Showing 1–50 of 159 results for author: Fruchter, A S

Failed jet breakout in the metal-poor broad-lined type Ic supernova 2026gzf

Authors: Antonio Martin-Carrillo, Christina C. Thöne, James K. Leung, Gregory Corcoran, Antonio de Ugarte Postigo, Peter G. Jonker, Luca Izzo, Andrew J. Levan, Benjamin P. Gompertz, Stéphane Basa, Nikhil Sarin, Jonathan Quirola-Vásquez, Rob A. J. Eyles-Ferris, Riccardo Brivio, Alan M. Watson, Laura Cotter, Jennifer Alexandra Chacón, Andrea Rossi, Andrea Melandri, Piramon Kumnurdmanee, Nial R. Tanvir, Anshika Gupta, Franz E. Bauer, Jean-Grégoire Ducoin, Andrea Reguitti , et al. (81 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A long-standing question in the death of massive stars is the role of relativistic jets. While many gamma-ray bursts and some fast X-ray transients seem to be associated with broad-lined type Ic supernovae, the opposite is not true. The lack of observable jet emission in those Ic-BL SNe can be explained by invoking off-axis jets, choked jets that inject all their energy into the stellar envelope,… ▽ More A long-standing question in the death of massive stars is the role of relativistic jets. While many gamma-ray bursts and some fast X-ray transients seem to be associated with broad-lined type Ic supernovae, the opposite is not true. The lack of observable jet emission in those Ic-BL SNe can be explained by invoking off-axis jets, choked jets that inject all their energy into the stellar envelope, baryon-loaded jets for which the prompt high-energy emission is strongly suppressed, or non-jetted SNe. The lack of exact explosion time in the majority of SNe presents an obstacle to distinguish between these scenarios. Here we report the properties of SN 2026gzf associated with the X-ray thermal Einstein Probe shock-breakout EP260321a at z=0.0343. The absence of compelling shocked cocoon and radio emission up to 54 days, combined with initial expansion velocities of ~30,000 km/s and a circumstellar shell of ~0.07 M$_\odot$, favour a scenario for SN 2026gzf in which a jet was choked in the circumstellar shell. Our high-spatial resolution images of the SN environment show that the progenitor was located between two highly star-forming regions with a metallicity lower than any previously known Ic-BL SN. As the first case of a Ic-BL SN associated with high-energy prompt emission without the signature of a jet, SN 2026gzf provides a unique perspective to understand the successful launch of relativistic jets during the deaths of massive stars. △ Less

Submitted 8 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 53 pages, 17 figures. Submitted to journal

Flux Cube Reconstruction from Slitless Spectroscopy

Authors: M. Griggio, R. E. Ryan Jr., N. Pirzkal, T. L. Astraatmadja, S. Casertano, S. Perlmutter, D. Rubin, G. Aldering, J. M. DerKacy, O. D. Fox, A. S. Fruchter, L. Galbany, R. Hounsell, A. M. Isaacs, P. L. Kelly, R. S. Kessler, B. M. Rose, J. Roychowdhury, M. Sako, D. M. Scolnic, L. -G. Strolger, the Roman Supernova Cosmology Project Infrastructure Team

Abstract: Slitless spectroscopy enables efficient, large-area surveys without target pre-selection, yet it faces challenges from source blending, higher noise, and lost spatial-spectral information. We present an advanced, non-parametric, data-driven algorithm that leverages multiple dispersion angles to reconstruct three-dimensional flux distributions, providing low-resolution Integral Field Unit (IFU) cap… ▽ More Slitless spectroscopy enables efficient, large-area surveys without target pre-selection, yet it faces challenges from source blending, higher noise, and lost spatial-spectral information. We present an advanced, non-parametric, data-driven algorithm that leverages multiple dispersion angles to reconstruct three-dimensional flux distributions, providing low-resolution Integral Field Unit (IFU) capabilities from slitless data. By treating each pixel as an independent element, our method naturally handles source confusion without requiring prior assumptions regarding redshifts, templates, or model libraries. We validate the algorithm using simulated Roman Space Telescope wide-field slitless spectroscopy images that are equivalent to what is expected from the High-Latitude Time-Domain Survey. First, we demonstrate that a host-galaxy model reconstructed from multiple dispersion angles can be used to accurately subtract host light from a transient, recovering a Type Ia supernova spectrum with minimal bias. Second, we showcase a high-fidelity flux-cube reconstruction of a complex galaxy, successfully measuring the redshift and recovering continuum, emission, and absorption features. This approach highlights the potential of multi-dispersion-angle slitless data to provide spatially resolved spectral information in a non-parametric way, which is traditionally accessible only with integral field spectroscopy, opening a new window into large, unbiased, and spatially-resolved studies of galaxy evolution. △ Less

Submitted 8 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in AJ

Journal ref: AJ 172 43 (2026)

Magnetar counterparts, kinematics and birth sites with HST and JWST

Authors: A. A. Chrimes, J. D. Lyman, A. J. Levan, A. Borghese, J. H. J. de Bruijne, A. S. Fruchter, M. G. Guarcello, C. Kouveliotou, N. R. Tanvir, K. Wiersema

Abstract: Magnetars are highly magnetised, isolated neutron stars with uncertain formation channels. They comprise a potentially significant fraction of the young neutron star population in the Milky Way, and are implicated in the explosion mechanisms of some of the most powerful explosions in nature. We aim to identify magnetars in the near-infrared with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and James Webb Space Te… ▽ More Magnetars are highly magnetised, isolated neutron stars with uncertain formation channels. They comprise a potentially significant fraction of the young neutron star population in the Milky Way, and are implicated in the explosion mechanisms of some of the most powerful explosions in nature. We aim to identify magnetars in the near-infrared with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) imaging, in order to measure their proper motions and search for their birth sites. Candidate infrared counterparts are selected based on variability, colours and proper motions which are outliers with respect to sources in the field. Proper motions are obtained by tying HST and JWST images to the Gaia absolute astrometric reference frame. We newly identify infrared counterparts for PSRJ1622-4950, 1RXSJ170849.0-400910 and CXOUJ164710.2-455216, representing a substantial increase in the population. The past trajectory of the 1RXSJ170849.0-400910-associated source coincides with the supernova remnant G346.6-0.2. The transverse velocity distribution is found to be marginally inconsistent with young pulsars, due primarily to a dearth of high velocity magnetars. A candidate birth site is identified in nearly every case. We show, based on the inferred kinematic ages, that magnetar characteristic ages may frequently be lower than the true age, but caution that this depends on the reliability of the birth site associations. We conclude that magnetars are broadly similar in terms of their kinematics and birth sites to the wider Galactic neutron star population, consistent with magnetar formation being a common outcome of core-collapse. However, tentative evidence for a dearth of high-velocity magnetars is emerging. If real, this may arise from physical differences in the progenitor population giving rise to magnetars, or from differences in their post-formation velocity evolution. △ Less

Submitted 22 June, 2026; v1 submitted 16 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 23 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

Three-dimensional scene reconstruction using Roman slitless spectra

Authors: Tri L. Astraatmadja, Andrew S. Fruchter, Susana E. Deustua, Helen Qu, Masao Sako, Russell E. Ryan Jr., Yannick Copin, Greg Aldering, Rebekah A. Hounsell, David Rubin, Lluís Galbany, Saul Perlmutter, Benjamin M. Rose

Abstract: The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will carry out a wide-field imaging and slitless spectroscopic survey of Type Ia Supernovae to improve our understanding of dark energy. Crucial to this endeavor is obtaining supernova spectra uncontaminated by light from their host galaxies. However, obtaining such spectra is made more difficult by the inherent problem in wide-field slitless spectroscopic sur… ▽ More The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will carry out a wide-field imaging and slitless spectroscopic survey of Type Ia Supernovae to improve our understanding of dark energy. Crucial to this endeavor is obtaining supernova spectra uncontaminated by light from their host galaxies. However, obtaining such spectra is made more difficult by the inherent problem in wide-field slitless spectroscopic surveys: the blending of spectra of close objects. The spectrum of a supernova will blend with the host galaxy, even from regions distant from the supernova on the sky. If not properly removed, this contamination will introduce systematic bias when the supernova spectra are later used to determine intrinsic supernova parameters and to infer the parameters of dark energy. To address this problem we developed an algorithm that makes use of the spectroscopic observations of the host galaxy at all available observatory roll angles to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3d; 2d spatial, 1d spectral) representation of the underlying host galaxy that accurately matches the 2d slitless spectrum of the host galaxy when projected to an arbitrary rotation angle. We call this ``scene reconstruction''. The projection of the reconstructed scene can be subtracted from an observation of a supernova to remove the contamination from the underlying host. Using simulated Roman data, we show that our method has extremely small systematic errors and significantly less random noise than if we subtracted a single perfectly aligned spectrum of the host obtained before or after the supernova was visible. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 57 pages, 52 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ). Reconstruction and simulation source code available at https://gitlab.com/astraatmadja/Ilia

JWST and HST observations of the host galaxy and supernova, SN 2024aihh in EP240801a at z=1.67

Authors: Agnes P. C. van Hoof, Andrew J. Levan, Peter G. Jonker, Morgan Fraser, Luca Izzo, Andrew S. Fruchter, Joyce N. D. van Dalen, Nial R. Tanvir, Jens Hjorth, Antonio Martin-Carrillo, Nikhil Sarin, Laura C. Cotter, Jonathan A. Quirola-Vásquez, Maria E. Ravasio, Javi Sánchez-Sierras, Manuel A. P. Torres, Shuai-Qing Jiang, Dong Xu

Abstract: We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the counterpart of EP240801a, at z=1.67, the first fast X-ray transient (FXT) identified as an X-ray flash (XRF) by the Einstein Probe (EP) and Fermi-GBM. Our observations reveal strong photometric and spectroscopic evidence for an associated broad-lined Type Ic supernova (SN) SN 2024aihh, the most distan… ▽ More We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the counterpart of EP240801a, at z=1.67, the first fast X-ray transient (FXT) identified as an X-ray flash (XRF) by the Einstein Probe (EP) and Fermi-GBM. Our observations reveal strong photometric and spectroscopic evidence for an associated broad-lined Type Ic supernova (SN) SN 2024aihh, the most distant spectroscopically identified gamma ray-burst (GRB)-SN to date. The SN exhibits similar luminosity and light curve evolution to the proto-type GRB-SN 1998bw with an absolute magnitude of the SN at $\sim$23 days rest-frame of $M_{F140W} \approx$-19 mag. The SN is located in a host galaxy with complex morphology at a large ($\sim$6 kpc) offset in a region of relatively low surface brightness. The region around the SN has a modest star formation rate and is dominated by an intermediate mass-weighted age (1.4$\pm$0.3 Gyr) population, despite the apparent presence of a young, massive broad-lined Type Ic SN progenitor. These observations demonstrate that observations with HST and JWST can greatly extend the redshift range over which the GRB/FXT-SN connection can be studied, including in relatively low luminosity, X-ray rich events. They demonstrate little apparent evolution in the SN properties from local examples despite EP240801a originating from an epoch 10 Gyr ago. △ Less

Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 7 figures and 3 tables. Version accepted by ApJL

JWST reveals a supernova following a gamma-ray burst at z $\simeq$ 7.3

Authors: A. J. Levan, B. Schneider, E. Le Floc'h, G. Brammer, N. R. Tanvir, D. B. Malesani, A. Martin-Carrillo, A. Rossi, A. Saccardi, A. Sneppen, S. D. Vergani, J. An, J. -L. Atteia, F. E. Bauer, V. Buat, S. Campana, A. Chrimes, B. Cordier, L. Cotter, F. Daigne, V. D'Elia, M. De Pasquale, A. de Ugarte Postigo, G. Corcoran, R. A. J. Eyles-Ferris , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The majority of energetic long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are thought to arise from the collapse of massive stars, making them powerful tracers of star formation across cosmic time. Evidence for this origin comes from the presence of supernovae in the aftermath of the GRB event, whose properties in turn link back to those of the collapsing star. In principle, with GRBs we can study the prope… ▽ More The majority of energetic long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are thought to arise from the collapse of massive stars, making them powerful tracers of star formation across cosmic time. Evidence for this origin comes from the presence of supernovae in the aftermath of the GRB event, whose properties in turn link back to those of the collapsing star. In principle, with GRBs we can study the properties of individual stars in the distant universe. Here, we present JWST/NIRCAM observations that detect both the host galaxy and likely supernova in the SVOM GRB 250314A with a spectroscopically measured redshift of z $\simeq$ 7.3, deep in the era of reionisation. The data are well described by a combination of faint blue host, similar to many z $\sim$ 7 galaxies, with a supernova of similar luminosity to the proto-type GRB supernova, SN 1998bw. Although larger galaxy contributions cannot be robustly excluded, given the evidence from the blue afterglow colours of low dust extinction, supernovae much brighter than SN 1998bw can be. These observations suggest that, despite disparate physical conditions, the star that created GRB 250314A was similar to GRB progenitors in the local universe. △ Less

Submitted 24 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 Figures, 1 Table, submitted to A&AL

Journal ref: A&A 704, L8 (2025)

The infrared counterpart and proper motion of magnetar SGR0501+4516

Authors: A. A. Chrimes, A. J. Levan, J. D. Lyman, A. Borghese, V. S. Dhillon, P. Esposito, M. Fraser, A. S. Fruchter, D. Gotz, R. A. Hounsell, G. L. Israel, C. Kouveliotou, S. Mereghetti, R. P. Mignani, R. Perna, N. Rea, I. Skillen, D. Steeghs, N. R. Tanvir, K. Wiersema, N. J. Wright, S. Zane

