Showing 1–50 of 165 results for author: Pezzotta, A

Euclid: Inferring star-formation history via cross-correlations of photometric clustering and shear with the cosmic infrared background

Authors: J. Han, S. Camera, M. Migliaccio, G. Fabbian, F. Pace, B. Jego, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero, M. Castellano, G. Castignani, S. Cavuoti, K. C. Chambers , et al. (124 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The cosmic infrared background, sourced by dust heated by star-forming activity, encodes the integrated history of the star-formation distribution over a large swathe of cosmic time. Decomposing the contribution from galaxies at different redshifts to the observed CIB maps provides a powerful tool for probing the large-scale star-formation history across cosmic times. To this end, we perform a for… ▽ More The cosmic infrared background, sourced by dust heated by star-forming activity, encodes the integrated history of the star-formation distribution over a large swathe of cosmic time. Decomposing the contribution from galaxies at different redshifts to the observed CIB maps provides a powerful tool for probing the large-scale star-formation history across cosmic times. To this end, we perform a forecast tomographic cross-correlation analysis using simulated photometric galaxy clustering and weak lensing data based on the Euclid mission survey specifications, combined with Planck CIB observations. The analysis adopts templates constructed from the halo occupation distribution model to measure the bias-weighted star-formation-rate density, $\langle b ρ_{\rm SFRD}\rangle$, as a function of redshift. We present forecasts for the $\langle b ρ_{\rm SFRD}\rangle$ constraints based on these simulations and quantify the expected constraining power using Fisher information matrix methods. Compared with results obtained using the same dataset as in previous works, we find that Euclid will tighten the constraints on $\langle b ρ_{\rm SFRD}\rangle$ across all redshift bins by a factor of about $2$ and provide more measurements over a deeper redshift range. This leads to improved constraints on all HOD parameters, typically reducing the marginalized uncertainties by a factor of about $2.5$, while also breaking parameter degeneracies. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures, on behalf of the Euclid Consortium

Euclid: Calibrating distances from surface brightness fluctuations with Early Release Observations of the Fornax cluster

Authors: R. Habas, M. Cantiello, G. Riccio, G. Raimondo, N. Hazra, S. Mei, A. Lançon, G. D'Ago, R. Scaramella, L. K. Hunt, J. -C. Cuillandre, J. P. Blakeslee, J. B. Jensen, E. Brocato, D. Carollo, P. -A. Duc, M. Kluge, R. Laureijs, O. Marchal, F. R. Marleau, M. Mirabile, R. F. Peletier, M. Poulain, R. Sánchez-Janssen, T. Saifollahi , et al. (148 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Surface brightness fluctuations (SBF), the pixel-to-pixel variations in flux that arise from the statistical distribution of stars in galaxy images, provide a powerful tool to measure redshift-independent distances from photometric data alone. This method is particularly important in the era of large imaging surveys, such as those carried out during the Euclid mission. Here we present the first ap… ▽ More Surface brightness fluctuations (SBF), the pixel-to-pixel variations in flux that arise from the statistical distribution of stars in galaxy images, provide a powerful tool to measure redshift-independent distances from photometric data alone. This method is particularly important in the era of large imaging surveys, such as those carried out during the Euclid mission. Here we present the first application of SBF to Euclid data, using the FAST-SBF code to measure stellar fluctuation amplitudes in the $I_\mathrm{E}$ band for a sample of galaxies in the Early Release Observations (ERO) of the Fornax galaxy cluster. Although the Euclid data reduction pipeline is not optimized for SBF measurements, extensive testing suggests that we are able to extract robust results. We calibrate the absolute fluctuation magnitude $\overline{M}_\mathrm{IE}$ as a function of the $(I_\mathrm{E}{-}H_\mathrm{E})$ colour for 15 galaxies in Fornax, then test this relation on galaxies in two other ERO fields: the Perseus cluster and dwarf satellite candidates around NGC 6744. Overall, we find reasonable agreement with distances in the literature and good agreement in cases where FAST-SBF indicates the measurements are robust. Finally, we compare our results against Stellar Population Tools (SPoT) simple stellar population models, and discuss the possibility of using SBF with Euclid to probe the underlying stellar populations of the galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 22 pages, 14 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Searching for radio-selected \Euclid-dark galaxies in the EDF-N

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, M. Giulietti, I. Prandoni, L. Bisigello, G. Rodighiero, M. Talia, F. Gentile, G. Girardi, M. Bondi, L. Wang, A. La Marca, P. A. C. Cunha, R. Hill, A. Abghari, D. Scott, G. Zamorani, G. A. Mamon, A. Lapi, M. Behiri, G. Santhosh, H. J. A. Rottgering, R. Gilli, R. Scaramella, G. Gandolfi, S. Andreon , et al. (286 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present and investigate the properties of a sample of radio-selected, Euclid-dark galaxies, identified from LOFAR HBA observations at 144 MHz within the Euclid Deep Field-North (EDF-N). Starting from radio sources lacking optical counterparts in previous surveys, but detected with Spitzer/IRAC, we identified 166 galaxies with no emission at a more than $3σ$ level in Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1)… ▽ More We present and investigate the properties of a sample of radio-selected, Euclid-dark galaxies, identified from LOFAR HBA observations at 144 MHz within the Euclid Deep Field-North (EDF-N). Starting from radio sources lacking optical counterparts in previous surveys, but detected with Spitzer/IRAC, we identified 166 galaxies with no emission at a more than $3σ$ level in Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1) images, and no matches in the Euclid Q1 catalogue. To minimise contamination from nearby sources, we selected a sub-sample of 88 isolated galaxies. By exploiting multi-band images and catalogues available for the EDF-N, we inferred the physical properties of our sample via SED fitting. The resulting redshift distribution spans $0.4 \leq z_\mathrm{ph} \leq 5.0$. We used recent sub-arcsecond imaging from the International LOFAR Telescope to constrain the nature of the compact radio emission through brightness temperature estimates. By combining this information with the radio excess relative to the infrared/radio correlation (IRRC), we searched for possible active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity. Approximately 40% of our sources show evidence of AGN activity. The Euclid-dark sources detected in the far-infrared are consistent with a population of heavily obscured, massive star-forming galaxies with high star formation rates. Their location above the star-forming main sequence is consistent with similar near-infrared-dark galaxy populations reported in the literature. We also performed a UV-to-radio median stacking analysis, finding that the two subsamples exhibit similar global physical properties and differ primarily in their radio emission. These preliminary results indicate that the wide area covered by Euclid enables the identification of a higher fraction of systems in which intense star formation and AGN activity coexist, likely capturing a key phase of galaxy--black hole co-evolution. △ Less

Submitted 8 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: Paper accepted by A&A, 20 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables

Euclid: Measuring the intrinsic alignment of galaxies around cosmic voids in the \Euclid Flagship simulation\

Authors: P. Vielzeuf, M. -C. Cousinou, A. Pisani, S. Escoffier, E. J. Gonzalez, W. d'Assignies, E. Jullo, M. Ghodsi Yengejeh, A. Kovács, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero, M. Castellano, G. Castignani , et al. (127 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a methodology to measure the intrinsic alignment (IA) signal of galaxies in the vicinity of cosmic voids using the \Euclid-like Flagship cosmological simulation from the Euclid Consortium. The IA signal is quantified and compared with the predictions of the linear alignment (LA) model, providing one of the first detailed investigations of this effect in underdense large-scale environmen… ▽ More We present a methodology to measure the intrinsic alignment (IA) signal of galaxies in the vicinity of cosmic voids using the \Euclid-like Flagship cosmological simulation from the Euclid Consortium. The IA signal is quantified and compared with the predictions of the linear alignment (LA) model, providing one of the first detailed investigations of this effect in underdense large-scale environments. While the IA signal around cosmic voids has received little attention to date, it may constitute a non-negligible systematic in forthcoming cosmological analyses that exploit void-lensing measurements. Our analysis examines red and blue galaxy populations separately, enabling a comparison of their alignment behaviour in void environments with the corresponding trends measured in galaxy-galaxy correlations. We find that the redshift evolution of the IA amplitude in cosmic voids is broadly consistent with that measured in the general galaxy population for both colour-selected samples. Additionally, our modelling allows us to estimate the linear bias of voids, $b_{\rm V}(z)$ which characterises how cosmic voids trace the underlying dark-matter density field, for voids with radii in the range $10 < R_{\rm V}/(h^{-1} {\rm Mpc}) < 15$. The measured bias exhibits a positive trend with redshift, consistent with theoretical predictions for the clustering of underdense regions. These results highlight the importance of accurately modelling IA in void studies, both to mitigate systematic effects in void-lensing cosmology and to further improve our understanding of galaxy-environment interactions in low-density regions of the Universe. △ Less

Submitted 3 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

The PAU Survey and Euclid: Analysing photometric redshifts from realistically simulated narrow-band photometry with Flagship 2

Authors: A. Wittje, H. Hildebrandt, D. Navarro-Gironés, E. J. Gonzalez, J. L. van den Busch, E. Gaztanaga, M. Eriksen, A. H. Wright, R. Casas, J. Carretero, F. J. Castander, E. Fernandez, P. Fosalba, J. García-Bellido, H. Hoekstra, R. Miquel, C. Padilla, P. Renard, E. Sanchez, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, P. Tallada-Crespí, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi , et al. (132 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and the distribution of galaxies has been greatly advanced by the application of various types of photometric redshift estimation techniques. The Physics of the Accelerating Universe Survey (PAUS) is a state-of-the-art imaging survey, designed to provide high-quality photometric data in 40 optical narrow-band filters. In this paper, we present… ▽ More The study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and the distribution of galaxies has been greatly advanced by the application of various types of photometric redshift estimation techniques. The Physics of the Accelerating Universe Survey (PAUS) is a state-of-the-art imaging survey, designed to provide high-quality photometric data in 40 optical narrow-band filters. In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of the photometric redshifts obtained from PAUS using realistic simulations. Based on the Euclid Flagship 2 catalogue, we generate PAUS-like simulations with realistic photometric noise and target selection. The mock catalogue is used to explore the accuracy and precision of photometric redshifts of PAUS, investigating the impact of noise and depth, and combinations of broad- and narrow-band data. The simulations reproduce the observed PAUS performance well, with a robust photometric redshift scatter of $σ_{NMAD}/(1+z)\!=\!0.011$ for a mock subsample resembling the spectroscopic validation sample of the data. For the complete PAUS-like sample, which can only be evaluated in the simulation, we find $σ_{NMAD}/(1+z)\!=\!0.028$ for $i_{\rm AB}\!\lesssim\!23$ and outlier fractions below 10%. Forecasts indicate that including Euclid photometry in a joint analysis could further reduce scatter and outlier fractions, especially for faint galaxy populations. The hypothetical case of deeper PAUS observations over a limited sky area, forecasting the potential for future narrow- or medium-band surveys, in combination with Euclid's deep photometry, achieves scatter as low as $σ_{NMAD}/(1+z)\!=\!0.011$ and outlier fractions below 4% for $i_{\rm AB}\!<\!23.5$. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 23 pages, 14 figures, submitted to A&A

Euclid: Precise inference of defocus wavefront error from image diffraction spike measurements

Authors: D. Neumann, L. Miller, H. Hoekstra, K. Kuijken, I. H. Whittam, N. E. Chisari, R. Nakajima, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, A. Basset, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, J. Carretero, M. Castellano , et al. (124 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The success of the Euclid cosmological weak lensing measurements requires unprecedented knowledge of the point spread function (PSF) shape. Defocus wavefront errors induce variations in PSF size that directly bias inferred galaxy shapes. We present a rapid, model-independent estimator of the Euclid visible instrument defocus based on measuring subpixel shifts in diffraction spikes from bright star… ▽ More The success of the Euclid cosmological weak lensing measurements requires unprecedented knowledge of the point spread function (PSF) shape. Defocus wavefront errors induce variations in PSF size that directly bias inferred galaxy shapes. We present a rapid, model-independent estimator of the Euclid visible instrument defocus based on measuring subpixel shifts in diffraction spikes from bright stars, arising from the non-mirror-symmetric placement of the telescope spiders. This estimate requires no a-priori PSF model and can be directly inferred from individual survey exposures within seconds. We express defocus as the secondary mirror displacement along the optical axis, $Δz$, achieving a per-exposure precision of $σ(Δz) = 0.022\,μ\text{m}$ in standard Euclid wide-survey images, corresponding to a peak-to-valley optical-path difference of $0.75\,\text{nm}$. This sensitivity resolves thermally induced shifts, typically 0.1-0.3$\,μ\text{m}$, and enables tracking of temporal evolution and field-of-view variations when combining exposures within periods of stability. Since July 2024, the Euclid telescope has been exceptionally stable, while changes to defocus are effectively homogeneous across the field of view. By correlating defocus with PSF size, we find that the Euclid DR3 requirement of a fractional PSF size bias of $\left|ΔR_\mathrm{PSF}^2/R_\mathrm{PSF}^2\right|<10^{-3}$ corresponds to field-averaged secondary mirror displacements exceeding $\langle Δz_\mathrm{thr}\rangle = (0.0683 \pm 0.0024)\,μ\text{m}$. Our estimator provides a robust real-time monitoring tool, supplies a stringent prior for computationally intensive PSF model fitting, and is applicable not only to the Euclid telescope, but to other telescopes whose spider vanes are not mirror-symmetrically arranged. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics, comments welcome

Euclid preparation. First investigation of the impact of cross-contamination on spectroscopic redshift measurements with pixel-level simulations

