Showing 1–47 of 47 results for author: Ma, K

A High Gain Preamplifier Board for Low Charge Semiconductor Detectors

Authors: De Zhang, Kuo Ma, Juzheng Zhang, Jiajin Ge, Yanwen Liu, Hao Liang

Abstract: We present a high-gain, low-noise preamplifier board designed for reading out low-charge semiconductor detectors--specifically Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) and three-dimensional (3D) silicon sensors--in high-energy physics applications. The circuit employs a three-stage architecture featuring a discrete SiGe:C bipolar junction transistor (BJT)-based transimpedance amplifier (TIA) front-end… ▽ More We present a high-gain, low-noise preamplifier board designed for reading out low-charge semiconductor detectors--specifically Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) and three-dimensional (3D) silicon sensors--in high-energy physics applications. The circuit employs a three-stage architecture featuring a discrete SiGe:C bipolar junction transistor (BJT)-based transimpedance amplifier (TIA) front-end followed by two resistive feedback amplification stages using LTC6431 chips. This configuration achieves a charge gain of 115.27 mV ns/fC with excellent linearity over an input range of 0.5 fC to 25 fC and a wide bandwidth spanning from 34.0 MHz to 594.3 MHz. Experimental evaluations coupled with LGAD detectors demonstrate a time resolution of 36.41 ps and an equivalent noise charge (ENC) of 0.18 fC at 20 °C. Furthermore, tests with conventional PIN sensors without a gain layer yield a timing resolution of 76.10 ps with an ENC of 0.10 fC, and tests with the 3D silicon detector yield 39.40 ps with an ENC of 0.09 fC, all measured under the same thermal condition. All configurations confirm the board's capability in low-signal regimes, significantly outperforming previous reference designs. A six-channel variant of the board has also been developed to support position-sensitive measurements. These findings demonstrate the board's suitability for laboratory-based 4D tracking detector characterisation, while simultaneously providing the groundwork for dedicated ASIC development. △ Less

Submitted 8 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Accurate identification and measurement of the precipitate area by two-stage deep neural networks in novel chromium-based alloys

Authors: Zeyu Xia, Kan Ma, Sibo Cheng, Thomas Blackburn, Ziling Peng, Kewei Zhu, Weihang Zhang, Dunhui Xiao, Alexander J Knowles, Rossella Arcucci

Abstract: The performance of advanced materials for extreme environments is underpinned by their microstructure, including the size and distribution of reinforcing phases. Chromium-based superalloys are a recently proposed alternative to conventional face-centred-cubic superalloys for high-temperature applications, such as Concentrated Solar Power, and their development requires efficient measurement of pre… ▽ More The performance of advanced materials for extreme environments is underpinned by their microstructure, including the size and distribution of reinforcing phases. Chromium-based superalloys are a recently proposed alternative to conventional face-centred-cubic superalloys for high-temperature applications, such as Concentrated Solar Power, and their development requires efficient measurement of precipitate volume fraction and size distribution from electron microscopy images. Traditional fixed-threshold image processing is sensitive to background noise, generalises poorly across materials, and requires substantial manual measurement effort. To address these bottlenecks, this study proposes DT-SegNet, an end-to-end two-stage deep learning scheme based on YOLOv5 and SegFormer for object detection and segmentation in electron microscopy images. The approach combines the training efficiency of convolutional neural networks at the detection stage with the segmentation accuracy of a Vision Transformer. Numerical experiments show that DT-SegNet substantially outperforms state-of-the-art segmentation tools offered by Weka and ilastik across metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The model provides a useful tool for alloy-development microstructure examinations and helps address the large datasets associated with high-throughput alloy development. △ Less

Submitted 20 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 18 pages, 11 figures. Published in Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys

Journal ref: Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 25, 15970-15987 (2023)

Hyperon-Nucleon Spectrometer

Authors: Xiaozhi Bai, Xu Cao, Zhe Cao, Jinhui Chen, Kai Chen, Qibo Chen, Shi Chen, Xin Chen, Yuquan Chen, Zhenyu Chen, Jianping Dai, Heng-Tong Ding, Dongshuo Du, Shuxian Du, Limin Duan, Zhe Duan, Anhui Feng, Jie Feng, Yicheng Feng, Jinlin Fu, Xiaofeng Fu, Chaosong Gao, Liang Ge, Wenwen Ge, Lisheng Geng , et al. (215 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Chirality lies at the heart of low-energy QCD, governing the symmetry structure that shapes hadron masses and strong interaction dynamics. Among the most compelling open questions tied to chiral dynamics and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is the longstanding $Λ$ polarization puzzle, in which $Λ$ hyperons produced in unpolarized hadronic collisions exhibit a surprisingly large transverse pola… ▽ More Chirality lies at the heart of low-energy QCD, governing the symmetry structure that shapes hadron masses and strong interaction dynamics. Among the most compelling open questions tied to chiral dynamics and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is the longstanding $Λ$ polarization puzzle, in which $Λ$ hyperons produced in unpolarized hadronic collisions exhibit a surprisingly large transverse polarization that remains theoretically unexplained. This whitepaper presents the proposal for the Hyperon-Nucleon Spectrometer (H-NS) at the High-Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF). Leveraging the high energy and high intensity of HIAF's proton and heavy-ion beams, the H-NS experiment will perform systematic studies of hyperon polarization phenomena and their underlying mechanisms in proton-proton ($pp$), proton-nucleus ($pA$), and nucleus-nucleus ($AA$) collisions in the fixed target mode. A wide-range beam energy scan, including proton beams from 3 GeV up to 9.3 GeV (HIAF) and up to 32 GeV (upgraded HIAF), will be conducted to examine the dependence of polarization on collision energy. The spectrometer is designed with specialized detectors capable of high-precision reconstruction of final-state baryon polarizations. Among its many interesting and important measurements, H-NS will simultaneously measure hyperon and proton spin observables to explore the polarization mechanism in hadronic interactions and the spin structure of baryons. Furthermore, the use of $pA$ and $AA$ collisions will enable detailed investigations of cold and hot nuclear matter effects on spin polarization. Its physics program and detector development will significantly benefit the future Electron-ion Collider in China. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 69 pages, Hyperon-Nucleon Spectrometer (H-NS) white paper

An Optical System for Monitoring Coil Parasitic Motion and Mass Position for Tsinghua Tabletop Kibble Balance

Authors: Weibo Liu, Kang Ma, Nanjia Li, Wei Zhao, Songling Huang, Shisong Li

Abstract: This paper presents a novel seven-channel optical measurement system for monitoring coil parasitic motion and mass position in the Tsinghua Tabletop Kibble balance. The system employs seven spectrally-confocal displacement sensors arranged in a distributed configuration to simultaneously measure the coil's translational ($x_{\rm{c}}, y_{\rm{c}}$), rotational ($θ_x,θ_y$) degrees of freedom, and the… ▽ More This paper presents a novel seven-channel optical measurement system for monitoring coil parasitic motion and mass position in the Tsinghua Tabletop Kibble balance. The system employs seven spectrally-confocal displacement sensors arranged in a distributed configuration to simultaneously measure the coil's translational ($x_{\rm{c}}, y_{\rm{c}}$), rotational ($θ_x,θ_y$) degrees of freedom, and the mass position offset ($x_{\rm{m}}, y_{\rm{m}}$) due to corner errors. Three vertically oriented sensors target an equilateral triangle target rigidly connected to the coil, enabling real-time calculation of tilt angles through geometric relationships. Two horizontally oriented sensors measure the translational displacement of a frame target on the coil assembly. Two additional horizontal sensors monitor the mass position to quantify corner errors. The initial experimental setup has been completed, featuring sufficient resolution and minimal signal loss, providing a new approach for alignment adjustment and corner error compensation in high-precision Kibble balances. △ Less

Submitted 16 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: CPEM 2026 submission

Design and Verification of a New Current Source for Tsinghua Tabletop Kibble Balance

Authors: Yuhan Ma, Kang Ma, Wei Zhao, Lisha Peng, Songling Huang, Shisong Li

Abstract: This paper presents an ultra-stable current source tailored for the one-mode, two-phase (OMTP) measurement scheme in Tsinghua tabletop Kibble balances. To achieve simultaneous high resolution and nA/A-level stability, a composite 'coarse-fine' control topology is proposed, utilizing a dual-DAC architecture and an active digital feedback loop. Experimental results show that the Allan deviation reac… ▽ More This paper presents an ultra-stable current source tailored for the one-mode, two-phase (OMTP) measurement scheme in Tsinghua tabletop Kibble balances. To achieve simultaneous high resolution and nA/A-level stability, a composite 'coarse-fine' control topology is proposed, utilizing a dual-DAC architecture and an active digital feedback loop. Experimental results show that the Allan deviation reaches 1 nA/A at an integration time of approximately 3 minutes, representing a tenfold improvement in measurement speed compared to commercial-source-based setups. Furthermore, the design offers a significant cost advantage, providing a satisfying option for high-precision, cost-effective mass realization. △ Less

Submitted 16 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: CPEM 2026 submission

Development of Small-pitch, Ultra-thin 3D Silicon Sensors at USTC

Authors: Kuo Ma, De Zhang, Shengjia He, Tian-ao Wang, Han Li, Yu Nie, Xiuxia Wang, Jinlan Peng, Zheng Liang, Xiang Li, Wenhua Shi, Manwen Liu, Chuan Liao, Zheng Li, Zebo Tang, Yanwen Liu