Abstract: Soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) are highly magnetised neutron stars (magnetars) notable for their gamma-ray and X-ray outbursts. In this paper, we use near-infrared (NIR) imaging of SGR 0501+4516 in the days, weeks, and years after its 2008 outburst to characterise the multi-wavelength emission, and to obtain a proper motion from our long temporal baseline observations. Unlike most magnetars, the sour… ▽ More Soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) are highly magnetised neutron stars (magnetars) notable for their gamma-ray and X-ray outbursts. In this paper, we use near-infrared (NIR) imaging of SGR 0501+4516 in the days, weeks, and years after its 2008 outburst to characterise the multi-wavelength emission, and to obtain a proper motion from our long temporal baseline observations. Unlike most magnetars, the source has only moderate foreground extinction with minimal crowding. Our observations began only 2 hours after the first activation of SGR 0501+4516 in August 2008, and continued for 4 years, including two epochs of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging. The proper motion constraint is improved by a third HST epoch 10 years later. The near-infrared and X-rays faded slowly during the first week, thereafter following a steeper power-law decay. The behaviour is satisfactorily fit by a broken power-law. Three epochs of HST imaging with a 10-year baseline allow us to determine a quiescent level, and to measure a proper motion of 5.4+/-0.6 mas/yr. This corresponds to a low transverse peculiar velocity of 51+/-14 km/s (at 2 kpc). The magnitude and direction of the proper motion rules out supernova remnant HB9 as the birth-site. We can find no other supernova remnants or groups of massive stars within the region traversed by SGR 0501+4516 during its characteristic lifetime (20 kyr). Our observations of SGR 0501+4516 suggest that some magnetars may be either significantly older than expected, that their progenitors produce low supernova ejecta masses, or alternatively that they can be formed through accretion-induced collapse (AIC) or low-mass neutron star mergers. Although the progenitor of SGR 0501+4516 remains unclear, we propose that SGR 0501+4516 is the best Galactic candidate for a magnetar formed through a mechanism other than massive star core-collapse. △ Less

Submitted 11 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A. 8 figures, 1 table

The Redshift of GRB 190829A/ SN 2019oyw: A Case Study of GRB-SN Evolution

Authors: Kornpob Bhirombhakdi, Andrew S. Fruchter, Andrew J. Levan, Elena Pian, Paolo Mazzali, Luca Izzo, Tuomas Kangas, Stefano Benetti, Kyle Medler, Nial Tanvir

Abstract: The nearby long gamma-ray burst (GRB) 190829A was observed using the HST/WFC3/IR grisms about four weeks to 500 days after the burst. We find the spectral features of its associated supernova, SN 2019oyw, are redshifted by several thousands km/s compared to the redshift of the large spiral galaxy on which it is superposed. This velocity offset is seen in several features but most clearly in Ca II… ▽ More The nearby long gamma-ray burst (GRB) 190829A was observed using the HST/WFC3/IR grisms about four weeks to 500 days after the burst. We find the spectral features of its associated supernova, SN 2019oyw, are redshifted by several thousands km/s compared to the redshift of the large spiral galaxy on which it is superposed. This velocity offset is seen in several features but most clearly in Ca II NIR triplet $λλ$ 8498, 8542, 8662 (CaIR3). We also analyze VLT/FORS and X-shooter spectra of the SN and find strong evolution with time of its P-Cygni features of CaIR3 from the blue to the red. However, comparison with a large sample of Type Ic-BL and Ic SNe shows no other object with the CaIR3 line as red as that of SN 2019oyw were it at the z = 0.0785 redshift of the disk galaxy. This implies that SN 2019oyw is either a highly unusual SN or is moving rapidly with respect to its apparent host. Indeed, using CaIR3 we find the redshift of SN 2019oyw is 0.0944 <= z <= 0.1156. The GRB-SN is superposed on a particularly dusty region of the massive spiral galaxy; therefore, while we see no sign of a small host galaxy behind the spiral, it could be obscured. Our work provides a surprising result on the origins of GRB 190829A, as well as insights into the time evolution of GRB-SNe spectra and a method for directly determining the redshift of a GRB-SN using the evolution of strong spectral features such as CaIR3. △ Less

Submitted 12 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 21 pages, 16 figures

A Hubble Space Telescope Search for r-Process Nucleosynthesis in Gamma-ray Burst Supernovae

Authors: J. C. Rastinejad, W. Fong, A. J. Levan, N. R. Tanvir, C. D. Kilpatrick, A. S. Fruchter, S. Anand, K. Bhirombhakdi, S. Covino, J. P. U. Fynbo, G. Halevi, D. H. Hartmann, K. E. Heintz, L. Izzo, P. Jakobsson, G. P. Lamb, D. B. Malesani, A. Melandri, B. D. Metzger, B. Milvang-Jensen, E. Pian, G. Pugliese, A. Rossi, D. M. Siegel, P. Singh , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The existence of a secondary (in addition to compact object mergers) source of heavy element ($r$-process) nucleosynthesis, the core-collapse of rapidly-rotating and highly-magnetized massive stars, has been suggested by both simulations and indirect observational evidence. Here, we probe a predicted signature of $r$-process enrichment, a late-time ($\gtrsim 40$ days post-burst) distinct red color… ▽ More The existence of a secondary (in addition to compact object mergers) source of heavy element ($r$-process) nucleosynthesis, the core-collapse of rapidly-rotating and highly-magnetized massive stars, has been suggested by both simulations and indirect observational evidence. Here, we probe a predicted signature of $r$-process enrichment, a late-time ($\gtrsim 40$ days post-burst) distinct red color, in observations of GRB-supernovae (GRB-SNe) which are linked to these massive star progenitors. We present optical to near-IR color measurements of four GRB-SNe at $z \lesssim 0.4$, extending out to $> 500$ days post-burst, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope and large-aperture ground-based telescopes. Comparison of our observations to models indicates that GRBs 030329, 100316D and 130427A are consistent with both no enrichment and producing $0.01 - 0.15 M_{\odot}$ of $r$-process material if there is a low amount of mixing between the inner $r$-process ejecta and outer SN layers. GRB 190829A is not consistent with any models with $r$-process enrichment $\geq 0.01 M_{\odot}$. Taken together the sample of GRB-SNe indicates color diversity at late times. Our derived yields from GRB-SNe may be underestimated due to $r$-process material hidden in the SN ejecta (potentially due to low mixing fractions) or the limits of current models in measuring $r$-process mass. We conclude with recommendations for future search strategies to observe and probe the full distribution of $r$-process produced by GRB-SNe. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2024; v1 submitted 7 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: Resubmission after comments. Accepted to ApJ. 36 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables

JWST detection of heavy neutron capture elements in a compact object merger

Authors: A. Levan, B. P. Gompertz, O. S. Salafia, M. Bulla, E. Burns, K. Hotokezaka, L. Izzo, G. P. Lamb, D. B. Malesani, S. R. Oates, M. E. Ravasio, A. Rouco Escorial, B. Schneider, N. Sarin, S. Schulze, N. R. Tanvir, K. Ackley, G. Anderson, G. B. Brammer, L. Christensen, V. S. Dhillon, P. A. Evans, M. Fausnaugh, W. -F. Fong, A. S. Fruchter , et al. (58 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The mergers of binary compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes are of central interest to several areas of astrophysics, including as the progenitors of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), sources of high-frequency gravitational waves and likely production sites for heavy element nucleosynthesis via rapid neutron capture (the r-process). These heavy elements include some of great geophysical, bi… ▽ More The mergers of binary compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes are of central interest to several areas of astrophysics, including as the progenitors of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), sources of high-frequency gravitational waves and likely production sites for heavy element nucleosynthesis via rapid neutron capture (the r-process). These heavy elements include some of great geophysical, biological and cultural importance, such as thorium, iodine and gold. Here we present observations of the exceptionally bright gamma-ray burst GRB 230307A. We show that GRB 230307A belongs to the class of long-duration gamma-ray bursts associated with compact object mergers, and contains a kilonova similar to AT2017gfo, associated with the gravitational-wave merger GW170817. We obtained James Webb Space Telescope mid-infrared (mid-IR) imaging and spectroscopy 29 and 61 days after the burst. The spectroscopy shows an emission line at 2.15 microns which we interpret as tellurium (atomic mass A=130), and a very red source, emitting most of its light in the mid-IR due to the production of lanthanides. These observations demonstrate that nucleosynthesis in GRBs can create r-process elements across a broad atomic mass range and play a central role in heavy element nucleosynthesis across the Universe. △ Less

Submitted 5 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: Submitted. Comments welcome! Nature (2023)

A long-duration gamma-ray burst of dynamical origin from the nucleus of an ancient galaxy

Authors: Andrew J. Levan, Daniele B. Malesani, Benjamin P. Gompertz, Anya E. Nugent, Matt Nicholl, Samantha Oates, Daniel A. Perley, Jillian Rastinejad, Brian D. Metzger, Steve Schulze, Elizabeth R. Stanway, Anne Inkenhaag, Tayyaba Zafar, J. Feliciano Agui Fernandez, Ashley Chrimes, Kornpob Bhirombhakdi, Antonio de Ugarte Postigo, Wen-fai Fong, Andrew S. Fruchter, Giacomo Fragione, Johan P. U. Fynbo, Nicola Gaspari, Kasper E. Heintz, Jens Hjorth, Pall Jakobsson , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The majority of long duration ($>2$ s) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are believed to arise from the collapse of massive stars \cite{Hjorth+03}, with a small proportion created from the merger of compact objects. Most of these systems are likely formed via standard stellar evolution pathways. However, it has long been thought that a fraction of GRBs may instead be an outcome of dynamical interactions in… ▽ More The majority of long duration ($>2$ s) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are believed to arise from the collapse of massive stars \cite{Hjorth+03}, with a small proportion created from the merger of compact objects. Most of these systems are likely formed via standard stellar evolution pathways. However, it has long been thought that a fraction of GRBs may instead be an outcome of dynamical interactions in dense environments, channels which could also contribute significantly to the samples of compact object mergers detected as gravitational wave sources. Here we report the case of GRB 191019A, a long GRB (T_90 = 64.4 +/- 4.5 s) which we pinpoint close (<100 pc projected) to the nucleus of an ancient (>1~Gyr old) host galaxy at z=0.248. The lack of evidence for star formation and deep limits on any supernova emission make a massive star origin difficult to reconcile with observations, while the timescales of the emission rule out a direct interaction with the supermassive black hole in the nucleus of the galaxy, We suggest that the most likely route for progenitor formation is via dynamical interactions in the dense nucleus of the host, consistent with the centres of such galaxies exhibiting interaction rates up to two orders of magnitude larger than typical field galaxies. The burst properties could naturally be explained via compact object mergers involving white dwarfs (WD), neutron stars (NS) or black holes (BH). These may form dynamically in dense stellar clusters, or originate in a gaseous disc around the supermassive black hole. Future electromagnetic and gravitational-wave observations in tandem thus offer a route to probe the dynamical fraction and the details of dynamical interactions in galactic nuclei and other high density stellar systems. △ Less

Submitted 22 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: Accepted to Nature Astronomy. This is the submitted version and will differ from the published version due to modifications in the refereeing process

The first JWST spectrum of a GRB afterglow: No bright supernova in observations of the brightest GRB of all time, GRB 221009A

Authors: A. J. Levan, G. P. Lamb, B. Schneider, J. Hjorth, T. Zafar, A. de Ugarte Postigo, B. Sargent, S. E. Mullally, L. Izzo, P. D'Avanzo, E. Burns, J. F. Agüí Fernández, T. Barclay, M. G. Bernardini, K. Bhirombhakdi, M. Bremer, R. Brivio, S. Campana, A. A. Chrimes, V. D'Elia, M. Della Valle, M. De Pasquale, M. Ferro, W. Fong, A. S. Fruchter , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present JWST and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the afterglow of GRB 221009A, the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed. This includes the first mid-IR spectra of any GRB, obtained with JWST/NIRSPEC (0.6-5.5 micron) and MIRI (5-12 micron), 12 days after the burst. Assuming that the intrinsic spectral slope is a single power-law, with $F_ν \propto ν^{-β}$, we obtain… ▽ More We present JWST and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the afterglow of GRB 221009A, the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed. This includes the first mid-IR spectra of any GRB, obtained with JWST/NIRSPEC (0.6-5.5 micron) and MIRI (5-12 micron), 12 days after the burst. Assuming that the intrinsic spectral slope is a single power-law, with $F_ν \propto ν^{-β}$, we obtain $β\approx 0.35$, modified by substantial dust extinction with $A_V = 4.9$. This suggests extinction above the notional Galactic value, possibly due to patchy extinction within the Milky Way or dust in the GRB host galaxy. It further implies that the X-ray and optical/IR regimes are not on the same segment of the synchrotron spectrum of the afterglow. If the cooling break lies between the X-ray and optical/IR, then the temporal decay rates would only match a post jet-break model, with electron index $p<2$, and with the jet expanding into a uniform ISM medium. The shape of the JWST spectrum is near-identical in the optical/nIR to X-shooter spectroscopy obtained at 0.5 days and to later time observations with HST. The lack of spectral evolution suggests that any accompanying supernova (SN) is either substantially fainter or bluer than SN 1998bw, the proto-type GRB-SN. Our HST observations also reveal a disc-like host galaxy, viewed close to edge-on, that further complicates the isolation of any supernova component. The host galaxy appears rather typical amongst long-GRB hosts and suggests that the extreme properties of GRB 221009A are not directly tied to its galaxy-scale environment. △ Less

Submitted 22 March, 2023; v1 submitted 15 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication to the Astrophysical Journal Letters for the GRB 221009A Special Issue. The results of this paper are under press embargo until March 28, 18 UT. 19 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables

Where are the magnetar binary companions? Candidates from a comparison with binary population synthesis predictions

Authors: A. A. Chrimes, A. J. Levan, A. S. Fruchter, P. J. Groot, P. G. Jonker, C. Kouveliotou, J. D. Lyman, E. R. Stanway, N. R. Tanvir, K. Wiersema

Abstract: It is well established that magnetars are neutron stars with extreme magnetic fields and young ages, but the evolutionary pathways to their creation are still uncertain. Since most massive stars are in binaries, if magnetars are a frequent result of core-collapse supernovae, some fraction are expected to have a bound companion at the time of observation. In this paper, we utilise literature constr… ▽ More It is well established that magnetars are neutron stars with extreme magnetic fields and young ages, but the evolutionary pathways to their creation are still uncertain. Since most massive stars are in binaries, if magnetars are a frequent result of core-collapse supernovae, some fraction are expected to have a bound companion at the time of observation. In this paper, we utilise literature constraints, including deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging, to search for bound stellar companions to magnetars. The magnitude and colour measurements are interpreted in the context of binary population synthesis predictions. We find two candidates for stellar companions associated with CXOU J171405.7-381031 and SGR 0755-2933, based on their J-H colours and H-band absolute magnitudes. Overall, the proportion of the Galactic magnetar population with a plausibly stellar near-infrared counterpart candidate, based on their magnitudes and colours, is between 5 and 10 per cent. This is consistent with a population synthesis prediction of 5 per cent, for the fraction of core-collapse neutron stars arising from primaries which remain bound to their companion after the supernova. These results are therefore consistent with magnetars being drawn in an unbiased way from the natal core-collapse neutron star population, but some contribution from alternative progenitor channels cannot be ruled out. △ Less

Submitted 5 May, 2022; v1 submitted 20 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022.