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, F. Passalacqua, S. Anselmi, P. Monaco, C. Sirignano, S. Dusini, N. Fourmanoit, M. Fumana, E. Lecrivain, K. S. McCarthy, M. Moresco, F. Oppizzi, A. Renzi, M. Scodeggio, L. Stanco, A. Troja, S. Bruton, C. Carbone, S. de la Torre, B. R. Granett, G. Lavaux, S. Lee, K. Markovic, W. J. Percival, I. Risso , et al. (277 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a study on simulated data focused on understanding the performance of the spectroscopic redshift measurements with the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) instrument on Euclid. Simulations include scenarios with different levels of cross-contamination arising from overlapping spectra of nearby sources, which represents one of the main drawbacks of slitless spectroscopy. We… ▽ More We present a study on simulated data focused on understanding the performance of the spectroscopic redshift measurements with the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) instrument on Euclid. Simulations include scenarios with different levels of cross-contamination arising from overlapping spectra of nearby sources, which represents one of the main drawbacks of slitless spectroscopy. We present a new analysis based on pixel-level simulations of the NISP images, with the data processed using the Euclid spectroscopic pipeline. We first consider an idealised case with non-overlapping spectra to assess the accuracy and reliability of the redshift measurement as a function of the flux of the H-alpha emission line and galaxy size. We then introduce more realistic contamination scenarios, distinguishing between two contributions: contamination from H-alpha emitters, which are the Euclid targets for cosmological analyses, and contamination from all other galaxies. In the second case, we analyse the impact of cross-contamination with an increasing number of contaminants, from the brighter to the fainter galaxies. Given that our results show no clear evidence that sources fainter than magnitude 20 degrade redshift measurements, we conservatively restrict our analysis to galaxies with magnitudes up to 24. In particular, we provide a preliminary estimate that contamination from galaxies within the same redshift range as the target sample contributes to about 4% of the total degradation due to cross-contamination from all galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 23 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 18 pages, 15 pages

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): The geometry of dark matter halos from extragalactic streams

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, N. Starkman, J. Nibauer, S. Pearson, S. Wu, M. Walmsley, L. Necib, J. Bovy, F. R. Marleau, E. Sola, D. Scott, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, M. Bolzonella, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera , et al. (273 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Wide-field surveys like Euclid mark a new era of extragalactic stellar stream studies. With a large number of streams, it is now possible to constrain the dark matter halos of galaxies in a cosmological volume and draw comparisons to theoretical expectations for the geometry of dark matter halos. This study combines Euclid imaging with visual detection and segmentation annotations to analyse strea… ▽ More Wide-field surveys like Euclid mark a new era of extragalactic stellar stream studies. With a large number of streams, it is now possible to constrain the dark matter halos of galaxies in a cosmological volume and draw comparisons to theoretical expectations for the geometry of dark matter halos. This study combines Euclid imaging with visual detection and segmentation annotations to analyse streams. We use projected stream morphologies to constrain the shape and centre-of-mass position (CoM) of each host galaxy's potential, jointly probing baryonic and dark matter distributions. These inferences complement weak lensing methods, with sensitivity to halo profile and geometry on sub-virial scales. The method enables both stacked, population-level constraints on halo flattening and CoM position, and constraints on these quantities for individual halos. We also present a novel method for transforming segmentation maps of stellar streams into smooth, curvature-preserving tracks optimised for fast and robust dynamical inference. This approach enables rapid modelling of stream morphology, supports a statistically rigorous combination of constraints across multiple streams within a single galaxy, and enables joint inference across galactic hosts. From our study of 13 galaxies with prominent tidal streams, we find agreement with spherical halos, albeit a mild preference for flattening with $q = 0.95^{+0.05}_{-0.10}$ at 68\% confidence. This is promising early agreement with $Λ$CDM predictions. With thousands more discovered streams expected across \Euclid's mission, our programme will enable precise measurements of halo shapes and CoM positions across large samples and redshifts, offering constraints on the geometry of dark matter halos. △ Less

Submitted 19 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: Euclid Key Paper. Submitted to A&A. Paper: 21 pages, 8 figures, 1 table. Total with Appendices: 40 pages, 21 figures, 2 tables

Euclid: Quick Data Release (Q1) -- LensMC shear measurement catalogue for cluster lensing science

Authors: G. Congedo, M. Sereno, H. Miyatake, S. Guerrini, M. Kilbinger, M. Radovich, H. Jansen, F. Kleinebreil, T. Schrabback, A. N. Taylor, B. Altieri, L. Amendola, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, R. P. Blake, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone , et al. (118 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a LensMC lensing analysis of Euclid Quick Release 1 images that were made available in March 2025. We measured shapes, positions, weights, and other morphological parameters of galaxies with a surface number density of $26\;\text{arcmin}^{-2}$ for $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}<24.5$, achieving 75 arcmin$^{-2}$ for $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}<27$, in 63 deg$^2$ of Euclid VIS images. This… ▽ More We present a LensMC lensing analysis of Euclid Quick Release 1 images that were made available in March 2025. We measured shapes, positions, weights, and other morphological parameters of galaxies with a surface number density of $26\;\text{arcmin}^{-2}$ for $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}<24.5$, achieving 75 arcmin$^{-2}$ for $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}<27$, in 63 deg$^2$ of Euclid VIS images. This is the first shear measurement catalogue produced with \lensmc in anticipation of the Euclid Data Release 1. To within the scope of this work and availability of survey volume, we found no spatial dependency in the additive biases. However, we developed an empirical bias correction based jointly on galaxy sizes and magnitudes, which was applied to the measurement of the lensing signal over the whole area. In order to validate the quality of our measurements, we calculated two-point statistics and cluster profile measurements, and cross-checked results with external cluster catalogues from WISE and the Dark Energy Survey. Additionally, by stacking shear profiles of random clusters we found that the low-redshift, large radii bins may be still contaminated by residual systematic effects. Thanks to Euclid image resolution and depth and overall good control of systematic errors, we are able to constrain the lensing profiles of clusters with masses of $10^{14}M_\odot$ out to $z\approx2$ over nearly 10 Gyr of evolution history. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 11 pages, 10 figures, 1 table

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): The impact of AGN emission on SED-derived physical properties

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, B. Laloux, A. Bongiorno, M. Salvato, V. Allevato, M. Mezcua, W. Roster, T. Matamoro Zatarain, S. Paltani, R. Shirley, F. Tarsitano, C. Saulder, S. Fotopoulou, C. Andonie, J. Buchner, F. La Franca, V. Le Brun, F. Ricci, D. Scott, F. Shankar, M. Siudek, J. G. Sorce, L. Spinoglio, Y. Toba, A. Viitanen , et al. (287 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) is a powerful dataset to study active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their host galaxies. Deriving their physical properties through multi-component spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting is a challenging task for AGN, but it is greatly aided by the Euclid near-infrared photometry. Here we present a new method to quantify the reliability of SED-derived parameters,… ▽ More The Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) is a powerful dataset to study active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their host galaxies. Deriving their physical properties through multi-component spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting is a challenging task for AGN, but it is greatly aided by the Euclid near-infrared photometry. Here we present a new method to quantify the reliability of SED-derived parameters, such as AGN bolometric and monochromatic luminosities, host's stellar mass $M_\star$, star-formation rate (SFR) and specific star-formation rate (sSFR), by using mock SEDs of AGN built by combining observed SEDs of QSOs and galaxies. We apply this methodology to the ${\sim}1$ million Q1 AGN candidates, constructing a catalogue of AGN and host galaxy properties, alongside their respective reliability values. With a reliability threshold at 0.5, we find 88\% of sources with robust stellar masses and 76\% with reliable AGN luminosities. Moreover, through SED fitting we also measure the AGN fraction $f_{\rm AGN}$ of the total mid-infrared flux and we use its lower-limit to select AGN. A $f_{\rm AGN, \, low} > 0.075$ threshold yields 85\% completeness and purity. Comparable to colour-colour AGN selections, this method has the advantage of being less affected by redshift evolution and exploring fainter magnitudes. Additionally, by comparing the AGN and host galaxy parameters across different identification methods, we find that the probed range in stellar mass and AGN luminosity can be quite different. This highlights the importance of combining different approaches and accounting for their selection biases when studying AGN and their role in galaxy evolution. Finally, for the X-ray detected sample, we present the X-ray to mid-IR luminosity relation, and the correlation between stellar mass and bolometric luminosity as a function of redshift, in good agreement with previous results. △ Less

Submitted 5 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: accepted in A&A, 27 pages, 16 figures

Euclid preparation. Probing galaxy evolution within cosmic voids in Euclid-like simulations

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, G. Papini, O. Cucciati, M. Bolzonella, S. Contarini, S. Sartori, K. Kraljic, C. M. Correa, P. Vielzeuf, G. De Lucia, A. Pisani, J. G. Sorce, M. Magliocchetti, C. Schimd, F. Fontanot, E. Sarpa, L. Pozzetti, A. Enia, E. Pouyer, M. Hirschmann, M. Spinelli, L. Xie, G. Zamorani, M. Fumagalli, M. Fossati , et al. (272 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The evolution of galaxies is profoundly influenced by the environment in which they reside. Cosmic voids serve as pristine laboratories for studying galaxy evolution in the relative absence of the complex physical processes that dominate denser environments. In this study, we investigate galaxy properties and merger histories as a function of environment using the GAlaxy Evolution and Assembly (GA… ▽ More The evolution of galaxies is profoundly influenced by the environment in which they reside. Cosmic voids serve as pristine laboratories for studying galaxy evolution in the relative absence of the complex physical processes that dominate denser environments. In this study, we investigate galaxy properties and merger histories as a function of environment using the GAlaxy Evolution and Assembly (GAEA) mock-observation lightcone replicating the Euclid Deep Survey as foreseen for the first Euclid data release. The H$α$-selected galaxy sample spans the redshift range $0.4 < z < 1.8$, corresponding to the interval over which H$α$ is accessible to Euclid slitless spectroscopy. We classify galaxies based on their void-centric distance and local density contrast, and compare their stellar mass, specific star formation rate, bulge-to-total stellar mass ratio, and halo mass across different environments. We further analyse the merger histories of these galaxies to study their assembly evolution. We find that galaxies located closer to void centres ($d_{\rm cc} \lesssim 0.7 R_{\rm v}$) are less massive, more actively star-forming, and more disc-dominated than galaxies in denser regions. Merger histories indicate that void galaxies do not experience fewer mergers, but rather that mergers occur later relative to galaxies in high-density regions. These results support a scenario in which the environment regulates the timing and nature of mergers rather than their overall frequency, producing a slower evolutionary path in low-density regions. We conclude by discussing the extent to which these trends are shaped by environmental parametrisation methods and observational selection effects. Our analysis provides a framework for interpreting forthcoming Euclid data and demonstrates Euclid's potential to identify cosmic voids and probe environmental effects on galaxy evolution. △ Less

Submitted 28 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

cloelike: A Python Library for Cosmological Likelihood Inference in the Euclid Era

Authors: Marco Bonici, Guadalupe Cañas-Herrera, Pedro Carrilho, Santiago Casas, Chiara Moretti, Andrea Pezzotta, Zahra Baghkhani, Carmelita Carbone, Martin Crocce, Jip de Buck, Klara Bertmann, Nastassia Grimm, Martin Kärcher, Felicitas Keil, Davide Sciotti, Peter L. Taylor, Nicolas Tessore, Isaac Tutusaus, Casper Vedder

Abstract: cloelike is a Python package providing modular, composable Gaussian likelihood classes for the main cosmological large-scale structure observables targeted by the ESA Euclid space mission. It is a core component of the CLOE (Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid) ecosystem and interfaces directly with cloelib for theoretical predictions and euclidlib for reading official Euclid data produ… ▽ More cloelike is a Python package providing modular, composable Gaussian likelihood classes for the main cosmological large-scale structure observables targeted by the ESA Euclid space mission. It is a core component of the CLOE (Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid) ecosystem and interfaces directly with cloelib for theoretical predictions and euclidlib for reading official Euclid data products. The package implements Gaussian likelihoods covering harmonic angular power spectra and real-space two-point correlation functions for weak lensing (WL), photometric galaxy clustering (GCph), and Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing (GGL) in all joint probe combinations (3x2pt, 2x2pt), as well as spectroscopic full-shape power spectrum multipoles, and baryonic Acoustic oscillations (BAO). cloelike is actively used in internal Euclid Consortium analyses and is openly released to support community validation and reproducibility. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

cloelib: A Flexible Python Library for Computing Cosmological Observables in the Euclid Era

Authors: Marco Bonici, Guadalupe Cañas-Herrera, Pedro Carrilho, Santiago Casas, Chiara Moretti, Andrea Pezzotta, Michel Aguena, Giovanni Aricó, Zahra Baghkhani, Matteo Baratto, Emilio Bellini, Jip de Buck, Klara Bertmann, Ben Bose, Jeger C. Broxterman, Pierre Burger, Carmelita Carbone, Chaitanya Chawak, Jose Coloma-Nadal, Martin Crocce, Stefano Davini, Christopher A. J. Duncan, Samuel Farrens, Lisa Goh, Nastassia Grimm , et al. (32 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: cloelib is a Python library developed to compute cosmological observables within the Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE) ecosystem (cloe-org). As cosmology enters a precision era driven by galaxy survey missions such as Euclid, there is a growing need for flexible, efficient, and differentiable software capable of supporting next-generation inference pipelines. cloelib addresses… ▽ More cloelib is a Python library developed to compute cosmological observables within the Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE) ecosystem (cloe-org). As cosmology enters a precision era driven by galaxy survey missions such as Euclid, there is a growing need for flexible, efficient, and differentiable software capable of supporting next-generation inference pipelines. cloelib addresses these demands through a modular architecture that interfaces seamlessly with established Boltzmann solvers whilst incorporating JAX-based automatic differentiation to enable gradient-based methods. The library defines consistent protocols for background evolution, perturbations, and non-linear structure formation, and supports a wide range of observables, including photometric and spectroscopic large-scale structure probes, as well as cross-correlations with the Cosmic Microwave Background and galaxy clusters. In its finalised form, cloelib is intended to serve as the reference theory computation infrastructure for Euclid's first cosmological release, bridging traditional numerical cosmology with modern optimisation techniques and emerging machine learning approaches to inference. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Euclid preparation: Testing multi-field inflation with galaxy power spectrum and bispectrum

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, D. Linde, A. Moradinezhad Dizgah, G. Parimbelli, K. Pardede, E. Sefusatti, M. S. Cagliari, G. D'Amico, V. Desjacques, A. Eggemeier, M. Biagetti, A. Veropalumbo, B. Camacho Quevedo, A. Chudaykin, M. Crocce, L. Castiblanco, E. Castorina, A. Farina, M. Guidi, M. Karcher, A. Pezzotta, A. Pugno, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio , et al. (259 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) is a powerful probe of the origin of cosmic structure. Stage-IV surveys like \Euclid will measure galaxy $2$- and $3$-point clustering at high signal-to-noise, whose exploitation requires robust joint analysis. We prepare for Euclid's spectroscopic sample by validating a redshift-space power-spectrum and bispectrum pipeline (one-loop $P_\ell$, tree-level $B_\ell$)… ▽ More Primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) is a powerful probe of the origin of cosmic structure. Stage-IV surveys like \Euclid will measure galaxy $2$- and $3$-point clustering at high signal-to-noise, whose exploitation requires robust joint analysis. We prepare for Euclid's spectroscopic sample by validating a redshift-space power-spectrum and bispectrum pipeline (one-loop $P_\ell$, tree-level $B_\ell$) on Euclid-like mocks from Abacus-PNG $N$-body simulations with Gaussian and local-PNG initial conditions, using a halo occupation distribution (HOD) tuned to Euclid Flagship 2. We stress-test analysis choices -- PNG-bias parametrisation, priors, and scale cuts -- and perform null tests without PNG. In a `prior-agnostic setup', detection of the dominant PNG term $\propto f_{\rm NL} \, b_φ$ in single redshift bins is difficult; nevertheless, the bispectrum provides constraints on other PNG combinations that partially lift degeneracies. We propose a physically motivated prior on $b_φ$ that yields unbiased $f_{\rm NL}$ while accounting for theory uncertainty, and determine scale cuts that give unbiased $Λ$CDM and $f_{\rm NL}$. With $V_{\rm eff}=16\,h^{-3}\,{\rm Gpc}^3$ across four snapshots ($0.8\le z\le1.7$), our likelihood analyses recover $<1σ$ bias in $f_{\rm NL}$ and $Λ$CDM. At fixed cuts, $B_\ell$ alone reduces $σ({f_{\rm NL}})$ by $\sim29$--$46\%$ relative to $P_\ell$, and joint power spectrum-bispectrum analysis tightens a further $\sim8$--$13\%$; the cumulative gain from $z=0.8$ to $1.7$ is $\sim2.3$ for the joint case. The bispectrum quadrupole is key. Our strongest results are at $z=1.7$: $1.9σ$ for $f_{\rm NL} \, b_φ$ (prior-agnostic) and $2.35σ$ for $f_{\rm NL}$ (prior-based). Joint analyses thus offer strong prospects for testing multi-field inflation, pending end-to-end validation in the full Euclid geometry with observational systematics. △ Less

Submitted 20 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

\textit{Euclid} preparation. Baryon acoustic oscillations extraction techniques: comparison and optimisation

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, E. Sarpa, A. Veropalumbo, M. Bonici, M. Kärcher, M. Crocce, E. Sefusatti, E. Maragliano, E. Branchini, C. Oliveri, G. Gambardella, B. Camacho Quevedo, C. Moretti, P. Monaco, J. Bautista, M. Viel, W. J. Percival, S. Nadathur, A. Pezzotta, A. Eggemeier, A. G. Sánchez, J. Bel, C. Carbone, A. Crespi, S. Radinović , et al. (274 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first end-to-end validation of the Euclid baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) analysis pipeline, encompassing density-field reconstruction, two-point correlation function measurement, and cosmological-parameter inference. Using eight Euclid-like mock catalogues from each of four Flagship I snapshots, designed to reproduce the expected statistical properties of the first Euclid data re… ▽ More We present the first end-to-end validation of the Euclid baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) analysis pipeline, encompassing density-field reconstruction, two-point correlation function measurement, and cosmological-parameter inference. Using eight Euclid-like mock catalogues from each of four Flagship I snapshots, designed to reproduce the expected statistical properties of the first Euclid data release (DR1), we assess the two standard BAO reconstruction methods based on the Zel'dovich approximation, RecSym and RecIso, across $0.9 \leq z \leq 1.8$. The pipeline introduces several methodological advances: an emulator-based model evaluator (Bora.jl) combined with a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampler (NUTS), achieving more than a 500-fold speed-up relative to standard Markov chain Monte Carlo, and a semi-analytical covariance estimator (BeXiCov+WinCov) that enables robust error estimates from only eight mock realisations while remaining stable under fiducial-cosmology variations. These components ensure computational efficiency while reducing the risk of underestimating parameter uncertainties. Both reconstruction schemes yield unbiased BAO measurements across all redshifts and analysis choices, including smoothing scale and fiducial cosmology. In each snapshot, reconstruction enhances the figure of merit for $\{Ω_m, H_0 r_s\}$ by $\sim3$, equivalent to tripling the effective survey volume. Combining the four redshift bins, the improvement remains substantial, with BAO-only constraints reaching $\sim10\%$ precision on $Ω_m$ and $\sim3\%$ on $H_0 r_s$. Results from RecSym and RecIso are consistent within uncertainties, though we recommend RecSym during testing due to its lower sensitivity to covariance variations. These findings establish the accuracy, robustness, and scalability of the Euclid BAO pipeline for DR1, providing a solid foundation for future cosmological analyses. △ Less

Submitted 5 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Euclid preparation. Three-dimensional galaxy clustering in configuration space: Three-point correlation function estimation

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Veropalumbo, M. Moresco, F. Marulli, E. Branchini, M. Guidi, A. Farina, A. Pugno, E. Sefusatti, D. Tavagnacco, F. Rizzo, E. Romelli, S. de la Torre, A. Eggemeier, E. Sihvola, M. Viel, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano , et al. (281 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Higher-order correlation functions are firmly established as a fundamental tool for the statistical analysis of clustering in modern galaxy surveys. It was demonstrated that they greatly enrich the information content extracted by two-point statistics, allowing us to break the degeneracies between model parameters and constrain departures from Gaussianity. This paper presents the statistical estim… ▽ More Higher-order correlation functions are firmly established as a fundamental tool for the statistical analysis of clustering in modern galaxy surveys. It was demonstrated that they greatly enrich the information content extracted by two-point statistics, allowing us to break the degeneracies between model parameters and constrain departures from Gaussianity. This paper presents the statistical estimators adopted to evaluate the galaxy three-point correlation function and its numerical implementation within the data analysis pipeline of the Euclid Science Ground Segment. Two different algorithms are adopted to count triplets: a direct and exact counting method capable of providing a robust three-point correlation function measurement for any triangular configuration, and a more efficient method based on spherical harmonic decomposition, designed to address the computational challenges of measuring the three-point statistics for data sets as large as those of the final Euclid survey. The spherical harmonic decomposition estimates the Legendre coefficients of the three-point correlation function up to a finite expansion order. Despite being an approximation, the three-point function measured with this approach satisfies the scientific requirements of the mission. We also introduce, implement, and validate the random split technique, which reduces the computational cost of counting triplets in the reference random sample by a factor of 10, without significantly compromising numerical accuracy. We evaluated the robustness, precision, and accuracy of the numerical estimates through an extensive campaign of validation tests, the results of which are presented. Finally, we quantify the computational requirements and their scaling with the expected size of Euclid data set, showing that a complete three-point analysis of the final Euclid survey is within computational reach. △ Less

Submitted 4 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 20 pages, 9 Figures

Euclid preparation. CosmoPostProcess: A simulation calibrated framework for weak lensing selection bias in richness-selected galaxy clusters

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, R. Ingrao, S. Borgani, M. Costanzi, A. Saro, T. Castro, L. Baumont, M. Aguena, S. Grandis, C. Murray, S. Bhargava, E. Munari, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone , et al. (258 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present \texttt{CosmoPostProcess}, a simulation-based forward-modelling algorithm calibrated to reproduce Euclid optical cluster observables. Its main deliverable is a correction for stacked surface-density profiles, binned in richness and redshift, accounting for selection systematics in richness-selected samples relative to unbiased references. We focus on the Euclid richness definition fores… ▽ More We present \texttt{CosmoPostProcess}, a simulation-based forward-modelling algorithm calibrated to reproduce Euclid optical cluster observables. Its main deliverable is a correction for stacked surface-density profiles, binned in richness and redshift, accounting for selection systematics in richness-selected samples relative to unbiased references. We focus on the Euclid richness definition foreseen for cosmological analyses, which does not apply a colour selection; red-sequence richness is not considered. The algorithm processes $N$-body simulations by painting galaxies with a halo-occupation model and emulating survey detection and richness assignment. We also implement a novel estimate of optical cluster centres from projected galaxy densities, validated against Euclid pipelines. Baryonic effects are included through a correction calibrated on hydrodynamical simulations; the baryon-corrected excess surface density agrees within \(2\,\%\) over \(r\in[0.1,\,5]\,h^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}\). Selection-bias contributions are assessed by varying cosmology and the mass--richness relation. Projection-induced selection bias follows a robust pattern: correlated large-scale structure projected along the line of sight enhances the stacked profile near the one-halo to two-halo transition, peaking at about \(1\,h^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}\) with an amplitude of \(20\!-\!40\,\%\), depending on richness and redshift. The effect is mild at low and intermediate redshift ($z\lesssim0.7$), at the few-percent level, but becomes more relevant at higher redshift ($z\gtrsim0.7$). Baryonic modifications remain sub-dominant outside the core, at about \(2\,\%\) beyond \(r\gtrsim0.3\,h^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}\). The framework delivers radial profile corrections with uncertainties, combining projection-induced selection bias, baryonic physics, and miscentring, to control systematics in Euclid DR1 cluster cosmology. (abridged) △ Less

Submitted 4 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Euclid preparation. Refining input galaxy shape distributions for shear calibration simulations

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, H. Jansen, N. Martinet, S. Grandis, H. Hoekstra, S. -S. Li, T. Schrabback, G. Congedo, B. Csizi, F. Kleinebreil, G. Mankar, N. Zimmermann, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone , et al. (260 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) will cover the majority of the extragalactic sky with a resolution similar to the Hubble Space Telescope. This unprecedented data set will introduce a new era of precision cosmology. However, systematic effects need to be controlled better than ever. One of the sources of systematic uncertainties in weak gravitational lensing are biases introduced during the shear meas… ▽ More The Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) will cover the majority of the extragalactic sky with a resolution similar to the Hubble Space Telescope. This unprecedented data set will introduce a new era of precision cosmology. However, systematic effects need to be controlled better than ever. One of the sources of systematic uncertainties in weak gravitational lensing are biases introduced during the shear measurement. Determining these biases precisely allows the calibration of cosmological measurements to within Euclid's required accuracy. The simulations that are used to determine such biases, need to resemble the real observations. In this work, we aim to learn distributions of galaxy shape parameters from real Euclid data and use the new information to augment the morphological information in the Flagship galaxy mock catalogue. The morphology is extracted using single and double-Sérsic model fits to the real data, for which we use SourceXtractor++. We train our pipeline on deep Euclid observations of a field with rich auxiliary data and then use it to simulate EWS-like data. In these simulations we compare the multiplicative bias between the morphology from the Flagship catalogue, the trained single-Sérsic morphology, and the trained double-Sérsic morphology. We find that the image simulations with the updated morphology result in a percent-level change in the multiplicative shear bias compared to the original morphology from Flagship. This bias exceeds Euclid's tight error budget by a factor of five and underlines the need for this work. Furthermore, we study the sensitivity of the multiplicative bias to key morphological parameters and show that our approach satisfies the requirements for the cosmology analysis with the first data release of Euclid. △ Less

Submitted 29 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: This paper is published on behalf of the Euclid Consortium. 24 pages, 25 figures, 6 tables. Submitted to A&A

Testing template-fitting models for the multipoles of the two-point clustering of galaxy clusters

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, E. Tsaprazi, A. Fumagalli, F. Marulli, A. Heavens, G. F. Lesci, M. Romanello, M. Bolzonella, Z. Sakr, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero, M. Castellano, G. Castignani , et al. (252 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The \textit{Euclid} satellite will deliver a catalogue of optically-selected galaxy clusters spanning from around $2000$ deg$^2$ in Data Release (DR) 1 to around $14\,000$ deg$^2$ in DR3. We assess the validity of cluster clustering (CC) models for template-fitting, which complements the full-shape methodology in providing cosmological information from the anisotropy of the redshift-space two-poin… ▽ More The \textit{Euclid} satellite will deliver a catalogue of optically-selected galaxy clusters spanning from around $2000$ deg$^2$ in Data Release (DR) 1 to around $14\,000$ deg$^2$ in DR3. We assess the validity of cluster clustering (CC) models for template-fitting, which complements the full-shape methodology in providing cosmological information from the anisotropy of the redshift-space two-point correlation function (2PCF). Both will be used to analyse the cluster 2PCF multipoles in \textit{Euclid}. We analyse the multipoles of the two-point redshift-space clustering of galaxy clusters simulated with the semi-analytic \code{PINOCCHIO} code using third-order Lagrangian perturbation theory, assuming a \textit{Euclid} DR1-like footprint of 500 deg$^2$ in the Northern Hemisphere and 1400 deg$^2$ in the Southern Hemisphere. We estimate the first three even multipoles of the 2PCF and associated covariance matrix from 1000 DR1-like synthetic catalogues. We study the impact of the modelling of nonlinearities, halo bias, and photometric redshift uncertainties on the 2PCF. We apply three clustering models to the mock catalogues at $0<z<2$ and virial mass $M_{\rm vir}>10^{14}\;h^{-1}\,M_\odot$ under realistic and optimistic photometric redshift uncertainty scenarios. We formulate a set of permissive and conservative criteria that should be fulfilled by the multipole cut-off scales and validate against 100 mock catalogues via inference of the growth rate times the matter power spectrum normalisation parameter, $fσ_8$. We test the dispersion, Scoccimarro, and Taruya--Nishimichi--Saito models. We find that the simplest of the three -- the dispersion model -- yields unbiased inferences on $fσ_8$ from CC down to $10$ $h^{-1}$ Mpc in a DR1-like setting. All clustering models provide very similar goodness-of-fit metrics in the presence of DR1-like cluster redshift uncertainties. △ Less

Submitted 28 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 18 pages, 7 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). AstroVink: A vision transformer approach to find strong gravitational lens systems

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, S. H. Vincken, K. Rojas, M. Melchior, N. E. P. Lines, T. E. Collett, A. Verma, P. Holloway, G. Despali, S. Schuldt, R. B. Metcalf, R. Gavazzi, F. Courbin, J. A. Acevedo Barroso, B. Clément, T. Li, D. Sluse, J. Wilde, A. Melo, A. Sonnenfeld, C. Tortora, T. T. Thai, M. Millon, C. Spiniello, A. Manjón-García , et al. (280 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present AstroVink, a vision transformer classifier designed for automated identification of strong lens candidates in Euclid imaging. We build upon the DINOv2 encoder, fine tuned to distinguish between lens and non-lens galaxies. Our base model, trained on simulated strong lens systems and labelled non lenses, recovers 88 of the 110 lens candidates within the top 500 ranked candidates, correspo… ▽ More We present AstroVink, a vision transformer classifier designed for automated identification of strong lens candidates in Euclid imaging. We build upon the DINOv2 encoder, fine tuned to distinguish between lens and non-lens galaxies. Our base model, trained on simulated strong lens systems and labelled non lenses, recovers 88 of the 110 lens candidates within the top 500 ranked candidates, corresponding to an inspection efficiency of one lens per 5.7 inspected objects in our test set. After the Q1 data release, which yielded about 500 lens candidates, we retrained the model using high confidence lens candidates and new negatives, initially flagged as potential lenses by other classifiers but rejected during visual inspection. The retrained network further improves performance, achieving recovery of all 110 systems within the same ranking and reducing the inspection effort to one lens per 4.5 inspected objects, demonstrating that incorporating real examples significantly enhances model generalisation. An analysis of training subsets revealed that the inclusion of realistic negative examples played a key role in this improvement. Finally, we applied the retrained model to the Q1 original selection of 1.08M targets, followed by a new round of Space Warps citizen science inspection and expert vetting, where we identified a total of eight Grade A and 26 Grade B new lens candidates. These results demonstrate that transformer based architectures can recover strong lens candidates with high efficiency in real Euclid data, while substantially reducing the number of candidates requiring visual inspection. △ Less

Submitted 23 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 21 pages, 6 figures, 1 table,submitted to A&A journal, dataset available at https://zenodo.org/records/17425610, software available at https://github.com/SaamieVincken/AstroVink

Euclid. Populating a dark universe with galaxies using SciPIC

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, E. J. Gonzalez, J. Carretero, Z. Baghkhani, F. J. Castander, P. Fosalba, P. Tallada-Crespí, J. Stadel, D. Potter, I. Tutusaus, S. Ramakrishnan, M. L. van Heukelum, N. E. Chisari, F. Marulli, M. Bolzonella, L. Pozzetti, D. Navarro-Gironés, J. Chaves-Montero, G. Parimbelli, M. Manera, L. Blot, K. Hoffmann, M. Huertas-Company, P. Monaco, C. Scarlata , et al. (283 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: High-fidelity galaxy mocks are crucial for validating analysis pipelines and for cosmological inference. In this context, the Science Pipeline at PIC (SciPIC) is a pipeline specifically designed for the fast generation of synthetic galaxy catalogues from the halo properties identified in cosmological simulations. SciPIC delivers galaxy catalogues that aim to reproduce the observed luminosity funct… ▽ More High-fidelity galaxy mocks are crucial for validating analysis pipelines and for cosmological inference. In this context, the Science Pipeline at PIC (SciPIC) is a pipeline specifically designed for the fast generation of synthetic galaxy catalogues from the halo properties identified in cosmological simulations. SciPIC delivers galaxy catalogues that aim to reproduce the observed luminosity function and clustering above a given flux detection limit over a wide redshift range. In this work, we introduce SciPICal, an automated pipeline that calibrates the parameters that set the main mock galaxy properties, namely number density, luminosities, colours, and positions. The pipeline is applied to the Euclid Flagship 2 Wide and Deep halo catalogues, specifically built to support the \textit{Euclid} wide and deep surveys. Compared to the recently released Flagship 2 Wide mock, our calibrated version improves the clustering predictions by approximately 50\% based on chi-squared values. Furthermore, we produce the Euclid Deep mock catalogue, which reaches up to $z = 10$ by populating a light-cone and a complementary snapshot at $z = 0$. We validate these catalogues using measurements from spectroscopic and photometric galaxy surveys, as well as with results from a hydrodynamical simulation. The obtained good agreement (within $15\%$ for most of the samples) in the clustering predictions across the different galaxy samples considered, validates our calibration strategy and demonstrates the strong predictive power of the generated mocks. This pipeline will allow us to improve the methodology applied in assigning the galaxy properties and ensures that the galaxy mocks remain up-to-date by incorporating constraints from upcoming observational data in the calibration procedure. △ Less

Submitted 15 June, 2026; v1 submitted 16 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted A&A

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). AgileLens: A scalable CNN-based pipeline for strong gravitational lens identification

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, X. Xu, R. Chen, T. Li, A. R. Cooray, S. Schuldt, J. A. Acevedo Barroso, D. Stern, D. Scott, M. Meneghetti, G. Despali, J. Chopra, Y. Cao, M. Cheng, J. Buda, J. Zhang, J. Furumizo, R. Valencia, Z. Jiang, C. Tortora, N. E. P. Lines, T. E. Collett, S. Fotopoulou, A. Galan, A. Manjón-García , et al. (286 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present an end-to-end, iterative pipeline for efficient identification of strong galaxy--galaxy lensing systems, applied to the Euclid Q1 imaging data. Starting from VIS catalogues, we reject point sources, apply a magnitude cut (I$_E$ $\leq$ 24) on deflectors, and run a pixel-level artefact/noise filter to build 96 $\times$ 96 pix cutouts; VIS+NISP colour composites are constructed with a VIS-… ▽ More We present an end-to-end, iterative pipeline for efficient identification of strong galaxy--galaxy lensing systems, applied to the Euclid Q1 imaging data. Starting from VIS catalogues, we reject point sources, apply a magnitude cut (I$_E$ $\leq$ 24) on deflectors, and run a pixel-level artefact/noise filter to build 96 $\times$ 96 pix cutouts; VIS+NISP colour composites are constructed with a VIS-anchored luminance scheme that preserves VIS morphology and NISP colour contrast. A VIS-only seed classifier supplies clear positives and typical impostors, from which we curate a morphology-balanced negative set and augment scarce positives. Among the six CNNs studied initially, a modified VGG16 (GlobalAveragePooling + 256/128 dense layers with the last nine layers trainable) performs best; the training set grows from 27 seed lenses (augmented to 1809) plus 2000 negatives to a colour dataset of 30,686 images. After three rounds of iterative fine-tuning, human grading of the top 4000 candidates ranked by the final model yields 441 Grade A/B candidate lensing systems, including 311 overlapping with the existing Q1 strong-lens catalogue, and 130 additional A/B candidates (9 As and 121 Bs) not previously reported. Independently, the model recovers 740 out of 905 (81.8%) candidate Q1 lenses within its top 20,000 predictions, considering off-centred samples. Candidates span I$_E$ $\simeq$ 17--24 AB mag (median 21.3 AB mag) and are redder in Y$_E$--H$_E$ than the parent population, consistent with massive early-type deflectors. Each training iteration required a week for a small team, and the approach easily scales to future Euclid releases; future work will calibrate the selection function via lens injection, extend recall through uncertainty-aware active learning, explore multi-scale or attention-based neural networks with fast post-hoc vetters that incorporate lens models into the classification. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 30 pages, 16 figures

Euclid preparation. CII. Non-Gaussianity of 2-pt statistics likelihood: Parameter inference with a non-Gaussian likelihood in Fourier and configuration space

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, S. Gouyou Beauchamps, J. Bel, P. Baratta, C. Carbone, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, F. Bernardeau, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero, S. Casas, M. Castellano, G. Castignani, S. Cavuoti , et al. (255 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this work we account for this skewness in parameter inference by modelling the likelihood through an Edgeworth expansion which involves the complete skewness tensor, composed of 1-point, 2-point, and 3-point correlators. To simplify the calculations of this expansion we perform a change of basis which reduces the precision matrix to the identity. In this basis, the off-diagonal elements of the… ▽ More In this work we account for this skewness in parameter inference by modelling the likelihood through an Edgeworth expansion which involves the complete skewness tensor, composed of 1-point, 2-point, and 3-point correlators. To simplify the calculations of this expansion we perform a change of basis which reduces the precision matrix to the identity. In this basis, the off-diagonal elements of the skewness tensor are consistent with zero, while the amplitude of its diagonal match the level expected for a Gaussian underlying field. We perform parameter inference with this likelihood model and find that including only the diagonal part of the skewness is sufficient, while incorporating the full skewness tensor injects noise without improving accuracy. Despite the estimated excess skewness in the original basis, the cosmological constraints remain effectively unchanged when adopting a Gaussian likelihood or considering the more complete Edgeworth expansion, with variations in the figure of merit of cosmological parameters between the two cases below $5\%$. This result remains unchanged against variations of the survey volume and geometry, scale-cut, and 2-point statistic (power spectrum or correlation function). Using $10\, 000$ cloned \Euclid large mocks based on realistic galaxy catalogues with characteristics close to future \Euclid data, we find no detectable excess skewness on intermediate scales, due to the level of shot noise expected for the \Euclid spectroscopic sample. We conclude that the Gaussian likelihood assumption is robust for \Euclid 2-point statistics analyses in both Fourier and configuration space. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2026; v1 submitted 1 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 25 pages, 12 figures, accepted in A&A

Euclid preparation. Impact of redshift distribution uncertainties on the joint analysis of photometric galaxy clustering and weak gravitational lensing

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, K. A. Bertmann, A. Porredon, V. Duret, J. Fonseca, H. Hildebrandt, I. Tutusaus, S. Camera, S. Escoffier, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, V. F. Cardone , et al. (268 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: One of the $\textit{Euclid}$ mission's key projects is the so-called 3$\times$2pt analysis, that is, the combination of cosmic shear, photometric galaxy clustering, and galaxy-galaxy lensing. Although $\textit{Euclid}$ has established quality requirements for the photo-$z$ accuracy needed for the weak lensing galaxy sample, no such requirements have been set for the photometric clustering sample.… ▽ More One of the $\textit{Euclid}$ mission's key projects is the so-called 3$\times$2pt analysis, that is, the combination of cosmic shear, photometric galaxy clustering, and galaxy-galaxy lensing. Although $\textit{Euclid}$ has established quality requirements for the photo-$z$ accuracy needed for the weak lensing galaxy sample, no such requirements have been set for the photometric clustering sample. In this paper, we investigate the impact of redshift uncertainties on $\textit{Euclid}$'s photometric galaxy clustering analysis and its combination with weak gravitational lensing, focusing on data release 1 (DR1). In particular, we study whether having precise knowledge of the mean of the redshift distributions per bin is sufficient to avoid biases in the resulting cosmological constraints or whether accuracy in the higher-order moments of the distribution is required. We evaluate the results based on their constraining power on $w_{\mathrm{0}}$ and $w_{a}$ and define thresholds for the precision and accuracy of $\textit{Euclid}$'s redshift distribution of the photometric clustering sample. We find that the redshift distributions of the photometric clustering sample must be known at an accuracy of 0.004(1+$z$) in the mean in order to recover 80$\%$ of the constraining power in $\textit{Euclid}$'s DR1 $w_{\mathrm{0}}w_{a}$CDM 3$\times$2pt analysis. The impact of the uncertainty on the width is negligible, provided the mean redshift is constrained with sufficient accuracy. For most sources of redshift distribution error, attaining the requirement on the mean will also reduce uncertainty in the width well below the required level. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 13+6 pages, 5+9 figures, 5+5 tables

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The Strong Lensing Discovery Engine F -- Bright and low-redshift strong lenses

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, L. R. Ecker, M. Fabricius, S. Seitz, R. Saglia, N. E. P. Lines, P. Holloway, T. Li, A. Verma, F. Balzer, Q. Jin, A. Manjón-García, S. H. Vincken, J. Wilde, J. A. Acevedo Barroso, J. W. Nightingale, K. Rojas, S. Schuldt, M. Walmsley, T. E. Collett, G. Despali, A. Sonnenfeld, C. Tortora, R. B. Metcalf, R. Bender , et al. (324 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present 72 additional galaxy-galaxy strong lenses that complement the sample discovered in the Euclid Quick Release 1 data (63.1 deg^2) of the Strong Lens Discovery Engine (SLDE) papers A-E. It is shown that previous pre-selection of potential lenses, which excluded objects from the Gaia catalogue, led to missing several bright and low-redshift strong lenses, adding more than 10% new strong len… ▽ More We present 72 additional galaxy-galaxy strong lenses that complement the sample discovered in the Euclid Quick Release 1 data (63.1 deg^2) of the Strong Lens Discovery Engine (SLDE) papers A-E. It is shown that previous pre-selection of potential lenses, which excluded objects from the Gaia catalogue, led to missing several bright and low-redshift strong lenses, adding more than 10% new strong lens candidates compared to the previous search. In total, the catalogue includes 38 "grade A" (confident) and 34 "grade B" (probable) candidates. These lenses are identified through a combination of two independent searches for bright nearby objects: one based on machine-learning models followed by expert visual inspection, and the other based solely on expert visual inspection, targeting objects not included in the initial machine-learning selection (a limitation identified only after extensive visual inspection). With these additional strong lens candidates, we augment the expected number of high-confidence candidates in the Euclid Wide Survey from previous forecasts to 120000. Detailed semi-automated lens modelling confirms at least 41 systems out of 72, a fraction consistent with that found in SLDE A (315 out of 488). These include: multiple edge-on disc lenses; sources with arcs near the lens centre; "red sources"; and an edge-on disk galaxy lensing a galaxy merger, producing two sets of lensed features, an Einstein ring and a doubly imaged component. The median redshift of these systems is $Δ$ z ~ 0.3 lower than that of the SLDE A sample. △ Less

Submitted 30 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Euclid preparation. Galaxy power spectrum and bispectrum modelling

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, K. Pardede, A. Eggemeier, D. Alkhanishvili, E. Sefusatti, A. Moradinezhad Dizgah, L. Christoph, A. Chudaykin, M. Kärcher, D. Linde, M. Marinucci, C. Porciani, A. Veropalumbo, M. Crocce, M. S. Cagliari, B. Camacho Quevedo, L. Castiblanco, E. Castorina, G. D'Amico, V. Desjacques, A. Farina, G. Gambardella, M. Guidi, F. Janssen, J. Lesgourgues , et al. (284 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Higher-order correlation functions of the large-scale galaxy distribution offer access to information beyond that contained in standard 2-point statistics such as the power spectrum. In this work we assess this potential for the $\textit{Euclid}$ mission using synthetic catalogues of H$α$ galaxies based on the 54 $\, h^{-3} \, {\rm Gpc}^3$ Flagship I simulation, designed to reproduce the… ▽ More Higher-order correlation functions of the large-scale galaxy distribution offer access to information beyond that contained in standard 2-point statistics such as the power spectrum. In this work we assess this potential for the $\textit{Euclid}$ mission using synthetic catalogues of H$α$ galaxies based on the 54 $\, h^{-3} \, {\rm Gpc}^3$ Flagship I simulation, designed to reproduce the $\textit{Euclid}$ spectroscopic sample. We comprehensively validate the one-loop galaxy power spectrum and tree-level bispectrum predictions from perturbation theory in both real and redshift space. Assuming scale cuts consistent with our previous power spectrum study on the same catalogues, this modelling yields unbiased cosmological constraints for the bispectrum up to $k_{\rm max} = 0.15\,\, h \, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ in real space and $0.08 \, (0.1)\,\, h \, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ at the lowest (highest) redshift, corresponding to $z=0.9$ ($z=1.8$), for the monopole and quadrupole in redshift space using statistical uncertainties corresponding to the full simulation volume. With these scale cuts, adding bispectrum information to the power spectrum improves constraints on the amplitude of scalar perturbations and the matter density by up to 30 %, increasing the overall figure of merit for key cosmological parameters by a factor of about 2.5. Similar conclusions hold when statistical uncertainties are rescaled to a $\textit{Euclid}$-like volume, highlighting the importance of the bispectrum for fully exploiting the forthcoming $\textit{Euclid}$ data. Our analysis also provides the first detailed characterisation of the nonlinear bias model of H$α$ emitters, showing that bias relations calibrated on low-resolution \textit{N}-body simulations do not adequately describe the clustering of H$α$ galaxies at low redshift, whereas excursion-set and co-evolution relations for tidal biases remain accurate. △ Less

Submitted 10 April, 2026; v1 submitted 29 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 16+2 pages, 11 figures, 4+1 tables, abstract abridged for arXiv submission

Euclid preparation. Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE). 2. Code implementation

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, S. Joudaki, V. Pettorino, L. Blot, M. Bonici, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. F. Cardone, P. Carrilho, S. Casas, S. Davini, S. Di Domizio, S. Farrens, L. W. K. Goh, S. Gouyou Beauchamps, S. Ilić, F. Keil, A. M. C. Le Brun, M. Martinelli, C. Moretti, A. Pezzotta, Z. Sakr, A. G. Sánchez, D. Sciotti, K. Tanidis , et al. (323 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We provide a description of the code implementation and structure of Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE), developed by members of the Euclid Consortium. CLOE is a modular Python code for computing the theoretical predictions of cosmological observables and evaluating them against state-of-the-art data from galaxy surveys such as Euclid in a unified likelihood. This primarily incl… ▽ More We provide a description of the code implementation and structure of Cosmology Likelihood for Observables in Euclid (CLOE), developed by members of the Euclid Consortium. CLOE is a modular Python code for computing the theoretical predictions of cosmological observables and evaluating them against state-of-the-art data from galaxy surveys such as Euclid in a unified likelihood. This primarily includes the core observables of weak gravitational lensing, photometric galaxy clustering, galaxy-galaxy lensing, and spectroscopic galaxy clustering, but also extended probes such as the clusters of galaxies and cross-correlations of galaxy positions and shapes with the cosmic microwave background. While CLOE has been developed to serve as the unified framework for the parameter inferences in Euclid, it has general capabilities that can serve the broader cosmological community. It is different from other comparable cosmological tools in that it is written entirely in Python, performs the full likelihood calculation, and includes both photometric and spectroscopic observables. We will focus on the primary probes of Euclid and will describe the overall code structure, rigorous code development practices, extensive documentation, unique features, speed optimization, and future development plans. CLOE is publicly available at https://github.com/cloe-org/cloe. △ Less

Submitted 23 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Second in a series of six papers presenting CLOE, the Euclid likelihood code; 43 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in A&A (with a table of contents added)

Euclid preparation. Far-infrared predictions for Euclid galaxy catalogues: cluster, protocluster, and field

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Parmar, D. L. Clements, M. Bolzonella, O. Cucciati, L. Pozzetti, H. Dannerbauer, G. Castignani, S. Serjeant, L. Wang, R. Hill, D. Scott, J. G. Sorce, M. Magliocchetti, F. Pace, T. T. Thai, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, W. Bon , et al. (275 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The MAMBO mock galaxy catalogue, based on the Millennium Simulation with empirically assigned galaxy properties, provides predictions of FIR fluxes and physical parameters of Euclid-detectable galaxies. Predicted FIR flux distributions confirm that only the brightest Euclid sources will be detectable in existing FIR surveys. We employ stacking to measure the mean dust properties as a function of s… ▽ More The MAMBO mock galaxy catalogue, based on the Millennium Simulation with empirically assigned galaxy properties, provides predictions of FIR fluxes and physical parameters of Euclid-detectable galaxies. Predicted FIR flux distributions confirm that only the brightest Euclid sources will be detectable in existing FIR surveys. We employ stacking to measure the mean dust properties as a function of stellar mass and redshift. We find dust temperatures and infrared luminosities increase with redshift across all mass bins, while dust masses remain roughly constant. FIR number counts from MAMBO show overall good agreement with observations, and the total infrared luminosity function reproduces published estimates across most redshift ranges, extending to z~10. Comparing the Euclid Wide and Deep Surveys, we find that the EDS recovers the total IRLF to fainter luminosities and higher redshifts (up to z~6 in $I_E$), although its detectability falls below 80% at z>4, whereas the EWS becomes strongly incomplete beyond z~2. We also examine the dependence of the IRLF on environment. Schechter fits indicate that the faint-end slope $α$ flattens with redshift for cluster and protocluster galaxies, while remaining approximately constant for field populations. Imposing additional detection limits from Herschel-PACS and SPIRE shows that only the most luminous ($L_{IR}$ > $10^{12.5}$ $L_{\odot}$) galaxies remain detectable at z~4, but the limited MAMBO area (3.14$deg^2$) is inadequate for statistically robust (>3$σ$) constraints. Survey areas at least 30 times larger are required. Overall, the MAMBO FIR extension reproduces key number count and IRLF trends, provides realistic predictions for FIR-detected Euclid galaxies, and highlights the importance of synergies with current and future FIR/sub-mm facilities to probe environmental dependence with sufficient depth and area. △ Less

Submitted 13 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 25 pages, 17 figures, submitted to A&A

Euclid preparation. Simulated galaxy catalogues for non-standard cosmological models

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, M. -A. Breton, P. Fosalba, S. Avila, M. Baldi, C. Carbone, M. Kärcher, G. Rácz, M. Bolzonella, F. J. Castander, C. Giocoli, K. Koyama, A. M. C. Le Brun, L. Pozzetti, A. G. Adame, V. Gonzalez-Perez, G. Yepes, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, C. Baccigalupi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia , et al. (267 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Stage-IV galaxy surveys will provide the opportunity to test cosmological models and the underlying theory of gravity with unparalleled precision. In this context, it is crucial for the Euclid mission to leverage its spectroscopic and photometric probes to systematically investigate and incorporate non-standard cosmological models, including modified gravity, alternative dark energy scenarios, mas… ▽ More Stage-IV galaxy surveys will provide the opportunity to test cosmological models and the underlying theory of gravity with unparalleled precision. In this context, it is crucial for the Euclid mission to leverage its spectroscopic and photometric probes to systematically investigate and incorporate non-standard cosmological models, including modified gravity, alternative dark energy scenarios, massive neutrinos, and primordial non-Gaussianity. We produce and release publicly simulated galaxy catalogues from a broad suite of non-standard cosmological simulations, which we processed through a model-independent analytical pipeline, making use of Rockstar for halo identification, and a modified version of the SciPic library for the galaxy-halo connection using the halo occupation distribution framework. We investigate their galaxy-clustering characteristics via the multipoles of the 2PCF in redshift space and VDG, a highly performant model for galaxy clustering. Across a wide range of models, the linear growth rate multiplied by the matter density within spheres of radius 12,Mpc, fs12, exhibits a notable robustness to the choice of cosmological template. Compared to previous works, our study extends this result to numerous scenarios with markedly distinct gravitational or dark energy dynamics. We find that the most of the scatter in cosmological parameter inference already appears when using the cosmological model of the simulations as templates. Using a `wrong' template can also introduce an additional scatter, although with smaller amplitude. Often, we find deviations much larger than error bars, meaning that the Gaussian approximation for the covariance might need to be further studied. Future cosmological investigations must broaden their scope to include a diverse array of non-standard theoretical frameworks, extending beyond LCDM and rudimentary dynamic dark energy models. △ Less

Submitted 13 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 14+9 pages, 3+4 figures, submitted

Euclid: The linear-construction covariance and cosmology

Authors: V. Lindholm, E. Sihvola, J. Valiviita, A. Fumagalli, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero, S. Casas, M. Castellano, G. Castignani, S. Cavuoti, K. C. Chambers, A. Cimatti , et al. (115 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We study the properties of galaxy cluster 2-point correlation function covariance matrices estimated using the linear-construction (LC) method, which is computationally up to 20 times faster than the standard sample-covariance method. Our goal is to assess how well the LC method performs in cosmological parameter estimation compared to the sample covariance. We use a set of 1000 mock dark matter h… ▽ More We study the properties of galaxy cluster 2-point correlation function covariance matrices estimated using the linear-construction (LC) method, which is computationally up to 20 times faster than the standard sample-covariance method. Our goal is to assess how well the LC method performs in cosmological parameter estimation compared to the sample covariance. We use a set of 1000 mock dark matter halo catalogues to compute both the LC-covariance and the sample-covariance estimates in four redshift shells. These numerical matrices are used to fit a theoretical four-parameter model for the covariance. We then use the two fitted covariance models in a likelihood function to estimate two cosmological parameters - the matter density parameter $Ω_{\rm m}$ and the amplitude of the matter density fluctuations $σ_8$ - from the simulated mock catalogues. The purpose of this is to validate the LC-covariance-based model against the sample-covariance model. The catalogues were simulated assuming the spatially flat $Λ$CDM cosmology, with $Ω_{\rm m} = 0.30711$ and $σ_8=0.8288$. We find that the parameter posteriors obtained using the sample- and LC-covariance models agree well with each other and with the simulation cosmology. The two pairs of marginalized constraints are $Ω_{\rm m} = 0.307 \pm 0.003$ and $σ_8 = 0.826\pm 0.009$ (sample covariance), and $Ω_{\rm m} = 0.308 \pm 0.003$ and $σ_8 = 0.825 \pm 0.009$ (LC covariance). The posterior widths are the same, and the difference in the median values is less than $0.16\,σ$ for both parameters. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 12 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables

Euclid preparation. CIV. Impact of galaxy intrinsic alignment modelling choices on Euclid 3x2pt cosmology

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, D. Navarro-Gironés, I. Tutusaus, M. Crocce, S. Gouyou Beauchamps, R. Paviot, B. Joachimi, J. Ruiz-Zapatero, D. Sciotti, N. Tessore, J. Blazek, G. Cañas-Herrera, P. Carrilho, J. M. Coloma-Nadal, H. Hoekstra, A. Porredon, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, M. Bolzonella, E. Branchini, M. Brescia , et al. (252 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid galaxy survey will provide unprecedented constraints on cosmology, but achieving unbiased results will require an optimal characterisation and mitigation of systematic effects. The intrinsic alignments (IAs) of galaxies are one of the dominant contaminants of the weak lensing (WL) and galaxy-galaxy lensing (GGL) probes. In this work, we assess IA modelling choices for Euclid DR1 3x2pt a… ▽ More The Euclid galaxy survey will provide unprecedented constraints on cosmology, but achieving unbiased results will require an optimal characterisation and mitigation of systematic effects. The intrinsic alignments (IAs) of galaxies are one of the dominant contaminants of the weak lensing (WL) and galaxy-galaxy lensing (GGL) probes. In this work, we assess IA modelling choices for Euclid DR1 3x2pt analyses by using synthetic data vectors and comparing the performance of the two most commonly used IA models, non-linear alignment (NLA) and tidal alignment tidal torquing (TATT), along with several variations. Our analyses combine three perspectives: (i) the constraining power on the IA and cosmological parameters for each IA model, (ii) the bias that results when the IA analysis model differs from the model used to generate the synthetic data vector, and (iii) the degeneracies between IAs and photometric redshift (photo-z) nuisance parameters. Amongst the IA models analysed, the redshift-dependent TATT model (zTATT) provides the most flexible description of IAs, with a constraining power similar to simpler IA models, making it a suitable choice for Euclid DR1 3x2pt analyses. △ Less

Submitted 9 June, 2026; v1 submitted 18 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 24 pages, 16 figures, accepted by A&A

Euclid. Properties and performance of the NISP signal estimator

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, F. Cogato, B. Kubik, R. Barbier, S. Conseil, E. Medinaceli, Y. Copin, E. Franceschi, L. Valenziano, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco , et al. (270 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid spacecraft, located at the second Lagrangian point of the Sun-Earth system, hosts the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) instrument. NISP is equipped with a mosaic of 16 HgCdTe-based detectors to acquire near-infrared photometric and spectroscopic data. To meet the spacecraft's constraints on computational resources and telemetry bandwidth, the near-infrared signal is proc… ▽ More The Euclid spacecraft, located at the second Lagrangian point of the Sun-Earth system, hosts the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) instrument. NISP is equipped with a mosaic of 16 HgCdTe-based detectors to acquire near-infrared photometric and spectroscopic data. To meet the spacecraft's constraints on computational resources and telemetry bandwidth, the near-infrared signal is processed onboard via a dedicated hardware-software architecture designed to fulfil the stringent Euclid's data-quality requirements. A custom application software, running on the two NISP data processing units, implements the NISP signal estimator: an ad-hoc algorithm which delivers accurate flux measurements and simultaneously estimates the quality of signal estimation through the quality factor parameter. This paper investigates the properties of the NISP signal estimator by evaluating its performance during the early flight operations of the NISP instrument. First, we revisit the assumptions on which the inference of the near-infrared signal is based and investigate the origin of the main systematics of the signal estimator through Monte Carlo simulations. Then, we test the flight performance of the NISP signal estimator. Results indicate a systematic bias lower than 0.01 e/s for 99% of the NISP pixel array, well within the noise budget of the estimated signal. We also derive an analytical expression for the variance of the NISP signal estimator, demonstrating its validity, particularly when the covariance matrix is not pre-computed. Finally, we provide a robust statistical framework to interpret the QF parameter, analyse its dependence on the signal estimator bias, and show its sensitivity to cosmic ray hits on NISP detectors. Our findings corroborate previous results on the NISP signal estimator and suggest a leading-order correction based on the agreement between flight data and simulations. △ Less

Submitted 3 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Euclid preparation. Decomposing components of the extragalactic background light using multi-band intensity mapping cross-correlations

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, Y. Cao, A. R. Cooray, T. Li, Y. -T. Cheng, K. Tanidis, S. H. Lim, D. Scott, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, J. Carretero, S. Casas, M. Castellano , et al. (247 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The extragalactic background light (EBL) fluctuations in the optical/near-IR encode the cumulative integrated galaxy light (IGL), diffuse intra-halo light (IHL), and high-$z$ sources from the epoch of reionisation (EoR), but they are difficult to disentangle with auto-spectra alone. We aim to decompose the EBL into its principal constituents using multi-band intensity mapping combined with cosmic… ▽ More The extragalactic background light (EBL) fluctuations in the optical/near-IR encode the cumulative integrated galaxy light (IGL), diffuse intra-halo light (IHL), and high-$z$ sources from the epoch of reionisation (EoR), but they are difficult to disentangle with auto-spectra alone. We aim to decompose the EBL into its principal constituents using multi-band intensity mapping combined with cosmic shear and galaxy clustering. We develop a joint halo-model framework in which IHL follows a mass- and redshift-dependent luminosity scaling, IGL is set by an evolving Schechter luminosity function, and EoR emission is modelled with Pop II/III stellar emissivities and a binned star-formation efficiency. Using mock surveys in a flat $Λ$CDM cosmology with ten spectral bands spanning 0.75-5.0$\rm μm$ in the NEP deep fields over about 100$°^2$ with source detections down to AB=20.5 for masking, and six redshift bins to $z=2.5$, we fit auto- and cross-power spectra using a MCMC method. The combined SPHEREx$\times$Euclid analysis recovers all fiducial parameters within 1$σ$ and reduces 1$σ$ uncertainties on IHL parameters by 10-35% relative to SPHEREx EBL-only, while EoR star-formation efficiency parameters improve by 20-35%. Cross-correlations reveal a stronger coupling of IHL than IGL to the shear field, enhancing component separation; conversely, the EoR contribution shows negligible correlation with cosmic shear and galaxy clustering, aiding its isolation in the EBL. Relative to the SPHEREx EBL-only case, the inferred IHL fraction as a function of halo mass is significantly tightened over $10^{11}-10^{14} M_{\odot}$, with uncertainties reduced by 5-30%, and the resulting star-formation rate density constraints extend to $z\sim 11$, with uncertainty reductions of 22-31%. △ Less

Submitted 19 May, 2026; v1 submitted 28 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 21 pages, 11 figures

Euclid preparation. Galaxy power spectrum modelling in redshift space

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, B. Camacho Quevedo, M. Crocce, M. Pellejero Ibañez, R. E. Angulo, A. Pezzotta, A. Eggemeier, G. Gambardella, C. Moretti, E. Sefusatti, A. Moradinezhad Dizgah, E. Gaztanaga, M. Zennaro, M. -A. Breton, A. Chudaykin, G. D'Amico, V. Desjacques, S. de la Torre, P. Fosalba, M. Guidi, M. Kärcher, K. Pardede, C. Porciani, A. Pugno, J. Salvalaggio , et al. (270 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Accurate modelling of redshift-space distortions (RSD) is essential for maximizing the cosmological information extracted from large galaxy redshift surveys. In preparation for the forthcoming analysis of the Euclid spectroscopic data, we investigate three approaches to modelling RSD effects on the power spectrum multipoles of mock H$α$ emission line galaxies. We focus on two one-loop perturbation… ▽ More Accurate modelling of redshift-space distortions (RSD) is essential for maximizing the cosmological information extracted from large galaxy redshift surveys. In preparation for the forthcoming analysis of the Euclid spectroscopic data, we investigate three approaches to modelling RSD effects on the power spectrum multipoles of mock H$α$ emission line galaxies. We focus on two one-loop perturbation theory models -- the effective field theory (EFT) and velocity difference generator (${\rm VDG_ \infty}$) -- which differ in their treatment of the real-to-redshift space mapping on small scales, and a third approach, the BACCO emulator, which adopts a hybrid strategy combining perturbation theory with high-resolution N-body simulations. We assess the ability of these models to recover key cosmological parameters, including the expansion rate $h$, the cold dark matter density parameter $ω_{\rm c}$, and the scalar amplitude $A_{\rm s}$, across four redshift bins spanning $0.9 \leq z \leq 1.8$. In each bin, we find that ${\rm VDG_ \infty}$ and BACCO outperform the EFT model across all scales up to $k_{max} \lesssim 0.35 h\,Mpc^{-1} $. While BACCO saturates in constraining power at intermediate scales and higher redshift, the ${\rm VDG_ \infty}$ model continues to improve parameter constraints beyond $k_{max} \gtrsim 0.30 h\,Mpc^{-1}$. The EFT model, although robust on large scales, exhibits significant parameter biases for $k_{max} \gtrsim 0.25 h\,Mpc^{-1}$, limiting its applicability to Euclid-like H$α$ samples. Among the full perturbation theory-based models, the enhanced treatment of small-scale RSD effects in ${\rm VDG_ \infty}$ improves cosmological parameter constraints by up to a factor of two. △ Less

Submitted 9 March, 2026; v1 submitted 28 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 14 pages,9 figures

Euclid: Galaxy SED reconstruction in the PHZ processing function: impact on the PSF and the role of medium-band filters

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, F. Tarsitano, C. Schreiber, H. Miyatake, A. J. Nishizawa, W. G. Hartley, L. Miller, C. Cragg, B. Csizi, H. Hildebrandt, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco , et al. (279 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Weak lensing surveys require accurate correction for the point spread function (PSF) when measuring galaxy shapes. For a diffraction-limited PSF, as arises in space-based missions, this correction depends on each galaxy SED. In the Euclid mission, galaxy SED reconstruction, a tasks of the photometric-redshift processing function (PHZ PF), relies on broad- and medium-band ancillary photometry. The… ▽ More Weak lensing surveys require accurate correction for the point spread function (PSF) when measuring galaxy shapes. For a diffraction-limited PSF, as arises in space-based missions, this correction depends on each galaxy SED. In the Euclid mission, galaxy SED reconstruction, a tasks of the photometric-redshift processing function (PHZ PF), relies on broad- and medium-band ancillary photometry. The limited wavelength sampling of the Euclid VIS passband and signal-to-noise ratio may affect the reconstruction accuracy and translate into biases in the weak lensing measurements. In this study, we present the methodology, which is employed in the Euclid PHZ PF, for reconstructing galaxy SEDs at 55 wavelengths, sampling the VIS passband every 10 nm, and we assess whether it fulfils the accuracy requirements imposed on the Euclid PSF model. We employ both physics- and data-driven methods, focusing on a new approach of template-based flux correction and Gaussian processes, and we introduce an SED metric whose bias propagates into PSF quadrupole moment errors. Our findings demonstrate that Gaussian processes and template fitting meet the requirements only in specific, but complementary, redshift intervals. We therefore propose a hybrid approach, which leverages both methods. This solution proves to be effective in meeting the Euclid accuracy requirements for most of the redshift range of the survey. Finally, we investigate the impact on the SED reconstruction of a new set of 16 evenly-spaced medium-band filters for the Subaru telescope, providing quasi-spectroscopic coverage of the VIS passband. This study shows promising results, ensuring accurate SED reconstruction and meeting the mission PSF requirements. This work thus provides not only the methodological foundation of galaxy SED reconstruction in the Euclid PHZ PF, but also a roadmap for future improvements using a new medium-band survey. △ Less

Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 17 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, including appendices

Euclid preparation. 3D reconstruction of the cosmic web with simulated Euclid Deep spectroscopic samples

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, K. Kraljic, C. Laigle, M. Balogh, P. Jablonka, U. Kuchner, N. Malavasi, F. Sarron, C. Pichon, G. De Lucia, M. Bethermin, F. Durret, M. Fumagalli, C. Gouin, M. Magliocchetti, J. G. Sorce, O. Cucciati, F. Fontanot, M. Hirschmann, Y. Kang, M. Spinelli, N. Aghanim, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio , et al. (299 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ongoing Euclid mission aims to measure spectroscopic redshifts for approximately two million galaxies using the H $α$ line emission detected in near-infrared slitless spectroscopic data from the Euclid Deep Fields (EDFs). These measurements will reach a flux limit of $5\times 10^{-17}\,{\rm erg}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}\,{\rm s}^{-1}$ in the redshift range $0.4<z<1.8$, opening the door to numerous inves… ▽ More The ongoing Euclid mission aims to measure spectroscopic redshifts for approximately two million galaxies using the H $α$ line emission detected in near-infrared slitless spectroscopic data from the Euclid Deep Fields (EDFs). These measurements will reach a flux limit of $5\times 10^{-17}\,{\rm erg}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}\,{\rm s}^{-1}$ in the redshift range $0.4<z<1.8$, opening the door to numerous investigations involving galaxy evolution, extending well beyond the mission's core objectives. The achieved H $α$ luminosity depth will lead to a sufficiently high sampling, enabling the reconstruction of the large-scale galaxy environment. We assess the quality of the reconstruction of the galaxy cosmic web environment with the expected spectroscopic dataset in EDFs. The analysis is carried out on the Flagship and GAEA galaxy mock catalogues. The quality of the reconstruction is first evaluated using geometrical and topological statistics measured on the cosmic web, namely the length of filaments, the area of walls, the volume of voids, and its connectivity and multiplicity. We then quantify how accurately gradients in galaxy properties with distance from filaments can be recovered. As expected, the small-scale redshift-space distortions, have a strong impact on filament lengths and connectivity, but can be mitigated by compressing galaxy groups before skeleton extraction. The cosmic web reconstruction is biased when relying solely on H $α$ emitters. This limitation can be mitigated by applying stellar mass weighting during the reconstruction. However, this approach introduces non-trivial biases that need to be accounted for when comparing to theoretical predictions. Redshift uncertainties pose the greatest challenge in recovering the expected dependence of galaxy properties, though the well-established stellar mass transverse gradients towards filaments can still be observed. △ Less

Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 30 pages, 23 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 708, A164 (2026)

Euclid preparation. Calibrated intrinsic galaxy alignments in the Euclid Flagship simulation

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, K. Hoffmann, R. Paviot, B. Joachimi, N. Tessore, P. Tallada-Crespí, N. E. Chisari, E. J. Gonzalez, A. Loureiro, P. Fosalba, J. Blazek, C. Laigle, Y. Dubois, C. Pichon, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, F. Bernardeau, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera , et al. (276 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Intrinsic alignments of galaxies are potentially a major contaminant of cosmological analyses of weak gravitational lensing. We construct a semi-analytic model of galaxy ellipticities and alignments in the \Euclid Flagship simulation to predict this contamination in Euclid's weak lensing observations. Galaxy shapes and orientations are determined by the corresponding properties of the host haloes… ▽ More Intrinsic alignments of galaxies are potentially a major contaminant of cosmological analyses of weak gravitational lensing. We construct a semi-analytic model of galaxy ellipticities and alignments in the \Euclid Flagship simulation to predict this contamination in Euclid's weak lensing observations. Galaxy shapes and orientations are determined by the corresponding properties of the host haloes in the underlying $N$-body simulation, as well as the relative positions of galaxies within their halo. Alignment strengths are moderated via stochastic misalignments, separately for central and satellite galaxies and conditional on the galaxy's redshift, luminosity, and rest-frame colour. The resulting model is calibrated against galaxy ellipticity statistics from the COSMOS Survey, selected alignment measurements based on Sloan Digital Sky Survey samples, and galaxy orientations extracted from the Horizon-AGN hydrodynamic simulation at redshift $z=1$. The best-fit model has a total of 12 alignment parameters and generally reproduces the calibration data sets well within the $1σ$ statistical uncertainties of the observations and the \flagship simulation, with notable exceptions for the most luminous sub-samples on small physical scales. The statistical power of the calibration data and the volume of the single \flagship realisation are still too small to provide informative prior ranges for intrinsic alignment amplitudes in relevant galaxy samples. As a first application, we predict that \Euclid end-of-mission tomographic weak gravitational lensing two-point statistics are modified by up to order $10\,\%$ due to intrinsic alignments. △ Less

Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Euclid preparation. Testing analytic models of galaxy intrinsic alignments in the Euclid Flagship simulation

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, R. Paviot, B. Joachimi, K. Hoffmann, S. Codis, I. Tutusaus, D. Navarro-Gironés, J. Blazek, F. Hervas-Peters, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero, S. Casas , et al. (271 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We model intrinsic alignments (IA) in Euclid's Flagship simulation to investigate its impact on Euclid's weak lensing signal. Our IA implementation in the Flagship simulation takes into account photometric properties of galaxies as well as their dark matter host halos. We compare simulations against theory predictions, determining the parameters of two of the most widely used IA models: the Non Li… ▽ More We model intrinsic alignments (IA) in Euclid's Flagship simulation to investigate its impact on Euclid's weak lensing signal. Our IA implementation in the Flagship simulation takes into account photometric properties of galaxies as well as their dark matter host halos. We compare simulations against theory predictions, determining the parameters of two of the most widely used IA models: the Non Linear Alignment (NLA) and the Tidal Alignment and Tidal Torquing (TATT) models. We measure the amplitude of the simulated IA signal as a function of galaxy magnitude and colour in the redshift range $0.1<z<2.1$. We find that both NLA and TATT can accurately describe the IA signal in the simulation down to scales of $6$-$7 \,h^{-1}\,$Mpc. We measure alignment amplitudes for red galaxies comparable to those of the observations, with samples not used in the calibration procedure. For blue galaxies, our constraints are consistent with zero alignments in our first redshift bin $0.1 < z < 0.3$, but we detect a non-negligible signal at higher redshift, which is, however, consistent with the upper limits set by observational constraints. Additionally, several hydrodynamical simulations predict alignment for spiral galaxies, in agreement with our findings. Finally, the evolution of alignment with redshift is realistic and comparable to that determined in the observations. However, we find that the commonly adopted redshift power-law for IA fails to reproduce the simulation alignments above $z=1.1$. A significantly better agreement is obtained when a luminosity dependence is included, capturing the intrinsic luminosity evolution with redshift in magnitude-limited surveys. We conclude that the Flagship IA simulation is a useful tool for translating current IA constraints into predictions for IA contamination of Euclid-like samples. △ Less

Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Euclid preparation. Galaxy 2-point correlation function modelling in redshift space

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, M. Kärcher, M. -A. Breton, S. de la Torre, A. Veropalumbo, A. Eggemeier, M. Crocce, E. Sefusatti, E. Sarpa, R. E. Angulo, B. Camacho Quevedo, L. Castiblanco, E. Castorina, A. Chudaykin, V. Desjacques, A. Farina, G. Gambardella, M. Guidi, D. Linde, F. Marulli, A. Moradinezhad Dizgah, M. Moresco, C. Moretti, K. Pardede, A. Pezzotta , et al. (287 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid satellite will measure spectroscopic redshifts for tens of millions of emission-line galaxies. In the context of Stage-IV surveys, the 3-dimensional clustering of galaxies plays a key role in providing cosmological constraints. In this paper, we conduct a model comparison for the multipole moments of the galaxy 2-point correlation function (2PCF) in redshift space. We test state-of-the-… ▽ More The Euclid satellite will measure spectroscopic redshifts for tens of millions of emission-line galaxies. In the context of Stage-IV surveys, the 3-dimensional clustering of galaxies plays a key role in providing cosmological constraints. In this paper, we conduct a model comparison for the multipole moments of the galaxy 2-point correlation function (2PCF) in redshift space. We test state-of-the-art models, in particular the effective field theory of large-scale structure (EFT), one based on the velocity difference generating function (VDG$_{\infty}$), and different variants of Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT) models, such as convolutional LPT (CLPT) and its effective-field-theory extension (CLEFT). We analyse the first three even multipoles of the 2PCF in the Flagship 1 simulation, which consists of four snapshots at $z\in\{0.9,1.2,1.5,1.8\}$. We study both template-fitting and full-shape approaches and find that with the template-fitting approach, only the VDG$_{\infty}$ model is able to reach a minimum fitting scale of $s_{\rm min}=20\,h^{-1}\,{\rm Mpc}$ at $z=0.9$ without biasing the recovered parameters. Indeed, the EFT model becomes inaccurate already at $s_{\rm min}=30\,h^{-1}\,{\rm Mpc}$. Conversely, in the full-shape analysis, the CLEFT and VDG$_{\infty}$ models perform similarly well, but only the CLEFT model can reach $s_{\rm min}=20\,h^{-1}\,{\rm Mpc}$ while the VDG$_{\infty}$ model is unbiased down to $s_{\rm min}=25\,h^{-1}\,{\rm Mpc}$ at the lowest redshift. Overall, in order to achieve the accuracy required by Euclid, non-perturbative modelling such as in the VDG$_{\infty}$ or CLEFT models should be considered. At $z=1.8$, the CLPT model is sufficient to describe the data with high figure of merit. This comparison selects baseline models that perform best in ideal conditions and sets the stage for an optimal analysis of Euclid data in configuration space. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 29 pages, 13 figures, abstract abridged for arxiv submission

Joint cosmological fits to DESI-DR1 full-shape clustering and weak gravitational lensing in configuration space

Authors: A. Semenaite, C. Blake, A. Porredon, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, D. Bianchi, D. Brooks, F. J. Castander, T. Claybaugh, A. Cuceu, K. S. Dawson, A. de la Macorra, Biprateep Dey, P. Doel, A. Eggemeier, A. Elliott, N. Emas, S. Ferraro, A. Font-Ribera, J. E. Forero-Romero, C. Garcia-Quintero, E. Gaztañaga, S. Gontcho A Gontcho, G. Gutierrez, J. Guy , et al. (47 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a joint $3\times2$-pt cosmological analysis of auto- and cross-correlations between the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Data Release 1 (DESI-DR1) Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) and Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) samples and overlapping shear measurements from the KiDS-1000, DES-Y3 and HSC-Y3 weak lensing surveys. We perform our analysis in configuration space and, in addition to the cosmic… ▽ More We present a joint $3\times2$-pt cosmological analysis of auto- and cross-correlations between the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Data Release 1 (DESI-DR1) Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) and Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) samples and overlapping shear measurements from the KiDS-1000, DES-Y3 and HSC-Y3 weak lensing surveys. We perform our analysis in configuration space and, in addition to the cosmic shear correlation functions for each weak lensing dataset, we fit the tangential shear of the weak lensing source galaxies around DESI lens galaxies. Finally, we make use of the anisotropic BGS and LRG clustering information by fitting the full shape of the two-point correlation function multipoles measured over the full DESI-DR1 footprint, presenting the first full-shape analysis of DESI measurements in configuration space. We find that the addition of weak lensing information serves to improve, with respect to the clustering-only case, the measurements of the power spectrum amplitude parameters $\ln(10^{10}A_{\rm{s}})$ and $σ_{12}$ by $15\%$ and $36\%$, respectively. It also improves measurements of the linear bias of the lens galaxies by $15-20\%$, depending on the tracer. Our results show excellent consistency, regardless of the weak lensing survey considered, and are furthermore consistent with a companion analysis that fits $3\times2$-pt correlations including DESI projected clustering measurements, as well as the results published by the weak lensing collaborations themselves. Our measured values for weak lensing amplitude are $S_{8}^{\mathrm{DESI\times HSC}}=0.787\pm0.020$, $S_{8}^{\mathrm{DESI\times DES}}=0.791\pm0.016$, $S_{8}^{\mathrm{DESI\times KiDS}}=0.771\pm0.017$, which are $1.9σ-2.9σ$ below the $S_8$ value preferred by Planck. Finally, our clustering-only results are in good agreement with the Fourier space full-shape analysis of all DESI tracers. △ Less

Submitted 15 May, 2026; v1 submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 12 Figures; Published in the Open Journal of Astrophysics

Euclid preparation. Review of forecast constraints on dark energy and modified gravity

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, N. Frusciante, M. Martinelli, L. Lombriser, A. Silvestri, M. Archidiacono, M. Baldi, M. Ballardini, N. Bartolo, E. Bellini, G. Benevento, D. Bertacca, C. Bonvin, B. Bose, P. Brax, V. F. Cardone, S. Casas, M. Y. Elkhashab, P. G. Ferreira, F. Finelli, F. Hassani, S. Ilić, K. Koyama, M. Kunz, F. Lepori , et al. (304 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid mission has been designed to provide, as one of its main deliverables, information on the nature of the gravitational interaction, which determines the expansion of the Universe and the formation of structures. Thus, Euclid has the potential to test deviations from general relativity that will allow us to shed light on long-lasting problems in the standard cosmological model, $Λ$CDM. Eu… ▽ More The Euclid mission has been designed to provide, as one of its main deliverables, information on the nature of the gravitational interaction, which determines the expansion of the Universe and the formation of structures. Thus, Euclid has the potential to test deviations from general relativity that will allow us to shed light on long-lasting problems in the standard cosmological model, $Λ$CDM. Euclid will mainly do this by using two complementary probes: weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering. In this paper we review pre-launch Euclid analyses for dark energy and modified gravity. These include forecast constraints with future Euclid data on cosmological parameters for different cosmological models, such as a time-varying dark energy component, phenomenological modifications of the perturbation sector and specific modified gravity models, with further extensions that include neutrino physics and the coupling to the electromagnetic sector through the fine-structure constant. We review the study of the impact of nonlinear clustering methods on beyond-$Λ$CDM constraints with Euclid. This is of fundamental importance to efficiently predict the large-scale clustering of matter and dark matter halos, given that we will have access to a wealth of information on scales beyond the linear regime. We inspect the extension of theoretical predictions for observable quantities in alternative cosmologies to $Λ$CDM at fully nonlinear scales by means of $N$-body simulations. We discuss the impact of relativistic corrections in extended cosmological models. Overall, this review highlights the significant potential of the Euclid mission to tightly constrain parameters of dark energy and modified gravity models, or perhaps to detect possible signatures of a $Λ$CDM failure. △ Less

Submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 28 pages, 3 figures

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): Euclid spectroscopy of quasars. 1. Identification and redshift determination of 3500 bright quasars

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, Y. Fu, R. Bouwens, K. I. Caputi, D. Vergani, M. Scialpi, B. Margalef-Bentabol, L. Wang, M. Bolzonella, M. Banerji, E. Bañados, A. Feltre, Y. Toba, J. Calhau, F. Tarsitano, P. A. C. Cunha, A. Humphrey, G. Vietri, F. Mannucci, S. Bisogni, F. Ricci, H. Landt, L. Spinoglio, T. Matamoro Zatarain, D. Stern , et al. (332 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The slitless spectroscopy mode of the NISP onboard Euclid has enabled efficient spectroscopy of objects within a large FoV. We present a large and homogeneous sample of bright quasars identified from the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) by combining high-purity candidate selections from Gaia and WISE with the NISP spectra. Through visual inspection of the Euclid spectra of these quasar candidates, w… ▽ More The slitless spectroscopy mode of the NISP onboard Euclid has enabled efficient spectroscopy of objects within a large FoV. We present a large and homogeneous sample of bright quasars identified from the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) by combining high-purity candidate selections from Gaia and WISE with the NISP spectra. Through visual inspection of the Euclid spectra of these quasar candidates, we identify approximately 3500 quasars with reliable redshifts at $0<z\lesssim 4.8$. Of these, 2686 are new spectroscopic identifications relative to existing public compilations. We generate the first Euclid composite spectrum of quasars covering rest-frame NUV to NIR wavelengths without telluric lines, which will be pivotal to NIR quasar spectral analysis. We obtain an empirical spectroscopic depth of $J_{\rm E}\lesssim 21.5$ and $H_{\rm E}\lesssim 21.3$ at the sensitivity of the Wide Field Survey, beyond which the number of securely identified quasars declines sharply. We analyse VIS morphologies using Sersic and CAS metrics, and a deep-learning PSF fraction to track nuclear dominance. At low redshift ($z<0.5$), obvious host structures are common and a single Sersic model fits about half of the sources; at intermediate redshift ($0.5<z<2$), the nuclear component dominates, with 90% of the Sersic fits saturating at the upper index limit. In this intermediate redshift regime, $f_{\rm PSF}$ is available, and we use it as a more reliable compactness measure than the single-Sersic and CAS parameters to quantify nuclear versus host emission. We also explore the novel Euclid NIR colour space and discuss the role of these quasars in refining AGN selection techniques for future Euclid data releases. The spectroscopic bright quasar catalogue of this work, and the composite quasar spectrum, will be available at https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/. (abridged) △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2026; v1 submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 25 pages, 16 figures, 5 tables, accepted by A&A Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) special issue. Data available upon request

Journal ref: A&A, 711, A285 (2026)

Euclid Structural-Thermal-Optical Performance

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Anselmi, R. Laureijs, G. D. Racca, G. Costa, L. Courcould Mifsud, J. -C. Cuillandre, M. Gottero, H. Hoekstra, K. Kuijken, V. Mareschi, L. Miller, S. Mottini, D. Stramaccioni, B. Altieri, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, R. Bender, A. Biviano, E. Branchini , et al. (268 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid system performance is defined in terms of image quality metrics tuned to the weak gravitational lensing (WL) cosmological probe. WL induces stringent requirements on the shape and stability of the VIS instrument system point spread function (PSF). The PSF is affected by error contributions from the telescope, the focal plane and image motion, and is controlled by a global error budget w… ▽ More The Euclid system performance is defined in terms of image quality metrics tuned to the weak gravitational lensing (WL) cosmological probe. WL induces stringent requirements on the shape and stability of the VIS instrument system point spread function (PSF). The PSF is affected by error contributions from the telescope, the focal plane and image motion, and is controlled by a global error budget with error allocations to each contributor. Aims. During spacecraft development, we verified through a structural-thermal-optical performance (STOP) analysis that the built and verified telescope with its spacecraft interface meets the in-orbit steady-state and transient image quality requirements. Methods. For the purposes of the STOP analysis, a detailed finite-element mathematical model was set up and a standard set of test cases, both steady-state and transient, was defined, comprising combinations of worst-case boundary conditions. Results. The STOP analysis addressed the interaction of all spacecraft components in transmitting temperature-induced loads that lead to optical train deformation. The results of the prelaunch analysis demonstrated that temperature-induced optical perturbations will be well below the allowable limits for all permitted observing conditions. During the first year in orbit, we used the STOP analysis predictions to help interpret the measured performance as a function of environmental variables. Unpredicted disturbances were discovered and unexpected sensitivities were revealed. In-orbit temperature variations are small (<300 mK) and so are their effects on the telescope structure, but they are detected in the time histories of the image quality metrics and are a non-negligible factor in the PSF stability budget demanded by the WL science. Taking everything into account, our analysis confirms the excellent overall performance of the telescope. △ Less

Submitted 30 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 15 figures, submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 709, A15 (2026)

EMU and Euclid: Detection of a radio-optical galaxy clustering cross-correlation signal between the Evolutionary Map of the Universe and Euclid

Authors: G. Piccirilli, B. Bahr-Kalus, S. Camera, J. Asorey, C. L. Hale, G. Fabbian, A. D. Asher, M. Vai, C. S. Saraf, D. Parkinson, N. Tessore, K. Tanidis, M. Kunz, A. M. Hopkins, T. Vernstrom, M. Regis, M. J. I. Brown, D. Carollo, T. Zafar, R. P. Norris, F. Pace, J. M. Diego, H. Tang, F. Rahman, D. Farrah , et al. (151 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Synergies between large-scale radio-continuum and optical/near-infrared galaxy surveys are a powerful tool for cosmology. Cross-correlating these surveys can constrain the redshift distribution of radio sources, mitigate systematic effects, and place constraints on cosmological models. We perform the first measurement of the clustering cross-spectrum between radio-continuum sources in the Evolutio… ▽ More Synergies between large-scale radio-continuum and optical/near-infrared galaxy surveys are a powerful tool for cosmology. Cross-correlating these surveys can constrain the redshift distribution of radio sources, mitigate systematic effects, and place constraints on cosmological models. We perform the first measurement of the clustering cross-spectrum between radio-continuum sources in the Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) survey and galaxies from the ESA Euclid satellite mission's Q1 release. Our goal is to detect and characterise the cross-correlation signal, test its robustness against systematic effects, and compare our measurements with theoretical predictions. We use data from the Australian SKA Pathfinder's EMU Main Survey, which overlaps with the Euclid Deep Field South. We generate two radio-source catalogues using different source finders to create galaxy maps. We measure the harmonic-space cross-correlation signal using a pseudo-spectrum estimator. The measured signal is compared to theoretical predictions based on a ΛCDM cosmology, using several models for the EMU source redshift distribution and bias. We report detection above 8σ of the cross-correlation signal consistent across all tested models and data sets. The measured cross-spectra from the two radio catalogues are in excellent agreement, demonstrating that the cross-correlation is robust against the choice of source-finding algorithm. The measured signal also agrees with theoretical models developed from previous cross-correlation studies and simulations. This pathfinder study establishes a statistically significant cross-correlation between EMU and Euclid. The robustness of the signal is a crucial validation of the methodology, paving the way for future large-scale analyses leveraging the full power of this synergy to constrain cosmological parameters and our understanding of galaxy evolution. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Euclid preparation: LXXXI. The impact of nonparametric star formation histories on spatially resolved galaxy property estimation using synthetic Euclid images