Abstract: We report on the development of 3D silicon sensors at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). The sensor involves columnar electrodes (5 um in diameter) of both doping types, etched from the same wafer side. The p+ electrodes pass through the epitaxial wafer, whereas the n+ electrodes stop at a short distance from the opposite side of the epitaxial wafer. With respect to previous… ▽ More We report on the development of 3D silicon sensors at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). The sensor involves columnar electrodes (5 um in diameter) of both doping types, etched from the same wafer side. The p+ electrodes pass through the epitaxial wafer, whereas the n+ electrodes stop at a short distance from the opposite side of the epitaxial wafer. With respect to previous generations of 3D sensors, they feature an ultra-thin active substrate (50 um) and a small pixel size of 50 um x 50 um or 25 um x 25 um. This R&D project aims to establish a sensor technology to simultaneously measure position and time information at the single-pixel level. The first run with one merged wafer layout has been completed. The design, fabrication, and characterization of the sensors are reported in this paper. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Design and Characterization of Racetrack 3D-Trench Silicon Sensor Based on 8-Inch Process with Excellent Time Resolution

Authors: Huimin Ji, Manwen Liu, Kuo Ma, Chuan Liao, Yanwen Liu, Zheng Li, Zhihua Li, Jun Luo

Abstract: In the extreme environments of high-luminosity colliders, traditional planar silicon sensors suffer severe radiation-induced performance degradation and fail to satisfy the stringent demands of high-precision tracking and high-speed timing in particle physics. 3D silicon sensors enhance radiation hardness by shortening charge collection distance, yet conventional designs with columnar or square-ce… ▽ More In the extreme environments of high-luminosity colliders, traditional planar silicon sensors suffer severe radiation-induced performance degradation and fail to satisfy the stringent demands of high-precision tracking and high-speed timing in particle physics. 3D silicon sensors enhance radiation hardness by shortening charge collection distance, yet conventional designs with columnar or square-cell trench electrodes exhibit non-uniform electric fields, including saddle points and low-field regions, which degrade charge collection efficiency and timing resolution. This work presents a novel racetrack 3D-trench silicon sensor with continuous racetrack electrodes surrounding a long central collection electrode, aiming to eliminate electric field inhomogeneities. For the first time, a 23 $μ$m shallow-etched device was fabricated on an 8-inch platform, which provides a promising basis for its subsequent mass production and engineering applications. The device performance was systematically evaluated through theoretical analysis, 3D TCAD simulations, and characterization using semiconductor parameter analyzers and transient current technique (TCT) measurements. The sensor achieves leakage current below 0.2 nA, breakdown voltage above 110 V, full depletion voltage as low as a few volts, capacitance as low as 650 fF, collected charge of 4 fC, time response of about 640 ps, and time resolution of 50 ps. This large-scale manufacturable, shallow-etched racetrack 3D-trench silicon sensor provides a competitive device solution for portable radiation detection and next-generation 4D tracking under high-radiation and high-event-rate conditions. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Recent Advances in Tabletop Kibble Balance -- KBmini

Authors: Nanjia Li, Weibo Liu, Kang Ma, Elsayed E. E. Qupasie, Wei Zhao, Songling Huang, Shisong Li

Abstract: This paper presents recent advances in the KBmini Kibble balance, a tabletop system for E2-accuracy mass calibration up to 1 kg. The $Bl(z)$ profile is characterized by manually setting the magnet at different vertical positions, and the extremum point is selected as the weighing position. The spring constant of the weighing cell around this point is measured. With a new coil of a larger number of… ▽ More This paper presents recent advances in the KBmini Kibble balance, a tabletop system for E2-accuracy mass calibration up to 1 kg. The $Bl(z)$ profile is characterized by manually setting the magnet at different vertical positions, and the extremum point is selected as the weighing position. The spring constant of the weighing cell around this point is measured. With a new coil of a larger number of turns and a multi-harmonic excitation technique, a near-constant velocity profile over a moving range of 180 $μ$m, producing an induced-voltage flat-top region exceeding 1 V, is achieved. These results establish a foundation for subsequent mass calibration experiments. △ Less

Submitted 25 April, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: CPEM2026 submission

Status of the Tsinghua Tabletop Kibble Balance

Authors: Shisong Li, Weibo Liu, Nanjia Li, Elsayed E. E. Qupasie, Yongchao Ma, Kang Ma, Wei Zhao, Lisha Peng, Songling Huang, Xinjie Yu

Abstract: This paper reports on the status of the Tsinghua tabletop Kibble balance experiment, aiming to deliver a mass calibration instrument for kilogram realizations in accordance with the new International System of Units (SI). Major progress since 2024 in different aspects, i.e., electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and optical, is presented. The primary weighing and velocity measurement results are discu… ▽ More This paper reports on the status of the Tsinghua tabletop Kibble balance experiment, aiming to deliver a mass calibration instrument for kilogram realizations in accordance with the new International System of Units (SI). Major progress since 2024 in different aspects, i.e., electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and optical, is presented. The primary weighing and velocity measurement results are discussed. △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: CPEM2026 submission

Performance of USTC first batch resistive AC-LGAD sensor

Authors: Han Li, Xiao Yang, Kuo Ma, Hang Yang, Aonan Wang, De Zhang, Tianao Wang, Xiangxuan Zheng, Jiajin Ge, Yusheng Wu, Hao Liang, Yanwen Liu

Abstract: In this paper, the design and characterization of AC-LGAD sensors at the University of Science and Technology of China is introduced. The sensors are characterized with an infrared laser Transient Current Technique (TCT) system for evaluating signal response characteristics and spatial resolution. The temporal resolution was quantified with electrons emitted by a Sr-90 radioactive source. The spat… ▽ More In this paper, the design and characterization of AC-LGAD sensors at the University of Science and Technology of China is introduced. The sensors are characterized with an infrared laser Transient Current Technique (TCT) system for evaluating signal response characteristics and spatial resolution. The temporal resolution was quantified with electrons emitted by a Sr-90 radioactive source. The spatial resolution can reach 4 μm and a temporal resolution of 48 ps is achieved △ Less

Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Self-Error Correcting Method for Magnetic-Array-Type Current Sensors in Multi-Core Cable Applications

Authors: Xiaohu Liu, Keyu Hou, Kang Ma, Jian Liu, Angang Zheng, Zhengwei Qu, Wei Zhao, Lisha Peng, Songling Huang, Shisong Li

Abstract: Data-driven methods enable online assessment of error states in magnetic-array-type current sensors, and long-term measurement stability can be enhanced through further self-error correction. However, when the magnetic-array-type current sensors are applied to multi-conductor systems such as multi-core cables, the time-varying correlations among conductor currents may degrade the performance of mu… ▽ More Data-driven methods enable online assessment of error states in magnetic-array-type current sensors, and long-term measurement stability can be enhanced through further self-error correction. However, when the magnetic-array-type current sensors are applied to multi-conductor systems such as multi-core cables, the time-varying correlations among conductor currents may degrade the performance of multi-latent-variable data-driven models for error evaluation. To address this issue, this paper proposes a robust self-error correcting method for magnetic-array-type current sensors even under significant variations in phase current correlations (e.g., large fluctuations in three-phase current imbalance). By incorporating phase current decoupling and principal component analysis (PCA), the correlation analysis of multi-latent variables (i.e., multi-conductor currents) is transformed into a single-latent-variable (corresponding to single phase current) modeling problem. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively detects error drifts of magnetic field sensors as low as $2\times10^{-3}$ in relative error and $2\times10^{-3}$ rad in phase error. Accurate evaluation and correction of each magnetic field sensor's error drifts substantially eliminates the overall error drift in the magnetic-array-type current sensor, validating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed self-error correcting method. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 14 figures

Beam-test evaluation of pre-production Low Gain Avalanche Detectors for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector

Authors: A. Aboulhorma, M. Ait Tamlihat, H. M. Alfanda, O. Atanova, N. Atanov, I. Azzouzi, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, T. Beau, D. Benchekroun, F. Bendebba, G. Bergamin, Y. Bimgdi, A. Blot, A. Boikov, J. Bonis, D. Boumediene, C. Brito, A. S. Brogna, A. M. Burger, L. Cadamuro, Y. Cai, N. Cartalade, R. Casanova Mohr, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli, Y. Che , et al. (207 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment as part of the Phase-II upgrade for the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). It will mitigate pile-up effects in the forward region, and measure per bunch luminosity. The design of HGTD is based on Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) sensors. This paper presents the results of beam-test campaigns conduc… ▽ More The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment as part of the Phase-II upgrade for the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). It will mitigate pile-up effects in the forward region, and measure per bunch luminosity. The design of HGTD is based on Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) sensors. This paper presents the results of beam-test campaigns conducted at CERN and DESY in 2023 and 2024 on single LGADs from HGTD pre-production test structures, before and after neutron irradiation up to fluences of $2.5 \times 10^{15}~\mathrm{n_{eq}/cm^2}$. The tested LGADs can meet HGTD requirements in terms of charge collection, time resolution, and hit efficiency, even under HL-LHC end-of-life conditions, supporting their deployment in the final detector. △ Less

Submitted 30 January, 2026; v1 submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Thermal Cycling Reliability of Hybrid Pixel Sensor Modules for The ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector

Authors: Y. Li, A. Aboulhorma, M. Ait Tamlihat, H. M. Alfanda, N. Atanov, O. Atanova, I. Azzouzi, J. Barreiro Guimarães Da Costa, T. Beau, D. Benchekroun, F. Bendebba, Y. Bimgdi, A. Blot, A. Boikov, J. Bonis, D. Boumediene, C. Brito, A. S. Brogna, A. M. Burger, L. Cadamuro, Y. Cai, N. Cartalade, R. Casanova Mohr, Y. Che, X. Chen , et al. (203 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The reliability of bump connection structures has become a critical aspect of future silicon detectors for particle physics. The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) for the ATLAS experiment at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider will require 8032 hybrid pixel sensor modules, composed of two Low Gain Avalanche Diode sensors bump-bonded to two readout ASICs and glued to a passive PCB. The… ▽ More The reliability of bump connection structures has become a critical aspect of future silicon detectors for particle physics. The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) for the ATLAS experiment at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider will require 8032 hybrid pixel sensor modules, composed of two Low Gain Avalanche Diode sensors bump-bonded to two readout ASICs and glued to a passive PCB. The detector will operate at low temperature (-30 degrees Celsius) to mitigate the impact of irradiation. The thermomechanical reliability of flip-chip bump connections in HGTD modules is a critical concern, particularly due to their characteristically lower bump density (pixel pitch dimensions of 1.3 mm by 1.3 mm). This paper elaborates on the challenges arising from this design characteristic. Finite element analysis and experimental testing were employed to investigate failure modes in the flip-chip bump structures under thermal cycling from -45 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius and to guide the module redesign. The optimized design demonstrates significantly enhanced robustness and is projected to fulfill the full lifetime requirements of the HGTD. △ Less

Submitted 17 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 12 figures, 7 tables

Updates on the Tsinghua Tabletop Kibble Balance

Authors: Shisong Li, Yongchao Ma, Kang Ma, Weibo Liu, Nanjia Li, Xiaohu Liu, Lisha Peng, Wei Zhao, Songling Huang, Xinjie Yu

Abstract: With the adoption of the revised International System of Units (SI), the Kibble balance has become a pivotal instrument for mass calibrations against the Planck constant, $h$. One of the major focuses in the Kibble balance community is prioritizing experiments that achieve both high accuracy and compactness. The Tsinghua tabletop Kibble balance experiment seeks to develop a compact, high-precision… ▽ More With the adoption of the revised International System of Units (SI), the Kibble balance has become a pivotal instrument for mass calibrations against the Planck constant, $h$. One of the major focuses in the Kibble balance community is prioritizing experiments that achieve both high accuracy and compactness. The Tsinghua tabletop Kibble balance experiment seeks to develop a compact, high-precision, user-friendly, cost-effective, and open-hardware apparatus for mass realization, specifically within the kilogram range. This paper reports on the progress of the Tsinghua tabletop Kibble balance project over the past two years. Various aspects of the Tsinghua tabletop system, including electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and optical components, are summarized. Key achievements, such as the construction and characterization of the magnet system, determination of absolute gravitational acceleration, investigation of a capacitor-sensor-based weighing unit, and development of a high-precision current source, are presented to provide a comprehensive understanding of the experiment's status. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 7 pages, 7 figures

Learning Radical Excited States from Sparse Data

Authors: Jingkun Shen, Lucy E. Walker, Kevin Ma, James D. Green, Hugo Bronstein, Keith T. Butler, Timothy J. H. Hele

Abstract: Emissive organic radicals are currently of great interest for their potential use in the next generation of highly efficient organic light emitting diode (OLED) devices and as molecular qubits. However, simulating their optoelectronic properties is challenging, largely due to spin-contamination and the multireference character of their excited states. Here we present a data-driven approach where,… ▽ More Emissive organic radicals are currently of great interest for their potential use in the next generation of highly efficient organic light emitting diode (OLED) devices and as molecular qubits. However, simulating their optoelectronic properties is challenging, largely due to spin-contamination and the multireference character of their excited states. Here we present a data-driven approach where, for the first time, the excited electronic states of organic radicals are learned directly from experimental excited state data, using a much smaller amount of data than typically required by Machine Learning. We adopt ExROPPP, a fast and spin-pure semiempirical method for calculation of the excited states of radicals, as a surrogate physical model for which we learn the optimal set of parameters. To achieve this we compile the largest known database of organic radical geometries and their UV-vis data, which we use to train our model. Our trained model gives Root Mean Square (RMS) and mean absolute errors for excited state energies of 0.24 and 0.16 eV respectively, improving hugely over ExROPPP with literature parameters. Four new organic radicals are synthesised and we test the model on their spectra, finding even lower errors and similar correlation as for the testing set. This model paves the way for the high throughput discovery of next generation radical-based optoelectronics. △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2025; v1 submitted 13 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Vertex pinning and stretching of single molecule DNA in a linear polymer solution

Authors: Kunlin Ma, Caleb J. Samuel, Soumyadeep Paul, Fereshteh L. Memarian, Gabrielle Vukasin, Armin Darvish, Juan G. Santiago

Abstract: Trapping, linearization, and imaging of single molecule DNA is of broad interest to both biophysicists who study polymer physics and engineers who build nucleic acid analyzing methods such as optical mapping. In this study, single DNA molecules in a neutral linear polymer solution were driven with an axial electric field through microchannels and their dynamics were studied using fluorescence micr… ▽ More Trapping, linearization, and imaging of single molecule DNA is of broad interest to both biophysicists who study polymer physics and engineers who build nucleic acid analyzing methods such as optical mapping. In this study, single DNA molecules in a neutral linear polymer solution were driven with an axial electric field through microchannels and their dynamics were studied using fluorescence microscopy. We observed that above a threshold electric field, individual DNA molecules become pinned to the channel walls at a vertex on each molecule and are stretched in the direction opposite to the electric field. Upon removal of the electric field, pinned DNA molecules undergo relaxation within a few seconds to a Brownian coil around the vertex. After 10s of seconds, DNA is released and free to electromigrate. The method enables high quality imaging of single-molecule DNA with high throughput using simple-to-fabricate fluidic structures. We analyze the conditions needed for trapping, relaxation dynamics, and the repeatability of vertex pinning. We hypothesize DNA entangles with neutral linear polymers adsorbed to walls. We hypothesize that a sufficiently high electric force on the DNA is required to expel a hydration layer between the DNA and the wall-adsorbed neutral linear polymers. The elimination of the hydration layer may increase the friction between charged DNA and the uncharged polymer, promoting vertex pinning of DNA. △ Less

Submitted 1 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

A Compact Magnet System for the Tsinghua Tabletop Kibble Balance

Authors: Yongchao Ma, Nanjia Li, Weibo Liu, Kang Ma, Wei Zhao, Songling Huang, Shisong Li

Abstract: Although the so-called magnetic geometrical factor, $Bl$, of a Kibble balance does not appear in the Kibble equations, it offers the precision link between electrical and mechanical quantities and furthers a quasi-quantum traceability path for mass metrology. This feature makes the magnet system, supplying the $Bl$ in Kibble equations, play a core role in Kibble balances. Following the open-hardwa… ▽ More Although the so-called magnetic geometrical factor, $Bl$, of a Kibble balance does not appear in the Kibble equations, it offers the precision link between electrical and mechanical quantities and furthers a quasi-quantum traceability path for mass metrology. This feature makes the magnet system, supplying the $Bl$ in Kibble equations, play a core role in Kibble balances. Following the open-hardware idea, we report here on the design, manufacture, assembly, optimization, and finally performance of a compact magnet system for the Tsinghua tabletop Kibble balance. Notably, the magnet system showcased in this study facilitates a straightforward upper levitation of splitting through a streamlined mechanism guide, substantially enhancing the ease of open and close operations. Experimental tests show the realized magnet systems can yield a high $Bl$ value (e.g., 400 Tm for a bifilar coil and 800 Tm for a single coil with a wire gauge of 0.2 mm) meanwhile a low volume/weight (40 kg) thanks to the uniformity improvement of magnetic profiles. Furthermore, important parameters related to systematic effects, such as the current effect, are checked, aiming for a final mass-realization accuracy at the $10^{-8}$ level. △ Less

Submitted 5 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 12 figures, submitted to IEEE Trans. I & M

A Bi-polar Current Source with High Short-term Stability for Tsinghua Tabletop Kibble Balance

Authors: Kang Ma, Xiaohu Liu, Wei Zhao, Songling Huang, Shisong Li

Abstract: A high-precision current source, capable of supporting weighing measurements with a relative uncertainty at the $10^{-9}$ level, is essential for Kibble balance experiments. However, most current sources utilized in Kibble balances to date are homemade and not commercially available. In this paper, we introduce a digital-feedback, two-stage current source designed for the Tsinghua tabletop Kibble… ▽ More A high-precision current source, capable of supporting weighing measurements with a relative uncertainty at the $10^{-9}$ level, is essential for Kibble balance experiments. However, most current sources utilized in Kibble balances to date are homemade and not commercially available. In this paper, we introduce a digital-feedback, two-stage current source designed for the Tsinghua tabletop Kibble balance, relying solely on commercially available sources and voltmeters. A high-resolution, small-range current source is employed to digitally compensate for current output fluctuations from a large-range current source. Experimental tests show the proposal can offer an easy realization of a current source with nA/A stability to support Kibble balance measurements. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 10 figures, submitted to IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas

Tailoring 4H-SiC Surface Electronic States by Atomic-Layer Deposition for Ideal Peta-Ohm Resistors

Authors: Yuying Xi, Helios Y. Li, Guohui Li, Qingmei Su, Kaili Mao, Bingshe Xu, Yuying Hao, Nicholas X. Fang, Yanxia Cui

