Showing 1–50 of 457 results for author: Cenko, S B

EP250827b/SN 2025wkm: An X-ray Flash-Supernova Powered by a Central Engine and Circumstellar Interaction

Authors: Gokul P. Srinivasaragavan, Dongyue Li, Xander J. Hall, Ore Gottlieb, Genevieve Schroeder, Heyang Liu, Brendan O'Connor, Chichuan Jin, Mansi Kasliwal, Tomás Ahumada, Qinyu Wu, Christopher L. Fryer, Annabelle E. Niblett, Dong Xu, Maria Edvige Ravasio, Grace Daja, Wenxiong Li, Shreya Anand, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Hui Sun, Daniel A. Perley, Lin Yan, Eric Burns, S. Bradley Cenko, Jesper Sollerman , et al. (69 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery of EP250827b/SN 2025wkm, an X-ray Flash (XRF) discovered by the Einstein Probe (EP), accompanied by a broad-line Type Ic supernova (SN Ic-BL) at $z = 0.1194$. EP250827b possesses a prompt X-ray luminosity of $\sim 10^{45} \, \rm{erg \, s^{-1}}$, lasts over 1000 seconds, and has a peak energy $E_{\rm{p}} < 1.5$ keV at 90% confidence. SN 2025wkm possesses a double-peaked lig… ▽ More We present the discovery of EP250827b/SN 2025wkm, an X-ray Flash (XRF) discovered by the Einstein Probe (EP), accompanied by a broad-line Type Ic supernova (SN Ic-BL) at $z = 0.1194$. EP250827b possesses a prompt X-ray luminosity of $\sim 10^{45} \, \rm{erg \, s^{-1}}$, lasts over 1000 seconds, and has a peak energy $E_{\rm{p}} < 1.5$ keV at 90% confidence. SN 2025wkm possesses a double-peaked light curve (LC), though its bolometric luminosity plateaus after its initial peak for $\sim 20$ days, giving evidence that a central engine is injecting additional energy into the explosion. Its spectrum transitions from a blue to red continuum with clear blueshifted Fe II and Si II broad absorption features, allowing for a SN Ic-BL classification. We do not detect any transient radio emission and rule out the existence of an on-axis, energetic jet $\gtrsim 10^{50}~$erg. In the model we invoke, the collapse gives rise to a long-lived magnetar, potentially surrounded by an accretion disk. Magnetically-driven winds from the magnetar and the disk mix together, and break out with a velocity $\sim 0.35c$ from an extended circumstellar medium with radius $\sim 10^{13}$ cm, generating X-ray breakout emission through free-free processes. The disk outflows and magnetar winds power blackbody emission as they cool, producing the first peak in the SN LC. The spin-down luminosity of the magnetar in combination with the radioactive decay of $^{56}$Ni produces the late-time SN LC. We end by discussing the landscape of XRF-SNe within the context of EP's recent discoveries. △ Less

Submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 43 pages, 20 Figures, Submitted to ApJ Letters

A search for successful and choked jets in nearby broad-lined Type Ic supernovae

Authors: Tanner O'Dwyer, Alessandra Corsi, Sheng Yang, Shreya Anand, S. Bradley Cenko, Gokul P. Srinivasaragavan, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Jesper Sollerman, Bei Zhou, Arvind Balasubramanian, Po-Wen Chang, Marc Kamionkowski, Daniel Perley, Russ R. Laher, Kohta Murase, Frank J. Masci, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Josiah N. Purdum, Matthew J. Graham

Abstract: The observational link between long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and broad-lined stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae (SNe Ic-BL) is well established. Significant progress has been made in constraining what fraction of SNe Ic-BL may power high- or low-luminosity GRBs when viewed at small off-axis angles. However, the GRB-SN connection still lacks a complete understanding in the broader context of… ▽ More The observational link between long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and broad-lined stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae (SNe Ic-BL) is well established. Significant progress has been made in constraining what fraction of SNe Ic-BL may power high- or low-luminosity GRBs when viewed at small off-axis angles. However, the GRB-SN connection still lacks a complete understanding in the broader context of massive-star evolution and explosion physics. Models predict a continuum of outcomes for the fastest ejecta, from choked to ultra-relativistic jets, and observations from radio to X-rays are key to probing these scenarios across a range of viewing angles and velocities. Here, we present results from a coordinated radio-to-X-ray campaign targeting nearby (z<=0.1) SNe Ic-BL designed to explore this diversity. With eight new radio-monitored events and updated data for one previously observed SN, we further tighten constraints on the fraction of SNe Ic-BL as relativistic as SN 1998bw/GRB 980425. We identify SN 2024rjw as a new radio-loud event likely powered by strong interaction with circumstellar material (CSM), and add evidence supporting a similar interpretation for SN 2020jqm. We also establish new limits on the properties of radio-emitting ejecta with velocities consistent with cocoons from choked jets, highlighting SN 2022xxf as a promising cocoon-dominated candidate. These results refine our understanding of the continuum linking ordinary SNe Ic-BL, engine-driven explosions, and GRBs, and contribute to building a sample that will inform future multi-messenger searches for electromagnetic counterparts to high-energy neutrinos. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 23 Pages, and 15 Figures

The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite Community Science Book

Authors: Michael Koss, Nafisa Aftab, Steven W. Allen, Roberta Amato, Hongjun An, Igor Andreoni, Timo Anguita, Riccardo Arcodia, Thomas Ayres, Matteo Bachetti, Maria Cristina Baglio, Arash Bahramian, Marco Balboni, Ranieri D. Baldi, Solen Balman, Aya Bamba, Eduardo Banados, Tong Bao, Iacopo Bartalucci, Antara Basu-Zych, Rebeca Batalha, Lorenzo Battistini, Franz Erik Bauer, Andy Beardmore, Werner Becker , et al. (373 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The AXIS Community Science Book represents the collective effort of more than 500 scientists worldwide to define the transformative science enabled by the Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS), a next-generation X-ray mission selected by NASA's Astrophysics Probe Program for Phase A study. AXIS will advance the legacy of high-angular-resolution X-ray astronomy with ~1.5'' imaging over a wide 24'… ▽ More The AXIS Community Science Book represents the collective effort of more than 500 scientists worldwide to define the transformative science enabled by the Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS), a next-generation X-ray mission selected by NASA's Astrophysics Probe Program for Phase A study. AXIS will advance the legacy of high-angular-resolution X-ray astronomy with ~1.5'' imaging over a wide 24' field of view and an order of magnitude greater collecting area than Chandra in the 0.3-12 keV band. Combining sharp imaging, high throughput, and rapid response capabilities, AXIS will open new windows on virtually every aspect of modern astrophysics, exploring the birth and growth of supermassive black holes, the feedback processes that shape galaxies, the life cycles of stars and exoplanet environments, and the nature of compact stellar remnants, supernova remnants, and explosive transients. This book compiles over 140 community-contributed science cases developed by five Science Working Groups focused on AGN and supermassive black holes, galaxy evolution and feedback, compact objects and supernova remnants, stellar physics and exoplanets, and time-domain and multi-messenger astrophysics. Together, these studies establish the scientific foundation for next-generation X-ray exploration in the 2030s and highlight strong synergies with facilities of the 2030s, such as JWST, Roman, Rubin/LSST, SKA, ALMA, ngVLA, and next-generation gravitational-wave and neutrino networks. △ Less

Submitted 31 October, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 595 pages, 225 figures

ZTF25abjmnps (AT2025ulz) and S250818k: A Candidate Superkilonova from a Sub-threshold Sub-Solar Gravitational Wave Trigger

Authors: Mansi M. Kasliwal, Tomas Ahumada, Robert Stein, Viraj Karambelkar, Xander J. Hall, Avinash Singh, Christoffer Fremling, Brian D. Metzger, Mattia Bulla, Vishwajeet Swain, Sarah Antier, Marion Pillas, Malte Busmann, James Freeburn, Sergey Karpov, Aleksandra Bochenek, Brendan O'Connor, Daniel A. Perley, Dalya Akl, Shreya Anand, Andrew Toivonen, Sam Rose, Theophile Jegou du Laz, Chang Liu, Kaustav Das , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: On August 18, 2025, the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration reported gravitational waves from a sub-threshold binary neutron star merger. If astrophysical, this event would have a surprisingly low chirp mass, suggesting that at least one neutron star was below a solar mass. The Zwicky Transient Facility mapped the coarse localization and discovered a transient, ZTF25abjmnps (AT2025ulz), that was spatia… ▽ More On August 18, 2025, the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration reported gravitational waves from a sub-threshold binary neutron star merger. If astrophysical, this event would have a surprisingly low chirp mass, suggesting that at least one neutron star was below a solar mass. The Zwicky Transient Facility mapped the coarse localization and discovered a transient, ZTF25abjmnps (AT2025ulz), that was spatially and temporally coincident with the gravitational wave trigger. The first week of follow-up suggested properties reminiscent of a GW170817-like kilonova. Subsequent follow-up suggests properties most similar to a young, stripped-envelope, Type IIb supernova. Although we cannot statistically rule out chance coincidence, we undertake due diligence analysis to explore the possible association between ZTF25abjmnps and S250818k. Theoretical models have been proposed wherein sub-solar neutron star(s) may form (and subsequently merge) via accretion disk fragmentation or core fission inside a core-collapse supernova i.e. a ``superkilonova". Here, we qualitatively discuss our multi-wavelength dataset in the context of the superkilonova picture. Future higher significance gravitational wave detections of sub-solar neutron star mergers with extensive electromagnetic follow-up would conclusively resolve this tantalizing multi-messenger association. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2025; v1 submitted 27 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Accepted by ApJL on 11/4/25

Fast X-ray Transient Detection with AXIS: application to Magnetar Giant Flares

Authors: Michela Negro, Zorawar Wadiasingh, George Younes, Eric Burns, Anirudh Patel, Brian D. Metzger, Todd A. Thompson, Daryl Haggard, S. Bradley Cenko

Abstract: Magnetar giant flares (MGFs) are among the most luminous high-energy transients in the local universe, consisting of a short, intense MeV gamma-ray spike followed by a softer, pulsating X-ray tail and possibly delayed radioactive emission. While only three Galactic events have been firmly detected, several extragalactic candidates have recently been reported, motivating the need for sensitive, rap… ▽ More Magnetar giant flares (MGFs) are among the most luminous high-energy transients in the local universe, consisting of a short, intense MeV gamma-ray spike followed by a softer, pulsating X-ray tail and possibly delayed radioactive emission. While only three Galactic events have been firmly detected, several extragalactic candidates have recently been reported, motivating the need for sensitive, rapid-response gamma- and X-ray facilities to constrain their rates and energetics. We present a feasibility study of detecting MGFs with the Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS), focusing on two complementary pathways: (i) serendipitous discovery of the prompt gamma-ray spike within the field of view, and (ii) rapid follow-up of MGF tails in nearby galaxies. Using sensitivity rescaling and volumetric rate estimates, we find that serendipitous detection of prompt spikes during the mission lifetime is possible but unlikely, primarily because of their short duration and primarily because of their short duration and hard spectrum, in the assumption that the hard gamma-ray spectrum can be reliably extrapolated to the instrument's energy range. In contrast, AXIS's superior sensitivity, if accompanied by fast repointing capabilities, offer an extraordinary opportunity to detect pulsating X-ray tails out to about 20 Mpc, enabling the first extragalactic measurements of periodic modulations from a magnetar and potentially constraining emission geometry and fireball physics. Finally, we evaluate the detectability of soft X-ray line emission from r-process nucleosynthesis in MGFs, finding that such signals are extremely faint and confining the detection to Galactic distances. Our study offer a general framework for assessing the detectability of short transients with future missions. △ Less

Submitted 25 October, 2025; v1 submitted 3 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Published in the Open Journal of Astrophysics

The Prime Focus Infrared Microlensing Experiment (PRIME): First Results

Authors: Takahiro Sumi, David A. H. Buckley, Alexander S. Kutyrev, Motohide Tamura, David P. Bennett, Ian A. Bond, Giuseppe Cataldo, Joseph M. Durbak, S. Bradley Cenko, Dale Fixsen, Orion Guiffreda, Ryusei Hamada, Yuki Hirao, Asahi Idei, Dan Kelly, Markus Loose, Gennadiy N. Lotkin, Eric I. Lyness, Stephen Maher, Shuma Makida, Noriyuki Matsunaga, Shota Miyazaki, Gregory Mosby, Samuel H. Moseley, Tutumi Nagai , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the description of the instruments and the first results of the PRime-focus Infrared Microlensing Experiment (PRIME). PRIME is the first dedicated near-infrared (NIR) microlensing survey telescope located at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in Sutherland, South Africa. Among its class, it offers one of the widest fields of view in the NIR regime. PRIME's main goals are… ▽ More We present the description of the instruments and the first results of the PRime-focus Infrared Microlensing Experiment (PRIME). PRIME is the first dedicated near-infrared (NIR) microlensing survey telescope located at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in Sutherland, South Africa. Among its class, it offers one of the widest fields of view in the NIR regime. PRIME's main goals are (1) To study planetary formation by measuring the frequency and mass function of planets. In particular, we compare results from the central Galactic bulge (GB), accessible only in the NIR by PRIME, with those from the outer GB by optical surveys. (2) To conduct concurrent observations with NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space telescope. Due to the different lines of sight between the ground and space, we detect slight variations in light curves, known as ``Space-based parallax." This effect allows us to measure the mass of lens systems and their distance from the Earth. It is the only method to measure the mass of the free-floating planets down to Earth-mass. We began the GB survey in February 2024 and analyzed images through June 1, 2025, identifying 486 microlensing candidates and over a thousand variable stars, including Mira variables, which are useful to study the Galactic structure. We issue real-time alerts for follow-up observations, supporting exoplanet searches, and the chemical evolution studies in the GB. During the off-bulge season, we conduct an all-sky grid survey and Target of Opportunity (ToO) observations of transients, including gravitational wave events, gamma-ray bursts, and other science. △ Less

Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 20 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 15 figures, published in the Astronomical Journal

Journal ref: Sumi et al 2025 AJ 170 338

SVOM GRB 250314A at z $\simeq$ 7.3: an exploding star in the era of reionization

Authors: B. Cordier, J. Y. Wei, N. R. Tanvir, S. D. Vergani, D. B. Malesani, J. P. U. Fynbo, A. de Ugarte Postigo, A. Saccardi, F. Daigne, J. -L. Atteia, O. Godet, D. Gotz, Y. L. Qiu, S. Schanne, L. P. Xin, B. Zhang, S. N. Zhang, A. J. Nayana, L. Piro, B. Schneider, A. J. Levan, A. L. Thakur, Z. P. Zhu, G. Corcoran, N. A. Rakotondrainibe , et al. (81 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Most long Gamma-ray bursts originate from a rare type of massive stellar explosion. Their afterglows, while rapidly fading, can be initially extremely luminous at optical/near-infrared wavelengths, making them detectable at large cosmological distances. Here we report the detection and observations of GRB 250314A by the SVOM satellite and the subsequent follow-up campaign with the near-infrared af… ▽ More Most long Gamma-ray bursts originate from a rare type of massive stellar explosion. Their afterglows, while rapidly fading, can be initially extremely luminous at optical/near-infrared wavelengths, making them detectable at large cosmological distances. Here we report the detection and observations of GRB 250314A by the SVOM satellite and the subsequent follow-up campaign with the near-infrared afterglow discovery and the spectroscopic measurements of its redshift z $\simeq$ 7.3 . This burst happened when the Universe was only $\sim$ 5% of its current age. We discuss the signature of these rare events within the context of the SVOM operating model, and the ways to optimize their identification with adapted ground follow-up observation strategies. △ Less

