bsz. Our dataset combines daily-cadence, simultaneous optical and near-infrared coverage up to ~100 days with late-time (+1.7 yr) mid-infrared observations. At 230 days after light-curve peak, the SN is not detected in the optical, but shows a surprisingly strong near-infrared excess, with r - J > 3 mag and r - Ks > 5 mag. The temporal evolution of the infrared light curve allows us to assess whether the mid-infrared emission originates from newly formed dust, either in the SN ejecta or in a post-shock circumstellar shell, or instead from an infrared echo produced by pre-existing circumstellar or interstellar dust heated by the SN radiation. Our radiative-transfer modelling shows that the circumstellar and interstellar echo scenarios cannot simultaneously reproduce the observed infrared luminosity and its temporal evolution, and we therefore disfavour these interpretations. In contrast, a scenario in which new dust forms in the SN ejecta at epochs >200 days provides a self-consistent explanation for the evolution of the SN flux. We can fit the spectral energy distribution well at +230 d with 5x10^-4 solar masses of carbon dust, increasing over the following several hundred days to 10^-2 solar masses by +535 d. SN 2018bsz is the first SLSN showing evidence for dust formation within the SN ejecta, and appears to form ten times more dust than normal core-collapse SNe at similar epochs. Together with their preference for low-mass, low-metallicity host galaxies, we suggest that SLSNe may be a significant contributor to dust formation in the early Universe.
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Submitted 8 August, 2026; v1 submitted 16 September, 2021;
originally announced September 2021.
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Direct evidence of two-component ejecta in supernova 2016gkg from nebular spectroscopy
Authors:
Hanindyo Kuncarayakti,
Gaston Folatelli,
Keiichi Maeda,
Luc Dessart,
Anders Jerkstrand,
Joseph P. Anderson,
Kentaro Aoki,
Melina C. Bersten,
Lucia Ferrari,
Lluis Galbany,
Federico Garcia,
Claudia P. Gutierrez,
Takashi Hattori,
Koji S. Kawabata,
Timo Kravtsov,
Joseph D. Lyman,
Seppo Mattila,
Felipe Olivares E.,
Sebastian F. Sanchez,
Schuyler D. Van Dyk
Abstract:
Spectral observations of the type-IIb supernova (SN) 2016gkg at 300-800 days are reported. The spectra show nebular characteristics, revealing emission from the progenitor star's metal-rich core and providing clues to the kinematics and physical conditions of the explosion. The nebular spectra are dominated by emission lines of [O I] $λ\lambda6300, 6364$ and [Ca II] $λ\lambda7292, 7324$. Other not…
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Spectral observations of the type-IIb supernova (SN) 2016gkg at 300-800 days are reported. The spectra show nebular characteristics, revealing emission from the progenitor star's metal-rich core and providing clues to the kinematics and physical conditions of the explosion. The nebular spectra are dominated by emission lines of [O I] $λ\lambda6300, 6364$ and [Ca II] $λ\lambda7292, 7324$. Other notable, albeit weaker, emission lines include Mg I] $\lambda4571$, [Fe II] $\lambda7155$, O I $\lambda7774$, Ca II triplet, and a broad, boxy feature at the location of H$α$. Unlike in other stripped-envelope SNe, the [O I] doublet is clearly resolved due to the presence of strong narrow components. The doublet shows an unprecedented emission line profile consisting of at least three components for each [O I]$\lambda6300, 6364$ line: a broad component (width $\sim2000$ km s$^{-1}$), and a pair of narrow blue and red components (width $\sim300$ km s$^{-1}$) mirrored against the rest velocity. The narrow component appears also in other lines, and is conspicuous in [O I]. This indicates the presence of multiple distinct kinematic components of material at low and high velocities. The low-velocity components are likely to be produced by a dense, slow-moving emitting region near the center, while the broad components are emitted over a larger volume. These observations suggest an asymmetric explosion, supporting the idea of two-component ejecta that influence the resulting late-time spectra and light curves. SN 2016gkg thus presents striking evidence for significant asymmetry in a standard-energy SN explosion. The presence of material at low velocity, which is not predicted in 1D simulations, emphasizes the importance of multi-dimensional explosion modeling of SNe.
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Submitted 27 August, 2020;
originally announced August 2020.