Showing 1–20 of 20 results for author: Adame, A G

DESI DR2 Results IV: Alcock-Paczyński Measurements from the Lyman Alpha Forest and Cosmological Constraints

Authors: DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, O. Alves, A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, A. Aviles, P. Bansal, A. Bault, J. R. Bermejo-Climent, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, S. Blasby, M. Bonici, S. Brieden, A. Brodzeller, D. Brooks, A. Carnero Rosell, K. Carrion, L. Casas, F. J. Castander , et al. (130 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present Alcock-Paczyński (AP) measurements from the full shape of Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) forest correlation functions measured from the second data release (DR2) of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our measurements include information from the Ly$α$ forest auto-correlation and its cross-correlation with quasars. We constrain the AP effect with $1\%$ precision at an effective redshift… ▽ More We present Alcock-Paczyński (AP) measurements from the full shape of Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) forest correlation functions measured from the second data release (DR2) of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our measurements include information from the Ly$α$ forest auto-correlation and its cross-correlation with quasars. We constrain the AP effect with $1\%$ precision at an effective redshift $z_\mathrm{eff}=2.33$, which is twice as tight as the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) constraint from the same data. When using the joint Ly$α$ AP and BAO results, we measure the ratios $D_\text{H}(z_\mathrm{eff})/r_\text{d}=8.600 \pm 0.066$ and $D_\text{M}(z_\mathrm{eff})/r_\text{d}=39.32 \pm 0.33$, where $D_\text{M}$ is the transverse comoving distance, $D_\text{H}$ is the Hubble distance, and $r_\text{d}$ is the sound horizon at the drag epoch. Assuming $Λ$CDM, Ly$α$ forest measurements combined with a nucleosynthesis prior produce a constraint on the Hubble constant $H_0=66.5\pm1.3\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$. The Ly$α$ AP result corresponds to a matter fraction constraint $Ω_\text{m}=0.325\pm0.018$ in $Λ$CDM, which is $1.4σ$ higher than DESI BAO. This impacts the DESI results relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), slightly reducing their discrepancy from $2.4σ$ to $2.2σ$. We present updated constraints on extended models using the joint DESI DR2 BAO and Ly$α$ forest full shape data, together with external data sets. When considering a time-evolving dark energy equation of state parametrized by $w_0$ and $w_a$, we find it is preferred over $Λ$CDM at $2.7σ$ for the combination of DESI and CMB data, and at $3.2σ$ when also including supernovae. With the new Ly$α$ AP measurement, DESI provides its most precise anchor for the expansion history at $z > 1$ in the matter-dominated Universe. △ Less

Submitted 4 August, 2026; v1 submitted 29 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Measuring local primordial non-Gaussianity from the clustering of DESI DR1 LRGs and QSOs

Authors: Z. Brown, B. Levi, H. Randall, E. Chaussidon, R. Demina, A. G. Adame, S. Avila, V. Gonzalez-Perez, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, D. Bianchi, D. Brooks, T. Claybaugh, A. Cuceu, A. de la Macorra, Biprateep Dey, P. Doel, J. E. Forero-Romero, E. Gaztanaga, Satya Gontcho A Gontcho, G. Gutierrez, C. Hahn, K. Honscheid, D. Huterer, M. Ishak , et al. (20 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first measurement of primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG), parameterized by $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$, in the configuration space two-point correlation function (2pcf). We employ simulation based modeling and a novel approach for the mitigation of imaging systematics. We apply this method to samples of luminous red galaxies (LRG) and quasars (QSO) observed by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instru… ▽ More We report the first measurement of primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG), parameterized by $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$, in the configuration space two-point correlation function (2pcf). We employ simulation based modeling and a novel approach for the mitigation of imaging systematics. We apply this method to samples of luminous red galaxies (LRG) and quasars (QSO) observed by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) during the first year of its observations (DR1). The observed 68\% CL interval on $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$ is $-3^{+22}_{-21}$ using LRGs, and $ 0^{+17}_{-16}$ using QSOs. The joint measurement yields $f_{\mathrm{NL}} = -3^{+12}_{-12}$ at $\ [68\%]$ CL. Our pipeline imposes a Gaussian prior on the value of $p$ (which defines the PNG bias via the Universality relation), with $p_{\rm LRG} = 1.0 \pm 0.1$ and $p_{\rm QSO} = 1.6\pm 0.1$. The observed constraining power of DESI tracers significantly exceeds that of previous large-scale structure (LSS) surveys, and encouragingly, approaches the sensitivity of CMB probes of PNG. △ Less

Submitted 23 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

JZ-Tree: GPU friendly neighbour search and friends-of-friends with dual tree walks in JAX plus CUDA

Authors: Jens Stücker, Oliver Hahn, Lukas Winkler, Adrian Gutierrez Adame, Thomas Flöss

Abstract: Algorithms based on spatial tree traversal are widely regarded as among the most efficient and flexible approaches for many problems in CPU-based high-performance computing (HPC). However, directly transferring these algorithms to GPU architectures often yields substantially smaller performance gains than expected in light of the high computational throughput of modern GPUs. The branching nature o… ▽ More Algorithms based on spatial tree traversal are widely regarded as among the most efficient and flexible approaches for many problems in CPU-based high-performance computing (HPC). However, directly transferring these algorithms to GPU architectures often yields substantially smaller performance gains than expected in light of the high computational throughput of modern GPUs. The branching nature of tree algorithms leads to thread divergence and irregular memory access patterns -- both of which may severely limit GPU performance. To address these challenges, we propose a Morton (z-order) 'plane-based tree hierarchy' that is specifically designed for GPU architectures. The resulting flattened data layout enables efficient dual-tree traversal with collaborative execution across thread groups, leading to highly coalesced memory access patterns. Based on this framework we present implementations of two important spatial algorithms -- exact $k$-nearest neighbour search and friends-of-friends (FoF) clustering. For both cases, we observe more than an order-of-magnitude performance improvement over the closest competing GPU libraries for large problem sizes ($N \gtrsim 10^7$), together with strong scaling to distributed multi-GPU systems. We provide an open-source implementation, 'JZ-Tree' (JAX z-order tree), which serves as a foundation for efficient GPU implementations of a broad class of tree-based algorithms. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 13 pages, 9 figures, code available under https://github.com/jstuecker/jztree/