Submitted 24 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 11 Figures, 5 Tables, submitted to A&AL

LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA neutron star merger candidate S250206dm: Zwicky Transient Facility observations

Authors: Tomás Ahumada, Shreya Anand, Mattia Bulla, Vaidehi Gupta, Mansi Kasliwal, Robert Stein, Viraj Karambelkar, Eric C. Bellm, Theophile Jegou du Laz, Michael W. Coughlin, Igor Andreoni, Smaranika Banerjee, Aleksandra Bochenek, K-Ryan Hinds, Lei Hu, Antonella Palmese, Daniel Perley, Natalya Pletskova, Anirudh Salgundi, Avinash Singh, Jesper Sollerman, Vishwajeet Swain, Avery Wold, Varun Bhalerao, S. Bradley Cenko , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the searches conducted with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) in response to S250206dm, a bona fide event with a false alarm rate of one in 25 years, detected by the International Gravitational Wave Network (IGWN). Although the event is significant, the nature of the compact objects involved remains unclear, with at least one likely neutron star. ZTF covered 68% of the localization re… ▽ More We present the searches conducted with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) in response to S250206dm, a bona fide event with a false alarm rate of one in 25 years, detected by the International Gravitational Wave Network (IGWN). Although the event is significant, the nature of the compact objects involved remains unclear, with at least one likely neutron star. ZTF covered 68% of the localization region, though we did not identify any likely optical counterpart. We describe the ZTF strategy, potential candidates, and the observations that helped rule out candidates, including sources circulated by other collaborations. Similar to Ahumada et al. 2024, we perform a frequentist analysis, using simsurvey, as well as Bayesian analysis, using nimbus, to quantify the efficiency of our searches. We find that, given the nominal distance to this event of 373$\pm$104 Mpc, our efficiencies are above 10% for KNe brighter than $-17.5$ absolute magnitude. Assuming the optical counterpart known as kilonova (KN) lies within the ZTF footprint, our limits constrain the brightest end of the KN parameter space. Through dedicated radiative transfer simulations of KNe from binary neutron star (BNS) and black hole-neutron star (BHNS) mergers, we exclude parts of the BNS KN parameter space. Up to 35% of the models with high wind ejecta mass ($M_{\rm wind} \approx 0.13$ M$_{\odot}$) are ruled out when viewed face-on ($\cosθ_{\rm obs} = 1.0$). Finally, we present a joint analysis using the combined coverage from ZTF and the Gravitational Wave Multimessenger Dark Energy Camera Survey (GW-MMADS). The joint observations cover 73% of the localization region, and the combined efficiency has a stronger impact on rising and slowly fading models, allowing us to rule out 55% of the high-mass KN models viewed face-on. △ Less

Submitted 30 June, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: submitted to PASP

The Jetted Tidal Disruption Event AT2022cmc: Investigating Connections to the Optical Tidal Disruption Event Population and Spectral Subclasses Through Late-Time Follow-up

Authors: Erica Hammerstein, S. Bradley Cenko, Igor Andreoni, Panos Charalampopoulos, Ryan Chornock, Raffaella Margutti, Brendan O'Connor, Steve Schulze, Jesper Sollerman, Sudhanshu Barway, Varun Bhalerao, Anupama G. C., Harsh Kumar, Ester Marini. Diego Paris, Daniel A. Perley, Andrea Rossi, Yuhan Yao

Abstract: AT2022cmc is the first on-axis jetted tidal disruption event (TDE) to be discovered at optical wavelengths. The optically bright nature of AT2022cmc presents an unprecedented opportunity to place this jetted TDE in the context of the larger optically selected thermal TDE population and explore potential connections to optical TDE subclasses, particularly the class of luminous TDEs that lack optica… ▽ More AT2022cmc is the first on-axis jetted tidal disruption event (TDE) to be discovered at optical wavelengths. The optically bright nature of AT2022cmc presents an unprecedented opportunity to place this jetted TDE in the context of the larger optically selected thermal TDE population and explore potential connections to optical TDE subclasses, particularly the class of luminous TDEs that lack optical spectral features. In this work we present late-time optical observations of AT2022cmc, both imaging and spectroscopy, that extend the optical dataset to $\sim 160$ days from the first detection in the observed frame. The light curve clearly evolves from red to blue, which we interpret as a transition from a non-thermally dominated spectral energy distribution (SED) to thermally dominated SED. By accounting for the non-thermal emission evident in the optical SED at early times, we extract the properties of the thermal emission and compare to a sample of optically selected thermal TDEs. We find that the properties of AT2022cmc are consistent with previous correlations found for the evolution and properties of thermal TDEs, with the thermal properties of AT2022cmc aligning with the class of featureless and luminous TDEs. The confirmation of this similarity motivates the importance of prompt and multi-wavelength follow-up of featureless and luminous TDEs in order to further explore the connection they have with jetted TDEs. △ Less

Submitted 9 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 20 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables; submitted to ApJ

The 157-month Swift-BAT All-Sky Hard X-Ray Survey

Authors: Amy Y. Lien, Hans Krimm, Craig Markwardt, Kyuseok Oh, Lea Marcotulli, Richard Mushotzky, Nicholas R. Collins, Scott Barthelmy, Wayne H. Baumgartner, S. Bradley Cenko, Michael Koss, Sibasish Laha, Takanori Sakamoto, David Palmer, Tyler Parsotan

Abstract: The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) onboard the Neil Gehrels Swift observatory has been serving as a survey instrument for the hard X-ray sky, and has detected thousands of X-ray sources (e.g., AGNs, X-ray binaries, etc). BAT monitors these X-ray sources and follows their light curves on time scales from minutes to years. In addition, BAT discovers hundreds of new X-ray sources in survey images stacke… ▽ More The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) onboard the Neil Gehrels Swift observatory has been serving as a survey instrument for the hard X-ray sky, and has detected thousands of X-ray sources (e.g., AGNs, X-ray binaries, etc). BAT monitors these X-ray sources and follows their light curves on time scales from minutes to years. In addition, BAT discovers hundreds of new X-ray sources in survey images stacked throughout the mission lifetime. We present the updated BAT survey catalog since the last published BAT 105 month survey catalog (Oh et al. 2018) with additional of 4.5 years of data until December 2017. Data since 2007 are reprocessed to include updated instrumental calibration. Analysis in this study shows that additional systematic noise can be seen in the 157-month mosaic images, resulting in decreases in the expected improvement in sensitivity and the number of new detections. The BAT 157-month survey reaches a sensitivity of $8.83 \times 10^{-12} \rm \ erg \ s^{-1} \ cm^{-2}$ for 90\% of the sky and $6.44 \times 10^{-12} \rm \ erg \ s^{-1} \ cm^{-2}$ for 10\% of the sky. This catalog includes spectra, monthly and snapshot light curves in eight energy bands (14-20, 20-24, 24-35, 35-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-150, and 150-195 keV) for 1888 sources, including 256 new detections above the detection threshold of $4.8σ$. The light curves, spectra, and tables that summarize the information of the detected-sources are available in the online journal and in the catalog web page https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/results/bs157mon/. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ApJS

The case of AT2022wtn: a Tidal Disruption Event in an interacting galaxy

Authors: F. Onori, M. Nicholl, P. Ramsden, S. McGee, R. Roy, W. Li, I. Arcavi, J. P. Anderson, E. Brocato, M. Bronikowski, S. B. Cenko, K. Chambers, T. W. Chen, P. Clark, E. Concepcion, J. Farah, D. Flammini, S. González-Gaitán, M. Gromadzki, C. P. Gutiérrez, E. Hammerstein, K. R. Hinds, C. Inserra, E. Kankare, A. Kumar , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results from our multi-wavelength monitoring campaign of the transient AT2022wtn, discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility in the nucleus of SDSSJ232323.79+104107.7, the less massive galaxy in an active merging pair with a mass ratio of ~10:1. AT2022wtn shows spectroscopic and photometric properties consistent with a X-ray faint N-strong TDE-H+He with a number of peculiarities. S… ▽ More We present the results from our multi-wavelength monitoring campaign of the transient AT2022wtn, discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility in the nucleus of SDSSJ232323.79+104107.7, the less massive galaxy in an active merging pair with a mass ratio of ~10:1. AT2022wtn shows spectroscopic and photometric properties consistent with a X-ray faint N-strong TDE-H+He with a number of peculiarities. Specifically, a 30-days long plateau at maximum luminosity, a corresponding dip in temperature and the development of a double-horned N III+ He II line profile. Strong and time-evolving velocity offsets in the TDE broad emission lines and the detection of a transient radio emission, indicate the presence of outflows. Overall, the observed properties are consistent with the full disruption of a low-mass star by a ~10$^{6}$ M$_{\odot}$ SMBH followed by an efficient disk formation and the launch of a quasi-spherical reprocessing envelope of fast expanding outflowing material. The observed differences between the He II and the Hydrogen and N III lines can be explained either with a spatial separation of the lines emitting region or with a late-time reveal of shocks from the returning debris streams, as the photosphere recedes. Finally, we present an extensive analysis of the hosting environment and discuss the implications for the discovery of two TDEs in interacting galaxy pairs, finding indication for an over-representation of TDEs in these systems. The AT2022wtn host galaxy properties suggest that it is in the early stages of the merger, therefore we may be witnessing the initial enhanced rate of TDEs in interacting galaxies before the post-starburst phase. △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 23 pages, 16 Figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

EP250108a/SN 2025kg: A Jet-Driven Stellar Explosion Interacting With Circumstellar Material

Authors: Gokul P. Srinivasaragavan, Hamid Hamidani, Genevieve Schroeder, Nikhil Sarin, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Anthony L. Piro, S. Bradley Cenko, Shreya Anand, Jesper Sollerman, Daniel A. Perley, Keiichi Maeda, Brendan O'Connor, Hanindyo Kuncarayakti, M. Coleman Miller, Tomás Ahumada, Jada L. Vail, Paul Duffell, Ranadeep Ghosh Dastidar, Igor Andreoni, Aleksandra Bochenek, Seán J. Brennan, Jonathan Carney, Ping Chen, James Freeburn, Avishay Gal-Yam , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present optical, radio, and X-ray observations of EP250108a/SN 2025kg, a broad-line Type Ic supernova (SN Ic-BL) accompanying an Einstein Probe (EP) fast X-ray transient (FXT) at $z=0.176$. EP250108a/SN 2025kg possesses a double-peaked optical light curve and its spectrum transitions from a blue underlying continuum to a typical SN Ic-BL spectrum over time. We fit a radioactive decay model to t… ▽ More We present optical, radio, and X-ray observations of EP250108a/SN 2025kg, a broad-line Type Ic supernova (SN Ic-BL) accompanying an Einstein Probe (EP) fast X-ray transient (FXT) at $z=0.176$. EP250108a/SN 2025kg possesses a double-peaked optical light curve and its spectrum transitions from a blue underlying continuum to a typical SN Ic-BL spectrum over time. We fit a radioactive decay model to the second peak of the optical light curve and find SN parameters that are consistent with the SNe Ic-BL population, while its X-ray and radio properties are consistent with those of low-luminosity GRB (LLGRB) 060218/SN 2006aj. We explore three scenarios to understand the system's multi-wavelength emission -- (a) SN ejecta interacting with an extended circumstellar medium (CSM), (b) the shocked cocoon of a collapsar-driven jet choked in its stellar envelope, and (c) the shocked cocoon of a collapsar-driven jet choked in an extended CSM. Models (b) and (c) can explain the optical light curve and are also consistent with the radio and X-ray observations. We favor model (c) because it can self-consistently explain both the X-ray prompt emission and first optical peak, but we do not rule out model (b). From the properties of the first peak in model (c), we find evidence that EP250108a/SN 2025kg interacts with an extended CSM, and infer an envelope mass $M_{\rm e} \sim 0.1\,\rm M_\odot$ and radius $R_{\rm e} \sim 4 \times 10^{13}$ cm. EP250108a/SN 2025kg's multi-wavelength properties make it a close analog to LLGRB 060218/SN 2006aj, and highlight the power of early follow-up observations in mapping the environments of massive stars prior to core collapse. △ Less

Submitted 8 July, 2025; v1 submitted 24 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 23 pages, 11 Figures, Accepted to ApJ Letters

Optimal Follow-Up of Gravitational-Wave Events with the UltraViolet EXplorer (UVEX)

Authors: Leo P. Singer, Alexander W. Criswell, Sydney C. Leggio, R. Weizmann Kiendrebeogo, Michael W. Coughlin, Hannah P. Earnshaw, Suvi Gezari, Brian W. Grefenstette, Fiona A. Harrison, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Brett M. Morris, Erik Tollerud, S. Bradley Cenko

Abstract: The UltraViolet EXplorer (UVEX) is a wide-field ultraviolet space telescope selected as a NASA Medium-Class Explorer (MIDEX) mission for launch in 2030. UVEX will undertake deep, cadenced surveys of the entire sky to probe low mass galaxies and explore the ultraviolet (UV) time-domain sky, and it will carry the first rapidly deployable UV spectroscopic capability for a broad range of science appli… ▽ More The UltraViolet EXplorer (UVEX) is a wide-field ultraviolet space telescope selected as a NASA Medium-Class Explorer (MIDEX) mission for launch in 2030. UVEX will undertake deep, cadenced surveys of the entire sky to probe low mass galaxies and explore the ultraviolet (UV) time-domain sky, and it will carry the first rapidly deployable UV spectroscopic capability for a broad range of science applications. One of UVEX's prime objectives is to follow up gravitational wave (GW) binary neutron star mergers as targets of opportunity (ToOs), rapidly scanning across their localization regions to search for their kilonova (KN) counterparts. Early-time multiband ultraviolet light curves of KNe are key to explaining the interplay between jet and ejecta in binary neutron star mergers. Owing to high Galactic extinction in the ultraviolet and the variation of GW distance estimates over the sky, the sensitivity to kilonovae can vary significantly across the GW localization and even across the footprint of a single image given UVEX's large field of view. Good ToO observing strategies to trade off between area and depth are neither simple nor obvious. We present an optimal strategy for GW follow-up with UVEX in which exposure time is adjusted dynamically for each field individually to maximize the overall probability of detection. We model the scheduling problem using the expressive and powerful mathematical framework of mixed integer linear programming (MILP), and employ a state-of-the-art MILP solver to automatically generate observing plan timelines that achieve high probabilities of kilonova detection. We have implemented this strategy in an open-source astronomical scheduling software package called the Multi-Mission Multi-Messenger Observation Planning Toolkit, on GitHub at https://github.com/m4opt/m4opt. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2025; v1 submitted 24 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: For data release, see https://zenodo.org/records/15176276