Comments: 14 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

New candidates for magnetar counterparts from a deep search with the Hubble Space Telescope

Authors: A. A. Chrimes, A. J. Levan, A. S. Fruchter, P. J. Groot, C. Kouveliotou, J. D. Lyman, N. R. Tanvir, K. Wiersema

Abstract: We report the discovery of six new magnetar counterpart candidates from deep near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope imaging. The new candidates are among a sample of nineteen magnetars for which we present HST data obtained between 2018-2020. We confirm the variability of previously established near-infrared counterparts, and newly identify candidates for PSRJ1622-4950, SwiftJ1822.3-1606, CXOUJ17140… ▽ More We report the discovery of six new magnetar counterpart candidates from deep near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope imaging. The new candidates are among a sample of nineteen magnetars for which we present HST data obtained between 2018-2020. We confirm the variability of previously established near-infrared counterparts, and newly identify candidates for PSRJ1622-4950, SwiftJ1822.3-1606, CXOUJ171405.7-381031, SwiftJ1833-0832, SwiftJ1834.9-0846 and AXJ1818.8-1559 based on their proximity to X-ray localisations. The new candidates are compared with the existing counterpart population in terms of their colours, magnitudes, and near-infrared to X-ray spectral indices. We find two candidates for AXJ1818.8-1559 which are both consistent with previously established counterparts. The other new candidates are likely to be chance alignments, or otherwise have a different origin for their near-infrared emission not previously seen in magnetar counterparts. Further observations and studies of these candidates are needed to firmly establish their nature. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 11 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The Fast Radio Burst-emitting magnetar SGR 1935+2154 -- proper motion and variability from long-term Hubble Space Telescope monitoring

Authors: J. D. Lyman, A. J. Levan, K. Wiersema, C. Kouveliotou, A. A. Chrimes, A. S. Fruchter

Abstract: We present deep Hubble Space Telescope near-infrared (NIR) observations of the magnetar SGR 1935+2154 from June 2021, approximately 6 years after the first HST observations, a year after the discovery of fast radio burst like emission from the source, and in a period of exceptional high frequency activity. Although not directly taken during a bursting period the counterpart is a factor of ~1.5 to… ▽ More We present deep Hubble Space Telescope near-infrared (NIR) observations of the magnetar SGR 1935+2154 from June 2021, approximately 6 years after the first HST observations, a year after the discovery of fast radio burst like emission from the source, and in a period of exceptional high frequency activity. Although not directly taken during a bursting period the counterpart is a factor of ~1.5 to 2.5 brighter than seen at previous epochs with F140W(AB) = $24.65\pm0.02$ mag. We do not detect significant variations of the NIR counterpart within the course of any one orbit (i.e. on minutes-hour timescales), and contemporaneous X-ray observations show SGR 1935+2154 to be at the quiescent level. With a time baseline of 6 years from the first identification of the counter-part we place stringent limits on the proper motion of the source, with a measured proper motion of $μ = 3.1\pm1.5$ mas/yr. The direction of proper motion indicates an origin of SGR 1935+2154 very close to the geometric centre of SNR G57.2+08, further strengthening their association. At an adopted distance of $6.6\pm0.7$ kpc, the corresponding tangential space velocity is ${ν_T} = 97\pm48$ km/s (corrected for differential Galactic rotation and peculiar Solar motion), although its formal statistical determination may be compromised owing to few epochs of observation. The current velocity estimate places it at the low end of the kick distribution for pulsars, and makes it among the lowest known magnetar kicks. When collating the few-magnetar kick constraints available, we find full consistency between the magnetar kick distribution and the much larger pulsar kick sample △ Less

Submitted 13 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

The supernova of the MAGIC GRB190114C

Authors: A. Melandri, L. Izzo, E. Pian, D. B. Malesani, M. Della Valle, A. Rossi, P. D'Avanzo, D. Guetta, P. A. Mazzali, S. Benetti, N. Masetti, E. Palazzi, S. Savaglio, L. Amati, L. A. Antonelli, C. Ashall, M. G. Bernardini, S. Campana, R. Carini, S. Covino, V. D'Elia, A. de Ugarte Postigo, M. De Pasquale, A. V. Filippenko, A. S. Fruchter , et al. (20 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We observed GRB190114C (redshift z = 0.4245), the first GRB ever detected at TeV energies, at optical and near-infrared wavelengths with several ground-based telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope, with the primary goal of studying its underlying supernova, SN2019jrj. The monitoring spanned the time interval between 1.3 and 370 days after the burst, in the observer frame. We find that the after… ▽ More We observed GRB190114C (redshift z = 0.4245), the first GRB ever detected at TeV energies, at optical and near-infrared wavelengths with several ground-based telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope, with the primary goal of studying its underlying supernova, SN2019jrj. The monitoring spanned the time interval between 1.3 and 370 days after the burst, in the observer frame. We find that the afterglow emission can be modelled with a forward shock propagating in a uniform medium modified by time-variable extinction along the line of sight. A jet break could be present after 7 rest-frame days, and accordingly the maximum luminosity of the underlying SN ranges between that of stripped-envelope corecollapse supernovae (SNe) of intermediate luminosity, and that of the luminous GRB-associated SN2013dx. The observed spectral absorption lines of SN2019jrj are not as broad as in classical GRB-SNe, and are rather more similar to those of less-luminous core-collapse SNe. Taking the broad-lined stripped-envelope core-collapse SN2004aw as an analogue, we tentatively derive the basic physical properties of SN2019jrj. We discuss the possibility that a fraction of the TeV emission of this source might have had a hadronic origin and estimate the expected high-energy neutrino detection level with IceCube. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 659, A39 (2022)

GRB 160625B: Evidence for a Gaussian-Shaped Jet

Authors: Virginia Cunningham, S. Bradley Cenko, Geoffrey Ryan, Stuart N. Vogel, Alessandra Corsi, Antonino Cucchiara, Andrew S. Fruchter, Assaf Horesh, Tuomas Kangas, Daniel Kocevski, Daniel A. Perley, Judith Racusin

Abstract: We present multiwavelength modeling of the afterglow from the long gamma-ray burst GRB 160625B using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques of the afterglowpy Python package. GRB 160625B is an extremely bright burst with a rich set of observations spanning from radio to gamma-ray frequencies. These observations range from ~0.1 days to >1000 days, thus making this event extremely well-suited to… ▽ More We present multiwavelength modeling of the afterglow from the long gamma-ray burst GRB 160625B using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques of the afterglowpy Python package. GRB 160625B is an extremely bright burst with a rich set of observations spanning from radio to gamma-ray frequencies. These observations range from ~0.1 days to >1000 days, thus making this event extremely well-suited to such modeling. In this work we compare top-hat and Gaussian jet structure types in order to find best fit values for the GRB jet collimation angle, viewing angle, and other physical parameters. We find that a Gaussian-shaped jet is preferred (2.7-5.3 sigma) over the traditional top-hat model. Our estimate for the opening angle of the burst ranges from 1.26 to 3.90 degrees, depending on jet shape model. We also discuss the implications that assumptions on jet shape, viewing angle, and particularly the participation fraction of electrons have on the final estimation of GRB intrinsic energy release and the resulting energy budget of the relativistic outflow. Most notably, allowing the participation fraction to vary results in an estimated total relativistic energy of ~$10^{53}$ erg. This is two orders of magnitude higher than when the total fraction is assumed to be unity, thus this parameter has strong relevance for placing constraints on long GRB central engines, details of the circumburst media, and host environment. △ Less

Submitted 1 December, 2020; v1 submitted 1 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Comments: 29 pages, 10 figures, accepted by ApJ

Journal ref: ApJ 904 (2020) 2

Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long $γ$-ray burst

Authors: V. A. Acciari, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, D. Baack, A. Babić, B. Banerjee, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, L. Bellizzi, E. Bernardini, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder, W. Bhattacharyya, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, O. Blanch, G. Bonnoli, Ž. Bošnjak, G. Busetto, R. Carosi, G. Ceribella, Y. Chai , et al. (279 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) originate from ultra-relativistic jets launched from the collapsing cores of dying massive stars. They are characterised by an initial phase of bright and highly variable radiation in the keV-MeV band that is likely produced within the jet and lasts from milliseconds to minutes, known as the prompt emission. Subsequently, the interaction of the jet with the ex… ▽ More Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) originate from ultra-relativistic jets launched from the collapsing cores of dying massive stars. They are characterised by an initial phase of bright and highly variable radiation in the keV-MeV band that is likely produced within the jet and lasts from milliseconds to minutes, known as the prompt emission. Subsequently, the interaction of the jet with the external medium generates external shock waves, responsible for the afterglow emission, which lasts from days to months, and occurs over a broad energy range, from the radio to the GeV bands. The afterglow emission is generally well explained as synchrotron radiation by electrons accelerated at the external shock. Recently, an intense, long-lasting emission between 0.2 and 1 TeV was observed from the GRB 190114C. Here we present the results of our multi-frequency observational campaign of GRB~190114C, and study the evolution in time of the GRB emission across 17 orders of magnitude in energy, from $5\times10^{-6}$ up to $10^{12}$\,eV. We find that the broadband spectral energy distribution is double-peaked, with the TeV emission constituting a distinct spectral component that has power comparable to the synchrotron component. This component is associated with the afterglow, and is satisfactorily explained by inverse Compton upscattering of synchrotron photons by high-energy electrons. We find that the conditions required to account for the observed TeV component are not atypical, supporting the possibility that inverse Compton emission is commonly produced in GRBs. △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Journal ref: Nature 575 (2019) 459-463

Observational constraints on the optical and near-infrared emission from the neutron star-black hole binary merger S190814bv

Authors: K. Ackley, L. Amati, C. Barbieri, F. E. Bauer, S. Benetti, M. G. Bernardini, K. Bhirombhakdi, M. T. Botticella, M. Branchesi, E. Brocato, S. H. Bruun, M. Bulla, S. Campana, E. Cappellaro, A. J. Castro-Tirado, K. C. Chambers, S. Chaty, T. -W. Chen, R. Ciolfi, A. Coleiro, C. M. Copperwheat, S. Covino, R. Cutter, F. D'Ammando, P. D'Avanzo , et al. (129 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: On 2019 August 14, the LIGO and Virgo interferometers detected a high-significance event labelled S190814bv. Preliminary analysis of the GW data suggests that the event was likely due to the merger of a compact binary system formed by a BH and a NS. ElectromagNetic counterparts of GRAvitational wave sources at the VEry Large Telescope (ENGRAVE) collaboration members carried out an intensive multi-… ▽ More On 2019 August 14, the LIGO and Virgo interferometers detected a high-significance event labelled S190814bv. Preliminary analysis of the GW data suggests that the event was likely due to the merger of a compact binary system formed by a BH and a NS. ElectromagNetic counterparts of GRAvitational wave sources at the VEry Large Telescope (ENGRAVE) collaboration members carried out an intensive multi-epoch, multi-instrument observational campaign to identify the possible optical/near infrared counterpart of the event. In addition, the ATLAS, GOTO, GRAWITA-VST, Pan-STARRS and VINROUGE projects also carried out a search on this event. Our observations allow us to place limits on the presence of any counterpart and discuss the implications for the kilonova (KN) possibly generated by this NS-BH merger, and for the strategy of future searches. Altogether, our observations allow us to exclude a KN with large ejecta mass $M\gtrsim 0.1\,\mathrm{M_\odot}$ to a high ($>90\%$) confidence, and we can exclude much smaller masses in a subsample of our observations. This disfavours the tidal disruption of the neutron star during the merger. Despite the sensitive instruments involved in the campaign, given the distance of S190814bv we could not reach sufficiently deep limits to constrain a KN comparable in luminosity to AT 2017gfo on a large fraction of the localisation probability. This suggests that future (likely common) events at a few hundreds Mpc will be detected only by large facilities with both high sensitivity and large field of view. Galaxy-targeted observations can reach the needed depth over a relevant portion of the localisation probability with a smaller investment of resources, but the number of galaxies to be targeted in order to get a fairly complete coverage is large, even in the case of a localisation as good as that of this event. △ Less