Euclid preparation. Simulated galaxy catalogues for non-standard cosmological models

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, M. -A. Breton, P. Fosalba, S. Avila, M. Baldi, C. Carbone, M. Kärcher, G. Rácz, M. Bolzonella, F. J. Castander, C. Giocoli, K. Koyama, A. M. C. Le Brun, L. Pozzetti, A. G. Adame, V. Gonzalez-Perez, G. Yepes, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, C. Baccigalupi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia , et al. (267 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Stage-IV galaxy surveys will provide the opportunity to test cosmological models and the underlying theory of gravity with unparalleled precision. In this context, it is crucial for the Euclid mission to leverage its spectroscopic and photometric probes to systematically investigate and incorporate non-standard cosmological models, including modified gravity, alternative dark energy scenarios, mas… ▽ More Stage-IV galaxy surveys will provide the opportunity to test cosmological models and the underlying theory of gravity with unparalleled precision. In this context, it is crucial for the Euclid mission to leverage its spectroscopic and photometric probes to systematically investigate and incorporate non-standard cosmological models, including modified gravity, alternative dark energy scenarios, massive neutrinos, and primordial non-Gaussianity. We produce and release publicly simulated galaxy catalogues from a broad suite of non-standard cosmological simulations, which we processed through a model-independent analytical pipeline, making use of Rockstar for halo identification, and a modified version of the SciPic library for the galaxy-halo connection using the halo occupation distribution framework. We investigate their galaxy-clustering characteristics via the multipoles of the 2PCF in redshift space and VDG, a highly performant model for galaxy clustering. Across a wide range of models, the linear growth rate multiplied by the matter density within spheres of radius 12,Mpc, fs12, exhibits a notable robustness to the choice of cosmological template. Compared to previous works, our study extends this result to numerous scenarios with markedly distinct gravitational or dark energy dynamics. We find that the most of the scatter in cosmological parameter inference already appears when using the cosmological model of the simulations as templates. Using a `wrong' template can also introduce an additional scatter, although with smaller amplitude. Often, we find deviations much larger than error bars, meaning that the Gaussian approximation for the covariance might need to be further studied. Future cosmological investigations must broaden their scope to include a diverse array of non-standard theoretical frameworks, extending beyond LCDM and rudimentary dynamic dark energy models. △ Less

Submitted 13 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 14+9 pages, 3+4 figures, submitted

Unclustered tracers remain unclustered: the lack of primordial non-Gaussianity response of bias-zero tracers

Authors: Celia Merino, Santiago Avila, A. G. Adame, A. Anguren, V. Gonzalez-Perez, J. Meneses-Rizo

Abstract: Constraining primordial non-Gaussianities (PNG) is one of the main goals of new-generation large-scale galaxy surveys. It had been proposed that unclustered tracers (with bias $b_1=0$) could be optimal for PNG studies, and that these could be found by selecting galaxies in bins of their local density. Here, we test this hypothesis in state-of-the-art simulations from the PNG-UNITsim suite with loc… ▽ More Constraining primordial non-Gaussianities (PNG) is one of the main goals of new-generation large-scale galaxy surveys. It had been proposed that unclustered tracers (with bias $b_1=0$) could be optimal for PNG studies, and that these could be found by selecting galaxies in bins of their local density. Here, we test this hypothesis in state-of-the-art simulations from the PNG-UNITsim suite with local $f_{\rm NL}=100$ and $f_{\rm NL}=-20$. We consider different parent tracer catalogues: all halos together, halos in large mass bins, and HOD models for LRGs and QSO. We then classify these tracers by their local density ($δ_{t,R}$) and measure the linear bias ($b_1$) and PNG-response ($b_φ$). Most $δ_{t,R}$ bins show a PNG-response compatible with $b_φ=0$ for all halos or the low-mass bin (log$M<11$). For high-mass halos (log$M>$12), QSO or LRG, we recover a trend closer to the universality relation ($b_φ= 2 δ_{\rm crit}(b_1-1)$) for $b_1>1$, but the $b_φ(b_1)$ curve flattens to 0 below $\vert b_1\lvert<1$. Hence, we find $b_φ\approx0$ for all bias-zero tracers considered. The complex $δ_{t,R}$-based selection causes their clustering to strongly deviate from simple assumptions, namely the universality relation and Poisson shot noise, hindering their capability to constrain PNG. △ Less

Submitted 4 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: in review in A&A letters

Journal ref: A&A 707, L15 (2026)

Accurate $N$-body simulations with local Primordial non-Gaussianities: initial conditions and aliasing

Authors: Adrian G. Adame, Santiago Avila, Violeta Gonzalez-Perez, Oliver Hahn, Gustavo Yepes, Marc Manera