Report number: LIGO-P2500008-v3

Journal ref: PASP 137 074501 (2025)

BatAnalysis -- A Comprehensive Python Pipeline for Swift BAT Time-Tagged Event Data Analysis

Authors: Tyler Parsotan, David M. Palmer, Samuele Ronchini, James Delaunay, Aaron Tohuvavohu, Sibasish Laha, Amy Lien, S. Bradley Cenko, Hans Krimm, Craig Markwardt

Abstract: The Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) is a coded aperture gamma-ray instrument with a large field of view that was designed to detect and localize transient events. When a transient is detected, either on-board or externally, the BAT saves time-tagged event (TTE) data which provides the highest quality information of the locations of the photons on the detector plane and their energies. This data… ▽ More The Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) is a coded aperture gamma-ray instrument with a large field of view that was designed to detect and localize transient events. When a transient is detected, either on-board or externally, the BAT saves time-tagged event (TTE) data which provides the highest quality information of the locations of the photons on the detector plane and their energies. This data can be used to produce spectra, lightcurves, and sky images of a transient event. While these data products are produced by the Swift Data Center and can be produced by current software, they are often preset to certain time and energy intervals which has limited their use in the current time domain and multi-messenger environment. Here, we introduce a new capability for the BatAnalysis python package to download and process TTE data under an open-source pythonic framework that allows for easy interfacing with other python packages. The new capabilities of the BatAnalysis software allows for TTE data to be used by the community in a variety of advanced customized analyses of astrophysical sources which BAT may have TTE data for, such as Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs), Low Mass X-ray Binaries (LMXB), Soft Gamma Repeaters, magnetars, and many other sources. We highlight the usefulness of the BatAnalysis package in analyzing TTE data produced by an on-board GRB trigger, a FRB external trigger, a sub-threshold detection of the LMXB EXO 0748-676, and an external trigger of a GRB that BAT detected during a slew. △ Less

Submitted 5 June, 2025; v1 submitted 31 January, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 8 figures, accepted to ApJ, BatAnalysis github link is: https://github.com/parsotat/BatAnalysis

Multi-Wavelength Analysis of AT 2023sva: a Luminous Orphan Afterglow With Evidence for a Structured Jet

Authors: Gokul P. Srinivasaragavan, Daniel A. Perley, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Brendan O'Connor, Antonio de Ugarte Postigo, Nikhil Sarin, S. Bradley Cenko, Jesper Sollerman, Lauren Rhodes, David A. Green, Dmitry S. Svinkin, Varun Bhalerao, Gaurav Waratkar, A. J. Nayana, Poonam Chandra, M. Coleman Miller, Daniele B. Malesani, Geoffrey Ryan, Suryansh Srijan, Eric C. Bellm, Eric Burns, David J. Titterington, Maria B. Stone, Josiah Purdum, Tomás Ahumada , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present multi-wavelength analysis of ZTF23abelseb (AT 2023sva), an optically discovered fast-fading ($Δm_r = 2.2$ mag in $Δt = 0.74 $ days), luminous ($M_r \sim -30.0$ mag) and red ($g-r = 0.50$ mag) transient at $z = 2.28$ with accompanying luminous radio emission. AT 2023sva does not possess a $γ$-ray burst (GRB) counterpart to an isotropic equivalent energy limit of… ▽ More We present multi-wavelength analysis of ZTF23abelseb (AT 2023sva), an optically discovered fast-fading ($Δm_r = 2.2$ mag in $Δt = 0.74 $ days), luminous ($M_r \sim -30.0$ mag) and red ($g-r = 0.50$ mag) transient at $z = 2.28$ with accompanying luminous radio emission. AT 2023sva does not possess a $γ$-ray burst (GRB) counterpart to an isotropic equivalent energy limit of $E_{\rm{γ, \, iso}} < 1.6 \times 10^{52}$ erg, determined through searching $γ$-ray satellite archives between the last non-detection and first detection, making it the sixth example of an optically-discovered afterglow with a redshift measurement and no detected GRB counterpart. We analyze AT 2023sva's optical, radio, and X-ray observations to characterize the source. From radio analyses, we find the clear presence of strong interstellar scintillation (ISS) 72 days after the initial explosion, allowing us to place constraints on the source's angular size and bulk Lorentz factor. When comparing the source sizes derived from ISS of orphan events to those of the classical GRB population, we find orphan events have statistically smaller source sizes. We also utilize Bayesian techniques to model the multi-wavelength afterglow. Within this framework, we find evidence that AT 2023sva possesses a shallow power-law structured jet viewed slightly off-axis ($θ_{\rm{v}} = 0.07 \pm 0.02$) just outside of the jet's core opening angle ($θ_{\rm{c}} = 0.06 \pm 0.02$). We determine this is likely the reason for the lack of a detected GRB counterpart, but also investigate other scenarios. AT 2023sva's evidence for possessing a structured jet stresses the importance of broadening orphan afterglow search strategies to a diverse range of GRB jet angular energy profiles, to maximize the return of future optical surveys. △ Less

Submitted 6 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 14 Figures, Submitted to MNRAS

Multi-wavelength observations of a jet launch in real time from the post-changing-look Active Galaxy 1ES 1927+654

Authors: Sibasish Laha, Eileen T. Meyer, Dev R. Sadaula, Ritesh Ghosh, Dhrubojyoti Sengupta, Megan Masterson, Onic I. Shuvo, Matteo Guainazzi, Claudio Ricci, Mitchell C. Begelman, Alexander Philippov, Rostom Mbarek, Amelia M. Hankla, Erin Kara, Francesca Panessa, Ehud Behar, Haocheng Zhang, Fabio Pacucci, Main Pal, Federica Ricci, Ilaria Villani, Susanna Bisogni, Fabio La Franca, Stefano Bianchi, Gabriele Bruni , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from a high cadence multi-wavelength observational campaign of the enigmatic changing look AGN 1ES 1927+654 from May 2022- April 2024, coincident with an unprecedented radio flare (an increase in flux by a factor of $\sim 60$ over a few months) and the emergence of a spatially resolved jet at $0.1-0.3$ pc scales (Meyer et al. 2024). Companion work has also detected a recurrent q… ▽ More We present results from a high cadence multi-wavelength observational campaign of the enigmatic changing look AGN 1ES 1927+654 from May 2022- April 2024, coincident with an unprecedented radio flare (an increase in flux by a factor of $\sim 60$ over a few months) and the emergence of a spatially resolved jet at $0.1-0.3$ pc scales (Meyer et al. 2024). Companion work has also detected a recurrent quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) in the $2-10$ keV band with an increasing frequency ($1-2$ mHz) over the same period (Masterson et al., 2025). During this time, the soft X-rays ($0.3-2$ keV) monotonically increased by a factor of $\sim 8$, while the UV emission remained near-steady with $<30\%$ variation and the $2-10$ keV flux showed variation by a factor $\lesssim 2$. The weak variation of the $2-10$ keV X-ray emission and the stability of the UV emission suggest that the magnetic energy density and accretion rate are relatively unchanged, and that the jet could be launched due to a reconfiguration of the magnetic field (toroidal to poloidal) close to the black hole. Advecting poloidal flux onto the event horizon would trigger the Blandford-Znajek (BZ) mechanism, leading to the onset of the jet. The concurrent softening of the coronal slope (from $Γ= 2.70\pm 0.04$ to $Γ=3.27\pm 0.04$), the appearance of a QPO, and low coronal temperature ($kT_{e}=8_{-3}^{+8}$ keV) during the radio outburst suggest that the poloidal field reconfiguration can significantly impact coronal properties and thus influence jet dynamics. These extraordinary findings in real time are crucial for coronal and jet plasma studies, particularly as our results are independent of coronal geometry. △ Less

Submitted 4 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ after minor referee comments

Millihertz Oscillations Near the Innermost Orbit of a Supermassive Black Hole

Authors: Megan Masterson, Erin Kara, Christos Panagiotou, William N. Alston, Joheen Chakraborty, Kevin Burdge, Claudio Ricci, Sibasish Laha, Iair Arcavi, Riccardo Arcodia, S. Bradley Cenko, Andrew C. Fabian, Javier A. García, Margherita Giustini, Adam Ingram, Peter Kosec, Michael Loewenstein, Eileen T. Meyer, Giovanni Miniutti, Ciro Pinto, Ronald A. Remillard, Dev R. Sadaula, Onic I. Shuvo, Benny Trakhtenbrot, Jingyi Wang

Abstract: Recent discoveries from time-domain surveys are defying our expectations for how matter accretes onto supermassive black holes (SMBHs). The increased rate of short-timescale, repetitive events around SMBHs, including the newly-discovered quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs), are garnering further interest in stellar-mass companions around SMBHs and the progenitors to mHz frequency gravitational wave ev… ▽ More Recent discoveries from time-domain surveys are defying our expectations for how matter accretes onto supermassive black holes (SMBHs). The increased rate of short-timescale, repetitive events around SMBHs, including the newly-discovered quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs), are garnering further interest in stellar-mass companions around SMBHs and the progenitors to mHz frequency gravitational wave events. Here we report the discovery of a highly significant mHz Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO) in an actively accreting SMBH, 1ES 1927+654, which underwent a major optical, UV, and X-ray outburst beginning in 2018. The QPO was first detected in 2022 with a roughly 18-minute period, corresponding to coherent motion on scales of less than 10 gravitational radii, much closer to the SMBH than typical QPEs. The period decreased to 7.1 minutes over two years with a decelerating period evolution ($\ddot{P} > 0$). This evolution has never been seen in SMBH QPOs or high-frequency QPOs in stellar mass black holes. Models invoking orbital decay of a stellar-mass companion struggle to explain the period evolution without stable mass transfer to offset angular momentum losses, while the lack of a direct analog to stellar mass black hole QPOs means that many instability models cannot explain all of the observed properties of the QPO in 1ES 1927+654. Future X-ray monitoring will test these models, and if it is a stellar-mass orbiter, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) should detect its low-frequency gravitational wave emission. △ Less

Submitted 2 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Accepted in Nature

Panning for gold with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory: an optimal strategy for finding the counterparts to gravitational wave events

Authors: R. A. J. Eyles-Ferris, P. A. Evans, A. A. Breeveld, S. B. Cenko, S. Dichiara, J. A. Kennea, N. J. Klingler, N. P. M. Kuin, F. E. Marshall, S. R. Oates, M. J. Page, S. Ronchini, M. H. Siegel, A. Tohuvavohu, S. Campana, V. D'Elia, J. P. Osborne, K. L. Page, M. De Pasquale, E. Troja

Abstract: The LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA gravitational wave observatories are currently undertaking their O4 observing run offering the opportunity to discover new electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave events. We examine the capability of the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift) to respond to these triggers, primarily binary neutron star mergers, with both the UV/Optical Telescope (UVOT) and the X… ▽ More The LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA gravitational wave observatories are currently undertaking their O4 observing run offering the opportunity to discover new electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave events. We examine the capability of the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift) to respond to these triggers, primarily binary neutron star mergers, with both the UV/Optical Telescope (UVOT) and the X-ray Telescope (XRT). We simulate Swift's response to a trigger under different strategies using model skymaps, convolving these with the 2MPZ catalogue to produce an ordered list of observing fields, deriving the time taken for Swift to reach the correct field and simulating the instrumental responses to modelled kilonovae and short gamma-ray burst afterglows. We find that UVOT using the $u$ filter with an exposure time of order 120 s is optimal for most follow-up observations and that we are likely to detect counterparts in $\sim6$% of all binary neutron star triggers detectable by LVK in O4. We find that the gravitational wave 90% error area and measured distance to the trigger allow us to select optimal triggers to follow-up. Focussing on sources less than 300 Mpc away or 500 Mpc if the error area is less than a few hundred square degrees, distances greater than previously assumed, offer the best opportunity for discovery by Swift with $\sim5 - 30$% of triggers having detection probabilities $\geq 0.5$. At even greater distances, we can further optimise our follow-up by adopting a longer 250 s or 500 s exposure time. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2024; v1 submitted 7 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 16 pages, 13 figures. Final version accepted by MNRAS

Characterization of a peculiar Einstein Probe transient EP240408a: an exotic gamma-ray burst or an abnormal jetted tidal disruption event?

Authors: B. O'Connor, D. Pasham, I. Andreoni, J. Hare, P. Beniamini, E. Troja, R. Ricci, D. Dobie, J. Chakraborty, M. Ng, N. Klingler, V. Karambelkar, S. Rose, S. Schulze, G. Ryan, S. Dichiara, I. Monageng, D. Buckley, L. Hu, G. Srinivasaragavan, G. Bruni, T. Cabrera, S. B. Cenko, H. van Eerten, J. Freeburn , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results of our multi-wavelength (X-ray to radio) follow-up campaign of the Einstein Probe transient EP240408a. The initial 10 s trigger displayed bright soft X-ray (0.5-4 keV) radiation with peak luminosity $L_\textrm{X} \gtrsim 10^{49}$ ($10^{50}$) erg s$^{-1}$ for an assumed redshift z>0.5 (2.0). The Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR dis… ▽ More We present the results of our multi-wavelength (X-ray to radio) follow-up campaign of the Einstein Probe transient EP240408a. The initial 10 s trigger displayed bright soft X-ray (0.5-4 keV) radiation with peak luminosity $L_\textrm{X} \gtrsim 10^{49}$ ($10^{50}$) erg s$^{-1}$ for an assumed redshift z>0.5 (2.0). The Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR discovered a fading X-ray counterpart lasting for $\sim$5 d (observer frame), which showed a long-lived (~4 d) plateau-like emission ($t^{-0.5}$) before a sharp powerlaw decline ($t^{-7}$). The plateau emission was in excess of $L_\textrm{X} \gtrsim 10^{46}$ ($10^{47}$) erg s$^{-1}$ at z>0.5 (2.0). Deep optical and radio observations resulted in non-detections of the transient. Our observations with Gemini South revealed a faint potential host galaxy ($r \approx 24$ AB mag) near the edge of the X-ray localization. The faint candidate host, and lack of other potential hosts ($r \gtrsim 26$ AB mag; $J \gtrsim 23$ AB mag), implies a higher redshift origin (z>0.5), which produces extreme X-ray properties that are inconsistent with many known extragalactic transient classes. In particular, the lack of a bright gamma-ray counterpart, with the isotropic-equivalent energy ($10 - 10,000$ keV) constrained by GECam and Konus-Wind to $E_{γ,\textrm{iso}} \lesssim 4\times10^{51}$ ($6\times10^{52}$) erg at z>0.5 (2.0), conflicts with known gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) of similar X-ray luminosities. We therefore favor a jetted tidal disruption event (TDE) as the progenitor of EP240408a at z>1.0, possibly caused by the disruption of a white dwarf by an intermediate mass black hole. The alternative is that EP240408a may represent a new, previously unknown class of transient. △ Less