Abstract: High resolution resistors capable of detecting minuscule currents are vital for advanced sensors, but existing off-shelf models struggle with inconsistent resistance under varying voltages. The underlying physics of this issue is rooted in unstable surface charges and intrinsic inhomogeneity of surface potential caused by spontaneous polarization (SP) in commercial semi-insulating silicon carbide… ▽ More High resolution resistors capable of detecting minuscule currents are vital for advanced sensors, but existing off-shelf models struggle with inconsistent resistance under varying voltages. The underlying physics of this issue is rooted in unstable surface charges and intrinsic inhomogeneity of surface potential caused by spontaneous polarization (SP) in commercial semi-insulating silicon carbide (SiC) devices. In this work, we found that coating SiC surfaces with an ultrathin zinc oxide layer immobilizes the dangling surface charges in place and balances the natural electric field of the material, ensuring stable resistance even at extreme voltages up to 1000 V. The resulting SiC resistor maintains a record-high resistance of one peta-ohm (10^15 Ω) with negligible voltage fluctuations, outperforming conventional options. Additionally, these devices can switch states when exposed to light or heat, making them dual-purpose tools for ultra-sensitive measurements and sensors. This breakthrough combines high stability, scalability for mass production, and multifunctionality, opening doors to next-generation precision technologies in fields like quantum sensing and environmental monitoring. △ Less

Submitted 26 August, 2025; v1 submitted 14 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

2-D isotropic negative refractive index in a N-type four-level atomic system

Authors: Shun-Cai Zhao, Qi-Xuan Wu, Kun Ma

Abstract: 2-D(Two-dimensional) isotropic negative refractive index (NRI) is explicitly realized via the orthogonal signal and coupling standing-wave fields coupling the N-type four-level atomic system. Under some key parameters of the dense vapor media, the atomic system exhibits isotropic NRI with simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability (i.e. Left-handedness) in the 2-D x-y plane. Compared with… ▽ More 2-D(Two-dimensional) isotropic negative refractive index (NRI) is explicitly realized via the orthogonal signal and coupling standing-wave fields coupling the N-type four-level atomic system. Under some key parameters of the dense vapor media, the atomic system exhibits isotropic NRI with simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability (i.e. Left-handedness) in the 2-D x-y plane. Compared with other 2-D NRI schemes, the coherent atomic vapor media in our scheme may be an ideal 2-D isotropic NRI candidate and has some potential advantages, significance or applications in the further investigation. △ Less

Submitted 17 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Journal ref: Open Phys. 2015; 13:349-354

Highly tunable room-temperature plexcitons in monolayer WSe2 /gap-plasmon nanocavities

Authors: Thomas P. Darlington, Mahfujur Rahaman, Kevin W. C. Kwock, Emanuil Yanev, Xuehao Wu, Luke N. Holtzman, Madisen Holbrook, Gwangwoo Kim, Kyung Yeol Ma, Hyeon Suk Shin, Andrey Krayev, Matthew Strasbourg, Nicholas J. Borys, D. N. Basov, Katayun Barmak, James C. Hone, Abhay N. Pasupathy, Deep Jariwala, P. James Schuck

Abstract: The advancement of quantum photonic technologies relies on the ability to precisely control the degrees of freedom of optically active states. Here, we realize real-time, room-temperature tunable strong plasmon-exciton coupling in 2D semiconductor monolayers enabled by a general approach that combines strain engineering plus force- and voltage-adjustable plasmonic nanocavities. We show that the ex… ▽ More The advancement of quantum photonic technologies relies on the ability to precisely control the degrees of freedom of optically active states. Here, we realize real-time, room-temperature tunable strong plasmon-exciton coupling in 2D semiconductor monolayers enabled by a general approach that combines strain engineering plus force- and voltage-adjustable plasmonic nanocavities. We show that the exciton energy and nanocavity plasmon resonance can be controllably toggled in concert by applying pressure with a plasmonic nanoprobe, allowing in operando control of detuning and coupling strength, with observed Rabi splittings >100 meV. Leveraging correlated force spectroscopy, nano-photoluminescence (nano-PL) and nano-Raman measurements, augmented with electromagnetic simulations, we identify distinct polariton bands and dark polariton states, and map their evolution as a function of nanogap and strain tuning. Uniquely, the system allows for manipulation of coupling strength over a range of cavity parameters without dramatically altering the detuning. Further, we establish that the tunable strong coupling is robust under multiple pressing cycles and repeated experiments over multiple nanobubbles. Finally, we show that the nanogap size can be directly modulated via an applied DC voltage between the substrate and plasmonic tip, highlighting the inherent nature of the concept as a plexcitonic nano-electro-mechanical system (NEMS). Our work demonstrates the potential to precisely control and tailor plexciton states localized in monolayer (1L) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), paving the way for on-chip polariton-based nanophotonic applications spanning quantum information processing to photochemistry. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 17 pages, 4 figures

MoS$_{2}$/Al$_{0.68}$Sc$_{0.32}$N negative capacitance field-effect transistors

Authors: Seunguk Song, Kwan-Ho Kim, Srikrishna Chakravarthi, Zirun Han, Gwangwoo Kim, Kyung Yeol Ma, Hyeon Suk Shin, Roy H. Olsson III, Deep Jariwala

Abstract: Al$_{0.68}$Sc$_{0.32}$N (AlScN) has gained attention for its outstanding ferroelectric properties, including a high coercive field and high remnant polarization. Although AlScN-based ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FETs) for memory applications have been demonstrated, a device for logic applications with minimal hysteresis has not been reported. This study reports on the transport characte… ▽ More Al$_{0.68}$Sc$_{0.32}$N (AlScN) has gained attention for its outstanding ferroelectric properties, including a high coercive field and high remnant polarization. Although AlScN-based ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FETs) for memory applications have been demonstrated, a device for logic applications with minimal hysteresis has not been reported. This study reports on the transport characteristics of a MoS$_{2}$ negative capacitance FET (NCFET) based on an AlScN ferroelectric material. We experimentally demonstrate the effect of a dielectric layer in the gate stack on the memory window and subthreshold swing (SS) of the NCFET. We show that the hysteresis behavior of transfer characteristics in the NCFET can be minimized with the inclusion of a non-ferroelectric dielectric layer, which fulfills the capacitance-matching condition. Remarkably, we also observe the NC effect in MoS$_{2}$/AlScN NCFETs arrays based on large-area monolayer MoS$_{2}$ synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, showing the SS values smaller than its thermionic limit (~36-60 mV/dec) and minimal variation in threshold voltages (< 20 mV). △ Less

Submitted 31 July, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: MS + SI

Exciton Confinement in Two-Dimensional, In-Plane, Quantum Heterostructures

Authors: Gwangwoo Kim, Benjamin Huet, Christopher E. Stevens, Kiyoung Jo, Jeng-Yuan Tsai, Saiphaneendra Bachu, Meghan Leger, Kyung Yeol Ma, Nicholas R. Glavin, Hyeon Suk Shin, Nasim Alem, Qimin Yan, Joshua R. Hedrickson, Joan M. Redwing, Deep Jariwala

Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are promising candidates for optoelectronic application and quantum information processes due to their inherent out-of-plane 2D confinement. In addition, they offer the possibility of achieving low-dimensional in-plane exciton confinement, similar to zero-dimensional quantum dots, with intriguing optical and electronic properties via strain or composition engine… ▽ More Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are promising candidates for optoelectronic application and quantum information processes due to their inherent out-of-plane 2D confinement. In addition, they offer the possibility of achieving low-dimensional in-plane exciton confinement, similar to zero-dimensional quantum dots, with intriguing optical and electronic properties via strain or composition engineering. However, realizing such laterally confined 2D monolayers and systematically controlling size-dependent optical properties remain significant challenges. Here, we report the observation of lateral confinement of excitons in epitaxially grown in-plane MoSe2 quantum dots (~15-60 nm wide) inside a continuous matrix of WSe2 monolayer film via a sequential epitaxial growth process. Various optical spectroscopy techniques reveal the size-dependent exciton confinement in the MoSe2 monolayer quantum dots with exciton blue shift (12-40 meV) at a low temperature as compared to continuous monolayer MoSe2. Finally, single-photon emission was also observed from the smallest dots at 1.6 K. Our study opens the door to compositionally engineered, tunable, in-plane quantum light sources in 2D semiconductors. △ Less

Submitted 12 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: Main Manuscript: 29 pages, 4 figures Supplementary Information: 14 pages, 12 figures

Magnetic and antimagnetic rotational bands data tables

Authors: J. X. Teng, K. Y. Ma

Abstract: The experimental results of 252 magnetic rotational bands reported in 123 nuclei and 38 antimagnetic rotational bands reported in 27 nuclei are collected and listed in the present work, including energy, spin, parity, magnetic dipole reduced transition probability B(M1), electric quadrupole reduced transition probability B(E2), B(M1)/B(E2) ratio, and the ratio of the dynamic moment of inertia to t… ▽ More The experimental results of 252 magnetic rotational bands reported in 123 nuclei and 38 antimagnetic rotational bands reported in 27 nuclei are collected and listed in the present work, including energy, spin, parity, magnetic dipole reduced transition probability B(M1), electric quadrupole reduced transition probability B(E2), B(M1)/B(E2) ratio, and the ratio of the dynamic moment of inertia to the electric quadrupole reduced transition probability J(2)/B(E2). Following the presentation of the kinematic moment of inertia J(1), dynamic moment of inertia J(2), and I versus rotational frequency, as well as energy staggering parameter S(I), B(M1), B(E2), B(M1)/B(E2), and J(2)/B(E2) versus I in A 60, 80, 110, 140, and 190 mass regions, a brief discussion is provided. Based on the systematic studies, some nuclei are predicted to be candidates for magnetic or antimagnetic rotation. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Performance in beam tests of Carbon-enriched irradiated Low Gain Avalanche Detectors for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector

Authors: S. Ali, H. Arnold, S. L. Auwens, L. A. Beresford, D. E. Boumediene, A. M. Burger, L. Cadamuro, L. Castillo García, L. D. Corpe, M. J. Da Cunha Sargedas de Sousa, D. Dannheim, V. Dao, A. Gabrielli, Y. El Ghazali, H. El Jarrari, V. Gautam, S. Grinstein, J. Guimarães da Costa, S. Guindon, X. Jia, G. Kramberger, Y. Liu, K. Ma, N. Makovec, S. Manzoni , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment to mitigate pile-up effects during the High Luminosity (HL) phase of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) will provide high-precision measurements of the time of arrival of particles at the HGTD, improving the particle-vertex assignment. To cope with the high-radiation env… ▽ More The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment to mitigate pile-up effects during the High Luminosity (HL) phase of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) will provide high-precision measurements of the time of arrival of particles at the HGTD, improving the particle-vertex assignment. To cope with the high-radiation environment, LGADs have been optimized by adding carbon in the gain layer, thus reducing the acceptor removal rate after irradiation. Performances of several carbon-enriched LGAD sensors from different vendors, and irradiated with high fluences of 1.5 and 2.5 x 10^15 neq/cm2, have been measured in beam test campaigns during the years 2021 and 2022 at CERN SPS and DESY. This paper presents the results obtained with data recorded by an oscilloscope synchronized with a beam telescope which provides particle position information within a resolution of a few um. Collected charge, time resolution and hit efficiency measurements are presented. In addition, the efficiency uniformity is also studied as a function of the position of the incident particle inside the sensor pad. △ Less

Submitted 17 March, 2023; v1 submitted 14 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Automatic segmentation of clear cell renal cell tumors, kidney, and cysts in patients with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome using U-net architecture on magnetic resonance images

Authors: Pouria Yazdian Anari, Nathan Lay, Aditi Chaurasia, Nikhil Gopal, Safa Samimi, Stephanie Harmon, Rabindra Gautam, Kevin Ma, Fatemeh Dehghani Firouzabadi, Evrim Turkbey, Maria Merino, Elizabeth C. Jones, Mark W. Ball, W. Marston Linehan, Baris Turkbey, Ashkan A. Malayeri

Abstract: We demonstrate automated segmentation of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC), cysts, and surrounding normal kidney parenchyma in patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome using convolutional neural networks (CNN) on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We queried 115 VHL patients and 117 scans (3 patients have two separate scans) with 504 ccRCCs and 1171 cysts from 2015 to 2021. Lesions wer… ▽ More We demonstrate automated segmentation of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC), cysts, and surrounding normal kidney parenchyma in patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome using convolutional neural networks (CNN) on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We queried 115 VHL patients and 117 scans (3 patients have two separate scans) with 504 ccRCCs and 1171 cysts from 2015 to 2021. Lesions were manually segmented on T1 excretory phase, co-registered on all contrast-enhanced T1 sequences and used to train 2D and 3D U-Net. The U-Net performance was evaluated on 10 randomized splits of the cohort. The models were evaluated using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Our 2D U-Net achieved an average ccRCC lesion detection Area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88 and DSC scores of 0.78, 0.40, and 0.46 for segmentation of the kidney, cysts, and tumors, respectively. Our 3D U-Net achieved an average ccRCC lesion detection AUC of 0.79 and DSC scores of 0.67, 0.32, and 0.34 for kidney, cysts, and tumors, respectively. We demonstrated good detection and moderate segmentation results using U-Net for ccRCC on MRI. Automatic detection and segmentation of normal renal parenchyma, cysts, and masses may assist radiologists in quantifying the burden of disease in patients with VHL. △ Less

Submitted 6 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Dynamics of flexible fibers in confined shear flows at finite Reynolds numbers

Authors: Jian Su, Kun Ma, Zhongyu Yan, Qiaolin He, Xinpeng Xu

Abstract: We carry out a numerical study on the dynamics of a single non-Brownian flexible fiber in two-dimensional Couette flows at finite Reynolds numbers. We employ the bead-spring model of flexible fibers to extend the fluid particle dynamics (FPD) method that is originally developed for rigid particles in viscous liquids. We implement the extended FPD method using a multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) schem… ▽ More We carry out a numerical study on the dynamics of a single non-Brownian flexible fiber in two-dimensional Couette flows at finite Reynolds numbers. We employ the bead-spring model of flexible fibers to extend the fluid particle dynamics (FPD) method that is originally developed for rigid particles in viscous liquids. We implement the extended FPD method using a multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) scheme of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The numerical scheme is validated firstly by a series of benchmark simulations that involve liquid-solid coupling. The method is then used to study the dynamics of flexible fibers in Couette flows. We only consider the highly symmetric case where the fibers are placed on the symmetry center of Couette flows and we focus on the effects of the fiber stiffness, the confinement strength, and the finite Reynolds number (from 1 to 10). A diagram of the fiber shape is obtained. For fibers under weak confinement and a small Reynolds number, three distinct tumbling orbits have been identified. (1) Jeffery orbits of rigid fibers. The fibers behave like rigid rods and tumble periodically without any visible deformation. (2) S-turn orbits of slightly flexible fibers. The fiber is bent to an S-shape and is straightened again when it orients to an angle of around 45 degrees relative to the positive x direction. (3) S-coiled orbits of fairly flexible fibers. The fiber is folded to an S-shape and tumbles periodically and steadily without being straightened anymore during its rotation. Moreover, the fiber tumbling is found to be hindered by increasing either the Reynolds number or the confinement strength, or both. △ Less

Submitted 22 February, 2023; v1 submitted 28 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: 16 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: Physics of Fluids 35, 043308 (2023)

Construction and commissioning of the collinear laser spectroscopy system at BRIF

Authors: S. J. Wang, X. F. Yang, S. W. Bai, Y. C. Liu, P. Zhang, Y. S. Liu, H. R. Hu, H. W. Li, B. Tang, B. Q. Cui, C. Y. He, X. Ma, Q. T. Li, J. H. Chen, K. Ma, L. S. Yang, Z. Y. Hu, W. L. Pu, Y. Chen, Y. F. Guo, Z. Y. Du, Z. Yan, F. L. Liu, H. R. Wang, G. Q. Yang , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We have constructed a collinear laser spectroscopy (CLS) system installed at the Beijing Radioactive Ion-beam Facility (BRIF), aiming to investigate the nuclear properties of unstable nuclei. The first on-line commissioning experiment of this system was performed using the continuous stable ($^{39}$K) and unstable ($^{38}$K) ion beams produced by impinging a 100-MeV proton beam on a CaO target. Hy… ▽ More We have constructed a collinear laser spectroscopy (CLS) system installed at the Beijing Radioactive Ion-beam Facility (BRIF), aiming to investigate the nuclear properties of unstable nuclei. The first on-line commissioning experiment of this system was performed using the continuous stable ($^{39}$K) and unstable ($^{38}$K) ion beams produced by impinging a 100-MeV proton beam on a CaO target. Hyperfine structure spectra of these two isotopes are reasonably reproduced, and the extracted magnetic dipole hyperfine parameters and isotope shift agree with the literature values. The on-line experiment demonstrates the overall functioning of this CLS system, opening new opportunities for laser spectroscopy measurement of unstable isotopes at BRIF and other radioactive ion beam facilities in China. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Nature and Energy Source of the Strong Waveforms Recorded during the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

Authors: Xiaoping Mao, Xueqiang Zhang, Yuci Su, Ke Mao, Pengyu Lu, Fei Zhang

Abstract: Earthquakes are indeed triggered by fault dislocations, but whether this process alone can produce the actual earthquake energy released by the mainshock has long been questioned. Therefore, exploring the true source of energy that causes earthquakes after the first motion is necessary. Based on analyses of the waveforms and ray paths at seismic stations close to the epicenter, it is considered th… ▽ More Earthquakes are indeed triggered by fault dislocations, but whether this process alone can produce the actual earthquake energy released by the mainshock has long been questioned. Therefore, exploring the true source of energy that causes earthquakes after the first motion is necessary. Based on analyses of the waveforms and ray paths at seismic stations close to the epicenter, it is considered that strong earthquake vibrations may not be caused by S-waves. It is also proposed that the reservoirs in sedimentary strata contain large amounts of high-pressure fluids, whose pressures can be released under certain conditions; this release of pressure may be an important component of the main earthquake energy. When a natural fault ruptures and penetrates a reservoir with a large area, the elastic energy produced by the release of pressure can reach the energy released by an earthquake of magnitude 8.0. Artificial engineering activities can lead to small-scale fluid pressure release phenomena, such as blowouts during drilling and earthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing. Much direct and indirect evidence, such as the characteristics of seismic waves in the time and frequency domains recorded during the Wenchuan earthquake, explosion phenomena observed on the ground and cores obtained by scientific drilling, indicates the possibility of such energy release. We propose that seismicity can be divided into three stages: the microfracturing stage, in which there is fluid activity and can produce an electrokinetic effect; the significant fracturing stage after the initial movement; and the strong earthquake stage caused by fluid pressure release. △ Less

Submitted 23 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 31 pages, 10 figures