Abstract: New generation galaxy surveys targeting constraints on local primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) demand $N$-body simulations that accurately reproduce its effects. In this work, we explore various prescriptions for the initial conditions of simulations with PNG, aiming to optimise accuracy and minimise numerical errors, particularly due to aliasing. We have used $186$ runs that vary the starting reds… ▽ More New generation galaxy surveys targeting constraints on local primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) demand $N$-body simulations that accurately reproduce its effects. In this work, we explore various prescriptions for the initial conditions of simulations with PNG, aiming to optimise accuracy and minimise numerical errors, particularly due to aliasing. We have used $186$ runs that vary the starting redshift, LPT order, and non-Gaussianities ($f^{\rm local}_{\rm NL}$ and $g^{\rm local}_{\rm NL}$). Starting with $3$LPT at a redshift as low as $z_{\rm ini}\simeq 11.5$ reproduces to $<1 \%$ the power spectrum, bispectrum and halo mass function of a high-resolution reference simulation. The aliasing induced by the PNG terms in the power spectrum produces a $ \leq 3 \%$ excess small-scale power at the initial conditions, dropping below $0.1\%$ by $z=0$. State-of-the-art initial condition generators show a sub-percent agreement. We show that initial conditions for simulations with PNG should be established at a lower redshift using higher-order LPT schemes. We also show that removing the PNG aliasing signal is unnecessary for current simulations. The methodology proposed here can accelerate the generation of simulations with PNG while enhancing their accuracy. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2025; v1 submitted 6 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures. Accepted in A\&A

Journal ref: A&A 705, A20 (2026)

Data Release 1 of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

Authors: DESI Collaboration, M. Abdul Karim, A. G. Adame, D. Aguado, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, G. Aldering, D. M. Alexander, R. Alfarsy, L. Allen, C. Allende Prieto, O. Alves, A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, A. Aviles, H. Awan, S. Bailey, A. Baleato Lizancos, O. Ballester, A. Bault, J. Bautista, R. Bean , et al. (285 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In 2021 May the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) collaboration began a 5-year spectroscopic redshift survey to produce a detailed map of the evolving three-dimensional structure of the universe between $z=0$ and $z\approx4$. DESI's principle scientific objectives are to place precise constraints on the equation of state of dark energy, the gravitationally driven growth of large-scale st… ▽ More In 2021 May the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) collaboration began a 5-year spectroscopic redshift survey to produce a detailed map of the evolving three-dimensional structure of the universe between $z=0$ and $z\approx4$. DESI's principle scientific objectives are to place precise constraints on the equation of state of dark energy, the gravitationally driven growth of large-scale structure, and the sum of the neutrino masses, and to explore the observational signatures of primordial inflation. We present DESI Data Release 1 (DR1), which consists of all data acquired during the first 13 months of the DESI main survey, as well as a uniform reprocessing of the DESI Survey Validation data which was previously made public in the DESI Early Data Release. The DR1 main survey includes high-confidence redshifts for 18.7M objects, of which 13.1M are spectroscopically classified as galaxies, 1.6M as quasars, and 4M as stars, making DR1 the largest sample of extragalactic redshifts ever assembled. We summarize the DR1 observations, the spectroscopic data-reduction pipeline and data products, large-scale structure catalogs, value-added catalogs, and describe how to access and interact with the data. In addition to fulfilling its core cosmological objectives with unprecedented precision, we expect DR1 to enable a wide range of transformational astrophysical studies and discoveries. △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2026; v1 submitted 18 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 64 pages, 7 figures, 15 tables, accepted to The Astronomical Journal

DESI 2024 VII: Cosmological Constraints from the Full-Shape Modeling of Clustering Measurements

Authors: DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, C. Allende Prieto, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, A. Aviles, H. Awan, B. Bahr-Kalus, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Behera, S. BenZvi, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum , et al. (188 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present cosmological results from the measurement of clustering of galaxy, quasar and Lyman-$α$ forest tracers from the first year of observations with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI Data Release 1). We adopt the full-shape (FS) modeling of the power spectrum, including the effects of redshift-space distortions, in an analysis which has been validated in a series of supporting p… ▽ More We present cosmological results from the measurement of clustering of galaxy, quasar and Lyman-$α$ forest tracers from the first year of observations with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI Data Release 1). We adopt the full-shape (FS) modeling of the power spectrum, including the effects of redshift-space distortions, in an analysis which has been validated in a series of supporting papers. In the flat $Λ$CDM cosmological model, DESI (FS+BAO), combined with a baryon density prior from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and a weak prior on the scalar spectral index, determines matter density to $Ω_\mathrm{m}=0.2962\pm 0.0095$, and the amplitude of mass fluctuations to $σ_8=0.842\pm 0.034$. The addition of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) data tightens these constraints to $Ω_\mathrm{m}=0.3056\pm 0.0049$ and $σ_8=0.8121\pm 0.0053$, while further addition of the the joint clustering and lensing analysis from the Dark Energy Survey Year-3 (DESY3) data leads to a 0.4% determination of the Hubble constant, $H_0 = (68.40\pm 0.27)\,{\rm km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$. In models with a time-varying dark energy equation of state, combinations of DESI (FS+BAO) with CMB and type Ia supernovae continue to show the preference, previously found in the DESI DR1 BAO analysis, for $w_0>-1$ and $w_a<0$ with similar levels of significance. DESI data, in combination with the CMB, impose the upper limits on the sum of the neutrino masses of $\sum m_ν< 0.071\,{\rm eV}$ at 95% confidence. DESI data alone measure the modified-gravity parameter that controls the clustering of massive particles, $μ_0=0.11^{+0.45}_{-0.54}$, while the combination of DESI with the CMB and the clustering and lensing analysis from DESY3 constrains both modified-gravity parameters, giving $μ_0 = 0.04\pm 0.22$ and $Σ_0 = 0.044\pm 0.047$, in agreement with general relativity. [Abridged.] △ Less

Submitted 21 November, 2024; v1 submitted 18 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: This DESI Collaboration Key Publication is part of the 2024 publication series using the first year of observations (see https://data.desi.lbl.gov/doc/papers/). 55 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: JCAP 07 (2025) 028

DESI 2024 V: Full-Shape Galaxy Clustering from Galaxies and Quasars

Authors: A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, A. Aviles, H. Awan, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Behera, S. BenZvi, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum, S. Brieden, A. Brodzeller, D. Brooks , et al. (173 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the measurements and cosmological implications of the galaxy two-point clustering using over 4.7 million unique galaxy and quasar redshifts in the range $0.1<z<2.1$ divided into six redshift bins over a $\sim 7,500$ square degree footprint, from the first year of observations with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI Data Release 1). By fitting the full power spectrum, we exte… ▽ More We present the measurements and cosmological implications of the galaxy two-point clustering using over 4.7 million unique galaxy and quasar redshifts in the range $0.1<z<2.1$ divided into six redshift bins over a $\sim 7,500$ square degree footprint, from the first year of observations with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI Data Release 1). By fitting the full power spectrum, we extend previous DESI DR1 baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements to include redshift-space distortions and signals from the matter-radiation equality scale. For the first time, this Full-Shape analysis is blinded at the catalogue-level to avoid confirmation bias and the systematic errors are accounted for at the two-point clustering level, which automatically propagates them into any cosmological parameter. When analysing the data in terms of compressed model-agnostic variables, we obtain a combined precision of 4.7\% on the amplitude of the redshift space distortion signal reaching similar precision with just one year of DESI data than with 20 years of observation from previous generation surveys. We analyse the data to directly constrain the cosmological parameters within the $Λ$CDM model using perturbation theory and combine this information with the reconstructed DESI DR1 galaxy BAO. Using a Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Gaussian prior on the baryon density parameter, and a Gaussian prior on the spectral index, we constrain the matter density is $Ω_m=0.296\pm 0.010 $ and the Hubble constant $H_0=(68.63 \pm 0.79)[{\rm km\, s^{-1}Mpc^{-1}}]$. Additionally, we measure the amplitude of clustering $σ_8=0.841 \pm 0.034$. The DESI DR1 results are in agreement with the $Λ$CDM model based on general relativity with parameters consistent with those from Planck. The cosmological interpretation of these results in combination with external datasets are presented in a companion paper. △ Less

Submitted 24 November, 2025; v1 submitted 18 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: This DESI Collaboration Key Publication is part of the 2024 publication series using the first year of observations (see https://data.desi.lbl.gov/doc/papers/). 90 pages, 26 figures. This version updates the published version in JCAP, correcting a typo when reporting the datavectors and matrices of Appendix A. Material for reproducing all figures available at https://zenodo.org/records/16992652

Journal ref: JCAP, Volume 2025, Issue 09, id.008

DESI 2024 II: Sample Definitions, Characteristics, and Two-point Clustering Statistics

Authors: DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, A. Aviles, H. Awan, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Behera, S. BenZvi, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum, S. Brieden, A. Brodzeller , et al. (178 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the samples of galaxies and quasars used for DESI 2024 cosmological analyses, drawn from the DESI Data Release 1 (DR1). We describe the construction of large-scale structure (LSS) catalogs from these samples, which include matched sets of synthetic reference `randoms' and weights that account for variations in the observed density of the samples due to experimental design and varying in… ▽ More We present the samples of galaxies and quasars used for DESI 2024 cosmological analyses, drawn from the DESI Data Release 1 (DR1). We describe the construction of large-scale structure (LSS) catalogs from these samples, which include matched sets of synthetic reference `randoms' and weights that account for variations in the observed density of the samples due to experimental design and varying instrument performance. We detail how we correct for variations in observational completeness, the input `target' densities due to imaging systematics, and the ability to confidently measure redshifts from DESI spectra. We then summarize how remaining uncertainties in the corrections can be translated to systematic uncertainties for particular analyses. We describe the weights added to maximize the signal-to-noise of DESI DR1 2-point clustering measurements. We detail measurement pipelines applied to the LSS catalogs that obtain 2-point clustering measurements in configuration and Fourier space. The resulting 2-point measurements depend on window functions and normalization constraints particular to each sample, and we present the corrections required to match models to the data. We compare the configuration- and Fourier-space 2-point clustering of the data samples to that recovered from simulations of DESI DR1 and find they are, generally, in statistical agreement to within 2\% in the inferred real-space over-density field. The LSS catalogs, 2-point measurements, and their covariance matrices will be released publicly with DESI DR1. △ Less

Submitted 18 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: This DESI Collaboration Key Publication is part of the 2024 publication series using the first year of observations (see https://data.desi.lbl.gov/doc/papers/)

Journal ref: JCAP 07 (2025) 017

Euclid preparation LXIII. Simulations and nonlinearities beyond $Λ$CDM. 2. Results from non-standard simulations