Submitted 11 January, 2025; v1 submitted 28 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Accepted in ApJL. Minor revisions. Appendices from previous version combined with main text

Recurring tidal disruption events a decade apart in IRAS F01004-2237

Authors: Luming Sun, Ning Jiang, Liming Dou, Xinwen Shu, Jiazheng Zhu, Subo Dong, David Buckley, S. Bradley Cenko, Xiaohui Fan, Mariusz Gromadzki, Zhu Liu, Jianguo Wang, Tinggui Wang, Yibo Wang, Tao Wu, Lei Yang, Fabao Zhang, Wenjie Zhang, Xiaer Zhang

Abstract: We report the discovery of a second optical flare that occurred in September 2021 in IRAS F01004-2237, where the first flare occurred in 2010 has been reported, and present a detailed analysis of multi-band data. The position of the flare coincides with the galaxy centre with a precision of 650 pc. The flare peaks in $\sim50$ days with an absolute magnitude of $\sim-21$ and fades in two years roug… ▽ More We report the discovery of a second optical flare that occurred in September 2021 in IRAS F01004-2237, where the first flare occurred in 2010 has been reported, and present a detailed analysis of multi-band data. The position of the flare coincides with the galaxy centre with a precision of 650 pc. The flare peaks in $\sim50$ days with an absolute magnitude of $\sim-21$ and fades in two years roughly following $L\propto t^{-5/3}$. It maintains a nearly constant blackbody temperature of $\sim$22,000 K in the late time. Its optical and UV spectra show hydrogen and helium broad emission lines with full width at half maxima of 7,000--21,000 km s$^{-1}$ and He II/H$α$ ratio of 0.3--2.3. It shows weak X-ray emission relative to UV emission, with X-ray flares lasting for $<2-3$ weeks, during which the spectrum is soft with a power-law index $Γ=4.4^{+1.4}_{-1.3}$. These characters are consistent with a tidal disruption event (TDE), ruling out the possibilities of a supernova or an active galactic nuclei flare. With a TDE model, we infer a peak UV luminosity of $3.3\pm0.2\times10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and an energy budget of $4.5\pm0.2\times10^{51}$ erg. The two optical flares separated by $10.3\pm0.3$ years can be interpreted as repeating partial TDEs, double TDEs, or two independent TDEs. Although no definitive conclusion can be drawn, the partial TDEs interpretation predicts a third flare around 2033, and the independent TDEs interpretation predicts a high TDE rate of $\gtrsim10^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$ in F01004-2237, both of which can be tested by future observations. △ Less

Submitted 28 October, 2024; v1 submitted 13 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 22 pages, 16 figures, 9 tables, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 692, A262 (2024)

Swiftly chasing gravitational waves across the sky in real-time

Authors: Aaron Tohuvavohu, Jamie A. Kennea, Christopher J. Roberts, James DeLaunay, Samuele Ronchini, S. Bradley Cenko, Becca Ewing, Ryan Magee, Cody Messick, Surabhi Sachdev, Leo P. Singer

Abstract: We introduce a new capability of the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, dubbed `continuous commanding,' achieving 10 seconds latency response time on-orbit to unscheduled Target of Opportunity requests. This allows Swift to respond to early warning gravitational-wave detections, rapidly slewing the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) across the sky to place the GW origin in the BAT field of view at merger ti… ▽ More We introduce a new capability of the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, dubbed `continuous commanding,' achieving 10 seconds latency response time on-orbit to unscheduled Target of Opportunity requests. This allows Swift to respond to early warning gravitational-wave detections, rapidly slewing the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) across the sky to place the GW origin in the BAT field of view at merger time. This will dramatically increase the GW/GRB co-detection rate, and enable prompt arcminute localization of a neutron star merger. We simulate the full Swift response to a GW early warning alert, including input sky maps produced at different warning times, a complete model of Swift's attitude control system, and a full accounting of the latency between the GW detectors and the spacecraft. 60 s of early warning doubles the rate of prompt GRB detections with arcminute position, and 140 s guarantees observation anywhere on the unocculted sky, even with localization areas >> 1000 deg$^2$. While 140 s is beyond current gravitational wave detector sensitivities, 30-70 s is achievable today. We show that the detection yield is now limited by the latency of LIGO/Virgo cyber-infrastructure, and motivate focus on its reduction. Continuous commanding is now a general capability of Swift, significantly increasing its versatility in response to the growing demands of time-domain astrophysics. We demonstrate this potential on an externally triggered Fast Radio Burst, slewing 81 degrees across the sky, and collecting X-ray and UV photons from the source position < 150 s after the trigger was received from the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME), thereby setting the earliest and deepest such constraints on high energy activity from non-repeating FRBs. The Swift Team invites proposals for novel scientific applications of ultra-low latency UV, X-ray, and gamma-ray observations. △ Less

Submitted 20 October, 2024; v1 submitted 8 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Update to version accepted for publication in ApJL. Comments, questions, and new ideas for applications of ultra-low latency UV, X-ray, and gamma-ray observations are welcome!

Discovering High-$z$ BL Lacs Using Swift/UVOT and SARA Observations with the Dropout Technique

Authors: Y. Sheng, K. Imam, A. Kaur, M. Ajello, A. Domínguez, A. Rau, S. B. Cenko, J. Greiner, D. H. Hartmann, A. Circiello, I. Cox, S. Joffre, A. Mcdaniel, G. Rajguru, R. Silver, N. Torres-Albá, A. Webber

Abstract: Measuring spectroscopic redshifts for BL Lacertae (BL Lac) objects, a class of blazar, is challenging because their optical spectrum lacks, or has weak, emission lines ( equivalent width $\leqslant5Å$). In this situation, alternative techniques are necessary for the estimation of distances to these sources. In this paper, we estimate the redshift by the photometric dropout technique for a sample o… ▽ More Measuring spectroscopic redshifts for BL Lacertae (BL Lac) objects, a class of blazar, is challenging because their optical spectrum lacks, or has weak, emission lines ( equivalent width $\leqslant5Å$). In this situation, alternative techniques are necessary for the estimation of distances to these sources. In this paper, we estimate the redshift by the photometric dropout technique for a sample of 64 blazars (59 BL Lacs and five blazar candidates of uncertain type). Two telescopes are utilized to observe the sample. The Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) on board {\it Swift} ({\it Swift}/UVOT) observes sources in $uvw2,\ uvm2,\ uvw1,\ u,\ b,\ v$ filters, while the ground-based telescopes SARA-CT/RM observed sources in $g',\ r,' \ i',\ z'$ filters. We fit the photometric data with the LePHARE package and report four new high-$z$ ($z>1.3$) BL Lacs at $2.03^{+0.07}_{-0.05}$, $1.84^{+0.10}_{-0.03}$, $2.04^{+0.16}_{-0.14}$, and $2.93^{+0.01}_{-0.04}$ as well as upper limits for 50 sources. This work increased the number of high-$z$ BL Lacs found by this method up to 23. The high-$z$ sources are discussed in the context of the cosmic gamma-ray horizon, blazar sequence, Fermi blazar divide, and masquerading BL Lacs. △ Less

Submitted 15 November, 2025; v1 submitted 24 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: Add new discussions

Optical and Radio Analysis of Systematically Classified Broad-lined Type Ic Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility

Authors: Gokul P. Srinivasaragavan, Sheng Yang, Shreya Anand, Jesper Sollerman, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Alessandra Corsi, S. Bradley Cenko, Daniel Perley, Steve Schulze, Marquice Sanchez-Fleming, Jack Pope, Nikhil Sarin, Conor Omand, Kaustav K. Das, Christoffer Fremling, Igor Andreoni, Rachel Bruch, Kevin B. Burdge, Kishalay De, Avishay Gal-Yam, Anjasha Gangopadhyay, Matthew J. Graham, Jacob E. Jencson, Viraj Karambelkar, Mansi M. Kasliwal , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We study a magnitude-limited sample of 36 Broad-lined Type Ic Supernovae (SNe Ic-BL) from the Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey (detected between March 2018 and August 2021), which is the largest systematic study of SNe Ic-BL done in literature thus far. We present the light curves (LCs) for each of the SNe, and analyze the shape of the LCs to derive empirical parameters, along wit… ▽ More We study a magnitude-limited sample of 36 Broad-lined Type Ic Supernovae (SNe Ic-BL) from the Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey (detected between March 2018 and August 2021), which is the largest systematic study of SNe Ic-BL done in literature thus far. We present the light curves (LCs) for each of the SNe, and analyze the shape of the LCs to derive empirical parameters, along with the explosion epochs for every event. The sample has an average absolute peak magnitude in the r band of $M_r^{max}$ = -18.51 $\pm$ 0.15 mag. Using spectra obtained around peak light, we compute expansion velocities from the Fe II 5169 Angstrom line for each event with high enough signal-to-noise ratio spectra, and find an average value of $v_{ph}$ = 16,100 $\pm$ 1,100 km $s^{-1}$. We also compute bolometric LCs, study the blackbody temperature and radii evolution over time, and derive the explosion properties of the SNe. The explosion properties of the sample have average values of $M_{Ni}$ = $0.37_{-0.06}^{+0.08}$ solar masses, $M_{ej}$ = $2.45_{-0.41}^{+0.47}$ solar masses, and $E_K$= $4.02_{-1.00}^{+1.37} \times 10^{51}$ erg. Thirteen events have radio observations from the Very Large Array, with 8 detections and 5 non-detections. We find that the populations that have radio detections and radio non-detections are indistinct from one another with respect to their optically-inferred explosion properties, and there are no statistically significant correlations present between the events' radio luminosities and optically-inferred explosion properties. This provides evidence that the explosion properties derived from optical data alone cannot give inferences about the radio properties of SNe Ic-BL, and likely their relativistic jet formation mechanisms. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2024; v1 submitted 26 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 52 pages, 34 Figures, 8 Tables; Accepted to ApJ, Revised Title from Proofs

Late-time radio brightening and emergence of a radio jet in the changing-look AGN 1ES 1927+654

Authors: Eileen T. Meyer, Sibasish Laha, Onic I. Shuvo, Agniva Roychowdhury, David A. Green, Lauren Rhodes, Amelia M. Hankla, Alexander Philippov, Rostom Mbarek, Ari laor, Mitchell C. Begelman, Dev R. Sadaula, Ritesh Ghosh, Gabriele Bruni, Francesca Panessa, Matteo Guainazzi, Ehud Behar, Megan Masterson, Haocheng Zhang, Xiaolong Yang, Mark A. Gurwell, Garrett K. Keating, David Williams-Baldwin, Justin D. Bray, Emmanuel K. Bempong-Manful , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present multi-frequency (5-345 GHz) and multi-resolution radio observations of 1ES 1927+654, widely considered one of the most unusual and extreme changing-look active galactic nuclei (CL-AGN). The source was first designated a CL-AGN after an optical outburst in late 2017 and has since displayed considerable changes in X-ray emission, including the destruction and rebuilding of the X-ray coron… ▽ More We present multi-frequency (5-345 GHz) and multi-resolution radio observations of 1ES 1927+654, widely considered one of the most unusual and extreme changing-look active galactic nuclei (CL-AGN). The source was first designated a CL-AGN after an optical outburst in late 2017 and has since displayed considerable changes in X-ray emission, including the destruction and rebuilding of the X-ray corona in 2019-2020. Radio observations prior to 2023 show a faint and compact radio source typical of radio-quiet AGN. Starting in February 2023, 1ES 1927+654 began exhibiting a radio flare with a steep exponential rise, reaching a peak 60 times previous flux levels, and has maintained this higher level of radio emission for over a year to date. The 5-23 GHz spectrum is broadly similar to gigahertz-peaked radio sources, which are understood to be young radio jets less than ~1000 years old. Recent high-resolution VLBA observations at 23.5 GHz now show resolved extensions on either side of the core, with a separation of ~0.15 pc, consistent with a new and mildly relativistic bipolar outflow. A steady increase in the soft X-ray band (0.3-2 keV) concurrent with the radio may be consistent with jet-driven shocked gas, though further observations are needed to test alternate scenarios. This source joins a growing number of CL-AGN and tidal disruption events which show late-time radio activity, years after the initial outburst. △ Less

Submitted 14 October, 2024; v1 submitted 26 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ Letters 24 June 2024; Accepted 14 October 2024

Searching for gravitational wave optical counterparts with the Zwicky Transient Facility: summary of O4a

Authors: Tomás Ahumada, Shreya Anand, Michael W. Coughlin, Vaidehi Gupta, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Viraj R. Karambelkar, Robert D. Stein, Gaurav Waratkar, Vishwajeet Swain, Theophile Jegou du Laz, Akash Anumarlapudi, Igor Andreoni, Mattia Bulla, Gokul P. Srinivasaragavan, Andrew Toivonen, Avery Wold, Eric C. Bellm, S. Bradley Cenko, David L. Kaplan, Jesper Sollerman, Varun Bhalerao, Daniel Perley, Anirudh Salgundi, Aswin Suresh, K-Ryan Hinds , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: During the first half of the fourth observing run (O4a) of the International Gravitational Wave Network (IGWN), the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) conducted a systematic search for kilonova (KN) counterparts to binary neutron star (BNS) and neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger candidates. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the five high-significance (FAR < 1 per year) BNS and NSBH candida… ▽ More During the first half of the fourth observing run (O4a) of the International Gravitational Wave Network (IGWN), the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) conducted a systematic search for kilonova (KN) counterparts to binary neutron star (BNS) and neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger candidates. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the five high-significance (FAR < 1 per year) BNS and NSBH candidates in O4a. Our follow-up campaigns relied on both target-of-opportunity observations (ToO) and re-weighting of the nominal survey schedule to maximize coverage. We describe the toolkit we have been developing, Fritz, an instance of SkyPortal, instrumental in coordinating and managing our telescope scheduling, candidate vetting, and follow-up observations through a user-friendly interface. ZTF covered a total of 2841 deg$^2$ within the skymaps of the high-significance GW events, reaching a median depth of g~20.2 mag. We circulated 15 candidates, but found no viable KN counterpart to any of the GW events. Based on the ZTF non-detections of the high-significance events in O4a, we used a Bayesian approach, nimbus, to quantify the posterior probability of KN model parameters that are consistent with our non-detections. Our analysis favors KNe with initial absolute magnitude fainter than -16 mag. The joint posterior probability of a GW170817-like KN associated with all our O4a follow-ups was 64%. Additionally, we use a survey simulation software, simsurvey, to determine that our combined filtered efficiency to detect a GW170817-like KN is 36%, when considering the 5 confirmed astrophysical events in O3 (1 BNS and 4 NSBH), along with our O4a follow-ups. Following Kasliwal et al. (2020), we derived joint constraints on the underlying KN luminosity function based on our O3 and O4a follow-ups, determining that no more than 76% of KNe fading at 1 mag/day can peak at a magnitude brighter than -17.5 mag. △ Less