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, A. Nersesian, Abdurro'uf, M. Baes, C. Tortora, I. Kovačić, L. Bisigello, P. Corcho-Caballero, E. Durán-Camacho, L. K. Hunt, P. Iglesias-Navarro, R. Ragusa, J. Román, F. Shankar, M. Siudek, J. G. Sorce, F. R. Marleau, N. Aghanim, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, A. Biviano, E. Branchini , et al. (261 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We analyzed the spatially resolved and global star formation histories (SFHs) for a sample of 25 TNG50-SKIRT Atlas galaxies to assess the feasibility of reconstructing accurate SFHs from Euclid-like data. This study provides a proof of concept for extracting the spatially resolved SFHs of local galaxies with Euclid, highlighting the strengths and limitations of SFH modeling in the context of next-… ▽ More We analyzed the spatially resolved and global star formation histories (SFHs) for a sample of 25 TNG50-SKIRT Atlas galaxies to assess the feasibility of reconstructing accurate SFHs from Euclid-like data. This study provides a proof of concept for extracting the spatially resolved SFHs of local galaxies with Euclid, highlighting the strengths and limitations of SFH modeling in the context of next-generation galaxy surveys. We used the spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code Prospector to model both spatially resolved and global SFHs using parametric and nonparametric configurations. The input consisted of mock ultraviolet--near-infrared photometry derived from the TNG50 cosmological simulation and processed with the radiative transfer code SKIRT. We show that nonparametric SFHs provide a more effective approach to mitigating the outshining effect by recent star formation, offering improved accuracy in the determination of galaxy stellar properties. Also, we find that the nonparametric SFH model at resolved scales closely recovers the stellar mass formation times (within 0.1~dex) and the ground truth values from TNG50, with an absolute average bias of $0.03$~dex in stellar mass and $0.01$~dex in both specific star formation rate and mass-weighted age. In contrast, larger offsets are estimated for all stellar properties and formation times when using a simple $τ$-model SFH, at both resolved and global scales, highlighting its limitations. These results emphasize the critical role of nonparametric SFHs in both global and spatially resolved analyses, as they better capture the complex evolutionary pathways of galaxies and avoid the biases inherent in simple parametric models. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 23 pages, 12 figures, accepted

Euclid preparation. XCII. Controlling angular systematics in the Euclid spectroscopic galaxy sample

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, P. Monaco, M. Y. Elkhashab, B. R. Granett, J. Salvalaggio, E. Sefusatti, C. Scarlata, B. Zabelle, M. Bethermin, S. Bruton, C. Carbone, S. de la Torre, S. Dusini, A. Eggemeier, L. Guzzo, G. Lavaux, S. Lee, K. Markovic, K. S. McCarthy, M. Moresco, F. Passalacqua, W. J. Percival, I. Risso, A. G. Sánchez, D. Scott , et al. (276 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the strategy used to identify and mitigate potential sources of angular systematics in the \textit{Euclid} spectroscopic galaxy survey, and we quantify their impact on galaxy clustering measurements and cosmological parameter estimation. We first surveyed the \textit{Euclid} processing pipeline to identify all evident, potential sources of systematics, and classified them into two broad… ▽ More We present the strategy used to identify and mitigate potential sources of angular systematics in the \textit{Euclid} spectroscopic galaxy survey, and we quantify their impact on galaxy clustering measurements and cosmological parameter estimation. We first surveyed the \textit{Euclid} processing pipeline to identify all evident, potential sources of systematics, and classified them into two broad classes: angular systematics, which modulate the galaxy number density across the sky, and catastrophic redshift errors, which lead to interlopers in the galaxy sample. We then used simulated spectroscopic surveys to test our ability to mitigate angular systematics by constructing a random catalogue that represents the `visibility mask' of the survey; this is a dense set of intrinsically unclustered objects, subject to the same selection effects as the data catalogue. The construction of this random catalogue relies on a detection model, which gives the probability of reliably measuring the galaxy redshift as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of its emission lines. We demonstrate that, in the ideal case of a perfect knowledge of the visibility mask, the galaxy power spectrum in the presence of systematics is recovered, to within sub-per cent accuracy, by convolving a theory power spectrum with a window function obtained from the random catalogue itself. In the case of only approximate knowledge of the visibility mask, we test the stability of power spectrum measurements and cosmological parameter posteriors by using perturbed versions of the random catalogue. We find that significant effects are limited to very large scales, and parameter estimation remains robust; the most impacting effects are connected to the calibration of the detection model. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2026; v1 submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: A&A in press; 36 pages, 18 figures, 4 appendices

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): Identification of massive galaxy candidates at the end of the Epoch of Reionisation

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, R. Navarro-Carrera, K. I. Caputi, C. J. R. McPartland, J. R. Weaver, D. B. Sanders, G. Desprez, A. A. Tumborang, A. Biviano, C. J. Conselice, Y. Fu, G. Girardi, V. Le Brun, C. C. Lovell, G. Rodighiero, J. Schaye, R. G. Varadaraj, S. M. Wilkins, G. Zamorani, K. Jahnke, D. Scott, M. Siudek, F. Shankar, J. G. Sorce, F. Tarsitano , et al. (273 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Probing the presence and properties of massive galaxies at high redshift is one of the most critical tests for galaxy formation models. In this work, we search for galaxies with stellar masses M* > 10^10.25 Msun at z in [5,7], i.e., towards the end of the Epoch of Reionisation, over a total of ~23 deg^2 in two of the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) fields: the Euclid Deep Field North and Fornax (ED… ▽ More Probing the presence and properties of massive galaxies at high redshift is one of the most critical tests for galaxy formation models. In this work, we search for galaxies with stellar masses M* > 10^10.25 Msun at z in [5,7], i.e., towards the end of the Epoch of Reionisation, over a total of ~23 deg^2 in two of the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) fields: the Euclid Deep Field North and Fornax (EDF-N and EDF-F). In addition to the Euclid photometry, we incorporate Spitzer Infrared Camera (IRAC) and ground-based optical data to perform spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting, obtaining photometric redshifts and derived physical parameters. After applying rigorous selection criteria, we identify a conservative sample of 145 candidate massive galaxies with M* > 10^10.25 Msun at z in [5,7], including 5 objects with M* > 10^11 Msun. This makes for a surface density of about 6.3 deg^-2 at z in [5,7], which should be considered a lower limit because of the current depth of the Euclid data (H_E < 24, 5 sigma in Q1). We find that the inferred stellar masses are consistent with galaxy formation models with standard star-formation efficiencies. These massive galaxies have colour excess E(B-V) values up to 0.75, indicating significant dust attenuation in some of them. In addition, half of the massive galaxies have best-fit ages comparable to the age of the Universe at those redshifts, which suggests that their progenitors were formed very early in cosmic time. About 78% of the massive galaxies lie on the star-forming main sequence (MS) in the SFR-M* plane, ~12% are found in the starburst region, and 10% in the transition zone between the MS and starbursts. We find no significant evidence for outshining or AGN contamination that could account for the elevated specific star-formation rates (sSFR) observed in the ~12% of galaxies classified as starbursts. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, including 6 figures and 3 tables; submitted to A&A

Euclid preparation: LXXXVII. Non-Gaussianity of 2-point statistics likelihood: Precise analysis of the matter power spectrum distribution

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, J. Bel, S. Gouyou Beauchamps, P. Baratta, L. Blot, C. Carbone, P. -S. Corasaniti, E. Sefusatti, S. Escoffier, W. Gillard, A. Amara, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, V. F. Cardone , et al. (259 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the non-Gaussian features in the distribution of the matter power spectrum multipoles. Using the COVMOS method, we generate 100\,000 mock realisations of dark matter density fields in both real and redshift space across multiple redshifts and cosmological models. We derive an analytical framework linking the non-Gaussianity of the power spectrum distribution to higher-order statisti… ▽ More We investigate the non-Gaussian features in the distribution of the matter power spectrum multipoles. Using the COVMOS method, we generate 100\,000 mock realisations of dark matter density fields in both real and redshift space across multiple redshifts and cosmological models. We derive an analytical framework linking the non-Gaussianity of the power spectrum distribution to higher-order statistics of the density field, including the trispectrum and pentaspectrum. We explore the effect of redshift-space distortions, the geometry of the survey, the Fourier binning, the integral constraint, and the shot noise on the skewness of the distribution of the power spectrum measurements. Our results demonstrate that the likelihood of the estimated matter power spectrum deviates significantly from a Gaussian assumption on nonlinear scales, particularly at low redshift. This departure is primarily driven by the pentaspectrum contribution, which dominates over the trispectrum at intermediate scales. We also examine the impact of the finiteness of the survey geometry in the context of the Euclid mission and find that both the shape of the survey and the integral constraint amplify the skewness. △ Less

Submitted 23 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 708, A105 (2026)

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Searching for giant gravitational arcs in galaxy clusters with mask region-based convolutional neural networks

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, L. Bazzanini, G. Angora, P. Bergamini, M. Meneghetti, P. Rosati, A. Acebron, C. Grillo, M. Lombardi, R. Ratta, M. Fogliardi, G. Di Rosa, D. Abriola, M. D'Addona, G. Granata, L. Leuzzi, A. Mercurio, S. Schuldt, E. Vanzella, C. Tortora, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi , et al. (284 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Strong gravitational lensing (SL) by galaxy clusters is a powerful probe of their inner mass distribution and a key test bed for cosmological models. However, the detection of SL events in wide-field surveys such as Euclid requires robust, automated methods capable of handling the immense data volume generated. In this work, we present an advanced deep learning (DL) framework based on mask region-… ▽ More Strong gravitational lensing (SL) by galaxy clusters is a powerful probe of their inner mass distribution and a key test bed for cosmological models. However, the detection of SL events in wide-field surveys such as Euclid requires robust, automated methods capable of handling the immense data volume generated. In this work, we present an advanced deep learning (DL) framework based on mask region-based convolutional neural networks (Mask R-CNNs), designed to autonomously detect and segment bright, strongly-lensed arcs in Euclid's multi-band imaging of galaxy clusters. The model is trained on a realistic simulated data set of cluster-scale SL events, constructed by injecting mock background sources into Euclidised Hubble Space Telescope images of 10 massive lensing clusters, exploiting their high-precision mass models constructed with extensive spectroscopic data. The network is trained and validated on over 4500 simulated images, and tested on an independent set of 500 simulations, as well as real Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) observations. The trained network achieves high performance in identifying gravitational arcs in the test set, with a precision and recall of 76% and 58%, respectively, processing 2'x2' images in a fraction of a second. When applied to a sample of visually confirmed Euclid Q1 cluster-scale lenses, our model recovers 66% of gravitational arcs above the area threshold used during training. While the model shows promising results, limitations include the production of some false positives and challenges in detecting smaller, fainter arcs. Our results demonstrate the potential of advanced DL computer vision techniques for efficient and scalable arc detection, enabling the automated analysis of SL systems in current and future wide-field surveys. The code, ARTEMIDE, is open source and will be available at github.com/LBasz/ARTEMIDE. △ Less

Submitted 3 March, 2026; v1 submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: Accepted by A&A (aa57590-25) [12 pages, 6 figures]

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Spectroscopic unveiling of highly ionised lines at z = 2.48-3.88

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, D. Vergani, S. Quai, F. Ricci, Y. Fu, S. Serjeant, M. Salvato, W. Roster, M. Mezcua, M. Siudek, A. Enia, G. Zamorani, L. Bisigello, A. Feltre, S. Fotopoulou, T. Matamoro Zatarain, L. Pozzetti, D. Scott, B. Laloux, J. G. Sorce, P. A. C. Cunha, A. Viitanen, C. Saulder, E. Rossetti, M. Moresco , et al. (294 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This study explores a rare population of sources in a currently uncharted region of spectroscopic redshift space in the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1), and is intended potentially to support upcoming spectroscopic studies. Our goal is to identify and investigate a population of sources characterised by highly ionised emission lines in their spectra, which are indicative of active galactic nucleus… ▽ More This study explores a rare population of sources in a currently uncharted region of spectroscopic redshift space in the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1), and is intended potentially to support upcoming spectroscopic studies. Our goal is to identify and investigate a population of sources characterised by highly ionised emission lines in their spectra, which are indicative of active galactic nucleus activity, extreme shock phenomena, or Wolf--Rayet stars. A comprehensive visual inspection of spectra is conducted to ensure the reliability of the sample, focusing on the simultaneous detection of both NeV and OII emission-line measurements, a condition that restricts the Euclid spectroscopic redshift range to z=2.48--3.88. To characterise this population, we analysed the morpho-spectrophotometric properties of their host galaxies. This allowed for a direct comparison with control sources that exhibit similar OII properties and spectroscopic redshifts, but not NeV lines. We identify sources solely based on spectroscopic criteria in the redshift range beyond the Halpha regime. Encompassing 65 potential NeV candidates, the resulting sample delivers the first systematic probe of these NeV candidate emitters at high redshift. We found a good agreement, within 1$σ$, between the spectral measurements calculated using both direct integration and Gaussian fitting methodologies. The NeV candidates exhibit colours similar to bright QSOs, with only a few in the tail of very red quasars. We observed a higher stellar mass content, a lower continuum around the 4000A break, and a similar Sérsic index distribution compared to the control sample. This unique sample paves the way for a wide range of scientific investigations, which will be pursued in the forthcoming data releases. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.