Authors: Euclid Collaboration, G. Rácz, M. -A. Breton, B. Fiorini, A. M. C. Le Brun, H. -A. Winther, Z. Sakr, L. Pizzuti, A. Ragagnin, T. Gayoux, E. Altamura, E. Carella, K. Pardede, G. Verza, K. Koyama, M. Baldi, A. Pourtsidou, F. Vernizzi, A. G. Adame, J. Adamek, S. Avila, C. Carbone, G. Despali, C. Giocoli, C. Hernández-Aguayo , et al. (253 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Euclid mission will measure cosmological parameters with unprecedented precision. To distinguish between cosmological models, it is essential to generate realistic mock observables from cosmological simulations that were run in both the standard $Λ$-cold-dark-matter ($Λ$CDM) paradigm and in many non-standard models beyond $Λ$CDM. We present the scientific results from a suite of cosmological N… ▽ More The Euclid mission will measure cosmological parameters with unprecedented precision. To distinguish between cosmological models, it is essential to generate realistic mock observables from cosmological simulations that were run in both the standard $Λ$-cold-dark-matter ($Λ$CDM) paradigm and in many non-standard models beyond $Λ$CDM. We present the scientific results from a suite of cosmological N-body simulations using non-standard models including dynamical dark energy, k-essence, interacting dark energy, modified gravity, massive neutrinos, and primordial non-Gaussianities. We investigate how these models affect the large-scale-structure formation and evolution in addition to providing synthetic observables that can be used to test and constrain these models with Euclid data. We developed a custom pipeline based on the Rockstar halo finder and the nbodykit large-scale structure toolkit to analyse the particle output of non-standard simulations and generate mock observables such as halo and void catalogues, mass density fields, and power spectra in a consistent way. We compare these observables with those from the standard $Λ$CDM model and quantify the deviations. We find that non-standard cosmological models can leave significant imprints on the synthetic observables that we have generated. Our results demonstrate that non-standard cosmological N-body simulations provide valuable insights into the physics of dark energy and dark matter, which is essential to maximising the scientific return of Euclid. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2025; v1 submitted 5 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 22 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: A&A 695, A232 (2025)

DESI 2024 VI: Cosmological Constraints from the Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations

Authors: DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, A. Aviles, H. Awan, B. Bahr-Kalus, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Behera, S. BenZvi, A. Bera, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum , et al. (178 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present cosmological results from the measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in galaxy, quasar and Lyman-$α$ forest tracers from the first year of observations from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), to be released in the DESI Data Release 1. DESI BAO provide robust measurements of the transverse comoving distance and Hubble rate, or their combination, relative to the s… ▽ More We present cosmological results from the measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in galaxy, quasar and Lyman-$α$ forest tracers from the first year of observations from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), to be released in the DESI Data Release 1. DESI BAO provide robust measurements of the transverse comoving distance and Hubble rate, or their combination, relative to the sound horizon, in seven redshift bins from over 6 million extragalactic objects in the redshift range $0.1<z<4.2$. DESI BAO data alone are consistent with the standard flat $Λ$CDM cosmological model with a matter density $Ω_\mathrm{m}=0.295\pm 0.015$. Paired with a BBN prior and the robustly measured acoustic angular scale from the CMB, DESI requires $H_0=(68.52\pm0.62)$ km/s/Mpc. In conjunction with CMB anisotropies from Planck and CMB lensing data from Planck and ACT, we find $Ω_\mathrm{m}=0.307\pm 0.005$ and $H_0=(67.97\pm0.38)$ km/s/Mpc. Extending the baseline model with a constant dark energy equation of state parameter $w$, DESI BAO alone require $w=-0.99^{+0.15}_{-0.13}$. In models with a time-varying dark energy equation of state parametrized by $w_0$ and $w_a$, combinations of DESI with CMB or with SN~Ia individually prefer $w_0>-1$ and $w_a<0$. This preference is 2.6$σ$ for the DESI+CMB combination, and persists or grows when SN~Ia are added in, giving results discrepant with the $Λ$CDM model at the $2.5σ$, $3.5σ$ or $3.9σ$ levels for the addition of Pantheon+, Union3, or DES-SN5YR datasets respectively. For the flat $Λ$CDM model with the sum of neutrino mass $\sum m_ν$ free, combining the DESI and CMB data yields an upper limit $\sum m_ν< 0.072$ $(0.113)$ eV at 95% confidence for a $\sum m_ν>0$ $(\sum m_ν>0.059)$ eV prior. These neutrino-mass constraints are substantially relaxed in models beyond $Λ$CDM. [Abridged.] △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2024; v1 submitted 3 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: This DESI Collaboration Key Publication is part of the 2024 publication series using the first year of observations (see https://data.desi.lbl.gov/doc/papers). 68 pages, 15 figures. Version accepted for publication in JCAP

Journal ref: JCAP 02 (2025) 021

DESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman Alpha Forest

Authors: DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, A. Aviles, H. Awan, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Bautista, J. Behera, S. BenZvi, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum, S. Brieden , et al. (174 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the measurement of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) from the Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) forest of high-redshift quasars with the first-year dataset of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our analysis uses over $420\,000$ Ly$α$ forest spectra and their correlation with the spatial distribution of more than $700\,000$ quasars. An essential facet of this work is the development of a… ▽ More We present the measurement of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) from the Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) forest of high-redshift quasars with the first-year dataset of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our analysis uses over $420\,000$ Ly$α$ forest spectra and their correlation with the spatial distribution of more than $700\,000$ quasars. An essential facet of this work is the development of a new analysis methodology on a blinded dataset. We conducted rigorous tests using synthetic data to ensure the reliability of our methodology and findings before unblinding. Additionally, we conducted multiple data splits to assess the consistency of the results and scrutinized various analysis approaches to confirm their robustness. For a given value of the sound horizon ($r_d$), we measure the expansion at $z_{\rm eff}=2.33$ with 2\% precision, $H(z_{\rm eff}) = (239.2 \pm 4.8) (147.09~{\rm Mpc} /r_d)$ km/s/Mpc. Similarly, we present a 2.4\% measurement of the transverse comoving distance to the same redshift, $D_M(z_{\rm eff}) = (5.84 \pm 0.14) (r_d/147.09~{\rm Mpc})$ Gpc. Together with other DESI BAO measurements at lower redshifts, these results are used in a companion paper to constrain cosmological parameters. △ Less

Submitted 27 September, 2024; v1 submitted 3 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: This DESI Collaboration Key Publication is part of the 2024 publication series using the first year of observations (see https://data.desi.lbl.gov/doc/papers). Minor changes in v4, version accepted for publication in JCAP

DESI 2024 III: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from Galaxies and Quasars

Authors: DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, A. Aviles, H. Awan, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Behera, S. BenZvi, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum, S. Brieden, A. Brodzeller , et al. (171 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the DESI 2024 galaxy and quasar baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) measurements using over 5.7 million unique galaxy and quasar redshifts in the range 0.1<z<2.1. Divided by tracer type, we utilize 300,017 galaxies from the magnitude-limited Bright Galaxy Survey with 0.1<z<0.4, 2,138,600 Luminous Red Galaxies with 0.4<z<1.1, 2,432,022 Emission Line Galaxies with 0.8<z<1.6, and 856,652 qu… ▽ More We present the DESI 2024 galaxy and quasar baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) measurements using over 5.7 million unique galaxy and quasar redshifts in the range 0.1<z<2.1. Divided by tracer type, we utilize 300,017 galaxies from the magnitude-limited Bright Galaxy Survey with 0.1<z<0.4, 2,138,600 Luminous Red Galaxies with 0.4<z<1.1, 2,432,022 Emission Line Galaxies with 0.8<z<1.6, and 856,652 quasars with 0.8<z<2.1, over a ~7,500 square degree footprint. The analysis was blinded at the catalog-level to avoid confirmation bias. All fiducial choices of the BAO fitting and reconstruction methodology, as well as the size of the systematic errors, were determined on the basis of the tests with mock catalogs and the blinded data catalogs. We present several improvements to the BAO analysis pipeline, including enhancing the BAO fitting and reconstruction methods in a more physically-motivated direction, and also present results using combinations of tracers. We present a re-analysis of SDSS BOSS and eBOSS results applying the improved DESI methodology and find scatter consistent with the level of the quoted SDSS theoretical systematic uncertainties. With the total effective survey volume of ~ 18 Gpc$^3$, the combined precision of the BAO measurements across the six different redshift bins is ~0.52%, marking a 1.2-fold improvement over the previous state-of-the-art results using only first-year data. We detect the BAO in all of these six redshift bins. The highest significance of BAO detection is $9.1σ$ at the effective redshift of 0.93, with a constraint of 0.86% placed on the BAO scale. We find our measurements are systematically larger than the prediction of Planck-2018 LCDM model at z<0.8. We translate the results into transverse comoving distance and radial Hubble distance measurements, which are used to constrain cosmological models in our companion paper [abridged]. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: This DESI Collaboration Key Publication is part of the 2024 publication series using the first year of observations (see https://data.desi.lbl.gov/doc/papers)

Journal ref: JCAP 04 (2025) 012

Constraining primordial non-Gaussianity from the large scale structure two-point and three-point correlation functions

Authors: Z. Brown, R. Demina, A. G. Adame, S. Avila, E. Chaussidon, S. Yuan, V. Gonzalez-Perez, J. García-Bellido, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, R. Blum, D. Brooks, T. Claybaugh, S. Cole, A. de la Macorra, B. Dey, P. Doel, K. Fanning, J. E. Forero-Romero, E. Gaztañaga, S. Gontcho A Gontcho, K. Honscheid, C. Howlett, S. Juneau, R. Kehoe , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Surveys of cosmological large-scale structure (LSS) are sensitive to the presence of local primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG), and may be used to constrain models of inflation. Local PNG, characterized by fNL, the amplitude of the quadratic correction to the potential of a Gaussian random field, is traditionally measured from LSS two-point and three-point clustering via the power spectrum and bi-spe… ▽ More Surveys of cosmological large-scale structure (LSS) are sensitive to the presence of local primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG), and may be used to constrain models of inflation. Local PNG, characterized by fNL, the amplitude of the quadratic correction to the potential of a Gaussian random field, is traditionally measured from LSS two-point and three-point clustering via the power spectrum and bi-spectrum. We propose a framework to measure fNL using the configuration space two-point correlation function (2pcf) monopole and three-point correlation function (3pcf) monopole of survey tracers. Our model estimates the effect of the scale-dependent bias induced by the presence of PNG on the 2pcf and 3pcf from the clustering of simulated dark matter halos. We describe how this effect may be scaled to an arbitrary tracer of the cosmological matter density. The 2pcf and 3pcf of this tracer are measured to constrain the value of fNL. Using simulations of luminous red galaxies observed by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), we demonstrate the accuracy and constraining power of our model, and forecast the ability to constrainfNL to a precision of sigma(fNL) = 22 with one year of DESI survey data. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Journal ref: Mon Not R Astron Soc (2025) 2078-2092

PNG-UNITsims: Halo clustering response to primordial non-Gaussianities as a function of mass

Authors: Adrian G. Adame, Santiago Avila, Violeta Gonzalez-Perez, Gustavo Yepes, Marcos Pellejero, Mike S. Wang, Chia-Hsun Chuang, Yu Feng, Juan Garcia-Bellido, Alexander Knebe

Abstract: We present the largest full N-body simulation to date with local primordial non-Gaussianities (L-PNG), the \textsc{PNG-UNITsim}. It tracks the evolution of $4096^3$ particles within a periodic box with $L_{\rm box} = 1 \; h^{-1}\,{\rm Gpc}$, leading to a mass resolution of $m_{p} = 1.24\times 10^{9}\; h^{-1}\,M_\odot$. This is enough to resolve galaxies targeted by stage-IV spectroscopic surveys.… ▽ More We present the largest full N-body simulation to date with local primordial non-Gaussianities (L-PNG), the \textsc{PNG-UNITsim}. It tracks the evolution of $4096^3$ particles within a periodic box with $L_{\rm box} = 1 \; h^{-1}\,{\rm Gpc}$, leading to a mass resolution of $m_{p} = 1.24\times 10^{9}\; h^{-1}\,M_\odot$. This is enough to resolve galaxies targeted by stage-IV spectroscopic surveys. The \textsc{PNG-UNIT} has \textit{Fixed} initial conditions whose phases are also \textit{Matched} to the pre-existing \textsc{UNIT} simulation. These two features in the simulations reduce our uncertainty significantly so we use 100 \textsc{FastPM} mocks to estimate this reduction. The amplitude of the non-Gaussianities used to set the initial conditions of this new simulation is $f_{\rm NL}^{\rm local} = 100$. In this first study, we use mass selected dark matter haloes from the \textsc{PNG-UNIT} simulation to constrain the local PNG parameters. PNG induce a scale dependent bias, parameterised through \bp or $p$, which might depend on the type of cosmological tracer. Those cases when $p=1$ are referred to as the {\it universality relation}. We measure $p$ as a function of the halo mass. Haloes with masses between $1\times 10^{12}$ and $2\times 10^{13} \, h^{-1} M_\odot$ are well described by the {\it universality relation}. For haloes with masses between $2\times 10^{10}$ and $1\times 10^{12} \, h^{-1} M_\odot$ we find that $p<1$ at $3σ$. Combining all the mass bins, we find $p$ consistent with a value of $0.955\pm0.013$, which is $3σ$ away from \textit{universality}, as low mass haloes are more numerous. We also study the effect of using priors on $p$ when constraining $f_{\rm NL}$. Using the values we obtain for $b_φ$ as priors, we forecast that a DESI-like (stage-IV) survey will be able to constrain $f_{\rm NL}$ better than if the universality relation is assumed. △ Less

Submitted 30 May, 2024; v1 submitted 19 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 19 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 689, A69 (2024)

The Early Data Release of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

Authors: DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, G. Aldering, D. M. Alexander, R. Alfarsy, C. Allende Prieto, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand, F. Andrade-Oliveira, E. Armengaud, J. Asorey, S. Avila, A. Aviles, S. Bailey, A. Balaguera-Antolínez, O. Ballester, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Bautista, J. Behera, S. F. Beltran , et al. (244 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) completed its five-month Survey Validation in May 2021. Spectra of stellar and extragalactic targets from Survey Validation constitute the first major data sample from the DESI survey. This paper describes the public release of those spectra, the catalogs of derived properties, and the intermediate data products. In total, the public release includes… ▽ More The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) completed its five-month Survey Validation in May 2021. Spectra of stellar and extragalactic targets from Survey Validation constitute the first major data sample from the DESI survey. This paper describes the public release of those spectra, the catalogs of derived properties, and the intermediate data products. In total, the public release includes good-quality spectral information from 466,447 objects targeted as part of the Milky Way Survey, 428,758 as part of the Bright Galaxy Survey, 227,318 as part of the Luminous Red Galaxy sample, 437,664 as part of the Emission Line Galaxy sample, and 76,079 as part of the Quasar sample. In addition, the release includes spectral information from 137,148 objects that expand the scope beyond the primary samples as part of a series of secondary programs. Here, we describe the spectral data, data quality, data products, Large-Scale Structure science catalogs, access to the data, and references that provide relevant background to using these spectra. △ Less

Submitted 17 October, 2024; v1 submitted 9 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 43 pages, 7 figures, 17 tables, accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal

Journal ref: AJ 168 58 (2024)

Validation of the Scientific Program for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

Authors: DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, G. Aldering, D. M. Alexander, R. Alfarsy, C. Allende Prieto, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand, F. Andrade-Oliveira, E. Armengaud, J. Asorey, S. Avila, A. Aviles, S. Bailey, A. Balaguera-Antolínez, O. Ballester, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Bautista, J. Behera, S. F. Beltran , et al. (239 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) was designed to conduct a survey covering 14,000 deg$^2$ over five years to constrain the cosmic expansion history through precise measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO). The scientific program for DESI was evaluated during a five month Survey Validation (SV) campaign before beginning full operations. This program produced deep spectra of… ▽ More The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) was designed to conduct a survey covering 14,000 deg$^2$ over five years to constrain the cosmic expansion history through precise measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO). The scientific program for DESI was evaluated during a five month Survey Validation (SV) campaign before beginning full operations. This program produced deep spectra of tens of thousands of objects from each of the stellar (MWS), bright galaxy (BGS), luminous red galaxy (LRG), emission line galaxy (ELG), and quasar target classes. These SV spectra were used to optimize redshift distributions, characterize exposure times, determine calibration procedures, and assess observational overheads for the five-year program. In this paper, we present the final target selection algorithms, redshift distributions, and projected cosmology constraints resulting from those studies. We also present a `One-Percent survey' conducted at the conclusion of Survey Validation covering 140 deg$^2$ using the final target selection algorithms with exposures of a depth typical of the main survey. The Survey Validation indicates that DESI will be able to complete the full 14,000 deg$^2$ program with spectroscopically-confirmed targets from the MWS, BGS, LRG, ELG, and quasar programs with total sample sizes of 7.2, 13.8, 7.46, 15.7, and 2.87 million, respectively. These samples will allow exploration of the Milky Way halo, clustering on all scales, and BAO measurements with a statistical precision of 0.28% over the redshift interval $z<1.1$, 0.39% over the redshift interval $1.1<z<1.9$, and 0.46% over the redshift interval $1.9<z<3.5$. △ Less