Submitted 20 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: submitted

Sub-relativistic Outflow and Hours-Timescale Large-amplitude X-ray Dips during Super-Eddington Accretion onto a Low-mass Massive Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2022lri

Authors: Yuhan Yao, Muryel Guolo, Francesco Tombesi, Ruancun Li, Suvi Gezari, Javier A. García, Lixin Dai, Ryan Chornock, Wenbin Lu, S. R. Kulkarni, Keith C. Gendreau, Dheeraj R. Pasham, S. Bradley Cenko, Erin Kara, Raffaella Margutti, Yukta Ajay, Thomas Wevers, Tom M. Kwan, Igor Andreoni, Joshua S. Bloom, Andrew J. Drake, Matthew J. Graham, Erica Hammerstein, Russ R. Laher, Natalie LeBaron , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2022lri, hosted in a nearby ($\approx\!144$ Mpc) quiescent galaxy with a low-mass massive black hole ($10^4\,M_\odot < M_{\rm BH} < 10^6\,M_\odot$). AT2022lri belongs to the TDE-H+He subtype. More than 1 Ms of X-ray data were collected with NICER, Swift, and XMM-Newton from 187 d to 672 d after peak. The X-ray luminosity gradually declined from… ▽ More We present the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2022lri, hosted in a nearby ($\approx\!144$ Mpc) quiescent galaxy with a low-mass massive black hole ($10^4\,M_\odot < M_{\rm BH} < 10^6\,M_\odot$). AT2022lri belongs to the TDE-H+He subtype. More than 1 Ms of X-ray data were collected with NICER, Swift, and XMM-Newton from 187 d to 672 d after peak. The X-ray luminosity gradually declined from $1.5\times 10^{44}\,{\rm erg\,s^{-1}}$ to $1.5\times 10^{43}\,{\rm erg\,s^{-1}}$ and remains much above the UV and optical luminosity, consistent with a super-Eddington accretion flow viewed face-on. Sporadic strong X-ray dips atop a long-term decline are observed, with variability timescale of $\approx\!0.5$ hr--1 d and amplitude of $\approx\!2$--8. When fitted with simple continuum models, the X-ray spectrum is dominated by a thermal disk component with inner temperature going from $\sim\! 146$ eV to $\sim\! 86$ eV. However, there are residual features that peak around 1 keV, which, in some cases, cannot be reproduced by a single broad emission line. We analyzed a subset of time-resolved spectra with two physically motivated models describing either a scenario where ionized absorbers contribute extra absorption and emission lines or where disk reflection plays an important role. Both models provide good and statistically comparable fits, show that the X-ray dips are correlated with drops in the inner disk temperature, and require the existence of sub-relativistic (0.1--0.3$c$) ionized outflows. We propose that the disk temperature fluctuation stems from episodic drops of the mass accretion rate triggered by magnetic instabilities or/and wobbling of the inner accretion disk along the black hole's spin axis. △ Less

Submitted 18 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 35 pages, 20 figures, submitted

An Optical Gamma-Ray Burst Catalogue with Measured Redshift PART I: Data Release of 535 Gamma-Ray Bursts and Colour Evolution

Authors: M. G. Dainotti, B. De Simone, R. F. Mohideen Malik, V. Pasumarti, D. Levine, N. Saha, B. Gendre, D. Kido, A. M. Watson, R. L. Becerra, S. Belkin, S. Desai, A. C. C. do E. S. Pedreira, U. Das, L. Li, S. R. Oates, S. B. Cenko, A. Pozanenko, A. Volnova, Y. -D. Hu, A. J. Castro-Tirado, N. B. Orange, T. J. Moriya, N. Fraija, Y. Niino , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the largest optical photometry compilation of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) with redshifts ($z$). We include 64813 observations of 535 events (including upper limits) from 28 February 1997 up to 18 August 2023. We also present a user-friendly web tool \textit{grbLC} which allows users the visualization of photometry, coordinates, redshift, host galaxy extinction, and spectral indices for each… ▽ More We present the largest optical photometry compilation of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) with redshifts ($z$). We include 64813 observations of 535 events (including upper limits) from 28 February 1997 up to 18 August 2023. We also present a user-friendly web tool \textit{grbLC} which allows users the visualization of photometry, coordinates, redshift, host galaxy extinction, and spectral indices for each event in our database. Furthermore, we have added a Gamma Ray Coordinate Network (GCN) scraper that can be used to collect data by gathering magnitudes from the GCNs. The web tool also includes a package for uniformly investigating colour evolution. We compute the optical spectral indices for 138 GRBs for which we have at least 4 filters at the same epoch in our sample and craft a procedure to distinguish between GRBs with and without colour evolution. By providing a uniform format and repository for the optical catalogue, this web-based archive is the first step towards unifying several community efforts to gather the photometric information for all GRBs with known redshifts. This catalogue will enable population studies by providing light curves (LCs) with better coverage since we have gathered data from different ground-based locations. Consequently, these LCs can be used to train future LC reconstructions for an extended inference of the redshift. The data gathering also allows us to fill some of the orbital gaps from Swift in crucial points of the LCs, e.g., at the end of the plateau emission or where a jet break is identified. △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 2024; v1 submitted 3 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 20 pages, 16 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to MNRAS, this version matches the third revision. The Online Materials and data will be available after the publication

The Gravity Collective: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Electromagnetic Search for the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW190425

Authors: D. A. Coulter, C. D. Kilpatrick, D. O. Jones, R. J. Foley, A. V. Filippenko, W. Zheng, J. J. Swift, G. S. Rahman, H. E. Stacey, A. L. Piro, C. Rojas-Bravo, J. Anais Vilchez, N. Muñoz-Elgueta, I. Arcavi, G. Dimitriadis, M. R. Siebert, J. S. Bloom, M. J. Bustamante-Rosell, K. E. Clever, K. W. Davis, J. Kutcka, P. Macias, P. McGill, P. J. Quiñonez, E. Ramirez-Ruiz , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present an ultraviolet-to-infrared search for the electromagnetic (EM) counterpart to GW190425, the second-ever binary neutron star (BNS) merger discovered by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration (LVK). GW190425 was more distant and had a larger localization area than GW170817, therefore we use a new tool teglon to redistribute the GW190425 localization probability in the context of galaxy catalo… ▽ More We present an ultraviolet-to-infrared search for the electromagnetic (EM) counterpart to GW190425, the second-ever binary neutron star (BNS) merger discovered by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration (LVK). GW190425 was more distant and had a larger localization area than GW170817, therefore we use a new tool teglon to redistribute the GW190425 localization probability in the context of galaxy catalogs within the final localization volume. We derive a 90th percentile area of 6,688 deg$^{2}$, a $\sim$1.5$\times$ improvement relative to the LIGO/Virgo map, and show how teglon provides an order of magnitude boost to the search efficiency of small ($\leq$1 deg$^{2}$) field-of-view instruments. We combine our data with all publicly reported imaging data, covering 9,078.59 deg$^2$ of unique area and 48.13% of the LIGO/Virgo-assigned localization probability, to calculate the most comprehensive kilonova, short gamma-ray burst (sGRB) afterglow, and model-independent constraints on the EM emission from a hypothetical counterpart to GW190425 to date under the assumption that no counterpart was found in these data. If the counterpart were similar to AT 2017gfo, there was a 28.4% chance that it would have been detected in the combined dataset. We are relatively insensitive to an on-axis sGRB, and rule out a generic transient with a similar peak luminosity and decline rate as AT 2017gfo to 30% confidence. Finally, across our new imaging and all publicly-reported data, we find 28 candidate optical counterparts that we cannot rule out as being associated with GW190425, finding that 4 such counterparts discovered within the localization volume and within 5 days of merger exhibit luminosities consistent with a kilonova. △ Less

Submitted 23 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 41 pages, 11 figures, Submitted to ApJ

SN 2023zaw: an ultra-stripped, nickel-poor supernova from a low-mass progenitor

Authors: Kaustav K. Das, Christoffer Fremling, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Steve Schulze, Jesper Sollerman, Viraj Karambelkar, Sam Rose, Shreya Anand, Igor Andreoni, Marie Aubert, Sean J. Brennan, S. Bradley Cenko, Michael W. Coughlin, B. O'Connor, Kishalay De, Jim Fuller, Matthew Graham, Erica Hammerstein, Annastasia Haynie, K-Ryan Hinds, Io Kleiser, S. R. Kulkarni, Zeren Lin, Chang Liu, Ashish A. Mahabal , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present SN 2023zaw $-$ a sub-luminous ($\mathrm{M_r} = -16.7$ mag) and rapidly-evolving supernova ($\mathrm{t_{1/2,r}} = 4.9$ days), with the lowest nickel mass ($\approx0.002$ $\mathrm{M_\odot}$) measured among all stripped-envelope supernovae discovered to date. The photospheric spectra are dominated by broad He I and Ca NIR emission lines with velocities of $\sim10\ 000 - 12\ 000$… ▽ More We present SN 2023zaw $-$ a sub-luminous ($\mathrm{M_r} = -16.7$ mag) and rapidly-evolving supernova ($\mathrm{t_{1/2,r}} = 4.9$ days), with the lowest nickel mass ($\approx0.002$ $\mathrm{M_\odot}$) measured among all stripped-envelope supernovae discovered to date. The photospheric spectra are dominated by broad He I and Ca NIR emission lines with velocities of $\sim10\ 000 - 12\ 000$ $\mathrm{km\ s^{-1}}$. The late-time spectra show prominent narrow He I emission lines at $\sim$1000$\ \mathrm{km\ s^{-1}}$, indicative of interaction with He-rich circumstellar material. SN 2023zaw is located in the spiral arm of a star-forming galaxy. We perform radiation-hydrodynamical and analytical modeling of the lightcurve by fitting with a combination of shock-cooling emission and nickel decay. The progenitor has a best-fit envelope mass of $\approx0.2$ $\mathrm{M_\odot}$ and an envelope radius of $\approx50$ $\mathrm{R_\odot}$. The extremely low nickel mass and low ejecta mass ($\approx0.5$ $\mathrm{M_\odot}$) suggest an ultra-stripped SN, which originates from a mass-losing low mass He-star (ZAMS mass $<$ 10 $\mathrm{M_\odot}$) in a close binary system. This is a channel to form double neutron star systems, whose merger is detectable with LIGO. SN 2023zaw underscores the existence of a previously undiscovered population of extremely low nickel mass ($< 0.005$ $\mathrm{M_\odot}$) stripped-envelope supernovae, which can be explored with deep and high-cadence transient surveys. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2024; v1 submitted 12 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJL

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal Letters, July 2024, Volume 969, Issue 1, id.L11, 18 pp

Results of the follow-up of ANTARES neutrino alerts

Authors: A. Albert, S. Alves, M. André, M. Ardid, S. Ardid, J. -J. Aubert, J. Aublin, B. Baret, S. Basa, Y. Becherini, B. Belhorma, M. Bendahman, F. Benfenati, V. Bertin, S. Biagi, M. Bissinger, J. Boumaaza, M. Bouta, M. C. Bouwhuis, H. Brânzas, R. Bruijn, J. Brunner, J. Busto, B. Caiffi, D. Calvo , et al. (166 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: High-energy neutrinos could be produced in the interaction of charged cosmic rays with matter or radiation surrounding astrophysical sources. To look for transient sources associated with neutrino emission, a follow-up program of neutrino alerts has been operating within the ANTARES Collaboration since 2009. This program, named TAToO, has triggered robotic optical telescopes (MASTER, TAROT, ROTSE… ▽ More High-energy neutrinos could be produced in the interaction of charged cosmic rays with matter or radiation surrounding astrophysical sources. To look for transient sources associated with neutrino emission, a follow-up program of neutrino alerts has been operating within the ANTARES Collaboration since 2009. This program, named TAToO, has triggered robotic optical telescopes (MASTER, TAROT, ROTSE and the SVOM ground based telescopes) immediately after the detection of any relevant neutrino candidate and scheduled several observations in the weeks following the detection. A subset of ANTARES events with highest probabilities of being of cosmic origin has also been followed by the Swift and the INTEGRAL satellites, the Murchison Widefield Array radio telescope and the H.E.S.S. high-energy gamma-ray telescope. The results of twelve years of observations are reported. No optical counterpart has been significantly associated with an ANTARES candidate neutrino signal during image analysis. Constraints on transient neutrino emission have been set. In September 2015, ANTARES issued a neutrino alert and during the follow-up, a potential transient counterpart was identified by Swift and MASTER. A multi-wavelength follow-up campaign has allowed to identify the nature of this source and has proven its fortuitous association with the neutrino. The return of experience is particularly important for the design of the alert system of KM3NeT, the next generation neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. △ Less

Submitted 26 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 27 pages, 14 figures, submitted to JCAP

Long Term Space Data and Informatics Needs

Authors: S. Bradley Cenko, Richard Doyle, Daniel Crichton, Seetha Somasundaram, Giuseppe Longo, Laurent Eyer, Pranav Sharma, Ashish Mahabal

Abstract: Policy Brief on "Long Term Space Data and Informatics Needs", distilled from the corresponding panel that was part of the discussions during S20 Policy Webinar on Astroinformatics for Sustainable Development held on 6-7 July 2023. Persistent space data gathering, retention, transmission, and analysis play a pivotal role in deepening our grasp of the Universe and fostering the achievement of glob… ▽ More Policy Brief on "Long Term Space Data and Informatics Needs", distilled from the corresponding panel that was part of the discussions during S20 Policy Webinar on Astroinformatics for Sustainable Development held on 6-7 July 2023. Persistent space data gathering, retention, transmission, and analysis play a pivotal role in deepening our grasp of the Universe and fostering the achievement of global sustainable development goals. Long-term data storage and curation is crucial not only to make the wide range of burgeoning data sets available to the global science community, but also to stabilize those data sets, enabling new science in the future to analyse long-term trends over unprecedented time spans. In addition to this, over the long-term, the imperative to store all data on the ground should be ameliorated by use of space-based data stores --maintained and seen to be as reliable as any other data archive. This concept is sometimes referred to as Memory of the Sky. Storing the data must be accompanied by the ability to analyse them. Several concepts covered below acknowledge roots and inspiration based in the Virtual Observatory effort. Within this policy document, we delve into the complexities surrounding the long-term utilization of space data and informatics, shedding light on the challenges and opportunities inherent in this endeavour. Further, we present a series of pragmatic recommendations designed to address these challenges proactively. The policy webinar took place during the G20 presidency in India (2023). A summary based on the seven panels can be found here: arxiv:2401.04623. △ Less

Submitted 19 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 5 pages. The panel videos including keynotes and the white papers are available on the S20 site at: https://s20india.org/science-policy-webinar-astroinformatics-for-sustainable-development/

The Luminous, Slow-Rising Orphan Afterglow AT2019pim as a Candidate Moderately Relativistic Outflow