Reaching for the surface: Spheroidal microswimmers in surface gravity waves

Authors: Kunlin Ma, Nimish Pujara, Jean-Luc Thiffeault

Abstract: Microswimmers (planktonic microorganisms or artificial active particles) immersed in a fluid interact with the ambient flow, altering their trajectories. In surface gravity waves, a common goal for microswimmers is vertical migration (e.g., to reach the free surface or to dive to deeper depths). By modelling microswimmers as spheroidal bodies with an intrinsic swimming velocity that supplements ad… ▽ More Microswimmers (planktonic microorganisms or artificial active particles) immersed in a fluid interact with the ambient flow, altering their trajectories. In surface gravity waves, a common goal for microswimmers is vertical migration (e.g., to reach the free surface or to dive to deeper depths). By modelling microswimmers as spheroidal bodies with an intrinsic swimming velocity that supplements advection and reorientation by the flow, we investigate how shape and swimming affect vertical transport of microswimmers in waves. We find that it is possible for microswimmers to be initially swimming downwards, but to recover and head back to the surface, and vice versa. This is because the coupling between swimming and flow-induced reorientations introduces a shape dependency in the vertical transport. From a wave-averaged analysis of microswimmer trajectories, we show that each trajectory is bounded by critical planes in the position-orientation phase space that depend only on the shape. We also give explicit solutions to these trajectories and determine the fraction of microswimmers that begin within the water column and eventually reach the surface. For microswimmers that are initially randomly oriented, the fraction that reach the surface increases monotonically as the starting depth decreases, as expected, but also varies with shape and swimming speed. In the limit of small swimming speed, the fraction of highly prolate microswimmers reaching the surface is 0.5, suggesting that these swimmers would be able to choose direction of vertical transport with small changes in swimming behaviour. △ Less

Submitted 26 February, 2022; v1 submitted 23 February, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 14 pages, 10 figures. LaTeX with RevTeX-4.2 class. Updated with appendix on 3D model

Journal ref: Physical Review Fluids 7, 014310 (2022)

Property investigation for different wedge-shaped CsI(Tl)s

Authors: G. Li, J. L. Lou, Y. L. Ye, H. Hua, H. Wang, J. X. Han, W. Liu, S. W. Bai, Z. W. Tan, K. Ma, J. H. Chen, L. S. Yang, S. J. Wang, Z. Y. Hu, H. Z. Yu, H. Y. Zhu, B. L. Xia, Y. Jiang, Y. Liu, X. F. Yang, Q. T. Li, J. Y. Xu, J. S. Wang, Y. Y. Yang, J. B. Ma , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Two types of wedge-shaped CsI(Tl)s were designed to be placed behind the annular double-sided silicon detectors (ADSSDs) to identify the light charged particles with the $ΔE-E$ method. The properties of CsI(Tl)s with different shapes and sizes, such as energy resolution, light output non-uniformity and particle identification capability, were compared by using a $α$-source and a radioactive beam o… ▽ More Two types of wedge-shaped CsI(Tl)s were designed to be placed behind the annular double-sided silicon detectors (ADSSDs) to identify the light charged particles with the $ΔE-E$ method. The properties of CsI(Tl)s with different shapes and sizes, such as energy resolution, light output non-uniformity and particle identification capability, were compared by using a $α$-source and a radioactive beam of $^{15}$C. The big-size CsI(Tl) was finally adopted to form the $ΔE-E$ telescope due to better properties. The property differences of these two types of CsI(Tl)s can be interpreted based on the Geant4 simulation results. △ Less

Submitted 2 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

The method to increase the thrust of high Mach number Scramjets

Authors: Yunfeng Liu, Xin Han, Wenshuo Zhang, Kaifu Ma

Abstract: The problem of engine unstart of scramjets has not been resolved. In this paper, the mechanism of engine unstart is discussed from the point of view of shock/shock interaction and deflagration-to-detonation transition. The shock/shock interaction leads to the nonlinear, transient and discontinuous process of the supersonic combustion flow field. This process is similar to the deflagration-to-deton… ▽ More The problem of engine unstart of scramjets has not been resolved. In this paper, the mechanism of engine unstart is discussed from the point of view of shock/shock interaction and deflagration-to-detonation transition. The shock/shock interaction leads to the nonlinear, transient and discontinuous process of the supersonic combustion flow field. This process is similar to the deflagration-to-detonation transition process. If the velocity of pre-combustion shock wave is faster than the velocity in the isolator, it will propagate upstream and cause the engine unstart. The C-J detonation velocity is defined as the stable operation boundary of scramjets, which is the maximum shock wave produced by combustion theoretically. The scramjets will work stable if the velocity in the isolator is faster than the corresponding C-J detonation velocity. The combustion characteristics and propulsive performance of scramjets is theoretically analyzed by using C-J detonation theory. For high Mach number scramjets, the velocity in the isolator is much faster than the C-J detonation velocity. Therefore, extra fuel and oxygen can be injected into the combustor to increase the thrust as long as the shock wave velocity driven by the combustion products is slower than the air velocity in the isolator. The theoretical results agree well with the existing experimental results, which can be used as a baseline for the development of scramjets. △ Less

Submitted 28 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021.

Comments: submitted to Aerospace Science and Technology,22 pages,8 figures

General Mechanism of Evolution Shared by Proteins and Words

Authors: Li-Min Wang, Hsing-Yi Lai, Sun-Ting Tsai, Chen Siang Ng, Kevin Sheng-Kai Ma, Shan-Jyun Wu, Meng-Xue Tsai, Yi-Ching Su, Daw-Wei Wang, Tzay-Ming Hong

Abstract: Complex systems, such as life and languages, are governed by principles of evolution. The analogy and comparison between biology and linguistics\cite{alphafold2, RoseTTAFold, lang_virus, cell language, faculty1, language of gene, Protein linguistics, dictionary, Grammar of pro_dom, complexity, genomics_nlp, InterPro, language modeling, Protein language modeling} provide a computational foundation… ▽ More Complex systems, such as life and languages, are governed by principles of evolution. The analogy and comparison between biology and linguistics\cite{alphafold2, RoseTTAFold, lang_virus, cell language, faculty1, language of gene, Protein linguistics, dictionary, Grammar of pro_dom, complexity, genomics_nlp, InterPro, language modeling, Protein language modeling} provide a computational foundation for characterizing and analyzing protein sequences, human corpora, and their evolution. However, no general mathematical formula has been proposed so far to illuminate the origin of quantitative hallmarks shared by life and language. Here we show several new statistical relationships shared by proteins and words, which inspire us to establish a general mechanism of evolution with explicit formulations that can incorporate both old and new characteristics. We found natural selection can be quantified via the entropic formulation by the principle of least effort to determine the sequence variation that survives in evolution. Besides, the origin of power law behavior and how changes in the environment stimulate the emergence of new proteins and words can also be explained via the introduction of function connection network. Our results demonstrate not only the correspondence between genetics and linguistics over their different hierarchies but also new fundamental physical properties for the evolution of complex adaptive systems. We anticipate our statistical tests can function as quantitative criteria to examine whether an evolution theory of sequence is consistent with the regularity of real data. In the meantime, their correspondence broadens the bridge to exchange existing knowledge, spurs new interpretations, and opens Pandora's box to release several potentially revolutionary challenges. For example, does linguistic arbitrariness conflict with the dogma that structure determines function? △ Less

Submitted 17 March, 2026; v1 submitted 28 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Observation of spontaneous valley polarization of itinerant electrons

Authors: Md. S. Hossain, M. K. Ma, K. A. Villegas Rosales, Y. J. Chung, L. N. Pfeiffer, K. W. West, K. W. Baldwin, M. Shayegan

Abstract: Memory or transistor devices based on electron's spin rather than its charge degree of freedom offer certain distinct advantages and comprise a cornerstone of spintronics. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of a new field, valleytronics, which seeks to exploit electron's valley index rather than its spin. An important component in this quest would be the ability to control the valley index… ▽ More Memory or transistor devices based on electron's spin rather than its charge degree of freedom offer certain distinct advantages and comprise a cornerstone of spintronics. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of a new field, valleytronics, which seeks to exploit electron's valley index rather than its spin. An important component in this quest would be the ability to control the valley index in a convenient fashion. Here we show that the valley polarization can be switched from zero to one by a small reduction in density, simply tuned by a gate bias, in a two-dimensional electron system. This phenomenon arises fundamentally as a result of electron-electron interaction in an itinerant, dilute electron system. Essentially, the kinetic energy favors an equal distribution of electrons over the available valleys, whereas the interaction between electrons prefers single-valley occupancy below a critical density. The gate-bias-tuned transition we observe is accompanied by a sudden, two-fold change in sample resistance, making the phenomenon of interest for potential valleytronic transistor device applications. Our observation constitutes a quintessential demonstration of valleytronics in a very simple experiment. △ Less

Submitted 15 November, 2020; v1 submitted 12 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 116601 (2021)

Strong Exciton-Photon Coupling in Large Area MoSe$_2$ and WSe$_2$ Heterostructures Fabricated from Two-Dimensional Materials Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Authors: Daniel J. Gillard, Armando Genco, Seongjoon Ahn, Thomas P. Lyons, Kyung Yeol Ma, A-Rang Jang, Toby Severs Millard, Aurelien A. P. Trichet, Rahul Jayaprakash, Kyriacos Georgiou, David G. Lidzey, Jason M. Smith, Hyeon Suk Shin, Alexander I. Tartakovskii

Abstract: Two-dimensional semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides embedded in optical microcavities in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime may lead to promising applications in spin and valley addressable polaritonic logic gates and circuits. One significant obstacle for their realization is the inherent lack of scalability associated with the mechanical exfoliation commonly used for fabricati… ▽ More Two-dimensional semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides embedded in optical microcavities in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime may lead to promising applications in spin and valley addressable polaritonic logic gates and circuits. One significant obstacle for their realization is the inherent lack of scalability associated with the mechanical exfoliation commonly used for fabrication of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures. Chemical vapor deposition offers an alternative scalable fabrication method for both monolayer semiconductors and other two-dimensional materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride. Observation of the strong light-matter coupling in chemical vapor grown transition metal dichalcogenides has been demonstrated so far in a handful of experiments with monolayer molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide. Here we instead demonstrate the strong exciton-photon coupling in microcavities comprising large area transition metal dichalcogenide / hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures made from chemical vapor deposition grown molybdenum diselenide and tungsten diselenide encapsulated on one or both sides in continuous few-layer boron nitride films also grown by chemical vapor deposition. These transition metal dichalcogenide / hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures show high optical quality comparable with mechanically exfoliated samples, allowing operation in the strong coupling regime in a wide range of temperatures down to 4 Kelvin in tunable and monolithic microcavities, and demonstrating the possibility to successfully develop large area transition metal dichalcogenide based polariton devices. △ Less

Submitted 20 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

A Visual Analytics System for Multi-model Comparison on Clinical Data Predictions

Authors: Yiran Li, Takanori Fujiwara, Yong K. Choi, Katherine K. Kim, Kwan-Liu Ma

Abstract: There is a growing trend of applying machine learning methods to medical datasets in order to predict patients' future status. Although some of these methods achieve high performance, challenges still exist in comparing and evaluating different models through their interpretable information. Such analytics can help clinicians improve evidence-based medical decision making. In this work, we develop… ▽ More There is a growing trend of applying machine learning methods to medical datasets in order to predict patients' future status. Although some of these methods achieve high performance, challenges still exist in comparing and evaluating different models through their interpretable information. Such analytics can help clinicians improve evidence-based medical decision making. In this work, we develop a visual analytics system that compares multiple models' prediction criteria and evaluates their consistency. With our system, users can generate knowledge on different models' inner criteria and how confidently we can rely on each model's prediction for a certain patient. Through a case study of a publicly available clinical dataset, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our visual analytics system to assist clinicians and researchers in comparing and quantitatively evaluating different machine learning methods. △ Less

Submitted 23 March, 2020; v1 submitted 18 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: This is the author's version of the article that has been accepted to PacificVis 2020 Visualization Meets AI Workshop

Comparative Visual Analytics for Assessing Medical Records with Sequence Embedding

Authors: Rongchen Guo, Takanori Fujiwara, Yiran Li, Kelly M. Lima, Soman Sen, Nam K. Tran, Kwan-Liu Ma

Abstract: Machine learning for data-driven diagnosis has been actively studied in medicine to provide better healthcare. Supporting analysis of a patient cohort similar to a patient under treatment is a key task for clinicians to make decisions with high confidence. However, such analysis is not straightforward due to the characteristics of medical records: high dimensionality, irregularity in time, and spa… ▽ More Machine learning for data-driven diagnosis has been actively studied in medicine to provide better healthcare. Supporting analysis of a patient cohort similar to a patient under treatment is a key task for clinicians to make decisions with high confidence. However, such analysis is not straightforward due to the characteristics of medical records: high dimensionality, irregularity in time, and sparsity. To address this challenge, we introduce a method for similarity calculation of medical records. Our method employs event and sequence embeddings. While we use an autoencoder for the event embedding, we apply its variant with the self-attention mechanism for the sequence embedding. Moreover, in order to better handle the irregularity of data, we enhance the self-attention mechanism with consideration of different time intervals. We have developed a visual analytics system to support comparative studies of patient records. To make a comparison of sequences with different lengths easier, our system incorporates a sequence alignment method. Through its interactive interface, the user can quickly identify patients of interest and conveniently review both the temporal and multivariate aspects of the patient records. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our design and system with case studies using a real-world dataset from the neonatal intensive care unit of UC Davis. △ Less

Submitted 23 March, 2020; v1 submitted 18 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: This is the author's version of the article that has been accepted in PacificVis 2020 Visualization Meets AI Workshop

Influences of the coordinate dependent noncommutative space on charged and spin currents

Authors: Ya-Jie Ren, Kai Ma

Abstract: We study the charged and spin currents on a coordinate dependent noncommutative space. Starting from the noncommutative extended relativistic equation of motion, the non-relativistic approximation is obtained by using the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation, and then the charged and spin currents are derived by using the extended Drude model. We find that the charged current is twisted by modifying th… ▽ More We study the charged and spin currents on a coordinate dependent noncommutative space. Starting from the noncommutative extended relativistic equation of motion, the non-relativistic approximation is obtained by using the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation, and then the charged and spin currents are derived by using the extended Drude model. We find that the charged current is twisted by modifying the off-diagonal elements of the Hall conductivity, however, the spin current is not affected up to leading order of the noncommutative parameter. △ Less

Submitted 28 May, 2018; v1 submitted 26 February, 2018; originally announced February 2018.

Comments: 11 pages; v2: some typos are revised

Journal ref: Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 33, 1850093(2018)

Observation of fractional quantum Hall effect in an InAs quantum well

Authors: Meng K. Ma, Md. Shafayat Hossain, K. A. Villegas Rosales, H. Deng, T. Tschirky, W. Wegscheider, M. Shayegan

Abstract: The two-dimensional electron system in an InAs quantum well has emerged as a prime candidate for hosting exotic quasi-particles with non-Abelian statistics such as Majorana fermions and parafermions. To attain its full promise, however, the electron system has to be clean enough to exhibit electron-electron interaction phenomena. Here we report the observation of fractional quantum Hall effect in… ▽ More The two-dimensional electron system in an InAs quantum well has emerged as a prime candidate for hosting exotic quasi-particles with non-Abelian statistics such as Majorana fermions and parafermions. To attain its full promise, however, the electron system has to be clean enough to exhibit electron-electron interaction phenomena. Here we report the observation of fractional quantum Hall effect in a very low disorder InAs quantum well with a well-width of 24 nm, containing a two-dimensional electron system with a density $n=7.8 \times 10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$ and low-temperature mobility $1.8 \times 10^6$ cm$^2$/Vs. At a temperature of $\simeq35$ mK and $B\simeq24$ T, we observe a deep minimum in the longitudinal resistance, accompanied by a nearly quantized Hall plateau at Landau level filling factor $ν=4/3$. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2017; originally announced December 2017.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. B 96, 241301(R) (2017)

Production and decay of K-shell hollow krypton in collisions with 52 - 197 MeV/u bare xenon ions

Authors: Caojie Shao, Deyang Yu, Xiaohong Cai, Xi Chen, Kun Ma, Jarah Evslin, Yingli Xue, Wei Wang, Yury. S. Kozhedub, Rongchun Lu, Zhangyong Song, Mingwu Zhang, Junliang Liu, Bian Yang, Yipan Guo, Jianming Zhang, Fangfang Ruan, Yehong Wu, Yuezhao Zhang, Chenzhong Dong, Ximeng Chen, Zhihu Yang

Abstract: X-ray spectra of K-shell hollow krypton atoms produced in single collisions with 52 - 197 MeV/u Xe54+ ions are measured in a heavy-ion storage ring equipped with an internal gas-jet target. Energy shifts of the Kα_1,2^s, Kα_1,2^(h,s), and K\b{eta}_1,3^s transitions are obtained. Thus, the average number of the spectator L-vacancies presented during the x-ray emission is deduced. From the relative… ▽ More X-ray spectra of K-shell hollow krypton atoms produced in single collisions with 52 - 197 MeV/u Xe54+ ions are measured in a heavy-ion storage ring equipped with an internal gas-jet target. Energy shifts of the Kα_1,2^s, Kα_1,2^(h,s), and K\b{eta}_1,3^s transitions are obtained. Thus, the average number of the spectator L-vacancies presented during the x-ray emission is deduced. From the relative intensities of the Kα_1,2^s and Kα_1,2^(h,s) transitions, the ratio of K-shell hollow krypton to singly K-shell ionized atoms is determined to be 14 - 24%. In the considered collisions, the K-vacancies are mainly created by the direct ionization which cannot be calculated within the perturbation descriptions. The experimental results are compared with a relativistic coupled channel calculation performed within the independent particle approximation. △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2017; originally announced June 2017.

Comments: 5 figures, 9 pages. Accepted by Physical Review A

Hybird of Quantum Phases for Induced Dipole Moments

Authors: Kai Ma

Abstract: The quantum phase effects for induced electric and magnetic dipole moments are investigated. It is shown that the phase shift received by induced electric dipole has the same form with the one induced by magnetic dipole moment, therefore the total phase is a hybrid of these two types of phase. This feature indicates that in order to have a decisive measurement on either one of these two phases, it… ▽ More The quantum phase effects for induced electric and magnetic dipole moments are investigated. It is shown that the phase shift received by induced electric dipole has the same form with the one induced by magnetic dipole moment, therefore the total phase is a hybrid of these two types of phase. This feature indicates that in order to have a decisive measurement on either one of these two phases, it is necessary to measure the velocity dependence of the observed phase. △ Less

Submitted 28 August, 2016; originally announced August 2016.

Comments: 3 pages

Journal ref: Chin. Phys. Lett. 09, 090304(2016)

Technical Design Report for the AMoRE $0νββ$ Decay Search Experiment

Authors: V. Alenkov, P. Aryal, J. Beyer, R. S. Boiko, K. Boonin, O. Buzanov, N. Chanthima, M. K. Cheoun D. M. Chernyak, J. Choi, S. Choi, F. A. Danevich, M. Djamal, D. Drung, C. Enss, A. Fleischmann, A. M. Gangapshev, L. Gastaldo, Yu. M. Gavriljuk, A. M. Gezhaev, V. I. Gurentsov, D. H Ha, I. S. Hahn, J. H. Jang, E. J. Jeon, H. S. Jo , et al. (65 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The AMoRE (Advanced Mo-based Rare process Experiment) project is a series of experiments that use advanced cryogenic techniques to search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of \mohundred. The work is being carried out by an international collaboration of researchers from eight countries. These searches involve high precision measurements of radiation-induced temperature changes and scintillati… ▽ More The AMoRE (Advanced Mo-based Rare process Experiment) project is a series of experiments that use advanced cryogenic techniques to search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of \mohundred. The work is being carried out by an international collaboration of researchers from eight countries. These searches involve high precision measurements of radiation-induced temperature changes and scintillation light produced in ultra-pure \Mo[100]-enriched and \Ca[48]-depleted calcium molybdate ($\mathrm{^{48depl}Ca^{100}MoO_4}$) crystals that are located in a deep underground laboratory in Korea. The \mohundred nuclide was chosen for this \zeronubb decay search because of its high $Q$-value and favorable nuclear matrix element. Tests have demonstrated that \camo crystals produce the brightest scintillation light among all of the molybdate crystals, both at room and at cryogenic temperatures. $\mathrm{^{48depl}Ca^{100}MoO_4}$ crystals are being operated at milli-Kelvin temperatures and read out via specially developed metallic-magnetic-calorimeter (MMC) temperature sensors that have excellent energy resolution and relatively fast response times. The excellent energy resolution provides good discrimination of signal from backgrounds, and the fast response time is important for minimizing the irreducible background caused by random coincidence of two-neutrino double-beta decay events of \mohundred nuclei. Comparisons of the scintillating-light and phonon yields and pulse shape discrimination of the phonon signals will be used to provide redundant rejection of alpha-ray-induced backgrounds. An effective Majorana neutrino mass sensitivity that reaches the expected range of the inverted neutrino mass hierarchy, i.e., 20-50 meV, could be achieved with a 200~kg array of $\mathrm{^{48depl}Ca^{100}MoO_4}$ crystals operating for three years. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2015; originally announced December 2015.

Comments: 93 pages

Development and Mass Production of a Mixture of LAB- and DIN-based Gadolinium-loaded Liquid Scintillator for the NEOS Short-baseline Neutrino Experiment

Authors: Ba Ro Kim, Boyoung Han, Eun-ju Jeon, Kyung Kwang Joo, H. J. Kim, Hyunsoo Kim, Jinyu Kim, Yeongduk Kim, Youngju Ko, Jaison Lee, Jooyoung Lee, Moohyun Lee, Kyungju Ma, Yoomin Oh, Hyangkyu Park, Kang-soon Park, Kyungmin Seo, Gwang-Min Seon, Kim Siyeon

Abstract: A new experiment, which is called as NEOS (NEutrino Oscillation at Short baseline), is proposed on the site of Hanbit reactors at Yonggwang, South Korea, to investigate a reactor antineutrino anomaly. A homogeneous NEOS detector having a 1000-L target volume has been constructed and deployed at the tendon gallery ~25 m away from the reactor core. A linear alkylbenzene (LAB) is used as a main base… ▽ More A new experiment, which is called as NEOS (NEutrino Oscillation at Short baseline), is proposed on the site of Hanbit reactors at Yonggwang, South Korea, to investigate a reactor antineutrino anomaly. A homogeneous NEOS detector having a 1000-L target volume has been constructed and deployed at the tendon gallery ~25 m away from the reactor core. A linear alkylbenzene (LAB) is used as a main base solvent of the NEOS detector. Furthermore, a di-isopropylnaphthalene (DIN) is added to improve the light output and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) ability. The ratio of LAB to DIN is 90:10. PPO (3 g/L) and bis-MSB (30 mg/L) are dissolved to formulate the mixture of LAB- and DIN-based liquid scintillator (LS). Then, ~0.5% gadolinium (Gd) is loaded into the LS by using the solvent-solvent extraction technique. In this paper, we report the characteristics of Gd-loaded LS (GdLS) for the NEOS detector and the handling during mass production. △ Less

Submitted 16 November, 2015; originally announced November 2015.

A digital CDS technique and the performance testing

Authors: Xiao-Yan Liu, Jing-Bin Lu, Yan-Ji Yang, Bo Lu, Yu-Sa Wang, Yu-Peng Xu, Wei-Wei Cui, Wei Li, Mao-Shun Li, Juan Wang, Da-Wei Han, Tian-Xiang Chen, Jia Huo, Wei Hu, Yi Zhang, Yue Zhu, Zi-Liang Zhang, Guo-He Yin, Yu Wang, Zhong-Yi Zhao, Yan-Hong Fu, Ya Zhang, Ke-Yan Ma, Yong Chen

Abstract: Readout noise is a critical parameter for characterizing the performance of charge-coupled devices (CCDs), which can be greatly reduced by the correlated double sampling (CDS) circuit. However, conventional CDS circuit inevitably introduces new noises since it consists of several active analog components such as operational amplifiers. This paper proposes a digital CDS circuit technique, which tra… ▽ More Readout noise is a critical parameter for characterizing the performance of charge-coupled devices (CCDs), which can be greatly reduced by the correlated double sampling (CDS) circuit. However, conventional CDS circuit inevitably introduces new noises since it consists of several active analog components such as operational amplifiers. This paper proposes a digital CDS circuit technique, which transforms the pre-amplified CCD signal into a train of digital presentations by a high-speed data acquisition card directly without the noisy CDS circuit first, then implement the digital CDS algorithm through numerical method. The readout noise of 3.3 e$^{-}$ and the energy resolution of 121 eV@5.9keV can be achieved via the digital CDS technique. △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2014; originally announced October 2014.

Proton irradiation effect on SCDs

Authors: Yan-Ji Yang, Jing-Bin Lu, Yu-Sa Wang, Yong Chen, Yu-Peng Xu, Wei-Wei Cui, Wei Li, Zheng-Wei Li, Mao-Shun Li, Xiao-Yan Liu, Juan Wang, Da-Wei Han, Tian-Xiang Chen, Cheng-Kui Li, Jia Huo, Wei Hu, Yi Zhang, Bo Lu, Yue Zhu, Ke-Yan Ma, Di Wu, Yan Liu, Zi-Liang Zhang, Guo-He Yin, Yu Wang

Abstract: The Low Energy X-ray Telescope is a main payload on the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope satellite. The swept charge device is selected for the Low Energy X-ray Telescope. As swept charge devices are sensitive to proton irradiation, irradiation test was carried out on the HI-13 accelerator at the China Institute of Atomic Energy. The beam energy was measured to be 10 MeV at the SCD. The proton flue… ▽ More The Low Energy X-ray Telescope is a main payload on the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope satellite. The swept charge device is selected for the Low Energy X-ray Telescope. As swept charge devices are sensitive to proton irradiation, irradiation test was carried out on the HI-13 accelerator at the China Institute of Atomic Energy. The beam energy was measured to be 10 MeV at the SCD. The proton fluence delivered to the SCD was $3\times10^{8}\mathrm{protons}/\mathrm{cm}^{2}$ over two hours. It is concluded that the proton irradiation affects both the dark current and the charge transfer inefficiency of the SCD through comparing the performance both before and after the irradiation. The energy resolution of the proton-irradiated SCD is 212 eV@5.9 keV at $-60\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, while it before irradiated is 134 eV. Moreover, better performance can be reached by lowering the operating temperature of the SCD on orbit. △ Less

Submitted 19 April, 2014; originally announced April 2014.

Time and Amplitude of Afterpulse Measured with a Large Size Photomultiplier Tube

Authors: K. J. Ma, W. G. Kang, J. K. Ahn, S. Choi, Y. Choi, M. J. Hwang, J. S. Jang, E. J. Jeon, K. K. Joo, H. S. Kim, J. Y. Kim, S. B. Kim, S. H. Kim, W. Kim, Y. D. Kim, J. Lee, I. T. Lim, Y. D. OH, M. Y. Pac, C. W. Park, I. G. Park, K. S. Park, S. S. Stepanyan, I. Yu

Abstract: We have studied the afterpulse of a hemispherical photomultiplier tube for an upcoming reactor neutrino experiment. The timing, the amplitude, and the rate of the afterpulse for a 10 inch photomultiplier tube were measured with a 400 MHz FADC up to 16 \ms time window after the initial signal generated by an LED light pulse. The time and amplitude correlation of the afterpulse shows several disti… ▽ More We have studied the afterpulse of a hemispherical photomultiplier tube for an upcoming reactor neutrino experiment. The timing, the amplitude, and the rate of the afterpulse for a 10 inch photomultiplier tube were measured with a 400 MHz FADC up to 16 \ms time window after the initial signal generated by an LED light pulse. The time and amplitude correlation of the afterpulse shows several distinctive groups. We describe the dependencies of the afterpulse on the applied high voltage and the amplitude of the main light pulse. The present data could shed light upon the general mechanism of the afterpulse. △ Less

Submitted 29 November, 2009; originally announced November 2009.

Comments: 11 figures

Journal ref: Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A629:93-100,2011

Causation & Physics

Authors: Cynthia K. W. Ma

Abstract: Philosophical analyses of causation take many forms but one major difficulty they all aim to address is that of the spatio-temporal continuity between causes and their effects. Bertrand Russell in 1913 brought the problem to its most transparent form and made it a case against the notion of causation in physics. In this essay, I focus on this subject of causal continuity and its related issues i… ▽ More Philosophical analyses of causation take many forms but one major difficulty they all aim to address is that of the spatio-temporal continuity between causes and their effects. Bertrand Russell in 1913 brought the problem to its most transparent form and made it a case against the notion of causation in physics. In this essay, I focus on this subject of causal continuity and its related issues in classical and quantum physics. △ Less

Submitted 16 June, 1999; originally announced June 1999.

Comments: Invited talk delivered at the III Adriatico Research Conference on Quantum Interferometry, ICTP, March 1-5,1999. Paper submitted to the proceedings. 10 pages, 10 eps figures

Journal ref: Fortsch.Phys. 48 (2000) 689-699