Submitted 12 January, 2024; v1 submitted 9 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 42 pages, 18 figures, accepted by AJ

Primordial non-Gaussianity with Angular correlation function: Integral constraint and validation for DES

Authors: Walter Riquelme, Santiago Avila, Juan Garcia-Bellido, Anna Porredon, Ismael Ferrero, Kwan Chuen Chan, Rogerio Rosenfeld, Hugo Camacho, Adrian G. Adame, Aurelio Carnero Rosell, Martin Crocce, Juan De Vicente, Tim Eifler, Jack Elvin-Poole, Xiao Fang, Elisabeth Krause, Martin Rodriguez Monroy, Ashley J. Ross, Eusebio Sanchez, Ignacio Sevilla

Abstract: Local primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) is a promising observable of the underlying physics of inflation, characterised by $f_{\rm NL}^{\rm loc}$. We present the methodology to measure $f_{\rm NL}^{\rm loc}$ from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) data using the 2-point angular correlation function (ACF) with scale-dependent bias. One of the focuses of the work is the integral constraint. This condition… ▽ More Local primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) is a promising observable of the underlying physics of inflation, characterised by $f_{\rm NL}^{\rm loc}$. We present the methodology to measure $f_{\rm NL}^{\rm loc}$ from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) data using the 2-point angular correlation function (ACF) with scale-dependent bias. One of the focuses of the work is the integral constraint. This condition appears when estimating the mean number density of galaxies from the data and is key in obtaining unbiased $f_{\rm NL}^{\rm loc}$ constraints. The methods are analysed for two types of simulations: $\sim 246$ GOLIAT-PNG N-body small area simulations with $f_{\rm NL}$ equal to -100 and 100, and 1952 Gaussian ICE-COLA mocks with $f_{\rm NL}=0$ that follow the DES angular and redshift distribution. We use the ensemble of GOLIAT-PNG mocks to show the importance of the integral constraint when measuring PNG, where we recover the fiducial values of $f_{\rm NL}$ within the $1σ$ when including the integral constraint. In contrast, we found a bias of $Δf_{\rm NL}\sim 100$ when not including it. For a DES-like scenario, we forecast a bias of $Δf_{\rm NL} \sim 23$, equivalent to $1.8σ$, when not using the IC for a fiducial value of $f_{\rm NL}=100$. We use the ICE-COLA mocks to validate our analysis in a realistic DES-like setup finding it robust to different analysis choices: best-fit estimator, the effect of IC, BAO damping, covariance, and scale choices. We forecast a measurement of $f_{\rm NL}$ within $σ(f_{\rm NL})=31$ when using the DES-Y3 BAO sample, with the ACF in the $1\ {\rm deg}<θ<20\ {\rm deg}$ range. △ Less

Submitted 18 April, 2023; v1 submitted 15 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: Version after MNRAS reviewer comments. Improved discussion in Section 7. 16 pages, 11 figures

Validating galaxy clustering models with Fixed & Paired and Matched-ICs simulations: application to Primordial Non-Gaussianities

Authors: Santiago Avila, Adrian G. Adame

Abstract: The Fix and Pair techniques were designed to generate simulations with reduced variance in the 2-point statistics by modifying the Initial Conditions (ICs). In this paper we show that this technique is also valid when the initial conditions have local Primordial non-Gaussianities (PNG), parametrised by $f_{\rm NL}$, without biasing the 2-point statistics but reducing significantly their variance.… ▽ More The Fix and Pair techniques were designed to generate simulations with reduced variance in the 2-point statistics by modifying the Initial Conditions (ICs). In this paper we show that this technique is also valid when the initial conditions have local Primordial non-Gaussianities (PNG), parametrised by $f_{\rm NL}$, without biasing the 2-point statistics but reducing significantly their variance. We show how to quantitatively use these techniques to test the accuracy of galaxy/halo clustering models down to a much reduced uncertainty and we apply them to test the standard model for halo clustering in the presence of PNG. Additionally, we show that by Matching the stochastic part of the ICs for two different cosmologies (Gaussian and non-Gaussian) we obtain a large correlation between the (2-point) statistics that can explicitly be used to further reduce the uncertainty of the model testing. For our reference analysis ($f_{\rm NL}=100$, $V=1 [h^{-1}{\rm Gpc}]^3$, $n= 2.5\times 10^{-4}[h^{-1}{\rm Mpc}]^{-3}$, $b=2.32$), we obtain an uncertainty of $σ(f_{\rm NL})=60$ with a standard simulation, whereas using Fixed [Fixed-Paired] initial conditions it reduces to $σ(f_{\rm NL})=12$ [$σ(f_{\rm NL})=12$]. When also Matching the ICs we obtain $σ(f_{\rm NL})=18$ for the standard case, and $σ(f_{\rm NL})=8$ [$σ(f_{\rm NL})=7$] for Fixed [Fixed-Paired]. The combination of the Fix, Pair and Match techniques can be used in the context of PNG to create simulations with an effective volume incremented by a factor $\sim 70$ at given computational resources. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2022; v1 submitted 23 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022.

Comments: 14+6 pages, 8+8 figures. Accepted in MNRAS