Authors: Daniel A. Perley, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Michael Fausnaugh, Gavin P. Lamb, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Tomas Ahumada, Shreya Anand, Igor Andreoni, Eric Bellm, Varun Bhalerao, Bryce Bolin, Thomas G. Brink, Eric Burns, S. Bradley Cenko, Alessandra Corsi, Alexei V. Filippenko, Dmitry Frederiks, Adam Goldstein, Rachel Hamburg, Rahul Jayaraman, Peter G. Jonker, Erik C. Kool, Shrinivas Kulkarni, Harsh Kumar, Russ Laher , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Classical gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have two distinct emission episodes: prompt emission from ultrarelativistic ejecta and afterglow from shocked circumstellar material. While both components are extremely luminous in known GRBs, a variety of scenarios predict the existence of luminous afterglow emission with little or no associated high-energy prompt emission. We present AT2019pim, the first spectr… ▽ More Classical gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have two distinct emission episodes: prompt emission from ultrarelativistic ejecta and afterglow from shocked circumstellar material. While both components are extremely luminous in known GRBs, a variety of scenarios predict the existence of luminous afterglow emission with little or no associated high-energy prompt emission. We present AT2019pim, the first spectroscopically confirmed afterglow with no observed high-energy emission to be identified. Serendipitously discovered during follow-up observations of a gravitational-wave trigger and located in a contemporaneous TESS sector, it is hallmarked by a fast-rising (t ~ 2 hr), luminous (M_UV,peak ~ -24.4 mag) optical transient with accompanying luminous X-ray and radio emission. No gamma-ray emission consistent with the time and location of the transient was detected by Fermi-GBM or by Konus, placing constraining limits on an accompanying GRB. We investigate several independent observational aspects of the afterglow in the context of constraints on relativistic motion and find all of them are consistent with an initial Lorentz factor of Gamma_0 ~ 10-30 for the on-axis material, significantly lower than in any well-observed GRB and consistent with the theoretically predicted "dirty fireball" scenario in which the high-energy prompt emission is stifled by pair production. However, we cannot rule out a structured jet model in which only the line-of-sight material was ejected at low-Gamma, off-axis from a classical high-Gamma jet core, and an on-axis GRB with below-average gamma-ray efficiency also remains a possibility. This event represents a milestone in orphan afterglow searches, demonstrating that luminous optical afterglows lacking detected GRB counterparts can be identified and spectroscopically confirmed in real time. △ Less

Submitted 21 January, 2025; v1 submitted 29 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: Accepted to MNRAS

AstroInformatics: Recommendations for Global Cooperation

Authors: Ashish Mahabal, Pranav Sharma, Rana Adhikari, Mark Allen, Stefano Andreon, Varun Bhalerao, Federica Bianco, Anthony Brown, S. Bradley Cenko, Paula Coehlo, Jeffery Cooke, Daniel Crichton, Chenzhou Cui, Reinaldo de Carvalho, Richard Doyle, Laurent Eyer, Bernard Fanaroff, Christopher Fluke, Francisco Forster, Kevin Govender, Matthew J. Graham, Renée Hložek, Puji Irawati, Ajit Kembhavi, Juna Kollmeier , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Policy Brief on "AstroInformatics, Recommendations for Global Collaboration", distilled from panel discussions during S20 Policy Webinar on Astroinformatics for Sustainable Development held on 6-7 July 2023. The deliberations encompassed a wide array of topics, including broad astroinformatics, sky surveys, large-scale international initiatives, global data repositories, space-related data, regi… ▽ More Policy Brief on "AstroInformatics, Recommendations for Global Collaboration", distilled from panel discussions during S20 Policy Webinar on Astroinformatics for Sustainable Development held on 6-7 July 2023. The deliberations encompassed a wide array of topics, including broad astroinformatics, sky surveys, large-scale international initiatives, global data repositories, space-related data, regional and international collaborative efforts, as well as workforce development within the field. These discussions comprehensively addressed the current status, notable achievements, and the manifold challenges that the field of astroinformatics currently confronts. The G20 nations present a unique opportunity due to their abundant human and technological capabilities, coupled with their widespread geographical representation. Leveraging these strengths, significant strides can be made in various domains. These include, but are not limited to, the advancement of STEM education and workforce development, the promotion of equitable resource utilization, and contributions to fields such as Earth Science and Climate Science. We present a concise overview, followed by specific recommendations that pertain to both ground-based and space data initiatives. Our team remains readily available to furnish further elaboration on any of these proposals as required. Furthermore, we anticipate further engagement during the upcoming G20 presidencies in Brazil (2024) and South Africa (2025) to ensure the continued discussion and realization of these objectives. The policy webinar took place during the G20 presidency in India (2023). Notes based on the seven panels will be separately published. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 7 pages

Windows on the Universe: Establishing the Infrastructure for a Collaborative Multi-messenger Ecosystem

Authors: The 2023 Windows on the Universe Workshop White Paper Working Group, T. Ahumada, J. E. Andrews, S. Antier, E. Blaufuss, P. R. Brady, A. M. Brazier, E. Burns, S. B. Cenko, P. Chandra, D. Chatterjee, A. Corsi, M. W. Coughlin, D. A. Coulter, S. Fu, A. Goldstein, L. P. Guy, E. J. Hooper, S. B. Howell, T. B. Humensky, J. A. Kennea, S. M. Jarrett, R. M. Lau, T. R. Lewis, L. Lu , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this White Paper, we present recommendations for the scientific community and funding agencies to foster the infrastructure for a collaborative multi-messenger and time-domain astronomy (MMA/TDA) ecosystem. MMA/TDA is poised for breakthrough discoveries in the coming decade. In much the same way that expanding beyond the optical bandpass revealed entirely new and unexpected discoveries, cosmic… ▽ More In this White Paper, we present recommendations for the scientific community and funding agencies to foster the infrastructure for a collaborative multi-messenger and time-domain astronomy (MMA/TDA) ecosystem. MMA/TDA is poised for breakthrough discoveries in the coming decade. In much the same way that expanding beyond the optical bandpass revealed entirely new and unexpected discoveries, cosmic messengers beyond light (i.e., gravitational waves, neutrinos, and cosmic rays) open entirely new windows to answer some of the most fundamental questions in (astro)physics: heavy element synthesis, equation of state of dense matter, particle acceleration, etc. This field was prioritized as a frontier scientific pursuit in the 2020 Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics via its "New Windows on the Dynamic Universe" theme. MMA/TDA science presents technical challenges distinct from those experienced in other disciplines. Successful observations require coordination across myriad boundaries -- different cosmic messengers, ground vs. space, international borders, etc. -- all for sources that may not be well localized, and whose brightness may be changing rapidly with time. Add that all of this work is undertaken by real human beings, with distinct backgrounds, experiences, cultures, and expectations, that often conflict. To address these challenges and help MMA/TDA realize its full scientific potential in the coming decade (and beyond), the second in a series of community workshops sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and NASA titled "Windows on the Universe: Establishing the Infrastructure for a Collaborative Multi-Messenger Ecosystem" was held on October 16-18, 2023 in Tucson, AZ. Here we present the primary recommendations from this workshop focused on three key topics -- hardware, software, and people and policy. [abridged] △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2024; v1 submitted 3 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: Workshop white paper

UV to near-IR observations of the DART-Dimorphos collision

Authors: E. O. Ofek, D. Kushnir, D. Polishook, E. Waxman, A. Tohuvavohu, S. Ben-Ami, B. Katz, O. Gnat, N. L. Strotjohann, E. Segre, A. Blumenzweig, Y. Sofer-Rimalt, O. Yaron, A. Gal-Yam, Y. Shvartzvald, M. Engel, S. B. Cenko, O. Hershko

Abstract: The impact of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft with Dimorphos allows us to study asteroid collision physics, including momentum transfer, the ejecta properties, and the visibility of such events in the Solar System. We report observations of the DART impact in the ultraviolet (UV), visible light, and near-infrared (IR) wavelengths. The observations support the existence of at… ▽ More The impact of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft with Dimorphos allows us to study asteroid collision physics, including momentum transfer, the ejecta properties, and the visibility of such events in the Solar System. We report observations of the DART impact in the ultraviolet (UV), visible light, and near-infrared (IR) wavelengths. The observations support the existence of at least two separate components of the ejecta: a fast and a slow component. The fast-ejecta component is composed of a gaseous phase, moving at about 1.6 km/s with a mass of <10^4 kg. The fast ejecta is detected in the UV and visible light, but not in the near-IR $z$-band observations. Fitting a simplified optical thickness model to these observations allows us to constrain some of the properties of the fast ejecta, including its scattering efficiency and the opacity of the gas. The slow ejecta component is moving at typical velocities of up to about 10 m/s. It is composed of micrometer-size particles, that have a scattering efficiency, at the direction of the observer, of the order of 10^-3 and a total mass of about 10^6 kg. The larger particles in the slow ejecta, whose size is bound to be in the range between ~1 mm to ~1 m, likely have a scattering efficiency larger than that of the pre-impact Didymos system. △ Less

Submitted 20 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: Submitted to MNRAS

Prospects for Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Science with AXIS

Authors: The AXIS Time-Domain, Multi-Messenger Science Working Group, :, Riccardo Arcodia, Franz E. Bauer, S. Bradley Cenko, Kristen C. Dage, Daryl Haggard, Wynn C. G. Ho, Erin Kara, Michael Koss, Tingting Liu, Labani Mallick, Michela Negro, Pragati Pradhan, J. Quirola-Vasquez, Mark T. Reynolds, Claudio Ricci, Richard E. Rothschild, Navin Sridhar, Eleonora Troja, Yuhan Yao

Abstract: The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS) promises revolutionary science in the X-ray and multi-messenger time domain. AXIS will leverage excellent spatial resolution (<1.5 arcsec), sensitivity (80x that of Swift), and a large collecting area (5-10x that of Chandra) across a 24-arcmin diameter field of view to discover and characterize a wide range of X-ray transients from supernova-shock breako… ▽ More The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS) promises revolutionary science in the X-ray and multi-messenger time domain. AXIS will leverage excellent spatial resolution (<1.5 arcsec), sensitivity (80x that of Swift), and a large collecting area (5-10x that of Chandra) across a 24-arcmin diameter field of view to discover and characterize a wide range of X-ray transients from supernova-shock breakouts to tidal disruption events to highly variable supermassive black holes. The observatory's ability to localize and monitor faint X-ray sources opens up new opportunities to hunt for counterparts to distant binary neutron star mergers, fast radio bursts, and exotic phenomena like fast X-ray transients. AXIS will offer a response time of <2 hours to community alerts, enabling studies of gravitational wave sources, high-energy neutrino emitters, X-ray binaries, magnetars, and other targets of opportunity. This white paper highlights some of the discovery science that will be driven by AXIS in this burgeoning field of time domain and multi-messenger astrophysics. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: This White Paper is part of a series commissioned for the AXIS Probe Concept Mission; additional AXIS White Papers can be found at http://axis.astro.umd.edu

Characterizing the Ordinary Broad-lined Type Ic SN 2023pel from the Energetic GRB 230812B

Authors: Gokul P. Srinivasaragavan, Vishwajeet Swain, Brendan M. O'Connor, Shreya Anand, Tomás Ahumada, Daniel A. Perley, Robert Stein, Jesper Sollerman, Christoffer Fremling, S. Bradley Cenko, Sarah Antier, Nidhal Guessoum, Thomas Hussenot-Desenonges, Patrice Hello, Stephen Lesage, Erica Hammerstein, M. Coleman Miller, Igor Andreoni, Varun Bhalerao, Joshua S. Bloom, Anirban Dutta, Avishay Gal-Yam, K-Ryan Hinds, Amruta D. Jaodand, Mansi M. Kasliwal , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report observations of the optical counterpart of the long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) GRB 230812B, and its associated supernova (SN) SN 2023pel. The proximity ($z = 0.36$) and high energy ($E_{γ, \rm{iso}} \sim 10^{53}$ erg) make it an important event to study as a probe of the connection between massive star core-collapse and relativistic jet formation. With a phenomenological power-law model for… ▽ More We report observations of the optical counterpart of the long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) GRB 230812B, and its associated supernova (SN) SN 2023pel. The proximity ($z = 0.36$) and high energy ($E_{γ, \rm{iso}} \sim 10^{53}$ erg) make it an important event to study as a probe of the connection between massive star core-collapse and relativistic jet formation. With a phenomenological power-law model for the optical afterglow, we find a late-time flattening consistent with the presence of an associated SN. SN 2023pel has an absolute peak $r$-band magnitude of $M_r = -19.46 \pm 0.18$ mag (about as bright as SN 1998bw) and evolves on quicker timescales. Using a radioactive heating model, we derive a nickel mass powering the SN of $M_{\rm{Ni}} = 0.38 \pm 0.01$ $\rm{M_\odot}$, and a peak bolometric luminosity of $L_{\rm{bol}} \sim 1.3 \times 10^{43}$ $\rm{erg}$ $\rm{s^{-1}}$. We confirm SN 2023pel's classification as a broad-lined Type Ic SN with a spectrum taken 15.5 days after its peak in $r$ band, and derive a photospheric expansion velocity of $v_{\rm{ph}} = 11,300 \pm 1,600$ $\rm{km}$ $\rm{s^{-1}}$ at that phase. Extrapolating this velocity to the time of maximum light, we derive the ejecta mass $M_{\rm{ej}} = 1.0 \pm 0.6$ $\rm{M_\odot}$ and kinetic energy $E_{\rm{KE}} = 1.3^{+3.3}_{-1.2} \times10^{51}$ $\rm{erg}$. We find that GRB 230812B/SN 2023pel has SN properties that are mostly consistent with the overall GRB-SN population. The lack of correlations found in the GRB-SN population between SN brightness and $E_{γ, \rm{iso}}$ for their associated GRBs, across a broad range of 7 orders of magnitude, provides further evidence that the central engine powering the relativistic ejecta is not coupled to the SN powering mechanism in GRB-SN systems. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2023; v1 submitted 22 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: 21 pages, 7 Figures, 1 Table, Accepted to ApJ Letters