Submitted 22 June, 2020; v1 submitted 5 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: 52 pages, revised version now accepted for publication in A&A. Abstract abridged to meet arXiv requirements

Journal ref: A&A 643, A113 (2020)

GRB 190114C in the nuclear region of an interacting galaxy -- A detailed host analysis using ALMA, HST and VLT

Authors: A. de Ugarte Postigo, C. C. Thöne, S. Martın, J. Japelj, A. J. Levan, M. J. Michałowski, J. Selsing, D. A. Kann, S. Schulze, J. T. Palmerio, S. D. Vergani, N. R. Tanvir, K. Bensch, S. Covino, V. D'Elia, M. De Pasquale, A. S. Fruchter, J. P. U. Fynbo, D. Hartmann, K. E. Heintz, A. J. van der Horst, L. Izzo, P. Jakobsson, K. C. Y. Ng, D. A. Perley , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: GRB 190114C is the first GRB for which the detection of very-high energy emission up to the TeV range has been reported. It is still unclear whether environmental properties might have contributed to the production of these very high-energy photons, or if it is solely related to the released GRB emission. The relatively low redshift of the GRB (z=0.425) allows us to study the host galaxy of this e… ▽ More GRB 190114C is the first GRB for which the detection of very-high energy emission up to the TeV range has been reported. It is still unclear whether environmental properties might have contributed to the production of these very high-energy photons, or if it is solely related to the released GRB emission. The relatively low redshift of the GRB (z=0.425) allows us to study the host galaxy of this event in detail, and to potentially identify idiosyncrasies that could point to progenitor characteristics or environmental properties responsible for such a unique event. We use ultraviolet, optical, infrared and submillimetre imaging and spectroscopy obtained with HST, VLT and ALMA to obtain an extensive dataset on which the analysis of the host galaxy is based. The host system is composed of a close pair of interacting galaxies (Delta v = 50 km s^-1), both of which are well-detected by ALMA in CO(3-2). The GRB occurred within the nuclear region (~170 pc from the centre) of the less massive but more star-forming galaxy of the pair. The host is more massive (log(M/M_odot)=9.3) than average GRB hosts at that redshift and the location of the GRB is rather unique. The enhanced star-formation rate was probably triggered by tidal interactions between the two galaxies. Our ALMA observations indicate that both host galaxy and companion have a high molecular gas fraction, as has been observed before in interacting galaxy pairs. The location of the GRB within the core of an interacting galaxy with an extinguished line-of-sight is indicative of a denser environment than typically observed for GRBs and could have been crucial for the generation of the very-high-energy photons that were observed. △ Less

Submitted 18 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019.

Comments: A&A, in press, 11 pages

Journal ref: A&A 633, A68 (2020)

The Case for a High-Redshift Origin of GRB100205A

Authors: A. A. Chrimes, A. J. Levan, E. R. Stanway, E. Berger, J. S. Bloom, S. B. Cenko, B. E. Cobb, A. Cucchiara, A. S. Fruchter, B. P. Gompertz, J. Hjorth, P. Jakobsson, J. D. Lyman, P. O'Brien, D. A. Perley, N. R. Tanvir, P. J. Wheatley, K. Wiersema

Abstract: The number of long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) known to have occurred in the distant Universe (z greater than 5) is small (approx 15), however these events provide a powerful way of probing star formation at the onset of galaxy evolution. In this paper, we present the case for GRB100205A being a largely overlooked high-redshift event. While initially noted as a high-z candidate, this event and its hos… ▽ More The number of long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) known to have occurred in the distant Universe (z greater than 5) is small (approx 15), however these events provide a powerful way of probing star formation at the onset of galaxy evolution. In this paper, we present the case for GRB100205A being a largely overlooked high-redshift event. While initially noted as a high-z candidate, this event and its host galaxy have not been explored in detail. By combining optical and near-infrared Gemini afterglow imaging (at t less than 1.3 days since burst) with deep late-time limits on host emission from the Hubble Space Telescope, we show that the most likely scenario is that GRB100205A arose in the redshift range 4-8. GRB100205A is an example of a burst whose afterglow, even at 1 hour post-burst, could only be identified by 8m class IR observations, and suggests that such observations of all optically dark bursts may be necessary to significantly enhance the number of high-redshift GRBs known. △ Less

Submitted 29 June, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

The late-time afterglow evolution of long gamma-ray bursts GRB 160625B and GRB 160509A

Authors: Tuomas Kangas, Andrew S. Fruchter, S. Bradley Cenko, Alessandra Corsi, Antonio de Ugarte Postigo, Asaf Pe'er, Stuart N. Vogel, Antonino Cucchiara, Benjamin Gompertz, John Graham, Andrew Levan, Kuntal Misra, Daniel A. Perley, Judith Racusin, Nial Tanvir

Abstract: We present post-jet-break \textit{HST}, VLA and \textit{Chandra} observations of the afterglow of the long $γ$-ray bursts GRB 160625B (between 69 and 209 days) and GRB 160509A (between 35 and 80 days). We calculate the post-jet-break decline rates of the light curves, and find the afterglow of GRB 160625B inconsistent with a simple $t^{-3/4}$ steepening over the break, expected from the geometric… ▽ More We present post-jet-break \textit{HST}, VLA and \textit{Chandra} observations of the afterglow of the long $γ$-ray bursts GRB 160625B (between 69 and 209 days) and GRB 160509A (between 35 and 80 days). We calculate the post-jet-break decline rates of the light curves, and find the afterglow of GRB 160625B inconsistent with a simple $t^{-3/4}$ steepening over the break, expected from the geometric effect of the jet edge entering our line of sight. However, the favored optical post-break decline ($f_ν \propto t^{-1.96 \pm 0.07}$) is also inconsistent with the $f_ν \propto t^{-p}$ decline (where $p \approx 2.3$ from the pre-break light curve), which is expected from exponential lateral expansion of the jet; perhaps suggesting lateral expansion that only affects a fraction of the jet. The post-break decline of GRB 160509A is consistent with both the $t^{-3/4}$ steepening and with $f_ν \propto t^{-p}$. We also use {\sc boxfit} to fit afterglow models to both light curves and find both to be energetically consistent with a millisecond magnetar central engine, although the magnetar parameters need to be extreme (i.e. $E \sim 3 \times 10^{52}$ erg). Finally, the late-time radio light curves of both afterglows are not reproduced well by {\sc boxfit} and are inconsistent with predictions from the standard jet model; instead both are well represented by a single power law decline (roughly $f_ν \propto t^{-1}$) with no breaks. This requires a highly chromatic jet break ($t_{j,\mathrm{radio}} > 10 \times t_{j,\mathrm{optical}}$) and possibly a two-component jet for both bursts. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2020; v1 submitted 8 June, 2019; originally announced June 2019.

Comments: 19 pages, 9 figures. Revised version; accepted for publication in ApJ

Short GRB 160821B: a reverse shock, a refreshed shock, and a well-sampled kilonova

Authors: G. P. Lamb, N. R. Tanvir, A. J. Levan, A. de Ugarte Postigo, K. Kawaguchi, A. Corsi, P. A. Evans, B. Gompertz, D. B. Malesani, K. L. Page, K. Wiersema, S. Rosswog, M. Shibata, M. Tanaka, A. J. van der Horst, Z. Cano, J. P. U. Fynbo, A. S. Fruchter, J. Greiner, K. Heintz, A. Higgins, J. Hjorth, L. Izzo, P. Jakobsson, D. A. Kann , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report our identification of the optical afterglow and host galaxy of the short-duration gamma-ray burst GRB 160821B. The spectroscopic redshift of the host is $z=0.162$, making it one of the lowest redshift sGRBs identified by Swift. Our intensive follow-up campaign using a range of ground-based facilities as well as HST, XMM and Swift, shows evidence for a late-time excess of optical and near… ▽ More We report our identification of the optical afterglow and host galaxy of the short-duration gamma-ray burst GRB 160821B. The spectroscopic redshift of the host is $z=0.162$, making it one of the lowest redshift sGRBs identified by Swift. Our intensive follow-up campaign using a range of ground-based facilities as well as HST, XMM and Swift, shows evidence for a late-time excess of optical and near-infrared emission in addition to a complex afterglow. The afterglow light-curve at X-ray frequencies reveals a narrow jet, $θ_j\sim1.9^{+0.10}_{-0.03}$ deg, that is refreshed at $>1$ day post-burst by a slower outflow with significantly more energy than the initial outflow that produced the main GRB. Observations of the 5 GHz radio afterglow shows a reverse shock into a mildly magnetised shell. The optical and near-infrared excess is fainter than AT2017gfo associated with GW170817, and is well explained by a kilonova with dynamic ejecta mass $M_{\rm dyn}=(1.0\pm0.6)\times10^{-3}$ M$_{\odot}$ and a secular (postmerger) ejecta mass with $M_{\rm pm}=(1.0\pm0.6)\times10^{-2}$ M$_\odot$, consistent with a binary neutron star merger resulting in a short-lived massive neutron star. This optical and near-infrared dataset provides the best-sampled kilonova light-curve without a gravitational wave trigger to date. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2019; v1 submitted 6 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019.

Comments: 17 pages, 6 figures, Version accepted by ApJ

Chandra and Hubble Space Telescope observations of dark gamma-ray bursts and their host galaxies

Authors: A. A. Chrimes, A. J. Levan, E. R. Stanway, J. D. Lyman, A. S. Fruchter, P. Jakobsson, P. O'Brien, D. A. Perley, N. R. Tanvir, P. J. Wheatley, K. Wiersema

Abstract: We present a study of 21 dark gamma-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies, predominantly using X-ray afterglows obtained with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO) to precisely locate the burst in deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of the burst region. The host galaxies are well-detected in F160W in all but one case and in F606W imaging in approx 60 per cent of cases. We measure magnitudes and perfor… ▽ More We present a study of 21 dark gamma-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies, predominantly using X-ray afterglows obtained with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO) to precisely locate the burst in deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of the burst region. The host galaxies are well-detected in F160W in all but one case and in F606W imaging in approx 60 per cent of cases. We measure magnitudes and perform a morphological analysis of each galaxy. The asymmetry, concentration and ellipticity of the dark burst hosts are compared against the host galaxies of optically bright GRBs. In agreement with other studies, we find that dark GRB hosts are redder and more luminous than the bulk of the GRB host population. The distribution of projected spatial offsets for dark GRBs from their host galaxy centroids is comparable to that of optically-bright bursts. The dark GRB hosts are physically larger, more massive and redder, but are morphologically similar to the hosts of bright GRBs in terms of concentration and asymmetry. Our analysis constrains the fraction of high redshift (z greater than 5) GRBs in the sample to approx 14 per cent, implying an upper limit for the whole long-GRB population of less than 4.4 per cent. If dust is the primary cause of afterglow darkening amongst dark GRBs, the measured extinction may require a clumpy dust component in order to explain the observed offset and ellipticity distributions. △ Less

Submitted 23 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

A Surprising Lack of Metallicity Evolution with Redshift in the Long Gamma-Ray Burst Host Galaxy Population

Authors: J. F. Graham, P. Schady, A. S. Fruchter

Abstract: The number of long-duration Gamma Ray Burst (LGRB) host galaxies with measured metallicities and host masses has now grown to over one hundred, allowing us to investigate how the distributions of both these properties change with redshift. Using the combined host galaxy metallicity sample from Graham & Fruchter (2013) and Krühler et al. (2015), we find a surprising lack of evolution in the LGRB me… ▽ More The number of long-duration Gamma Ray Burst (LGRB) host galaxies with measured metallicities and host masses has now grown to over one hundred, allowing us to investigate how the distributions of both these properties change with redshift. Using the combined host galaxy metallicity sample from Graham & Fruchter (2013) and Krühler et al. (2015), we find a surprising lack of evolution in the LGRB metallicity distribution across different redshifts. In particular, the fraction of LGRB hosts with relatively high metallicity (12+log(O/H) $\geq$ 8.4) remains essentially constant out to z = 2.5. This result is at odds with the evolution in the mass-metallicity relation of typical galaxies, which become progressively more metal poor with increasing redshift. A similar result is found when converting the LGRB host galaxy mass distribution taken from the SHOALS (Swift GRB Host Galaxy Legacy Survey) sample to a corresponding metallicity distribution by applying a redshift-dependent mass-metallicity relation. The SHOALS sample is compiled using an unbiased selection function implying that the observed lack of evolution in the host galaxy high metallicity distribution is not caused by selection effects. However, the LGRB host galaxy metallicities estimated from the stellar mass are typically a quarter dex higher at all redshifts than the metallicity we measure spectroscopically. This implies that using mass-metallicity relationships to estimate host metallicities will thus produce a substantial systematic bias. △ Less

Submitted 29 March, 2023; v1 submitted 4 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019.

Comments: 23 pages, 13 figures, 12 tables, 3 appendices, ApJ in press

The optical afterglow of GW170817 at one year post-merger

Authors: G. P. Lamb, J. D. Lyman, A. J. Levan, N. R. Tanvir, T. Kangas, A. S. Fruchter, B. Gompertz, J. Hjorth, I. Mandel, S. R. Oates, D. Steeghs, K. Wiersema

Abstract: We present observations of the optical afterglow of GRB\,170817A, made by the {\it Hubble Space Telescope}, between February and August 2018, up to one year after the neutron star merger, GW170817. The afterglow shows a rapid decline beyond $170$~days, and confirms the jet origin for the observed outflow, in contrast to more slowly declining expectations for `failed-jet' scenarios. We show here th… ▽ More We present observations of the optical afterglow of GRB\,170817A, made by the {\it Hubble Space Telescope}, between February and August 2018, up to one year after the neutron star merger, GW170817. The afterglow shows a rapid decline beyond $170$~days, and confirms the jet origin for the observed outflow, in contrast to more slowly declining expectations for `failed-jet' scenarios. We show here that the broadband (radio, optical, X-ray) afterglow is consistent with a structured outflow where an ultra-relativistic jet, with Lorentz factor $Γ\gtrsim100$, forms a narrow core ($\sim5^\circ$) and is surrounded by a wider angular component that extends to $\sim15^\circ$, which is itself relativistic ($Γ\gtrsim5$). For a two-component model of this structure, the late-time optical decline, where $F \propto t^{-α}$, is $α=2.20\pm0.18$, and for a Gaussian structure the decline is $α=2.45\pm0.23$. We find the Gaussian model to be consistent with both the early $\sim10$ days and late $\gtrsim290$ days data. The agreement of the optical light curve with the evolution of the broadband spectral energy distribution and its continued decline indicates that the optical flux is arising primarily from the afterglow and not any underlying host system. This provides the deepest limits on any host stellar cluster, with a luminosity $\lesssim 4000 L_\odot~(M_{\rm F606W}\gtrsim-4.3)$. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2018; v1 submitted 28 November, 2018; originally announced November 2018.

Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL

Late-time UV observations of tidal disruption flares reveal unobscured, compact accretion disks

Authors: Sjoert van Velzen, Nicholas C. Stone, Brian D. Metzger, Suvi Gezari, Thomas M. Brown, Andrew S. Fruchter

Abstract: The origin of thermal optical and UV emission from stellar tidal disruption flares (TDFs) remains an open question. We present Hubble Space Telescope far-UV (FUV) observations of eight optical/UV selected TDFs 5-10 years post-peak. Six sources are cleanly detected, showing point-like FUV emission from the centers of their host galaxies. We discover that the light curves of TDFs from low-mass black… ▽ More The origin of thermal optical and UV emission from stellar tidal disruption flares (TDFs) remains an open question. We present Hubble Space Telescope far-UV (FUV) observations of eight optical/UV selected TDFs 5-10 years post-peak. Six sources are cleanly detected, showing point-like FUV emission from the centers of their host galaxies. We discover that the light curves of TDFs from low-mass black holes ($<10^{6.5} M_\odot$) show significant late-time flattening. Conversely, FUV light curves from high-mass black hole TDFs are generally consistent with an extrapolation from the early-time light curve. The observed late-time emission cannot be explained by existing models for early-time TDF light curves (i.e. reprocessing or circularization shocks), but is instead consistent with a viscously spreading, unobscured accretion disk. These disk models can only reproduce the observed FUV luminosities, however, if they are assumed to be thermally and viscously stable, in contrast to the simplest predictions of alpha-disk theory. For one TDF in our sample, we measure an upper limit to the UV luminosity that is significantly lower than expectations from theoretical modeling and an extrapolation of the early-time light curve. This dearth of late-time emission could be due to a disk instability/state change absent in the rest of the sample. The disk models that explain the late-time UV detections solve the TDF "missing energy problem" by radiating a rest-mass energy of ~0.1 solar mass over a period of decades, primarily in extreme UV wavelengths. △ Less

Submitted 25 July, 2019; v1 submitted 31 August, 2018; originally announced September 2018.

Comments: Updated to match published version; HST/ACS photometry included with arXiv upload

Unveiling the enigma of ATLAS17aeu

Authors: A. Melandri, A. Rossi, S. Benetti, V. D'Elia, S. Piranomonte, E. Palazzi, A. J. Levan, M. Branchesi, A. J. Castro-Tirado, P. D'Avanzo, Y. -D. Hu, G. Raimondo, N. R. Tanvir, L. Tomasella, L. Amati, S. Campana, R. Carini, S. Covino, F. Cusano, M. Dadina, M. Della Valle, X. Fan, P. Garnavich, A. Grado, G. Greco , et al. (20 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Aim. The unusual transient ATLAS17aeu was serendipitously detected within the sky localisation of the gravitational wave trigger GW170104. The importance of a possible association with gravitational waves coming from a binary black hole merger led to an extensive follow-up campaign, with the aim of assessing a possible connection with GW170104. Methods. With several telescopes, we carried out both… ▽ More Aim. The unusual transient ATLAS17aeu was serendipitously detected within the sky localisation of the gravitational wave trigger GW170104. The importance of a possible association with gravitational waves coming from a binary black hole merger led to an extensive follow-up campaign, with the aim of assessing a possible connection with GW170104. Methods. With several telescopes, we carried out both photometric and spectroscopic observations of ATLAS17aeu, for several epochs, between $\sim 3$ and $\sim 230$ days after the first detection. Results. We studied in detail the temporal and spectroscopic properties of ATLAS17aeu and its host galaxy. We detected spectral features similar to those of a broad lined supernova superposed to an otherwise typical long-GRB afterglow. Based on analysis of the optical light curve, spectrum and host galaxy SED, we conclude that the redshift of the source is probably $z \simeq 0.5 \pm 0.2$. Conclusions. While the redshift range we have determined is marginally compatible with that of the gravitational wave event, the presence of a supernova component and the consistency of this transient with the E$_{\rm p}$-E$_{\rm iso}$ correlation support the conclusion that ATLAS17aeu was associated with the long gamma-ray burst GRB170105A. This rules out the association of the GRB170105A/ATLAS17aeu transient with the gravitational wave event GW170104, which was due to a binary black hole merger. △ Less

Submitted 10 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 8 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 621, A81 (2019)

The Environments of the Most Energetic Gamma-Ray Bursts

Authors: B. P. Gompertz, A. S. Fruchter, A. Pe'er

Abstract: We analyze the properties of a sample of long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) detected by the Fermi satellite that have a spectroscopic redshift and good follow-up coverage at both X-ray and optical/nIR wavelengths. The evolution of LGRB afterglows depends on the density profile of the external medium, enabling us to separate wind or ISM-like environments based on the observations. We do this by identify… ▽ More We analyze the properties of a sample of long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) detected by the Fermi satellite that have a spectroscopic redshift and good follow-up coverage at both X-ray and optical/nIR wavelengths. The evolution of LGRB afterglows depends on the density profile of the external medium, enabling us to separate wind or ISM-like environments based on the observations. We do this by identifying the environment that provides the best agreement between estimates of $p$, the index of the underlying power-law distribution of electron energies, as determined by the behavior of the afterglow in different spectral/temporal regimes. At 11 rest-frame hours after trigger, we find a roughly even split between ISM-like and wind-like environments. We further find a 2$σ$ separation in the prompt emission energy distributions of wind-like and ISM-like bursts. We investigate the underlying physical parameters of the shock, and calculate the (degenerate) product of density and magnetic field energy ($ε_B$). We show that $ε_B$ must be $\ll 10^{-2}$ to avoid implied densities comparable to the intergalactic medium. Finally, we find that the most precisely constrained observations disagree on $p$ by more than would be expected based on observational errors alone. This suggests additional sources of error that are not incorporated in the standard afterglow theory. For the first time, we provide a measurement of this intrinsic error which can be represented as an error in the estimate of $p$ of magnitude $0.25 \pm 0.04$. When this error is included in the fits, the number of LGRBs with an identified environment drops substantially, but the equal division between the two types remains. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2018; v1 submitted 21 February, 2018; originally announced February 2018.

Comments: 31 pages (+14 appendix), 9 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

A Precise Distance to the Host Galaxy of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817 Using Surface Brightness Fluctuations

Authors: Michele Cantiello, J. B. Jensen, J. P. Blakeslee, E. Berger, A. J. Levan, N. R. Tanvir, G. Raimondo, E. Brocato, K. D. Alexander, P. K. Blanchard, M. Branchesi, Z. Cano, R. Chornock, S. Covino, P. S. Cowperthwaite, P. D'Avanzo, T. Eftekhari, W. Fong, A. S. Fruchter, A. Grado, J. Hjorth, D. E. Holz, J. D. Lyman, I. Mandel, R. Margutti , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The joint detection of gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation from the binary neutron star (BNS) merger GW170817 has provided unprecedented insight into a wide range of physical processes: heavy element synthesis via the $r$-process; the production of relativistic ejecta; the equation of state of neutron stars and the nature of the merger remnant; the binary coalescence timescale; and a… ▽ More The joint detection of gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation from the binary neutron star (BNS) merger GW170817 has provided unprecedented insight into a wide range of physical processes: heavy element synthesis via the $r$-process; the production of relativistic ejecta; the equation of state of neutron stars and the nature of the merger remnant; the binary coalescence timescale; and a measurement of the Hubble constant via the "standard siren" technique. In detail, all of these results depend on the distance to the host galaxy of the merger event, NGC4993. In this paper we measure the surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) distance to NGC4993 in the F110W and F160W passbands of the Wide Field Camera 3 Infrared Channel on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). For the preferred F110W passband we derive a distance modulus of $m{-}M=33.05\pm0.08\pm0.10$ mag, or a linear distance $d=40.7\pm1.4\pm1.9$ Mpc (random and systematic errors, respectively); a virtually identical result is obtained from the F160W data. This is the most precise distance to NGC4993 available to date. Combining our distance measurement with the corrected recession velocity of NGC4993 implies a Hubble constant $H_0=71.9\pm 7.1~km~s^{-1}~Mpc^{-1}$. A comparison of our result to the GW-inferred value of $H_0$ indicates a binary orbital inclination of $i\,{\gtrsim}\,137~°$. The SBF technique can be applied to early-type host galaxies of BNS mergers to ${\sim\,}100$ Mpc with HST and possibly as far as ${\sim\,}300$ Mpc with the James Webb Space Telescope, thereby helping to break the inherent distance-inclination degeneracy of the GW signals at distances where many future BNS mergers are likely to be detected. △ Less

Submitted 27 February, 2018; v1 submitted 18 January, 2018; originally announced January 2018.

Comments: ApJ Letters in press

Identification of the infrared counterpart of SGR 1935+2154 with the Hubble Space Telescope

Authors: Andrew J. Levan, Chryssa Kouveliotou, Andrew S. Fruchter

Abstract: We present deep Hubble Space Telescope observations of a new magnetar source, the soft gamma-repeater SGR 1935+2154, discovered by Swift. We obtained three epochs of observations: while the source was active in March 2015, during a quiescent period in August 2015, and during a further active phase in May 2016. Close to the center of the X-ray error region identified by Chandra we find a faint (F14… ▽ More We present deep Hubble Space Telescope observations of a new magnetar source, the soft gamma-repeater SGR 1935+2154, discovered by Swift. We obtained three epochs of observations: while the source was active in March 2015, during a quiescent period in August 2015, and during a further active phase in May 2016. Close to the center of the X-ray error region identified by Chandra we find a faint (F140W(AB)=25.3) source, which fades by a factor of ~2 over the course of 5 months between the first two epochs of observations, before rebrightening during the second active period. If this source is indeed the counterpart to SGR 1935+2154 then it is amongst the faintest yet located for a magnetar. Our observations are spaced over 1.3 years and enable us to place limits on the source velocity of $μ= (60 \pm 40)$ km s$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-1}$; observations on timescales of a decade can hence probe proper motion limits smaller than the velocities observed for the majority of pulsars. The comparison of the optical/IR and X-ray lightcurves of the source suggests that emission in the two regimes is associated but not directly correlated, offering support for a magnetospheric versus a fallback disc origin. △ Less

Submitted 16 January, 2018; originally announced January 2018.

Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

The optical afterglow of the short gamma-ray burst associated with GW170817

Authors: J. D. Lyman, G. P. Lamb, A. J. Levan, I. Mandel, N. R. Tanvir, S. Kobayashi, B. Gompertz, J. Hjorth, A. S. Fruchter, T. Kangas, D. Steeghs, I. A. Steele, Z. Cano, C. Copperwheat, P. A. Evans, J. P. U. Fynbo, C. Gall, M. Im, L. Izzo, P. Jakobsson, B. Milvang-Jensen, P. O'Brien, J. P. Osborne, E. Palazzi, D. A. Perley , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The binary neutron star merger GW170817 was the first multi-messenger event observed in both gravitational and electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic signal began approximately 2 seconds post-merger with a weak, short burst of gamma-rays, which was followed over the next hours and days by the ultraviolet, optical and near-infrared emission from a radioactively- powered kilonova. Later, non-the… ▽ More The binary neutron star merger GW170817 was the first multi-messenger event observed in both gravitational and electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic signal began approximately 2 seconds post-merger with a weak, short burst of gamma-rays, which was followed over the next hours and days by the ultraviolet, optical and near-infrared emission from a radioactively- powered kilonova. Later, non-thermal rising X-ray and radio emission was observed. The low luminosity of the gamma-rays and the rising non-thermal flux from the source at late times could indicate that we are outside the opening angle of the beamed relativistic jet. Alternatively, the emission could be arising from a cocoon of material formed from the interaction between a jet and the merger ejecta. Here we present late-time optical detections and deep near-infrared limits on the emission from GW170817 at 110 days post-merger. Our new observations are at odds with expectations of late-time emission from kilonova models, being too bright and blue. Instead, the emission arises from the interaction between the relativistic ejecta of GW170817 and the interstellar medium. We show that this emission matches the expectations of a Gaussian structured relativistic jet, which would have launched a high luminosity short GRB to an aligned observer. However, other jet structure or cocoon models can also match current data - the future evolution of the afterglow will directly distinguish the origin of the emission. △ Less

Submitted 19 September, 2018; v1 submitted 8 January, 2018; originally announced January 2018.

Comments: Includes MCMC fitting

ALMA and GMRT constraints on the off-axis gamma-ray burst 170817A from the binary neutron star merger GW170817

Authors: Sam Kim, Steve Schulze, Lekshmi Resmi, Jorge González-López, Adam. B. Higgins, C. H. Ishwara-Chandra, Franz. E. Bauer, Itziar de Gregorio-Monsalvo, Massimiliano De Pasquale, Antonio de Ugarte Postigo, David A. Kann, Sergio Martín, Samantha R. Oates, Rhaana L. C. Starling, Nial. R. Tanvir, Johannes Buchner, Sergio Campana, Zach Cano, Stefano Covino, Andrew S. Fruchter, Johan P. U. Fynbo, Dieter H. Hartmann, Jens Hjorth, Pall P. Jakobsson, Andrew J. Levan , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Binary neutron-star mergers (BNSMs) are among the most readily detectable gravitational-wave (GW) sources with LIGO. They are also thought to produce short $γ$-ray bursts (SGRBs), and kilonovae that are powered by r-process nuclei. Detecting these phenomena simultaneously would provide an unprecedented view of the physics during and after the merger of two compact objects. Such a Rosetta Stone eve… ▽ More Binary neutron-star mergers (BNSMs) are among the most readily detectable gravitational-wave (GW) sources with LIGO. They are also thought to produce short $γ$-ray bursts (SGRBs), and kilonovae that are powered by r-process nuclei. Detecting these phenomena simultaneously would provide an unprecedented view of the physics during and after the merger of two compact objects. Such a Rosetta Stone event was detected by LIGO/Virgo on 17 August 2017 at a distance of $\sim 44$ Mpc. We monitored the position of the BNSM with ALMA at 338.5 GHz and GMRT at 1.4 GHz, from 1.4 to 44 days after the merger. Our observations rule out any afterglow more luminous than $3\times 10^{26}~{\rm erg\,s}^{-1}\,{\rm Hz}^{-1}$ in these bands, probing $>$2--4 dex fainter than previous SGRB limits. We match these limits, in conjunction with public data announcing the appearance of X-ray and radio emission in the weeks after the GW event, to templates of off-axis afterglows. Our broadband modeling suggests that GW170817 was accompanied by a SGRB and that the GRB jet, powered by $E_{\rm AG,\,iso}\sim10^{50}$~erg, had a half-opening angle of $\sim20^\circ$, and was misaligned by $\sim41^\circ$ from our line of sight. The data are also consistent with a more collimated jet: $E_{\rm AG,\,iso}\sim10^{51}$~erg, $θ_{1/2,\,\rm jet}\sim5^\circ$, $θ_{\rm obs}\sim17^\circ$. This is the most conclusive detection of an off-axis GRB afterglow and the first associated with a BNSM-GW event to date. Assuming a uniform top-hat jet, we use the viewing angle estimates to infer the initial bulk Lorentz factor and true energy release of the burst. △ Less

Submitted 2 November, 2017; v1 submitted 16 October, 2017; originally announced October 2017.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letter. 12 pages, 4 figures

The Emergence of a Lanthanide-Rich Kilonova Following the Merger of Two Neutron Stars

Authors: N. R. Tanvir, A. J. Levan, C. Gonzalez-Fernandez, O. Korobkin, I. Mandel, S. Rosswog, J. Hjorth, P. D'Avanzo, A. S. Fruchter, C. L. Fryer, T. Kangas, B. Milvang-Jensen, S. Rosetti, D. Steeghs, R. T. Wollaeger, Z. Cano, C. M. Copperwheat, S. Covino, V. D'Elia, A. de Ugarte Postigo, P. A. Evans, W. P. Even, S. Fairhurst, R. Figuera Jaimes, C. J. Fontes , et al. (29 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery and monitoring of the near-infrared counterpart (AT2017gfo) of a binary neutron-star merger event detected as a gravitational wave source by Advanced LIGO/Virgo (GW170817) and as a short gamma-ray burst by Fermi/GBM and Integral/SPI-ACS (GRB170817A). The evolution of the transient light is consistent with predictions for the behaviour of a "kilonova/macronova", powered by t… ▽ More We report the discovery and monitoring of the near-infrared counterpart (AT2017gfo) of a binary neutron-star merger event detected as a gravitational wave source by Advanced LIGO/Virgo (GW170817) and as a short gamma-ray burst by Fermi/GBM and Integral/SPI-ACS (GRB170817A). The evolution of the transient light is consistent with predictions for the behaviour of a "kilonova/macronova", powered by the radioactive decay of massive neutron-rich nuclides created via r-process nucleosynthesis in the neutron-star ejecta. In particular, evidence for this scenario is found from broad features seen in Hubble Space Telescope infrared spectroscopy, similar to those predicted for lanthanide dominated ejecta, and the much slower evolution in the near-infrared Ks-band compared to the optical. This indicates that the late-time light is dominated by high-opacity lanthanide-rich ejecta, suggesting nucleosynthesis to the 3rd r-process peak (atomic masses A~195). This discovery confirms that neutron-star mergers produce kilo-/macronovae and that they are at least a major - if not the dominant - site of rapid neutron capture nucleosynthesis in the universe. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2017; originally announced October 2017.

The environment of the binary neutron star merger GW170817

Authors: A. J. Levan, J. D. Lyman, N. R. Tanvir, J. Hjorth, I. Mandel, E. R. Stanway, D. Steeghs, A. S. Fruchter, E. Troja, S. L Schrøder, K. Wiersema, S. H. Bruun, Z. Cano, S. B. Cenko, A de Ugarte Postigo, P. Evans, S. Fairhurst, O. D. Fox, J. P. U. Fynbo, B. Gompertz, J. Greiner, M. Im, L. Izzo, P. Jakobsson, T. Kangas , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra imaging, combined with Very Large Telescope MUSE integral field spectroscopy of the counterpart and host galaxy of the first binary neutron star merger detected via gravitational wave emission by LIGO & Virgo, GW170817. The host galaxy, NGC 4993, is an S0 galaxy at z=0.009783. There is evidence for large, face-on spiral shells in continuum imaging, and… ▽ More We present Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra imaging, combined with Very Large Telescope MUSE integral field spectroscopy of the counterpart and host galaxy of the first binary neutron star merger detected via gravitational wave emission by LIGO & Virgo, GW170817. The host galaxy, NGC 4993, is an S0 galaxy at z=0.009783. There is evidence for large, face-on spiral shells in continuum imaging, and edge-on spiral features visible in nebular emission lines. This suggests that NGC 4993 has undergone a relatively recent (<1 Gyr) ``dry'' merger. This merger may provide the fuel for a weak active nucleus seen in Chandra imaging. At the location of the counterpart, HST imaging implies there is no globular or young stellar cluster, with a limit of a few thousand solar masses for any young system. The population in the vicinity is predominantly old with <1% of any light arising from a population with ages <500 Myr. Both the host galaxy properties and those of the transient location are consistent with the distributions seen for short-duration gamma-ray bursts, although the source position lies well within the effective radius (r_e ~ 3 kpc), providing an r_e-normalized offset that is closer than ~90% of short GRBs. For the long delay time implied by the stellar population, this suggests that the kick velocity was significantly less than the galaxy escape velocity. We do not see any narrow host galaxy interstellar medium features within the counterpart spectrum, implying low extinction, and that the binary may lie in front of the bulk of the host galaxy. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2017; originally announced October 2017.

Comments: ApJL in press, 13 pages

The Diversity of Kilonova Emission in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts

Authors: B. P. Gompertz, A. J. Levan, N. R. Tanvir, J. Hjorth, S. Covino, P. A. Evans, A. S. Fruchter, C. Gonzalez-Fernandez, Z. Jin, J. D. Lyman, S. R. Oates, P. T. O'Brien, K. Wiersema

Abstract: The historic first joint detection of both gravitational wave and electromagnetic emission from a binary neutron star merger cemented the association between short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) and compact object mergers, as well as providing a well sampled multi-wavelength light curve of a radioactive kilonova (KN) for the first time. Here we compare the optical and near-infrared light curves of this… ▽ More The historic first joint detection of both gravitational wave and electromagnetic emission from a binary neutron star merger cemented the association between short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) and compact object mergers, as well as providing a well sampled multi-wavelength light curve of a radioactive kilonova (KN) for the first time. Here we compare the optical and near-infrared light curves of this KN, AT2017gfo, to the counterparts of a sample of nearby (z < 0.5) SGRBs to characterize their diversity in terms of their brightness distribution. Although at similar epochs AT2017gfo appears fainter than every SGRB-associated KN claimed so far, we find three bursts (GRBs 050509B, 061201 and 080905A) where, if the reported redshifts are correct, deep upper limits rule out the presence of a KN similar to AT2017gfo by several magnitudes. Combined with the properties of previously claimed KNe in SGRBs this suggests considerable diversity in the properties of KN drawn from compact object mergers, despite the similar physical conditions that are expected in many NS-NS mergers. We find that observer angle alone is not able to explain this diversity, which is likely a product of the merger type (NS-NS versus NS-BH) and the detailed properties of the binary (mass ratio, spins etc). Ultimately disentangling these properties should be possible through observations of SGRBs and gravitational wave sources, providing direct measurements of heavy element enrichment throughout the Universe. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2018; v1 submitted 16 October, 2017; originally announced October 2017.

Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

The Discovery of a Gravitationally Lensed Supernova Ia at Redshift 2.22

Authors: David Rubin, Brian Hayden, Xiaosheng Huang, Greg Aldering, Rahman Amanullah, Kyle Barbary, Kyle Boone, Mark Brodwin, Susana E. Deustua, Sam Dixon, Peter Eisenhardt, Andrew S. Fruchter, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Ariel Goobar, Ravi R. Gupta, Isobel Hook, M. James Jee, Alex G. Kim, Marek Kowalski, Chris E. Lidman, Eric Linder, Kyle Luther, Jakob Nordin, Reynald Pain, Saul Perlmutter , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery and measurements of a gravitationally lensed supernova (SN) behind the galaxy cluster MOO J1014+0038. Based on multi-band Hubble Space Telescope and Very Large Telescope (VLT) photometry of the supernova, and VLT spectroscopy of the host galaxy, we find a 97.5% probability that this SN is a SN Ia, and a 2.5% chance of a CC SN. Our typing algorithm combines the shape and co… ▽ More We present the discovery and measurements of a gravitationally lensed supernova (SN) behind the galaxy cluster MOO J1014+0038. Based on multi-band Hubble Space Telescope and Very Large Telescope (VLT) photometry of the supernova, and VLT spectroscopy of the host galaxy, we find a 97.5% probability that this SN is a SN Ia, and a 2.5% chance of a CC SN. Our typing algorithm combines the shape and color of the light curve with the expected rates of each SN type in the host galaxy. With a redshift of 2.2216, this is the highest redshift SN Ia discovered with a spectroscopic host-galaxy redshift. A further distinguishing feature is that the lensing cluster, at redshift 1.23, is the most distant to date to have an amplified SN. The SN lies in the middle of the color and light-curve shape distributions found at lower redshift, disfavoring strong evolution to z = 2.22. We estimate an amplification due to gravitational lensing of 2.8+0.6-0.5 (1.10 +- 0.23 mag)---compatible with the value estimated from the weak-lensing-derived mass and the mass-concentration relation from LambdaCDM simulations---making it the most amplified SN Ia discovered behind a galaxy cluster. △ Less

Submitted 1 May, 2018; v1 submitted 14 July, 2017; originally announced July 2017.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

The properties of GRB 120923A at a spectroscopic redshift of z=7.8

Authors: N. R. Tanvir, T. Laskar, A. J. Levan, D. A. Perley, J. Zabl, J. P. U. Fynbo, J. Rhoads, S. B. Cenko, J. Greiner, K. Wiersema, J. Hjorth, A. Cucchiara, E. Berger, M. N. Bremer, Z. Cano, B. E. Cobb, S. Covino, V. D'Elia, W. Fong, A. S. Fruchter, P. Goldoni, F. Hammer, K. E. Heintz, P. Jakobsson, D. A. Kann , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are powerful probes of early stars and galaxies, during and potentially even before the era of reionization. Although the number of GRBs identified at z>6 remains small, they provide a unique window on typical star-forming galaxies at that time, and thus are complementary to deep field observations. We report the identification of the optical drop-out afterglow of Swift GRB… ▽ More Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are powerful probes of early stars and galaxies, during and potentially even before the era of reionization. Although the number of GRBs identified at z>6 remains small, they provide a unique window on typical star-forming galaxies at that time, and thus are complementary to deep field observations. We report the identification of the optical drop-out afterglow of Swift GRB 120923A in near-infrared Gemini-North imaging, and derive a redshift of z=7.84_{-0.12}^{+0.06} from VLT/X-shooter spectroscopy. At this redshift the peak 15-150 keV luminosity of the burst was 3.2x10^52 erg/s, and in fact the burst was close to the Swift/BAT detection threshold. The X-ray and near-infrared afterglow were also faint, and in this sense it was a rather typical long-duration GRB in terms of rest-frame luminosity. We present ground- and space-based follow-up observations spanning from X-ray to radio, and find that a standard external shock model with a constant-density circumburst environment with density, n~4x10^-2 cm^-3 gives a good fit to the data. The near-infrared light curve exhibits a sharp break at t~3.4 days in the observer frame, which if interpreted as being due to a jet corresponds to an opening angle of ~5 degrees. The beaming corrected gamma-ray energy is then E_gamma~2x10^50 erg, while the beaming-corrected kinetic energy is lower, E_K~10^49 erg, suggesting that GRB 120923A was a comparatively low kinetic energy event. We discuss the implications of this event for our understanding of the high-redshift population of GRBs and their identification. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2017; originally announced March 2017.

Comments: 20 pages

Magnetars in Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Bursts

Authors: B. P. Gompertz, A. S. Fruchter

Abstract: Supernova 2011kl, associated with the ultra-long gamma-ray burst (ULGRB) 111209A, exhibited a higher-than-normal peak luminosity, placing it in the parameter space between regular supernovae and super-luminous supernovae. Its light curve can only be matched by an abnormally high fraction of $^{56}$Ni that appears inconsistent with the observed spectrum, and as a result it has been suggested that t… ▽ More Supernova 2011kl, associated with the ultra-long gamma-ray burst (ULGRB) 111209A, exhibited a higher-than-normal peak luminosity, placing it in the parameter space between regular supernovae and super-luminous supernovae. Its light curve can only be matched by an abnormally high fraction of $^{56}$Ni that appears inconsistent with the observed spectrum, and as a result it has been suggested that the supernova, and by extension the gamma-ray burst, are powered by the spin-down of a highly magnetised millisecond pulsar, known as a magnetar. We investigate the broadband observations of ULGRB 111209A, and find two independent measures that suggest a high density circumburst environment. However, the light curve of the GRB afterglow shows no evidence of a jet break (the steep decline that would be expected as the jet slows due to the resistance of the external medium) out to three weeks after trigger, implying a wide jet. Combined with the high isotropic energy of the burst, this implies that only a magnetar with a spin period of ~ 1 ms or faster can provide enough energy to power both ULGRB 111209A and Supernova 2011kl. △ Less

Submitted 7 March, 2017; v1 submitted 17 February, 2017; originally announced February 2017.

Comments: 13 pages, 4 figures, accepted in ApJ

GRB 161219B-SN 2016jca: a powerful stellar collapse

Authors: C. Ashall, P. A. Mazzali, E. Pian, S. E. Woosley, E. Palazzi, S. J. Prentice, S. Kobayashi, S. Holmbo, A. Levan, D. Perley, M. D. Stritzinger, F. Bufano, A. V. Filippenko, A. Melandri, S. Oates, A. Rossi, J. Selsing, W. Zheng, A. J. Castro-Tirado, G. Chincarini, P. D'Avanzo, M. De Pasquale, S. Emery, A. S. Fruchter, K. Hurley , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report observations and analysis of the nearby gamma-ray burst GRB\,161219B (redshift $z=0.1475$) and the associated Type Ic supernova (SN) 2016jca. GRB\,161219B had an isotropic gamma-ray energy of $\sim 1.6 \times 10^{50}$\,erg. Its afterglow is likely refreshed at an epoch preceding the first photometric points (0.6\,d), which slows down the decay rates. Combined analysis of the SN light cur… ▽ More We report observations and analysis of the nearby gamma-ray burst GRB\,161219B (redshift $z=0.1475$) and the associated Type Ic supernova (SN) 2016jca. GRB\,161219B had an isotropic gamma-ray energy of $\sim 1.6 \times 10^{50}$\,erg. Its afterglow is likely refreshed at an epoch preceding the first photometric points (0.6\,d), which slows down the decay rates. Combined analysis of the SN light curve and multiwavelength observations of the afterglow suggest that the GRB jet was broad during the afterglow phase (full opening angle $\sim 42^\circ \pm 3^\circ$). Our spectral series shows broad absorption lines typical of GRB supernovae (SNe), which testify to the presence of material with velocities up to $\sim 0.25$c. The spectrum at 3.73\,d allows for the very early identification of a SN associated with a GRB. Reproducing it requires a large photospheric velocity ($35,000 \pm 7000$\,\kms). The kinetic energy of the SN is estimated through models to be \KE $\approx 4 \times 10^{52}$\,erg in spherical symmetry. The ejected mass in the explosion was \Mej $\approx 6.5 \pm 1.5$\,\Msun, much less than that of other GRB-SNe, demonstrating diversity among these events. The total amount of \Nifs\ in the explosion was $0.27 \pm 0.05$\,\Msun. The observed spectra require the presence of freshly synthesised \Nifs\ at the highest velocities, at least 3 times more than a standard GRB-SN. We also find evidence for a decreasing \Nifs\ abundance as a function of decreasing velocity. This suggests that SN\,2016jca was a highly aspherical explosion viewed close to on-axis, powered by a compact remnant. Applying a typical correction for asymmetry, the energy of SN\,2016jca was $\sim$ (1--3) $\times 10^{52}$\,erg, confirming that most of the energy produced by GRB-SNe goes into the kinetic energy of the SN ejecta. △ Less

Submitted 6 June, 2019; v1 submitted 14 February, 2017; originally announced February 2017.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, minor changes to figure

The host galaxies and explosion sites of long-duration gamma ray bursts: Hubble Space Telescope near-infrared imaging

Authors: J. D. Lyman, A. J. Levan, N. R. Tanvir, J. P. U. Fynbo, J. T. W. McGuire, D. A. Perley, C. R. Angus, J. S. Bloom, C. J. Conselice, A. S. Fruchter, J. Hjorth, P. Jakobsson, R. L. C. Starling

Abstract: We present the results of a Hubble Space Telescope WFC3/F160W SNAPSHOT sur- vey of the host galaxies of 39 long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) at z < 3. We have non-detections of hosts at the locations of 4 bursts. Sufficient accuracy to as- trometrically align optical afterglow images and determine the location of the LGRB within its host was possible for 31/35 detected hosts. In agreement wit… ▽ More We present the results of a Hubble Space Telescope WFC3/F160W SNAPSHOT sur- vey of the host galaxies of 39 long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) at z < 3. We have non-detections of hosts at the locations of 4 bursts. Sufficient accuracy to as- trometrically align optical afterglow images and determine the location of the LGRB within its host was possible for 31/35 detected hosts. In agreement with other work, we find the luminosity distribution of LGRB hosts is significantly fainter than that of a star formation rate-weighted field galaxy sample over the same redshift range, indicating LGRBs are not unbiasedly tracing the star formation rate. Morphologi- cally, the sample of LGRB hosts are dominated by spiral-like or irregular galaxies. We find evidence for evolution of the population of LGRB hosts towards lower-luminosity, higher concentrated hosts at lower redshifts. Their half-light radii are consistent with other LGRB host samples where measurements were made on rest-frame UV obser- vations. In agreement with recent work, we find their 80 per cent enclosed flux radii distribution to be more extended than previously thought, making them intermedi- ate between core-collapse supernova (CCSN) and super-luminous supernova (SLSN) hosts. The galactocentric projected-offset distribution confirms LGRBs as centrally concentrated, much more so than CCSNe and similar to SLSNe. LGRBs are strongly biased towards the brighter regions in their host light distributions, regardless of their offset. We find a correlation between the luminosity of the LGRB explosion site and the intrinsic column density, N_H , towards the burst. △ Less

Submitted 20 January, 2017; originally announced January 2017.

Comments: 26 pages, accepted to MNRAS

Journal ref: MNRAS, 467, 1795 (2017)

Two New Calcium-Rich Gap Transients in Group and Cluster Environments

Authors: R. Lunnan, M. M. Kasliwal, Y. Cao, L. Hangard, O. Yaron, J. T. Parrent, C. McCully, A. Gal-Yam, J. S. Mulchaey, S. Ben-Ami, A. V. Filippenko, C. Fremling, A. S. Fruchter, D. A. Howell, J. Koda, T. Kupfer, S. R. Kulkarni, R. Laher, F. Masci, P. E. Nugent, E. O. Ofek, M. Yagi, Lin Yan

Abstract: We present the Palomar Transient Factory discoveries and the photometric and spectroscopic observations of PTF11kmb and PTF12bho. We show that both transients have properties consistent with the class of calcium-rich gap transients, specifically lower peak luminosities and rapid evolution compared to ordinary supernovae, and a nebular spectrum dominated by [Ca II] emission. A striking feature of b… ▽ More We present the Palomar Transient Factory discoveries and the photometric and spectroscopic observations of PTF11kmb and PTF12bho. We show that both transients have properties consistent with the class of calcium-rich gap transients, specifically lower peak luminosities and rapid evolution compared to ordinary supernovae, and a nebular spectrum dominated by [Ca II] emission. A striking feature of both transients is their host environments: PTF12bho is an intra-cluster transient in the Coma Cluster, while PTF11kmb is located in a loose galaxy group, at a physical offset ~150 kpc from the most likely host galaxy. Deep Subaru imaging of PTF12bho rules out an underlying host system to a limit of $M_R > -8.0$ mag, while Hubble Space Telescope imaging of PTF11kmb reveals a marginal counterpart that, if real, could be either a background galaxy or a globular cluster. We show that the offset distribution of Ca-rich gap transients is significantly more extreme than that seen for Type Ia supernovae or even short-hard gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs). Thus, if the offsets are caused by a kick, they require larger kick velocities and/or longer merger times than sGRBs. We also show that almost all Ca-rich gap transients found to date are in group and cluster environments with elliptical host galaxies, indicating a very old progenitor population; the remote locations could partially be explained by these environments having the largest fraction of stars in the intra-group/intra-cluster light following galaxy-galaxy interactions. △ Less

Submitted 13 February, 2017; v1 submitted 1 December, 2016; originally announced December 2016.

Comments: Matches published version. Minor changes to previous version following referee report; conclusions unchanged

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal (2017), 836, 60

An Ultraviolet Spectrum of the Tidal Disruption Flare ASASSN-14li

Authors: S. Bradley Cenko, Antonino Cucchiara, Nathaniel Roth, Sylvain Veilleux, J. Xavier Prochaska, Lin Yan, James Guillochon, W. Peter Maksym, Iair Arcavi, Nathaniel R. Butler, Alexei V. Filippenko, Andrew S. Fruchter, Suvi Gezari, Daniel Kasen, Andrew J. Levan, Jon M. Miller, Dheeraj R. Pasham, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz, Linda E. Strubbe, Nial R. Tanvir, Francesco Tombesi

Abstract: We present a Hubble Space Telescope STIS spectrum of ASASSN-14li, the first rest-frame UV spectrum of a tidal disruption flare (TDF). The underlying continuum is well fit by a blackbody with $T_{\mathrm{UV}} = 3.5 \times 10^{4}$ K, an order of magnitude smaller than the temperature inferred from X-ray spectra (and significantly more precise than previous efforts based on optical and near-UV photom… ▽ More We present a Hubble Space Telescope STIS spectrum of ASASSN-14li, the first rest-frame UV spectrum of a tidal disruption flare (TDF). The underlying continuum is well fit by a blackbody with $T_{\mathrm{UV}} = 3.5 \times 10^{4}$ K, an order of magnitude smaller than the temperature inferred from X-ray spectra (and significantly more precise than previous efforts based on optical and near-UV photometry). Super-imposed on this blue continuum, we detect three classes of features: narrow absorption from the Milky Way (probably a high-velocity cloud), and narrow absorption and broad (FWHM $\approx 2000$-8000 km s$^{-1}$) emission lines at/near the systemic host velocity. The absorption lines are blueshifted with respect to the emission lines by $Δv = -(250$-400) km s$^{-1}$. Due both to this velocity offset and the lack of common low-ionization features (Mg II, Fe II), we argue these arise from the same absorbing material responsible for the low-velocity outflow discovered at X-ray wavelengths. The broad nuclear emission lines display a remarkable abundance pattern: N III], N IV], He II are quite prominent, while the common quasar emission lines of C III] and Mg II are weak or entirely absent. Detailed modeling of this spectrum will help elucidate fundamental questions regarding the nature of the emission process(es) at work in TDFs, while future UV spectroscopy of ASASSN-14li would help to confirm (or refute) the previously proposed connection between TDFs and "N-rich" quasars. △ Less

Submitted 2 February, 2016; v1 submitted 13 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters. 8 pages, 4 figures

A Hubble Space Telescope Survey of the Host Galaxies of Superluminous Supernovae

Authors: C. R. Angus, A. J. Levan, D. A. Perley, N. R. Tanvir, J. D. Lyman, E. R. Stanway, A. S. Fruchter

Abstract: We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFC3 UV and near-IR (nIR) imaging of 21 Superluminous Supernovae (SLSNe) host galaxies, providing a sensitive probe of star formation and stellar mass with the hosts. Comparing the photometric and morphological properties of these host galaxies with those of core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) and long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs), we find SLSN hosts are f… ▽ More We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFC3 UV and near-IR (nIR) imaging of 21 Superluminous Supernovae (SLSNe) host galaxies, providing a sensitive probe of star formation and stellar mass with the hosts. Comparing the photometric and morphological properties of these host galaxies with those of core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) and long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs), we find SLSN hosts are fainter and more compact at both UV and nIR wavelengths, in some cases we barely recover hosts with absolute magnitude around MV ~ -14. With the addition of ground based optical observations and archival results, we produce spectral energy distribution (SED) fits to these hosts, and show that SLSN hosts possess lower stellar mass and star formation rates. This is most pronounced for the hydrogen deficient Type-I SLSN hosts, although Type-II H-rich SLSN host galaxies remain distinct from the bulk of CCSNe, spanning a remarkably broad range of absolute magnitudes, with ~30% of SLSNe-II arising from galaxies fainter than Mn I R ~ -14. The detection of our faintest SLSN hosts increases the confidence that SLSNe-I hosts are distinct from those of LGRBs in star formation rate and stellar mass, and suggests that apparent similarities in metallicity may be due to the limited fraction of hosts for which emission line metallicity measurements are feasible. The broad range of luminosities of SLSN-II hosts is difficult to describe by metallicity cuts, and does not match the expectations of any reasonable UV-weighted luminosity function, suggesting additional environmental constraints are likely necessary to yield hydrogen rich SLSNe. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016.

Comments: 24 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication by MNRAS

Detection of three Gamma-Ray Burst host galaxies at $z\sim6$

Authors: J. T. W. McGuire, N. R. Tanvir, A. J. Levan, M. Trenti, E. R. Stanway, J. M. Shull, K. Wiersema, D. A. Perley, R. L. C. Starling, M. Bremer, J. T. Stocke, J. Hjorth, J. E. Rhoads, E. Curtis-Lake, S. Schulze, E. M. Levesque, B. Robertson, J. P. U. Fynbo, R. S. Ellis, A. S. Fruchter

Abstract: Long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) allow us to pinpoint and study star-forming galaxies in the early universe, thanks to their orders of magnitude brighter peak luminosities compared to other astrophysical sources, and their association with deaths of massive stars. We present Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 detections of three Swift GRB host galaxies lying at redshifts $z = 5.913$ (… ▽ More Long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) allow us to pinpoint and study star-forming galaxies in the early universe, thanks to their orders of magnitude brighter peak luminosities compared to other astrophysical sources, and their association with deaths of massive stars. We present Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 detections of three Swift GRB host galaxies lying at redshifts $z = 5.913$ (GRB 130606A), $z = 6.295$ (GRB 050904), and $z = 6.327$ (GRB 140515A) in the F140W (wide-$JH$ band, $λ_{\rm{obs}}\sim1.4\,μm$) filter. The hosts have magnitudes (corrected for Galactic extinction) of $m_{\rm{λ_{obs},AB}}= 26.34^{+0.14}_{-0.16}, 27.56^{+0.18}_{-0.22},$ and $28.30^{+0.25}_{-0.33}$ respectively. In all three cases the probability of chance coincidence of lower redshift galaxies is $\lesssim2\,\%$, indicating that the detected galaxies are most likely the GRB hosts. These are the first detections of high redshift ($z > 5$) GRB host galaxies in emission. The galaxies have luminosities in the range $0.1-0.6\,L^{*}_{z=6}$ (with $M_{1600}^{*}=-20.95\pm0.12$), and half-light radii in the range $0.6-0.9\,\rm{kpc}$. Both their half-light radii and luminosities are consistent with existing samples of Lyman-break galaxies at $z\sim6$. Spectroscopic analysis of the GRB afterglows indicate low metallicities ($[\rm{M/H}]\lesssim-1$) and low dust extinction ($A_{\rm{V}}\lesssim0.1$) along the line of sight. Using stellar population synthesis models, we explore the implications of each galaxy's luminosity for its possible star formation history, and consider the potential for emission-line metallicity determination with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope. △ Less

Submitted 13 July, 2016; v1 submitted 24 December, 2015; originally announced December 2015.

Comments: Published in ApJ

Journal ref: ApJ (2016), 825, 135

The Relative Rate of LGRB Formation as a Function of Metallicity

Authors: J. F. Graham, A. S. Fruchter

Abstract: There is now strong evidence that Long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (LGRBs) are preferentially formed in low-metallicity environments. However, the magnitude of this effect, and its functional dependence on metallicity have not been well characterized. In our previous paper, Graham & Fruchter (2013), we compared the metallicity distribution of LGRB host galaxies to the that of star forming galaxies i… ▽ More There is now strong evidence that Long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (LGRBs) are preferentially formed in low-metallicity environments. However, the magnitude of this effect, and its functional dependence on metallicity have not been well characterized. In our previous paper, Graham & Fruchter (2013), we compared the metallicity distribution of LGRB host galaxies to the that of star forming galaxies in the local universe. Here we build upon this work by in effect dividing one distribution by the other, and thus directly determine the relative rate of LGRB formation as a function of metallicity in the low-redshift universe. We find a dramatic cutoff in LGRB formation above a metallicity of log(O/H)}+12 ~ 8.3 in the KK04 scale, with LGRBs forming between ten and fifty times more frequently per unit star-formation below this cutoff than above. Furthermore, our data suggests that the rate of LGRB formation per unit star formation continues to fall above this break. We estimate the LGRB formation rate per unit star formation may drop by as much as a factor of one hundred between one-third solar and solar metallicity. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2016; v1 submitted 3 November, 2015; originally announced November 2015.

Comments: 11 pages, 6 figures, ApJ accepted in press

High Metallicity LGRB Hosts

Authors: J. F. Graham, A. S. Fruchter, E. M. Levesque, L. J. Kewley, N. R. Tanvir, A. J. Levan, S. K. Patel, K. Misra, K. -H. Huang, D. E. Reichart, M. Nysewander, P. Schady

Abstract: We present our imaging and spectroscopic observations of the host galaxies of two dark long bursts with anomalously high metallicities, LGRB 051022 and LGRB 020819B, which in conjunction with another LGRB event with an optical afterglow comprise the three LGRBs with high metallicity host galaxies in the Graham & Fruchter (2013) sample. In Graham & Fruchter (2013), we showed that LGRBs exhibit a st… ▽ More We present our imaging and spectroscopic observations of the host galaxies of two dark long bursts with anomalously high metallicities, LGRB 051022 and LGRB 020819B, which in conjunction with another LGRB event with an optical afterglow comprise the three LGRBs with high metallicity host galaxies in the Graham & Fruchter (2013) sample. In Graham & Fruchter (2013), we showed that LGRBs exhibit a strong and apparently intrinsic preference for low metallicity environments (12+log(O/H) < 8.4 in the KK04 scale) in spite of these three cases with abundances of about solar and above. These exceptions however are consistent with the general star-forming galaxy population of comparable brightness & redshift. This is surprising: even among a preselected sample of high metallicity LGRBs, were the metal aversion to remain in effect for these objects, we would expect their metallicity to still be lower than the typical metallicity for the galaxies at that luminosity and redshift. Therefore we deduce that it is possible to form an LGRB in a high metallicity environment although with greater rarity. From this we conclude that there are three possible explanations for the presence of the LGRBs observed in high metallicity hosts as seen to date: (1) LGRBs do not occur in high metallicity environments and those seen in high metallicity hosts are in fact occurring in low metallicity environments that have become associated with otherwise high metallicity hosts but remain unenriched. (2) The LGRB formation mechanism while preferring low metallicity environments does not strictly require it resulting in a gradual decline in burst formation with increasing metallicity. (3) The typical low metallicity LGRBs and the few high metallicity cases are the result of physically different burst formation pathways with only the former affected by the metallicity and the later occurring much more infrequently. △ Less

Submitted 2 November, 2015; originally announced November 2015.

Comments: 16 pages, 10 figures

Late time multi wavelength observations of Swift J1644+5734: A luminous optical/IR bump and quiescent X-ray emission

Authors: A. J. Levan, N. R. Tanvir, G. C. Brown, B. D. Metzger, K. L. Page, S. B. Cenko, P. T. O'Brien, J. D. Lyman, K. Wiersema, E. R. Stanway, A. S. Fruchter, D. A. Perley, J. S. Bloom

Abstract: We present late-time multi-wavelength observations of Swift J1644+57, suggested to be a relativistic tidal disruption flare (TDF). Our observations extend to >4 years from discovery, and show that 1.4 years after outburst the relativistic jet switched-off on a timescale less than tens of days, corresponding to a power-law decay faster than $t^{-70}$. Beyond this point weak X-rays continue to be de… ▽ More We present late-time multi-wavelength observations of Swift J1644+57, suggested to be a relativistic tidal disruption flare (TDF). Our observations extend to >4 years from discovery, and show that 1.4 years after outburst the relativistic jet switched-off on a timescale less than tens of days, corresponding to a power-law decay faster than $t^{-70}$. Beyond this point weak X-rays continue to be detected at an approximately constant luminosity of $L_X \sim 5 \times 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$, and are marginally inconsistent with a continuing decay of $t^{-5/3}$, similar to that seen prior to the switch-off. Host photometry enables us to infer a black hole mass of $M_{BH}=3 \times 10^6$ M$_{\odot}$, consistent with the late time X-ray luminosity arising from sub-Eddington accretion onto the black hole in the form of either an unusually optically faint AGN or a slowly varying phase of the transient. Optical/IR observations show a clear bump in the light curve at timescales of 30-50 days, with a peak magnitude (corrected for host galaxy extinction) of $M_R \sim -22-23$. The luminosity of the bump is significantly higher than seen in other, non-relativistic TDFs and does not match any re-brightening seen at X-ray or radio wavelengths. Its luminosity, light curve shape and spectrum are broadly similar to those seen in superluminous SNe, although subject to large uncertainties in the correction of the significant host extinction. We discuss these observations in the context of both TDF and massive star origins for Swift J1644+5734 and other candidate relativistic tidal flares. △ Less

Submitted 29 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 16 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJ

A Multiwavelength Study of the Relativistic Tidal Disruption Candidate Sw J2058+05 at Late Times

Authors: Dheeraj R. Pasham, S. Bradley Cenko, Andrew J. Levan, Geoffrey C. Bower, Assaf Horesh, Gregory C. Brown, Stephen Dolan, Klaas Wiersema, Alexei V. Filippenko, Andrew S. Fruchter, Jochen Greiner, Rebekah A. Hounsell, Paul T. O'Brien, Kim L. Page, Arne Rau, Nial R. Tanvir

Abstract: We report a multiwavelength (X-ray, ultraviolet/optical/infrared, radio) analysis of the relativistic tidal disruption event candidate Sw J2058+05 from 3 months to 3 yr post-discovery in order to study its properties and compare its behavior with that of Sw J1644+57. Our main results are as follows. (1) The long-term X-ray light curve of Sw J2058+05 shows a remarkably similar trend to that of Sw J… ▽ More We report a multiwavelength (X-ray, ultraviolet/optical/infrared, radio) analysis of the relativistic tidal disruption event candidate Sw J2058+05 from 3 months to 3 yr post-discovery in order to study its properties and compare its behavior with that of Sw J1644+57. Our main results are as follows. (1) The long-term X-ray light curve of Sw J2058+05 shows a remarkably similar trend to that of Sw J1644+57. After a prolonged power-law decay, the X-ray flux drops off rapidly by a factor of $\gtrsim 160$ within a span of $Δ$$t$/$t$ $\le$ 0.95. Associating this sudden decline with the transition from super-Eddington to sub-Eddington accretion, we estimate the black hole mass to be in the range of $10^{4-6}$ M$_{\odot}$. (2) We detect rapid ($\lesssim 500$ s) X-ray variability before the dropoff, suggesting that, even at late times, the X-rays originate from close to the black hole (ruling out a forward-shock origin). (3) We confirm using HST and VLBA astrometry that the location of the source coincides with the galaxy's center to within $\lesssim 400$ pc (in projection). (4) We modeled Sw J2058+05's ultraviolet/optical/infrared spectral energy distribution with a single-temperature blackbody and find that while the radius remains more or less constant at a value of $63.4 \pm 4.5$ AU ($\sim 10^{15}$ cm) at all times during the outburst, the blackbody temperature drops significantly from $\sim$ 30,000 K at early times to a value of $\sim$ 15,000 K at late times (before the X-ray dropoff). Our results strengthen Sw J2058+05's interpretation as a tidal disruption event similar to Sw J1644+57. △ Less

Submitted 11 January, 2016; v1 submitted 4 February, 2015; originally announced February 2015.

Comments: Replaced with the published version of the manuscript

A Calibration of NICMOS Camera 2 for Low Count-Rates

Authors: D. Rubin, G. Aldering, R. Amanullah, K. Barbary, K. S. Dawson, S. Deustua, L. Faccioli, V. Fadeyev, H. K. Fakhouri, A. S. Fruchter, M. D. Gladders, R. S. de Jong, A. Koekemoer, E. Krechmer, C. Lidman, J. Meyers, J. Nordin, S. Perlmutter, P. Ripoche, D. J. Schlegel, A. Spadafora, N. Suzuki, The Supernova Cosmology Project

Abstract: NICMOS 2 observations are crucial for constraining distances to most of the existing sample of z > 1 SNe Ia. Unlike the conventional calibration programs, these observations involve long exposure times and low count rates. Reciprocity failure is known to exist in HgCdTe devices and a correction for this effect has already been implemented for high and medium count-rates. However observations at fa… ▽ More NICMOS 2 observations are crucial for constraining distances to most of the existing sample of z > 1 SNe Ia. Unlike the conventional calibration programs, these observations involve long exposure times and low count rates. Reciprocity failure is known to exist in HgCdTe devices and a correction for this effect has already been implemented for high and medium count-rates. However observations at faint count-rates rely on extrapolations. Here instead, we provide a new zeropoint calibration directly applicable to faint sources. This is obtained via inter-calibration of NIC2 F110W/F160W with WFC3 in the low count-rate regime using z ~ 1 elliptical galaxies as tertiary calibrators. These objects have relatively simple near-IR SEDs, uniform colors, and their extended nature gives superior signal-to-noise at the same count rate than would stars. The use of extended objects also allows greater tolerances on PSF profiles. We find ST magnitude zeropoints (after the installation of the NICMOS cooling system, NCS) of 25.296 +- 0.022 for F110W and 25.803 +- 0.023 for F160W, both in agreement with the calibration extrapolated from count-rates 1,000 times larger (25.262 and 25.799). Before the installation of the NCS, we find 24.843 +- 0.025 for F110W and 25.498 +- 0.021 for F160W, also in agreement with the high-count-rate calibration (24.815 and 25.470). We also check the standard bandpasses of WFC3 and NICMOS 2 using a range of stars and galaxies at different colors and find mild tension for WFC3, limiting the accuracy of the zeropoints. To avoid human bias, our cross-calibration was "blinded" in that the fitted zeropoint differences were hidden until the analysis was finalized. △ Less

Submitted 8 February, 2015; v1 submitted 3 February, 2015; originally announced February 2015.

Comments: Accepted for Publication in the Astronomical Journal. New version contains added reference