Multi-band analyses of the bright GRB 230812B and the associated SN2023pel

Authors: T. Hussenot-Desenonges, T. Wouters, N. Guessoum, I. Abdi, A. Abulwfa, C. Adami, J. F. Agüí Fernández, T. Ahumada, V. Aivazyan, D. Akl, S. Anand, C. M. Andrade, S. Antier, S. A. Ata, P. D'Avanzo, Y. A. Azzam, A. Baransky, S. Basa, M. Blazek, P. Bendjoya, S. Beradze, P. Boumis, M. Bremer, R. Brivio, V. Buat , et al. (87 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: GRB~230812B is a bright and relatively nearby ($z =0.36$) long gamma-ray burst (GRB) that has generated significant interest in the community and has thus been observed over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We report over 80 observations in X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and sub-millimeter bands from the GRANDMA (Global Rapid Advanced Network for Multi-messenger Addicts) network of obs… ▽ More GRB~230812B is a bright and relatively nearby ($z =0.36$) long gamma-ray burst (GRB) that has generated significant interest in the community and has thus been observed over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We report over 80 observations in X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and sub-millimeter bands from the GRANDMA (Global Rapid Advanced Network for Multi-messenger Addicts) network of observatories and from observational partners. Adding complementary data from the literature, we then derive essential physical parameters associated with the ejecta and external properties (i.e. the geometry and environment) of the GRB and compare with other analyses of this event. We spectroscopically confirm the presence of an associated supernova, SN2023pel, and we derive a photospheric expansion velocity of v $\sim$ 17$\times10^3$ km s$^{-1}$. We analyze the photometric data first using empirical fits of the flux and then with full Bayesian Inference. We again strongly establish the presence of a supernova in the data, with a maximum (pseudo-)bolometric luminosity of $5.75 \times 10^{42}$ erg/s, at $15.76^{+0.81}_{-1.21}$ days (in the observer frame) after the trigger, with a half-max time width of 22.0 days. We compare these values with those of SN1998bw, SN2006aj, and SN2013dx. Our best-fit model favours a very low density environment ($\log_{10}({n_{\rm ISM}/{\rm cm}^{-3}}) = -2.38^{+1.45}_{-1.60}$) and small values for the jet's core angle $θ_{\rm core} = 1.54^{+1.02}_{-0.81} \ \rm{deg}$ and viewing angle $θ_{\rm obs} = 0.76^{+1.29}_{-0.76} \ \rm{deg}$. GRB 230812B is thus one of the best observed afterglows with a distinctive supernova bump. △ Less

Submitted 17 February, 2024; v1 submitted 22 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

A Joint Fermi-GBM and Swift-BAT Analysis of Gravitational-Wave Candidates from the Third Gravitational-wave Observing Run

Authors: C. Fletcher, J. Wood, R. Hamburg, P. Veres, C. M. Hui, E. Bissaldi, M. S. Briggs, E. Burns, W. H. Cleveland, M. M. Giles, A. Goldstein, B. A. Hristov, D. Kocevski, S. Lesage, B. Mailyan, C. Malacaria, S. Poolakkil, A. von Kienlin, C. A. Wilson-Hodge, The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor Team, M. Crnogorčević, J. DeLaunay, A. Tohuvavohu, R. Caputo, S. B. Cenko , et al. (1674 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT) searches for gamma-ray/X-ray counterparts to gravitational wave (GW) candidate events identified during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Using Fermi-GBM on-board triggers and sub-threshold gamma-ray burst (GRB) candidates found in the Fermi-GBM ground analyses,… ▽ More We present Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT) searches for gamma-ray/X-ray counterparts to gravitational wave (GW) candidate events identified during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Using Fermi-GBM on-board triggers and sub-threshold gamma-ray burst (GRB) candidates found in the Fermi-GBM ground analyses, the Targeted Search and the Untargeted Search, we investigate whether there are any coincident GRBs associated with the GWs. We also search the Swift-BAT rate data around the GW times to determine whether a GRB counterpart is present. No counterparts are found. Using both the Fermi-GBM Targeted Search and the Swift-BAT search, we calculate flux upper limits and present joint upper limits on the gamma-ray luminosity of each GW. Given these limits, we constrain theoretical models for the emission of gamma-rays from binary black hole mergers. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

A systematic analysis of the X-ray emission in optically selected tidal disruption events: observational evidence for the unification of the optically and X-ray selected populations

Authors: Muryel Guolo, Suvi Gezari, Yuhan Yao, Sjoert van Velzen, Erica Hammerstein, S. Bradley Cenko, Yarone M. Tokayer

Abstract: We present a systematic analysis of the X-ray emission of a sample of 17 optically selected, X-ray-detected tidal disruption events (TDEs) discovered between 2014 and 2021. The X-ray light curves show a diverse range of temporal behaviors, with most sources not following the expected power-law decline. The X-ray spectra are mostly extremely soft and consistent with thermal emission from the innerm… ▽ More We present a systematic analysis of the X-ray emission of a sample of 17 optically selected, X-ray-detected tidal disruption events (TDEs) discovered between 2014 and 2021. The X-ray light curves show a diverse range of temporal behaviors, with most sources not following the expected power-law decline. The X-ray spectra are mostly extremely soft and consistent with thermal emission from the innermost region of an accretion disk, which cools as the accretion rate decreases. Three sources show formation of a hard X-ray corona, at late-times. The spectral energy distribution shape, probed by the ratio ($L_{\rm\,BB}/L_{\rm\,X}$) between the UV/optical and X-ray, shows a wide range $L_{\rm BB}/L_{\rm X}\,\in\,(0.5,\,3000)$ at early-times, and converges to disk-like values $L_{\rm\,BB}/L_{\rm\,X}\,\in\,(0.5,\,10)$ at late-times. We estimate the fraction of optically discovered TDEs with $L_{\rm\,X}\,\geq 10^{42}~\rm{erg}~\rm{s}^{-1} $ to be at least $40\%$, and show that X-ray loudness is independent of black hole mass. We argue that distinct disk formation time scales are unlikely to fully explain the diverse range of X-ray evolutions. We combine our sample with X-ray discovered ones to construct an X-ray luminosity function, best fitted by a broken power-law, with a break at $L_{\rm\,X} \approx 10^{44}~\rm{erg}~\rm{s}^{-1} $. We show that there is no dichotomy between optically and X-ray selected TDEs, instead there is a continuum of early time $L_{\rm\,BB}/L_{\rm\,X}$, at least as wide as $L_{\rm\,BB}/L_{\rm\,X}\,\in\,(0.1,\,3000)$, with optical/X-ray surveys selecting preferentially, but not exclusively, from the higher/lower end of the distribution. Our findings are consistent with unification models for the overall TDE population. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2024; v1 submitted 24 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: Accepted (ApJ), moderate modifications after peer review

The On-axis Jetted Tidal Disruption Event AT2022cmc: X-ray Observations and Broadband Spectral Modeling

Authors: Yuhan Yao, Wenbin Lu, Fiona Harrison, S. R. Kulkarni, Suvi Gezari, Muryel Guolo, S. Bradley Cenko, Anna Y. Q. Ho

Abstract: AT2022cmc was recently reported as the first on-axis jetted tidal disruption event (TDE) discovered in the last decade, and the fourth on-axis jetted TDE candidate known so far. In this work, we present NuSTAR hard X-ray (3--30 keV) observations of AT2022cmc, as well as soft X-ray (0.3--6 keV) observations obtained by NICER, Swift, and XMM-Newton. Our analysis reveals that the broadband X-ray spec… ▽ More AT2022cmc was recently reported as the first on-axis jetted tidal disruption event (TDE) discovered in the last decade, and the fourth on-axis jetted TDE candidate known so far. In this work, we present NuSTAR hard X-ray (3--30 keV) observations of AT2022cmc, as well as soft X-ray (0.3--6 keV) observations obtained by NICER, Swift, and XMM-Newton. Our analysis reveals that the broadband X-ray spectra can be well described by a broken power-law with $f_ν\propto ν^{-0.5}$ ($f_ν\propto ν^{-1}$) below (above) the rest-frame break energy of $E_{\rm bk}\sim 10$ keV at observer-frame $t_{\rm obs}=7.8$ and 17.6 days since discovery. At $t_{\rm obs} = 36.2$ days, the X-ray spectrum is consistent with either a single power-law or a broken power-law. By modeling the spectral energy distribution evolution from radio to hard X-ray across the three NuSTAR observing epochs, we find that the sub-millimeter/radio emission originates from external shocks at large distances $\gtrsim\! 10^{17}$ cm from the black hole, the UV/optical light comes from a thermal envelope with radius $\sim\!10^{15}$ cm, and the X-ray emission is consistent with synchrotron radiation powered by energy dissipation at intermediate radii within the (likely magnetically dominated) jet. We constrain the bulk Lorentz factor of the jet to be of the order 10--100. Our interpretation differs from the model proposed by Pasham et al. (2023) where both the radio and X-rays come from the same emitting zone in a matter-dominated jet. Our model for the jet X-ray emission has broad implications on the nature of relativistic jets in other sources such as gamma-ray bursts. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2024; v1 submitted 18 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: 17 pages, 11 figures, ApJ accepted

A re-emerging bright soft-X-ray state of the changing-look Active Galactic Nucleus 1ES~1927+654: a multi-wavelength view

Authors: Ritesh Ghosh, Sibasish Laha, Eileen Meyer, Agniva Roychowdhury, Xiaolong Yang, J. A. Acosta Pulido, Suvendu Rakshit, Shivangi Pandey, Josefa Becerra Gonzalez, Ehud Behar, Luigi C. Gallo, Francesca Panessa, Stefano Bianchi, Fabio La Franca, Nicolas Scepi, Mitchell C. Begelman, Anna Lia Longinotti, Elisabeta Lusso, Samantha Oates, Matt Nicholl, S. Bradley Cenko, Brendan O Connor, Erica Hammerstein, Jincen Jose, Krisztina Eva Gabanyi , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: 1ES1927+654 is a nearby active galactic nucleus that has shown an enigmatic outburst in optical/UV followed by X-rays, exhibiting strange variability patterns at timescales of months-years. Here we report the unusual X-ray, UV, and radio variability of the source in its post-flare state (Jan 2022- May 2023). Firstly, we detect an increase in the soft X-ray (0.3-2 keV) flux from May 2022- May 2023… ▽ More 1ES1927+654 is a nearby active galactic nucleus that has shown an enigmatic outburst in optical/UV followed by X-rays, exhibiting strange variability patterns at timescales of months-years. Here we report the unusual X-ray, UV, and radio variability of the source in its post-flare state (Jan 2022- May 2023). Firstly, we detect an increase in the soft X-ray (0.3-2 keV) flux from May 2022- May 2023 by almost a factor of five, which we call the bright-soft-state. The hard X-ray 2-10 keV flux increased by a factor of two, while the UV flux density did not show any significant changes ($\le 30\%$) in the same period. The integrated energy pumped into the soft and hard X-ray during this period of eleven months is $\sim 3.57\times 10^{50}$ erg and $5.9\times 10^{49}$ erg, respectively. From the energetics, it is evident that whatever is producing the soft excess (SE) is pumping out more energy than either the UV or hard X-ray source. Since the energy source presumably is ultimately the accretion of matter onto the SMBH, the SE emitting region must be receiving the majority of this energy. In addition, the source does not follow the typical disc-corona relation found in AGNs, neither in the initial flare (in 2017-2019) nor in the current bright soft state (2022-2023). We found that the core (<1 pc) radio emission at 5 GHz gradually increased till March 2022 but showed a dip in August 2022. The Güdel Benz relation ($L_{\rm radio}/L_{\rm X-ray}\sim 10^{-5}$), however, is still within the expected range for radio-quiet AGN and further follow-up radio observations are currently being undertaken. △ Less

Submitted 11 August, 2023; v1 submitted 7 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Integral Field Spectroscopy of 13 Tidal Disruption Event Hosts from the ZTF Survey

Authors: Erica Hammerstein, S. Bradley Cenko, Suvi Gezari, Sylvain Veilleux, Brendan O'Connor, Sjoert van Velzen, Charlotte Ward, Yuhan Yao, Matthew Graham

Abstract: The host galaxies of tidal disruption events (TDEs) have been shown to possess peculiar properties, including high central light concentrations, unusual star-formation histories, and ``green'' colors. The ubiquity of these large-scale galaxy characteristics among TDE host populations suggests they may serve to boost the TDE rate in such galaxies by influencing the nuclear stellar dynamics. We pres… ▽ More The host galaxies of tidal disruption events (TDEs) have been shown to possess peculiar properties, including high central light concentrations, unusual star-formation histories, and ``green'' colors. The ubiquity of these large-scale galaxy characteristics among TDE host populations suggests they may serve to boost the TDE rate in such galaxies by influencing the nuclear stellar dynamics. We present the first population study of integral field spectroscopy for thirteen TDE host galaxies across all spectral classes and X-ray brightnesses with the purpose of investigating their large-scale properties. We derive the black hole masses via stellar kinematics (i.e., the $M-σ$ relation) and find masses in the range $5.0 \lesssim \log(M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) \lesssim 8.0$, with a distribution dominated by black holes with $M_{\rm BH} \sim 10^6 M_\odot$. We find one object with $M_{\rm BH} \gtrsim 10^8 M_\odot$, above the ``Hills mass'', which if the disrupted star was of solar type, allows a lower limit of $a \gtrsim 0.16$ to be placed on its spin, lending further support to the proposed connection between featureless TDEs and jetted TDEs. We also explore the level of rotational support in the TDE hosts, quantified by $(V/σ)_e$, a parameter which has been shown to correlate with stellar age and may explain the peculiar host galaxy preferences of TDEs. We find that the TDE hosts exhibit a broad range in $(V/σ)_e$ following a similar distribution as E+A galaxies, which have been shown to be overrepresented among TDE host populations. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2023; v1 submitted 28 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 20 pages, 13 figures, 4 tables; accepted to ApJ

Swift Deep Galactic Plane Survey Classification of Swift J170800$-$402551.8 as a Candidate Intermediate Polar Cataclysmic Variable

Authors: B. O'Connor, E. Gogus, J. Hare, K. Mukai, D. Huppenkothen, J. Brink, D. A. H. Buckley, A. Levan, M. G. Baring, R. Stewart, C. Kouveliotou, P. Woudt, E. Bellm, S. B. Cenko, P. A. Evans, J. Granot, C. Hailey, F. Harrison, D. Hartmann, A. J. van der Horst, L. Kaper, J. A. Kennea, S. B. Potter, P. O. Slane, D. Stern , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Here, we present the results of our multi-wavelength campaign aimed at classifying \textit{Swift} J170800$-$402551.8 as part of the \textit{Swift} Deep Galactic Plane Survey (DGPS). We utilized Target of Opportunity (ToO) observations with \textit{Swift}, \textit{NICER}, \textit{XMM-Newton}, \textit{NuSTAR}, and the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), as well as multi-wavelength archival obse… ▽ More Here, we present the results of our multi-wavelength campaign aimed at classifying \textit{Swift} J170800$-$402551.8 as part of the \textit{Swift} Deep Galactic Plane Survey (DGPS). We utilized Target of Opportunity (ToO) observations with \textit{Swift}, \textit{NICER}, \textit{XMM-Newton}, \textit{NuSTAR}, and the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), as well as multi-wavelength archival observations from \textit{Gaia}, VPHAS, and VVV. The source displays a periodicity of 784 s in our \textit{XMM-Newton} observation. The X-ray spectrum (\textit{XMM-Newton} and \textit{NuSTAR}) can be described by thermal bremsstrahlung radiation with a temperature of $kT$\,$\approx$\,$30$ keV. The phase-folded X-ray lightcurve displays a double-peaked, energy-dependent pulse-profile. We used \textit{Chandra} to precisely localize the source, allowing us to identify and study the multi-wavelength counterpart. Spectroscopy with SALT identified a Balmer H$α$ line, and potential HeI lines, from the optical counterpart. The faintness of the counterpart ($r$\,$\approx$\,$21$ AB mag) favors a low-mass donor star. Based on these criteria, we classify \textit{Swift} J170800$-$402551.8 as a candidate intermediate polar cataclysmic variable, where the spin period of the white dwarf is 784 s. △ Less

Submitted 28 August, 2023; v1 submitted 26 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: Accepted in MNRAS

Swift/UVOT discovery of Swift J221951-484240: a UV luminous ambiguous nuclear transient

Authors: S. R. Oates, N. P. M. Kuin, M. Nicholl, F. Marshall, E. Ridley, K. Boutsia, A. A. Breeveld, D. A. H. Buckley, S. B. Cenko, M. De Pasquale, P. G. Edwards, M. Gromadzki, R. Gupta, S. Laha, N. Morrell, M. Orio, S. B. Pandey, M. J. Page, K. L. Page, T. Parsotan, A. Rau, P. Schady, J. Stevens, P. J. Brown, P. A. Evans , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of Swift J221951-484240 (hereafter: J221951), a luminous slow-evolving blue transient that was detected by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory Ultra-violet/Optical Telescope (Swift/UVOT) during the follow-up of Gravitational Wave alert S190930t, to which it is unrelated. Swift/UVOT photometry shows the UV spectral energy distribution of the transient to be well modelled by a… ▽ More We report the discovery of Swift J221951-484240 (hereafter: J221951), a luminous slow-evolving blue transient that was detected by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory Ultra-violet/Optical Telescope (Swift/UVOT) during the follow-up of Gravitational Wave alert S190930t, to which it is unrelated. Swift/UVOT photometry shows the UV spectral energy distribution of the transient to be well modelled by a slowly shrinking black body with an approximately constant temperature of T~2.5x10^4 K. At a redshift z=0.5205, J221951 had a peak absolute magnitude of M_u,AB = -23 mag, peak bolometric luminosity L_max=1.1x10^45 erg s^-1 and a total radiated energy of E>2.6x10^52 erg. The archival WISE IR photometry shows a slow rise prior to a peak near the discovery date. Spectroscopic UV observations display broad absorption lines in N V and O VI, pointing toward an outflow at coronal temperatures. The lack of emission in the higher H~Lyman lines, N I and other neutral lines is consistent with a viewing angle close to the plane of the accretion or debris disc. The origin of J221951 can not be determined with certainty but has properties consistent with a tidal disruption event and the turn-on of an active galactic nucleus. △ Less

Submitted 3 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 37 pages (25 main + 12 supplementary), submitted to MNRAS

The Swift Deep Galactic Plane Survey (DGPS) Phase-I Catalog

Authors: B. O'Connor, C. Kouveliotou, P. A. Evans, N. Gorgone, A. J. van Kooten, S. Gagnon, H. Yang, M. G. Baring, E. Bellm, P. Beniamini, J. Brink, D. A. H. Buckley, S. B. Cenko, O. D. Egbo, E. Gogus, J. Granot, C. Hailey, J. Hare, F. Harrison, D. Hartmann, A. J. van der Horst, D. Huppenkothen, L. Kaper, O. Kargaltsev, J. A. Kennea , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The \textit{Swift} Deep Galactic Plane Survey is a \textit{Swift} Key Project consisting of 380 tiled pointings covering 40 deg$^{2}$ of the Galactic Plane between longitude $10$\,$<$\,$|l|$\,$<$\,$30$ deg and latitude $|b|$\,$<$\,$0.5$ deg. Each pointing has a $5$ ks exposure, yielding a total of 1.9 Ms spread across the entire survey footprint. Phase-I observations were carried out between March… ▽ More The \textit{Swift} Deep Galactic Plane Survey is a \textit{Swift} Key Project consisting of 380 tiled pointings covering 40 deg$^{2}$ of the Galactic Plane between longitude $10$\,$<$\,$|l|$\,$<$\,$30$ deg and latitude $|b|$\,$<$\,$0.5$ deg. Each pointing has a $5$ ks exposure, yielding a total of 1.9 Ms spread across the entire survey footprint. Phase-I observations were carried out between March 2017 and May 2021. The Survey is complete to depth $L_X$\,$>$\,$10^{34}$ erg s$^{-1}$ to the edge of the Galaxy. The main Survey goal is to produce a rich sample of new X-ray sources and transients, while also covering a broad discovery space. Here, we introduce the Survey strategy and present a catalog of sources detected during Phase-I observations. In total, we identify 928 X-ray sources, of which 348 are unique to our X-ray catalog. We report on the characteristics of sources in our catalog and highlight sources newly classified and published by the DGPS team. △ Less

Submitted 21 September, 2023; v1 submitted 25 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: Accepted in ApJS. This is the final version

Identification of 1RXS J165424.6-433758 as a polar cataclysmic variable

Authors: B. O'Connor, J. Brink, D. A. H. Buckley, K. Mukai, C. Kouveliotou, E. Gogus, S. B. Potter, P. Woudt, A. Lien, A. Levan, O. Kargaltsev, M. G. Baring, E. Bellm, S. B. Cenko, P. A. Evans, J. Granot, C. Hailey, F. Harrison, D. Hartmann, A. J. van der Horst, D. Huppenkothen, L. Kaper, J. A. Kennea, P. O. Slane, D. Stern , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results of our X-ray, ultraviolet, and optical follow-up campaigns of 1RXS J165424.6-433758, an X-ray source detected with the \textit{Swift} Deep Galactic Plane Survey (DGPS). The source X-ray spectrum (\textit{Swift} and \textit{NuSTAR}) is described by thermal bremsstrahlung radiation with a temperature of $kT=10.1\pm1.2$ keV, yielding an X-ray ($0.3-10$ keV) luminosity… ▽ More We present the results of our X-ray, ultraviolet, and optical follow-up campaigns of 1RXS J165424.6-433758, an X-ray source detected with the \textit{Swift} Deep Galactic Plane Survey (DGPS). The source X-ray spectrum (\textit{Swift} and \textit{NuSTAR}) is described by thermal bremsstrahlung radiation with a temperature of $kT=10.1\pm1.2$ keV, yielding an X-ray ($0.3-10$ keV) luminosity $L_X=(6.5\pm0.8)\times10^{31}$ erg s$^{-1}$ at a \textit{Gaia} distance of 460 pc. Spectroscopy with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) revealed a flat continuum dominated by emission features, demonstrating an inverse Balmer decrement, the $\lambda4640$ Bowen blend, almost a dozen HeI lines, and HeII $\lambda4541$, $\lambda4686$ and $λ5411$. Our high-speed photometry demonstrates a preponderance of flickering and flaring episodes, and revealed the orbital period of the system, $P_\textrm{orb}=2.87$ hr, which fell well within the cataclysmic variable (CV) period gap between $2-3$ hr. These features classify 1RXS J165424.6-433758 as a nearby polar magnetic CV. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2023; v1 submitted 8 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Optimizing the Resolution of Hydrodynamic Simulations for MCRaT Radiative Transfer Calculations

Authors: Jose Arita-Escalante, Tyler Parsotan, S. Bradley Cenko

Abstract: Despite their discovery about half a century ago, the Gamma-ray burst (GRB) prompt emission mechanism is still not well understood. Theoretical modeling of the prompt emission has advanced considerably due to new computational tools and techniques. One such tool is the PLUTO hydrodynamics code, which is used to numerically simulate GRB outflows. PLUTO uses Adaptive Mesh Refinement to focus computa… ▽ More Despite their discovery about half a century ago, the Gamma-ray burst (GRB) prompt emission mechanism is still not well understood. Theoretical modeling of the prompt emission has advanced considerably due to new computational tools and techniques. One such tool is the PLUTO hydrodynamics code, which is used to numerically simulate GRB outflows. PLUTO uses Adaptive Mesh Refinement to focus computational efforts on the portion of the grid that contains the simulated jet. Another tool is the Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer (MCRaT) code, which predicts electromagnetic signatures of GRBs by conducting photon scatterings within a jet using PLUTO. The effects of the underlying resolution of a PLUTO simulation with respect to MCRaT post-processing radiative transfer results have not yet been quantified. We analyze an analytic spherical outflow and a hydrodynamically simulated GRB jet with MCRaT at varying spatial and temporal resolutions and quantify how decreasing both resolutions affect the resulting mock observations. We find that changing the spatial resolution changes the hydrodynamic properties of the jet, which directly affect the MCRaT mock observable peak energies. We also find that decreasing the temporal resolution artificially decreases the high energy slope of the mock observed spectrum, which increases both the spectral peak energy and the luminosity. We show that the effects are additive when both spatial and temporal resolutions are modified. Our results allow us to understand how decreased hydrodynamic temporal and spatial resolutions affect the results of post-processing radiative transfer calculations, allowing for the optimization of hydrodynamic simulations for radiative transfer codes. △ Less

Submitted 18 July, 2023; v1 submitted 14 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication on ApJ, for calculations, see: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8139769

A Sensitive Search for Supernova Emission Associated with the Extremely Energetic and Nearby GRB 221009A

Authors: Gokul P. Srinivasaragavan, Brendan O' Connor, S. Bradley Cenko, Alexander J. Dittmann, Sheng Yang, Jesper Sollerman, G. C. Anupama, Sudhanshu Barway, Varun Bhalerao, Harsh Kumar, Vishwajeet Swain, Erica Hammerstein, Isiah Holt, Shreya Anand, Igor Andreoni, Michael W. Coughlin, Simone Dichiara, Avishay Gal-Yam, M. Coleman Miller, Jaime Soon, Roberto Soria, Joseph Durbak, James H. Gillanders, Sibasish Laha, Anna M. Moore , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report observations of the optical counterpart of the long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) GRB 221009A. Due to the extreme rarity of being both nearby ($z = 0.151$) and highly energetic ($E_{γ,\mathrm{iso}} \geq 10^{54}$ erg), GRB 221009A offers a unique opportunity to probe the connection between massive star core collapse and relativistic jet formation across a very broad range of $γ$-ray properties.… ▽ More We report observations of the optical counterpart of the long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) GRB 221009A. Due to the extreme rarity of being both nearby ($z = 0.151$) and highly energetic ($E_{γ,\mathrm{iso}} \geq 10^{54}$ erg), GRB 221009A offers a unique opportunity to probe the connection between massive star core collapse and relativistic jet formation across a very broad range of $γ$-ray properties. Adopting a phenomenological power-law model for the afterglow and host galaxy estimates from high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging, we use Bayesian model comparison techniques to determine the likelihood of an associated SN contributing excess flux to the optical light curve. Though not conclusive, we find moderate evidence ($K_{\rm{Bayes}}=10^{1.2}$) for the presence of an additional component arising from an associated supernova, SN 2022xiw, and find that it must be substantially fainter ($<$ 67% as bright at the 99% confidence interval) than SN 1998bw. Given the large and uncertain line-of-sight extinction, we attempt to constrain the supernova parameters ($M_{\mathrm{Ni}}$, $M_{\mathrm{ej}}$, and $E_{\mathrm{KE}}$) under several different assumptions with respect to the host galaxy's extinction. We find properties that are broadly consistent with previous GRB-associated SNe: $M_{\rm{Ni}}=0.05$ - $0.25 \, \rm{M_\odot}$, $M_{\rm{ej}}=3.5$ - $11.1 \, \rm{M_\odot}$, and $E_{\rm{KE}} = (1.6$ - $5.2) \times 10^{52} \, \rm{erg}$. We note that these properties are weakly constrained due to the faintness of the supernova with respect to the afterglow and host emission, but we do find a robust upper limit on the $M_{\rm{Ni}}$ of $M_{\rm{Ni}}<0.36\, \rm{M_\odot}$. Given the tremendous range in isotropic gamma-ray energy release exhibited by GRBs (7 orders of magnitude), the SN emission appears to be decoupled from the central engine in these systems. △ Less

Submitted 28 May, 2023; v1 submitted 22 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 18 pages, accepted to ApJL, 4 tables, 5 figures. Updated abstract in Preview

Tidal Disruption Event Demographics with the Zwicky Transient Facility: Volumetric Rates, Luminosity Function, and Implications for the Local Black Hole Mass Function

Authors: Yuhan Yao, Vikram Ravi, Suvi Gezari, Sjoert van Velzen, Wenbin Lu, Steve Schulze, Jean J. Somalwar, S. R. Kulkarni, Erica Hammerstein, Matt Nicholl, Matthew J. Graham, Daniel A. Perley, S. Bradley Cenko, Robert Stein, Angelo Ricarte, Urmila Chadayammuri, Eliot Quataert, Eric C. Bellm, Joshua S. Bloom, Richard Dekany, Andrew J. Drake, Steven L. Groom, Ashish A. Mahabal, Thomas A. Prince, Reed Riddle , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We conduct a systematic tidal disruption event (TDE) demographics analysis using the largest sample of optically selected TDEs. A flux-limited, spectroscopically complete sample of 33 TDEs is constructed using the Zwicky Transient Facility over three years (from October 2018 to September 2021). We infer the black hole (BH) mass ($M_{\rm BH}$) with host galaxy scaling relations, showing that the sa… ▽ More We conduct a systematic tidal disruption event (TDE) demographics analysis using the largest sample of optically selected TDEs. A flux-limited, spectroscopically complete sample of 33 TDEs is constructed using the Zwicky Transient Facility over three years (from October 2018 to September 2021). We infer the black hole (BH) mass ($M_{\rm BH}$) with host galaxy scaling relations, showing that the sample $M_{\rm BH}$ ranges from $10^{5.1}\,M_\odot$ to $10^{8.2}\,M_\odot$. We developed a survey efficiency corrected maximum volume method to infer the rates. The rest-frame $g$-band luminosity function (LF) can be well described by a broken power-law of $φ(L_g)\propto [(L_g / L_{\rm bk})^{0.3} + (L_g / L_{\rm bk})^{2.6}]^{-1}$, with $L_{\rm bk}=10^{43.1}\,{\rm erg\,s^{-1}}$. In the BH mass regime of $10^{5.3}\lesssim (M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) \lesssim 10^{7.3}$, the TDE mass function follows $φ(M_{\rm BH})\propto M_{\rm BH}^{-0.25}$, which favors a flat local BH mass function ($dn_{\rm BH}/d{\rm log}M_{\rm BH}\approx{\rm constant}$). We confirm the significant rate suppression at the high-mass end ($M_{\rm BH}\gtrsim 10^{7.5}\,M_\odot$), which is consistent with theoretical predictions considering direct capture of hydrogen-burning stars by the event horizon. At a host galaxy mass of $M_{\rm gal}\sim 10^{10}\,M_\odot$, the average optical TDE rate is $\approx 3.2\times 10^{-5}\,{\rm galaxy^{-1}\,yr^{-1}}$. We constrain the optical TDE rate to be [3.7, 7.4, and 1.6$]\times 10^{-5}\,{\rm galaxy^{-1}\,yr^{-1}}$ in galaxies with red, green, and blue colors. △ Less

Submitted 7 September, 2023; v1 submitted 11 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: Replaced following peer-review process. 38 pages, 23 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJL