Showing 1–50 of 200 results for author: He, S

Bell nonlocality with directly generated telecom-band spin-photon entanglement

Authors: Dong-Yu Huang, Jian Wang, Xiao-Long Zhou, Ze-Min Shen, Si-Jian He, Qi-Yang Huang, Yi-Jia Liu, Yu-Shu Chen, Quan Jiang, Chuan-Feng Li, Guang-Can Guo

Abstract: Quantum nonlocality, typically revealed through entanglement distribution across quantum networks, is a cornerstone of quantum information science. Long-distance distribution of entanglement requires the information carrier, i.e. flying photons, to operate in the minimum-loss telecom band of optical fiber. While extensive efforts have been devoted to the direct generation of entanglement between C… ▽ More Quantum nonlocality, typically revealed through entanglement distribution across quantum networks, is a cornerstone of quantum information science. Long-distance distribution of entanglement requires the information carrier, i.e. flying photons, to operate in the minimum-loss telecom band of optical fiber. While extensive efforts have been devoted to the direct generation of entanglement between C-band telecom photons and various stationary spins, the verification of quantum nonlocality remains an outstanding challenge. Here, utilizing a dipole transition in rubidium atoms with a wavelength of 1530 nm and a cavity-assisted protocol, we achieve resonant excitation and direct emission of C-band telecom photons from a single atom, generating spin-photon entanglement with a measured Bell state fidelity exceeding 91.4%. We then verify Bell nonlocality by observing a Bell inequality violation of 2.455(77) > 2 using this high-quality entangled pair. These results extend the wavelength of a single-atom quantum emitter to the telecom C-band, achieving sufficiently high-fidelity spin-photon entanglement to finally verify Bell nonlocality. This work thereby provides a promising building block for a large-scale atom-based quantum network capable of distributed quantum metrology and long-distance quantum communication. △ Less

Submitted 8 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 13 pages, 4+5 figures, 1 table

OmniPMNet: Bridging discrete and gridded PM10 forecasts via omni-query neural processes

Authors: Shuangshuang He, Shuo Wang

Abstract: Forecasting particulate matter (PM10) requires both station-scale accuracy and continuous spatial fields, especially during severe dust storms. Chemical transport models (CTMs) provide gridded forecasts but retain local biases, whereas graph neural networks (GNNs) track monitoring sites well at short lead times but do not produce gridded outputs. Here we present OmniPM-Net, a Convolutional Conditi… ▽ More Forecasting particulate matter (PM10) requires both station-scale accuracy and continuous spatial fields, especially during severe dust storms. Chemical transport models (CTMs) provide gridded forecasts but retain local biases, whereas graph neural networks (GNNs) track monitoring sites well at short lead times but do not produce gridded outputs. Here we present OmniPM-Net, a Convolutional Conditional Neural Process (ConvCNP)-based fusion model that reconciles these two forecast types within a shared spatial representation. A terrain-aware Gaussian set convolution lifts irregular GNN station forecasts onto a regular grid, where a multi-scale Spatial Source Attention (SSA) module blends them with Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) forecasts; a shared omni-query readout then decodes this representation into consistent PM10 predictions at either stations or grid cells over a 108 h horizon. Evaluated across 1,618 air-quality monitoring stations throughout China over the full year of 2024, OmniPM-Net matches the station-level accuracy of the stronger GNN baseline (mean absolute error 21.14 versus 22.00 ug/m3) and reduces the CAMS mean absolute error by 30%, while simultaneously delivering the gridded fields that the discrete GNN cannot. Its clearest gains are in the high-concentration tail, where the 90th-percentile MAE falls by 9% relative to the GNN and 25% relative to CAMS, and during dust episodes, where it improves categorical detection skill while tracking the evolving spatial trajectory. △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

False Summit and Silent Drift: A Failure Taxonomy and Efficiency Analysis of LLM-Assisted Multiphysics Simulation in an Open-Source Framework

Authors: Chi-Chun Chiang, Shih-Ming He

Abstract: Multiphysics simulation of semiconductor processes requires simultaneous command of governing equations, numerical methods, software implementation, and process physics, creating a substantial entry barrier for newcomers. We investigate whether large language model (LLM) assistance and curated literature guidance can reduce this barrier during the development of a low-pressure chemical vapor depos… ▽ More Multiphysics simulation of semiconductor processes requires simultaneous command of governing equations, numerical methods, software implementation, and process physics, creating a substantial entry barrier for newcomers. We investigate whether large language model (LLM) assistance and curated literature guidance can reduce this barrier during the development of a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) model for graphene growth using the open-source Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE). We compare GPT and Claude across direct prompting, staged development without literature, and staged development with literature guidance. Staged development successfully produced converged simulations but revealed two recurring failure classes. We define a false summit as a simulation that converges and appears physically plausible while implementing incorrect physics, and silent drift as the undetected propagation of unverified assumptions through successive development stages. In our case study, a non-conservative species-transport formulation generated spurious methane depletion that was visually indistinguishable from genuine surface consumption, while an omitted self-limiting surface-reaction term produced physically incorrect growth behavior that the LLM repeatedly rationalized as valid. Literature guidance substantially reduced interaction burden during the most challenging development stage, decreasing prompt counts by 91% for GPT and 64% for Claude. Based on these observations, we propose an eight-category failure taxonomy, model-specific human oversight strategies, and a stage-gated workflow to improve the detectability of hidden modeling errors. The results demonstrate that LLMs can lower the barrier to multiphysics simulation development, but rigorous physical validation remains essential because apparently reasonable solutions may conceal critical defects △ Less

Submitted 25 July, 2026; v1 submitted 19 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 29 pages, 7 figures, 9 tables

Development of Small-pitch, Ultra-thin 3D Silicon Sensors at USTC

Authors: Kuo Ma, De Zhang, Shengjia He, Tian-ao Wang, Han Li, Yu Nie, Xiuxia Wang, Jinlan Peng, Zheng Liang, Xiang Li, Wenhua Shi, Manwen Liu, Chuan Liao, Zheng Li, Zebo Tang, Yanwen Liu

Abstract: We report on the development of 3D silicon sensors at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). The sensor involves columnar electrodes (5 um in diameter) of both doping types, etched from the same wafer side. The p+ electrodes pass through the epitaxial wafer, whereas the n+ electrodes stop at a short distance from the opposite side of the epitaxial wafer. With respect to previous… ▽ More We report on the development of 3D silicon sensors at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). The sensor involves columnar electrodes (5 um in diameter) of both doping types, etched from the same wafer side. The p+ electrodes pass through the epitaxial wafer, whereas the n+ electrodes stop at a short distance from the opposite side of the epitaxial wafer. With respect to previous generations of 3D sensors, they feature an ultra-thin active substrate (50 um) and a small pixel size of 50 um x 50 um or 25 um x 25 um. This R&D project aims to establish a sensor technology to simultaneously measure position and time information at the single-pixel level. The first run with one merged wafer layout has been completed. The design, fabrication, and characterization of the sensors are reported in this paper. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

UWB-Fat: Non-Intrusive Body Fat Measurement Using Commodity Ultra-Wideband Radar

Authors: Haotang Li, Yili Ren, Zhenyu Qi, Sen He, Kebin Peng, Sheng Tan, Bo Liu, Jiyue Zhao, Zi Wang

Abstract: Body fat percentage and its spatial distribution are clinically important health indicators. However, existing measurement methods often impose a tradeoff between accuracy and accessibility. Clinical-grade techniques, such as Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and hydrostatic weighing, provide accurate measurements but require specialized equipment and trained operators, making them difficult… ▽ More Body fat percentage and its spatial distribution are clinically important health indicators. However, existing measurement methods often impose a tradeoff between accuracy and accessibility. Clinical-grade techniques, such as Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and hydrostatic weighing, provide accurate measurements but require specialized equipment and trained operators, making them difficult to access and unsuitable for everyday use. In contrast, consumer-level methods, such as Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) smart scales and skinfold calipers, are more accessible but typically provide only coarse-grained estimates, are prone to user error, or require intrusive physical contact. In this work, we present UWB-Fat, the first system that leverages commodity ultra-wideband (UWB) radar to enable non-intrusive, accessible, and accurate caliper-equivalent skinfold thickness estimation, serving as a convenient replacement for the skinfold caliper. UWB-Fat collects UWB signal at specified body sites non-intrusively without operator assistance. It extracts body-composition-related features from UWB signals by exploiting dielectric contrasts among skin, fat, and muscle tissues. Then, it uses a physics-inspired model to estimate site-specific skinfold thickness. We evaluate UWB-Fat on 15 participants, achieving a root mean square error of 0.63~mm for pooled-site subcutaneous fat thickness. These results highlight the potential of UWB-Fat to support low-cost, self-administered, and everyday body fat monitoring. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Buffet Alleviation via Linear Stability Adjoint

Authors: Rohit Sunil Kanchi, Sicheng He, Eirikur Jonsson, Joaquim R. R. A. Martins

Abstract: Transonic buffet, self--sustained shock and shear--layer oscillations, imposes hard limits on the cruise envelope of modern transport aircraft, and avoiding it is a primary design driver. State-of-the-art buffet-onset criteria used in design, such as the $Δα= 0.1^\circ$ criterion and separation--sensor methods, are empirical surrogates rather than first--principle predictors, and can yield either… ▽ More Transonic buffet, self--sustained shock and shear--layer oscillations, imposes hard limits on the cruise envelope of modern transport aircraft, and avoiding it is a primary design driver. State-of-the-art buffet-onset criteria used in design, such as the $Δα= 0.1^\circ$ criterion and separation--sensor methods, are empirical surrogates rather than first--principle predictors, and can yield either overly conservative or unsafe designs. Linear stability analysis (LST) predicts buffet onset directly from the spectrum of the linearized operator about the steady base flow, but using it as an aerodynamic shape optimization constraint has been bottlenecked by the cost of differentiating an eigenvalue with respect to many design variables. In this paper, we develop a coupled adjoint method that efficiently computes the sensitivity of the dominant LST eigenvalue with respect to a large number of shape design variables, by reusing the steady CFD adjoint within a top and bottom level decomposition of the eigenproblem. We verify the eigensolver and adjoint against the canonical cylinder vortex--shedding benchmark, then verify the LST predictions on the OAT15A supercritical airfoil at $M=0.73$, $Re=3.2\times 10^{6}$ against published eigenspectra and against the linear growth phase of a URANS run. Using the resulting gradients, a single-point buffet-constrained drag minimization of the OAT15A achieves a $22.4\%$ drag reduction while satisfying the LST-based buffet constraint. Finally, we present preliminary three-dimensional results on the wing only NASA common research model (CRM) at $M=0.85$, $Re=5\times 10^{6}$, recovering buffet onset at $α\approx 4.0^\circ$ from a sweep of warm--started URANS runs and providing a stepping stone toward three-dimensional buffet-constrained wing optimization with the present adjoint. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Efficient Generation of Neutrons Based on Ultrashort Laser-driven Direct Acceleration in Microwire-Array Targets

Authors: Kaiyuan Feng, Debin Zou, Bo Cui, Shukai He, Yingzi Dai, Wei Qi, Jinlong Luo, Jie Feng, Xinyan Li, Zehao Chen, Lixiang Hu, Chengyu Qin, Guobo Zhang, Hui Zhang, Zhigang Deng, Xiaohu Yang, Fuqiu Shao, Liangliang Ji, Weiming Zhou, Tongpu Yu

Abstract: We report on an experimental demonstration of efficient neutron generation based on direct laser acceleration in microwire-array targets irradiated by ultrashort (tens of femtoseconds) laser pulses. The optimal array period was identified, at which the maximum proton energy and the number of protons with energies exceeding $1~\mathrm{MeV}$ were significantly increased. Using a $1~\mathrm{PW}$,… ▽ More We report on an experimental demonstration of efficient neutron generation based on direct laser acceleration in microwire-array targets irradiated by ultrashort (tens of femtoseconds) laser pulses. The optimal array period was identified, at which the maximum proton energy and the number of protons with energies exceeding $1~\mathrm{MeV}$ were significantly increased. Using a $1~\mathrm{PW}$, $\sim25~\mathrm{fs}$ laser at a moderate intensity of $\sim10^{20}~\mathrm{W/cm^2}$, a high neutron yield of up to $(8.33\pm0.84)\times10^{6}~\mathrm{n/sr/J}$ was detected from the LiD converter via $^7\mathrm{Li}(p,n)$ and $\mathrm{D}(p,n+p)$ nuclear reactions. Self-consistent integrated simulations reproduced the experimental results and predicted that with a Be converter, a forward pulsed neutron source with an unprecedented yield per joule of $3.67\times10^{7}~\mathrm{n/sr/J}$ can be obtained under identical laser conditions. This type of neutron source is favorable for applications that require a high repetition rate utilizing compact and economical laser systems. △ Less

Submitted 29 April, 2026; v1 submitted 26 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Physics informed operator learning of parameter dependent spectra

Authors: Haohao Gu, Sensen He, Hanlin Song, Bo Liang, Zhenwei Lyu, Xiaoguang Hu, Minghui Du, Peng Xu, Bo-Qiang Ma

Abstract: Spectral problems governed by differential operators underpin a wide range of physical systems, yet remain computationally challenging because their spectra depend sensitively on continuous parameters and often demand repeated evaluations across parameter space. Here we present $\texttt{DeepOPiraKAN}$, an open source physics informed neural network architecture for spectral analysis. By combining… ▽ More Spectral problems governed by differential operators underpin a wide range of physical systems, yet remain computationally challenging because their spectra depend sensitively on continuous parameters and often demand repeated evaluations across parameter space. Here we present $\texttt{DeepOPiraKAN}$, an open source physics informed neural network architecture for spectral analysis. By combining operator learning with enhanced optimization stability, it captures the underlying parameter-to-spectrum mapping in a single model, avoiding repeated spectral solutions at isolated points in parameter space. As a representative and stringent benchmark, we apply this framework to the computation of quasinormal modes of Kerr black holes. A single trained network accurately resolves modes with $(\ell,m)\in \{(2,0),(2,1)\}$ and overtones up to $n=7$ across the full spin range, achieving relative errors of $\mathcal{O}(10^{-6})$ for the fundamental mode and gradually increasing to $\mathcal{O}(10^{-4})$ for higher overtones, benchmarked against the Leaver's method. This level of accuracy is already significant for black hole spectroscopy and practical ringdown modelling for current and future observatories. More broadly, these results highlight the potential of $\texttt{DeepOPiraKAN}$ as a general and scalable framework for parameter dependent spectral problems across complex physical systems. △ Less

Submitted 26 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Significantly enhanced detectability of dark photons with a steady-state excited microwave cavity

Authors: S. R. He, L. Gao, P. H. Ouyang, H. Zheng, X. N. Feng, L. F. Wei

Abstract: The resonant cavity system has been widely used to search for the electromagnetic response of dark photons, although its achievable detection sensitivity remains at a relatively low level. In this letter, we propose a feasible approach to significantly improve its achievable detection sensitivity by enhancing the detectability of the dark photon-photon dynamical effect, assisted with the steady-st… ▽ More The resonant cavity system has been widely used to search for the electromagnetic response of dark photons, although its achievable detection sensitivity remains at a relatively low level. In this letter, we propose a feasible approach to significantly improve its achievable detection sensitivity by enhancing the detectability of the dark photon-photon dynamical effect, assisted with the steady-state excitation of the target mode in the cavity. Unlike in almost all the previous detection schemes, wherein where the cavity modes are kept in vacuum (and thus only the second-order energy signals can be detected), here the pre-excited steady-state field in the cavity can be used to achieve the coherent amplification of the dark photon response signal, thereby obtaining detectable first-order (rather than the conventional second-order) energy response signals of dark photons. Although the phase of the dark photon field and thus its electromagnetic response signal is stochastic, the amplitude of such a first-order energy response power signal can still be extracted by using mature IQ demodulation technology. As a consequence, we argue that, even considering the influence of the shot noise of the pre-excited steady-state field, the achievable detection sensitivity of this in-situ enhancement detectability, based on the steady-state excitation signal of the target mode, is still at least one order of magnitude higher than those of the current resonant cavity experiments with the same Q-quality factors. Based on existing microwave cavity and weak signal demodulation detection technologies, the feasibility of such a significantly enhanced detectability scheme is also discussed. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Probing lattice fluctuations using solid-state high-harmonic spectroscopy

Authors: Lance Hatch, Navdeep Rana, Shoushou He, Jessica Yu, Boyang Zhao, Yu Zhang, Haidan Wen, Xavier Roy, Lun Yue, Mette Gaarde, Hanzhe Liu

Abstract: Solid-state high-harmonic spectroscopy allows the study of strongly driven ultrafast electron dynamics. Microscopically, high harmonics are generated by strong-laser-field acceleration of electron-hole pairs through the lattice. At finite temperatures, atomic-scale structural fluctuations are ubiquitous and are expected to influence the electron-hole trajectories. Yet, the effect of thermal lattic… ▽ More Solid-state high-harmonic spectroscopy allows the study of strongly driven ultrafast electron dynamics. Microscopically, high harmonics are generated by strong-laser-field acceleration of electron-hole pairs through the lattice. At finite temperatures, atomic-scale structural fluctuations are ubiquitous and are expected to influence the electron-hole trajectories. Yet, the effect of thermal lattice fluctuations on solid-state high-harmonic generation (HHG) has not been quantified. Here, we demonstrate a profound sensitivity of HHG to thermal lattice fluctuations, by characterizing the temperature dependence of HHG in Re6Se8Cl2, a superatomic semiconductor. As the sample temperature is decreased, the high-harmonic yield exhibits a slow increase, followed by an abrupt increase below 50 K, consistent with the temperature at which lattice vibrations are strongly suppressed. Our calculations show that thermal lattice fluctuations both weaken the harmonic response from individual distorted configurations and induce phase dispersion across the ensemble, leading to a pronounced suppression of the coherently emitted harmonics. We show that this effect can be interpreted in terms of an effective electronic dephasing time that varies with temperature. Our results are relevant to dephasing in broad strong-field phenomena, including lightwave electronics and Floquet engineering. The wide tunability of superatomic crystals further enables materials-controlled strong-field physics. △ Less

Submitted 11 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

FluxMC: Rapid and High-Fidelity Inference for Space-Based Gravitational-Wave Observations

Authors: Bo Liang, Chang Liu, Hanlin Song, Tianyu Zhao, Minghui Du, He Wang, Haohao Gu, Sensen He, Yuxiang Xu, Wei-Liang Qian, Li-e Qiang, Peng Xu, Ziren Luo, Mingming Sun

Abstract: Bayesian inference in the physical sciences faces a fundamental challenge: the imperative for high-fidelity physical modeling often clashes with the intrinsic limitations of stochastic sampling algorithms. Complex, high-dimensional parameter spaces expose the universal vulnerability of conventional methods, e.g., Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), which struggle with the prohibitive costs of likelih… ▽ More Bayesian inference in the physical sciences faces a fundamental challenge: the imperative for high-fidelity physical modeling often clashes with the intrinsic limitations of stochastic sampling algorithms. Complex, high-dimensional parameter spaces expose the universal vulnerability of conventional methods, e.g., Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), which struggle with the prohibitive costs of likelihood evaluations and the risk of entrapment in local optima. To resolve this impasse, we introduce FluxMC (Flow-guided Unbiased eXploration Monte Carlo), a machine learning-enhanced framework designed to shift the inference paradigm from blind local search to globally guided transport. It integrates Flow Matching with Parallel Tempering MCMC, effectively combining the global foresight of generative AI with the rigorous asymptotic convergence and local robustness of temperature-based sampling. We showcase the efficacy of this framework through the lens of space-based gravitational-wave (GW) astronomy -- a field representing the frontier of challenging parameter inversion. In the analysis of massive black hole binaries using high-fidelity waveforms (IMRPhenomHM), FluxMC achieves robust convergence in under five hours, whereas traditional Parallel Tempering MCMC fails to converge even after hundreds of hours, yielding high Jensen-Shannon divergences (JSD) of $O(10^{-1})$. Our method reduces the distributional error by two to three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, for computationally efficient models (IMRPhenomD), it eliminates systematic biases caused by local-optima entrapment. Ultimately, FluxMC removes the necessity to compromise between model accuracy and analysis speed, establishing a new computational foundation where scientific discovery is limited only by observational data quality, not by algorithmic capacity. △ Less

Submitted 8 April, 2026; v1 submitted 3 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Robust and Active Visible-Light Integrated Photonics on Thin-Film Lithium Tantalate for Underwater Optical Wireless Communications

Authors: Changjian Guo, Xingjie Li, Xiaofeng Wu, Jiajie Deng, Wenchang Yang, Weilong Ma, Ziliang Ruan, Kaixuan Chen, Sailing He, Liu Liu

Abstract: Visible-light integrated photonics enables compact platforms for sensing, precision metrology, and free-space data links at visible wavelengths. However, many applications remain limited by the lack of high-speed and robust modulators in the blue-green band. Here we report, both operating at 532 nm, thin-film lithium tantalate waveguides of propagation losses of dB/cm scale and modulators with a f… ▽ More Visible-light integrated photonics enables compact platforms for sensing, precision metrology, and free-space data links at visible wavelengths. However, many applications remain limited by the lack of high-speed and robust modulators in the blue-green band. Here we report, both operating at 532 nm, thin-film lithium tantalate waveguides of propagation losses of dB/cm scale and modulators with a flat frequency response to ~50 GHz. The modulator remains stable when delivering 5 dBm modulated optical power for an hour, which cannot be achieved by thin-film lithium niobate based counterparts under similar conditions and structures. System-level underwater optical wireless communication (UWOC) is validated with 112-Gb/s transmission over 3-m and 64-Gb/s transmission over 9-m underwater links. This represents the first integrated external modulator based UWOC system, overcoming the bandwidth-power-chirp trade-offs of traditional directly modulated laser-based systems. We further demonstrate dual-drive modulators for optical single-sideband and electro-optic frequency-comb generations in the green-wavelength band. These results provide a foundation for complex, robust, and active visible-light photonic integrated circuits for underwater optical applications. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2026; v1 submitted 15 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Rigorous Quantum Thermodynamics from Entropic Path Integral Coarse-Graining

Authors: Jing Shen, Ziyan Ye, Ming-Zheng Du, Shi-Yu He, Dong H. Zhang, Jia-Xi Zeng, Venkat Kapil, Wei Fang

Abstract: Nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) remain a major challenge for molecular simulations, as rigorous treatment requires imaginary-time path-integral methods with heavy computational overhead. Neglecting NQEs leads to systematic errors in thermodynamic properties and failures in predicting isotope effects, quantum tunnelling, and anharmonic zero-point motion. Here, we introduce entropic path-integral coa… ▽ More Nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) remain a major challenge for molecular simulations, as rigorous treatment requires imaginary-time path-integral methods with heavy computational overhead. Neglecting NQEs leads to systematic errors in thermodynamic properties and failures in predicting isotope effects, quantum tunnelling, and anharmonic zero-point motion. Here, we introduce entropic path-integral coarse-graining (EPIGS), which enables rigorous quantum thermodynamics at the cost of classical simulations by training size- and temperature-transferable effective potentials utilising absolute centroid free energy and entropy. Central to EPIGS is an instanton-based free-energy perturbation scheme that enables efficient and accurate evaluation of the centroid free energy and entropy for large systems, making construction of the EPIGS training dataset practical. Benchmarks against full path-integral simulations on representative hydrogen-bonded systems, including liquid water, show that EPIGS reproduces quantum free energies and enthalpies within 0.2 meV/atom at near-classical computational cost. EPIGS provides a highly accurate, scalable and low-cost framework for quantum thermodynamic simulations of complex systems across temperatures. △ Less

Submitted 13 April, 2026; v1 submitted 21 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

AI Decodes Historical Chinese Archives to Reveal Lost Climate History

Authors: Sida He, Lingxi Xie, Xiaopeng Zhang, Qi Tian

Abstract: Historical archives contain qualitative descriptions of climate events, yet converting these into quantitative records has remained a fundamental challenge. Here we introduce a paradigm shift: a generative AI framework that inverts the logic of historical chroniclers by inferring the quantitative climate patterns associated with documented events. Applied to historical Chinese archives, it produce… ▽ More Historical archives contain qualitative descriptions of climate events, yet converting these into quantitative records has remained a fundamental challenge. Here we introduce a paradigm shift: a generative AI framework that inverts the logic of historical chroniclers by inferring the quantitative climate patterns associated with documented events. Applied to historical Chinese archives, it produces the sub-annual precipitation reconstruction for southeastern China over the period 1368-1911 AD. Our reconstruction not only quantifies iconic extremes like the Ming Dynasty's Great Drought but also, crucially, maps the full spatial and seasonal structure of El Ni$ñ$o influence on precipitation in this region over five centuries, revealing dynamics inaccessible in shorter modern records. Our methodology and high-resolution climate dataset are directly applicable to climate science and have broader implications for the historical and social sciences. △ Less

Submitted 29 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 60 pages, 4 figures in the main text, 25 figures and 10 tables in the appendix

Programmable calculus operations in electromagnetic space using space-time-coding metasurface

Authors: Hao Tian Shi, Lei Zhang, Rui Yuan Wu, Yi Ning Zheng, Xiao Qing Chen, Yuanzhe Li, Shi He, Jun Wei Wu, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui

Abstract: With the rapid advancement of metasurfaces and the increasing demand for programmable metasurfaces to simplify information systems, wave-based computation using metasurfaces has emerged as an attractive research topic. To facilitate the mathematical operations in electromagnetic (EM) space, here we propose a space-time coding metasurface (STCM) system capable of directly performing calculus operat… ▽ More With the rapid advancement of metasurfaces and the increasing demand for programmable metasurfaces to simplify information systems, wave-based computation using metasurfaces has emerged as an attractive research topic. To facilitate the mathematical operations in electromagnetic (EM) space, here we propose a space-time coding metasurface (STCM) system capable of directly performing calculus operations on the spatial energy distributions of EM waves. By exploiting harmonic characteristics induced by time-varying coding, the responses of meta-atoms at specific harmonics can be flexibly controlled, which enables the metasurface system to address more complex tasks. Owing to its programmability, the STCM can dynamically switch functions in real time to accommodate different calculus tasks. To fully leverage the capability of STCM, we not only present the space-time coding sequences for differentiation and integration of EM waves, but also develop and numerically simulate the space-time coding sequences that can independently and simultaneously implement different calculus operations on the same incident EM waves. To experimentally validate the feasibility of the EM calculus operations, proof-of-concept experiments are conducted using a programmable 2-bit STCM. Good agreements among the theory, numerical simulations, and experiments confirm the feasibility of performing calculus operations in the EM space and demonstrate the broad application prospects of STCM in EM wave manipulations, wireless communications, and signal processing. △ Less

Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Transmembrane transport of polymer brush-grafted nanoparticles into giant vesicles

Authors: Shuai He, Junxing Pan, Jinjun Zhang

Abstract: Polymer brush-grafted nanoparticles have significant application value in fields such as gene therapy and targeted drug delivery. A profound understanding of the interaction mechanisms between these particles and cell membranes represents a critical scientific challenge in biophysics. Using the Self-Consistent Field Theory, this work systematically explores the transmembrane transport of polymer b… ▽ More Polymer brush-grafted nanoparticles have significant application value in fields such as gene therapy and targeted drug delivery. A profound understanding of the interaction mechanisms between these particles and cell membranes represents a critical scientific challenge in biophysics. Using the Self-Consistent Field Theory, this work systematically explores the transmembrane transport of polymer brush-grafted nanoparticles into giant vesicles. The impacts of critical parameters-polymer brush grafting density, nanoparticle size, and giant vesicle membrane thickness-on transport behavior are comprehensively elucidated. The findings reveal two distinct transmembrane transport mechanisms for polymer brush-grafted nanoparticles, which are governed by membrane thickness and grafting density. At high grafting density, the nanoparticles undergo direct transmembrane translocation; at low grafting density, transport occurs via endocytosis. Thermodynamic analysis identifies entropy as the dominant driving force for this process. △ Less

Submitted 14 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Reputation assimilation mechanism for sustaining cooperation

Authors: Siyu He, Qin Li, Minyu Feng, Attila Szolnoki

Abstract: Keeping a high reputation, by contributing to common efforts, plays a key role in explaining the evolution of collective cooperation among unrelated agents in a complex society. Nevertheless, it is not necessarily an individual feature, but may also reflect the general state of a local community. Consequently, a person with a high reputation becomes attractive not just because we can expect cooper… ▽ More Keeping a high reputation, by contributing to common efforts, plays a key role in explaining the evolution of collective cooperation among unrelated agents in a complex society. Nevertheless, it is not necessarily an individual feature, but may also reflect the general state of a local community. Consequently, a person with a high reputation becomes attractive not just because we can expect cooperative acts with higher probability, but also because such a person is involved in a more efficient group venture. These observations highlight the cumulative and socially transmissible nature of reputation. Interestingly, these aspects were completely ignored by previous works. To reveal the possible consequences, we introduce a spatial public goods game in which we use an assimilated reputation simultaneously characterizing the individual and its neighbors' reputation. Furthermore, a reputation-dependent synergy factor is used to capture the high (or low) quality of a specific group. Through extensive numerical simulations, we investigate how cooperation and extended reputation co-evolve, thereby revealing the dynamic influence of the assimilated reputation mechanism on the emergence and persistence of cooperation. By fostering social learning from high-reputation individuals and granting payoff advantages to high-reputation groups via an adaptive multiplier, the assimilated reputation mechanism promotes cooperation, ultimately to the systemic level. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Journal ref: Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 202 (2026) 117586

Experimental and numerical study on the influence of extra-depth on cut blasting post-blast damage

Authors: Changda Zheng, Renshu Yang, Chenxi Ding, Songlin He, Bo Wang, Yongzhong Yuan

Abstract: Cutting is a key factor affecting the speed of blasting excavation. With the continuous advancement of deep-hole blasting technology, determining the optimal extra-depth of the cut relative to the non-cut blast hole is of paramount importance. By combining model experiments and numerical simulations, this study systematically investigates the effect of extra-depth on post-blast damage morphology,… ▽ More Cutting is a key factor affecting the speed of blasting excavation. With the continuous advancement of deep-hole blasting technology, determining the optimal extra-depth of the cut relative to the non-cut blast hole is of paramount importance. By combining model experiments and numerical simulations, this study systematically investigates the effect of extra-depth on post-blast damage morphology, damage width, depth, area, and fractal damage. Furthermore, numerical simulations were employed to validate the experimental results from the perspectives of damage evolution and peak pressure at monitoring points. The main findings are as follows: The extra-depth of the cut has a significant nonlinear effect on the blasting outcome. As the extra-depth increases, blasting damage initially increases but decreases beyond a critical depth due to marginal effects, leading to the appearance of residual blast hole features. Under experimental conditions, when the extra-depth was 15 mm, the damage depth, width, and area reached their maximum values of 43.5 mm, 109.9 mm, and 6055.2 mm, respectively, indicating optimal blasting performance. The fractal damage of the specimen also exhibited a significant trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The maximum fractal damage, obtained by deriving the fitting curve, was 0.75, corresponding to an extra-depth of 13.7 mm. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental findings, showing a significant downward shift in the peak pressure points in the damage zone with increasing extra-depth. In summary, an appropriate extra-depth can achieve optimal borehole utilization, while an excessive extra-depth can lead to residual blast hole formation at the bottom of the cut, reducing effectiveness. This study provides theoretical guidance for optimizing the design parameters of extra-depth in deep-hole blasting. △ Less

Submitted 17 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Towards a Climate OSSE Framework for Satellite Mission Design

Authors: Ann M. Fridlind, Gregory S. Elsaesser, Marcus van Lier-Walqui, Grégory V. Cesana, Elizabeth Weatherhead, George Tselioudis, Gavin Schmidt, Donifan Barahona, Brian Cairns, William D. Collins, David Considine, Lidia Cucurull, Larry DiGirolamo, Amber Emory, Otto Hasekamp, Shan He, Ryan Kramer, Matthew Lebsock, Tsengdar Lee, Stephen Leroy, Wuyin Lin, Steven Lugauer, Daniel Miller, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Lazaros Oreopoulos , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The rich history of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) does not yet include a well-established framework for using climate models. The need for a climate OSSE is triggered by the need to quantify the value of a particular measurement for reducing the uncertainty in climate predictions, which differ from numerical weather predictions in that they depend on future atmospheric compositio… ▽ More The rich history of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) does not yet include a well-established framework for using climate models. The need for a climate OSSE is triggered by the need to quantify the value of a particular measurement for reducing the uncertainty in climate predictions, which differ from numerical weather predictions in that they depend on future atmospheric composition rather than the current state of the weather. However, both weather and climate modeling communities share a need for motivating major observing system investments. Here we outline a new framework for climate OSSEs that leverages the use of machine-learning to calibrate climate model physics against existing satellite data. We demonstrate its application using NASA's GISS-E3 model to objectively quantify the value of potential future improvements in spaceborne measurements of Earth's planetary boundary layer. A mature climate OSSE framework should be able to quantitatively compare the ability of proposed observing system architectures to answer a climate-related question, thus offering added value throughout the mission design process, which is subject to increasingly rapid advances in instrument and satellite technology. Technical considerations include selection of observational benchmarks and climate projection metrics, approaches to pinpoint the sources of model physics uncertainty that dominate uncertainty in projections, and the use of instrument simulators. Community and policy-making considerations include the potential to interface with an established culture of model intercomparison projects and a growing need to economically assess the value-driven efficiency of social spending on Earth observations. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: submitted to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society on 1 April 2025

Robust Circularly Polarized Luminescence via Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum in Intrinsic Chiral Silicon Metasurfaces

Authors: Xiao-ke Zhu, Yu-Chen Wei, Jose L. Pura, Matthijs Berghuis, Minpeng Liang, Beatriz Castillo López de Larrinzar, Shunsuke Murai, Antonio García-Martín, José A. Sánchez-Gil, Sailing He, Jaime Gómez Rivas

Abstract: We demonstrate a circularly polarized photoluminescence emission, with dissymmetry factors $g_\mathrm{PL}$ over 0.1, from achiral organic dye molecules by leveraging quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BICs) and surface lattice resonances (SLRs) in intrinsic silicon chiral metasurfaces. We find that the $g_\mathrm{PL}$ associated with the quasi-BIC mode remains robust against variations in… ▽ More We demonstrate a circularly polarized photoluminescence emission, with dissymmetry factors $g_\mathrm{PL}$ over 0.1, from achiral organic dye molecules by leveraging quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BICs) and surface lattice resonances (SLRs) in intrinsic silicon chiral metasurfaces. We find that the $g_\mathrm{PL}$ associated with the quasi-BIC mode remains robust against variations in emission angle and dye thickness owing to its strong lateral field confinement. In contrast, the $g_\mathrm{PL}$ of the SLR mode exhibits sign inversion depending on the emission energy and dye layer thickness. The experimental results are supported by mode decomposition analysis, helicity density analysis, and near-field spatial distribution of the electric field. These findings illustrate the relevance of the emitter's layer thickness in optimizing the emission of circularly polarized light. They also elaborate on the robustness of chiral quasi-BICs, offering insights into chiral light-matter interactions and advancing the design of circularly polarized light-emitting devices. △ Less

Submitted 26 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Toward Efficient and Accurate EMRI Parameter Estimation: A Machine Learning-Enhanced MCMC Framework

Authors: Bo Liang, Chang Liu, Hanlin Song, Zhenwei Lyu, Minghui Du, Peng Xu, Ziren Luo, Sensen He, Haohao Gu, Tianyu Zhao, Manjia Liang, Yuxiang Xu, Li-e Qiang, Mingming Sun, Wei-Liang Qian

Abstract: The detection of gravitational waves from extreme-mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) in space-based antennas like Taiji and Laser Interferometer Space Antenna promises deep insights into strong-field gravity and black hole physics. However, the complex, highly degenerate, and nonconvex likelihood landscapes characteristic of EMRI parameter spaces pose severe challenges for conventional Markov chain Mont… ▽ More The detection of gravitational waves from extreme-mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) in space-based antennas like Taiji and Laser Interferometer Space Antenna promises deep insights into strong-field gravity and black hole physics. However, the complex, highly degenerate, and nonconvex likelihood landscapes characteristic of EMRI parameter spaces pose severe challenges for conventional Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Under realistic instrumental noise and broad priors, these methods demand impractical computational costs but are prone to becoming trapped in local maxima, leading to biased and unreliable parameter estimates. To address these challenges, we introduce flow-matching MCMC (FM-MCMC), a novel Bayesian framework that integrates continuous normalizing flows (CNFs) with parallel tempering MCMC (PTMCMC). By generating high-likelihood regions via CNFs and refining them through PTMCMC, FM-MCMC enables robust exploration of the nontrivial parameter spaces, achieves orders-of-magnitude improvement in computational efficiency, and, more importantly, ensures statistically unbiased inference. By enabling real-time, unbiased parameter inference, FM-MCMC could unlock the full scientific potential of EMRI observations, and would serve as a scalable pipeline for precision gravitational-wave astronomy. △ Less

Submitted 18 August, 2026; v1 submitted 1 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Journal ref: Research 9, 1055 (2026)

UniFoil: A Universal Dataset of Airfoils in Transitional and Turbulent Regimes for Subsonic and Transonic Flows

Authors: Rohit Sunil Kanchi, Benjamin Melanson, Nithin Somasekharan, Shaowu Pan, Sicheng He

Abstract: We present UniFoil, a large publicly available universal airfoil dataset based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations. It contains over 500,000 samples spanning a wide range of Reynolds and Mach numbers, capturing both transitional and fully turbulent flows across incompressible to compressible regimes. UniFoil is designed to support machine learning research in fluid dynamics, part… ▽ More We present UniFoil, a large publicly available universal airfoil dataset based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations. It contains over 500,000 samples spanning a wide range of Reynolds and Mach numbers, capturing both transitional and fully turbulent flows across incompressible to compressible regimes. UniFoil is designed to support machine learning research in fluid dynamics, particularly for modeling complex aerodynamic phenomena. Most existing datasets are limited to incompressible, fully turbulent flows with smooth field characteristics, overlooking the critical physics of laminar\-turbulent transition and shock\-wave interactions\-features that exhibit strong nonlinearity and sharp gradients. UniFoil addresses this limitation by offering a broad spectrum of realistic flow conditions. Turbulent simulations utilize the Spalart\-Allmaras (SA) model, while transitional flows are modeled using an e^N\-based transition prediction method coupled with the SA model. The dataset includes a comprehensive geometry set comprising over 4,800 natural laminar flow (NLF) airfoils and 30,000 fully turbulent (FT) airfoils, covering a diverse range of airfoil designs relevant to aerospace, wind energy, and marine applications. This dataset is also valuable for scientific machine learning, enabling the development of data-driven models that more accurately capture the transport processes associated with laminar-turbulent transition. UniFoil is freely available under a permissive CC\-BY\-SA license. △ Less

Submitted 28 October, 2025; v1 submitted 27 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Order within disorder: spectral key generation and distribution in random lasers

Authors: Zhijia Hu, Shilong He, Lianghao Qi, Yalan Li, Siqi Li, Bin Chen, Wenyu Du, Yan Kuai, Zhigang Cao, Min Wang, Kaiming Zhou, Lin Zhang, Qingchuan Guo, Weimin Ding, Chao Li, Kang Xie, Anderson S. L. Gomes, Benli Yu

Abstract: In secure communication, highly random entropy sources are essential for information security. Random lasers (RLs), which arise from multiple scattering in disordered structures, are potentially ideal entropy sources. Traditionally, RLs are viewed as disordered and unpredictable. However, in this work, we present novel evidence that orderly patterns exist beneath the seemingly disordered outputs o… ▽ More In secure communication, highly random entropy sources are essential for information security. Random lasers (RLs), which arise from multiple scattering in disordered structures, are potentially ideal entropy sources. Traditionally, RLs are viewed as disordered and unpredictable. However, in this work, we present novel evidence that orderly patterns exist beneath the seemingly disordered outputs of RLs. Utilizing deep learning techniques, a variety of advanced neural network models are used to analyze the spectral data in multiple dimensions. The results show that the time series of RLs spectra are unpredictable, but spectral wavelength component intensities can be recovered due to inter-modal correlations. This finding not only breaks through the traditional perception that RLs are unpredictable, but also reveals for the first time that RLs have the dual characteristics of both randomness and determinism. Based on this new characteristic, we further expand the application field of RLs and innovatively design a new type of key generation and distribution scheme. In this scheme, the disordered property of RLs is used for key generation to ensure high randomness, while their ordered property is used for key distribution to guarantee accuracy and reliability. The scheme provides a new strategy for secure communication. △ Less

Submitted 7 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 26 pages, 8 figures

Improved estimation of the effective reproduction number with heterogeneous transmission rates and reporting delays

Authors: Xin-Jian Xu, Song-Jie He, Li-Jie Zhang

Abstract: In the face of an infectious disease, a key epidemiological measure is the basic reproduction number, which quantifies the average secondary infections caused by a single case in a susceptible population. In practice, the effective reproduction number, denoted as $R_t$, is widely used to assess the transmissibility of the disease at a given time $t$. Real-time estimating this metric is vital for u… ▽ More In the face of an infectious disease, a key epidemiological measure is the basic reproduction number, which quantifies the average secondary infections caused by a single case in a susceptible population. In practice, the effective reproduction number, denoted as $R_t$, is widely used to assess the transmissibility of the disease at a given time $t$. Real-time estimating this metric is vital for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. Traditional statistical inference often relies on two assumptions. One is that samples are assumed to be drawn from a homogeneous population distribution, neglecting significant variations in individual transmission rates. The other is the ideal case reporting assumption, disregarding time delays between infection and reporting. In this paper, we thoroughly investigate these critical factors and assess their impact on estimating $R_t$. We first introduce negative binomial and Weibull distributions to characterize transmission rates and reporting delays, respectively, based on which observation and state equations are formulated. Then, we employ a Bayesian filtering for estimating $R_t$. Finally, validation using synthetic and empirical data demonstrates a significant improvement in estimation accuracy compared to conventional methods that ignore these factors. △ Less

Submitted 8 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures

MSC Class: 60J20

Journal ref: Scientific Reports 14: 28125 (2024)

DeePMD-kit v3: A Multiple-Backend Framework for Machine Learning Potentials

Authors: Jinzhe Zeng, Duo Zhang, Anyang Peng, Xiangyu Zhang, Sensen He, Yan Wang, Xinzijian Liu, Hangrui Bi, Yifan Li, Chun Cai, Chengqian Zhang, Yiming Du, Jia-Xin Zhu, Pinghui Mo, Zhengtao Huang, Qiyu Zeng, Shaochen Shi, Xuejian Qin, Zhaoxi Yu, Chenxing Luo, Ye Ding, Yun-Pei Liu, Ruosong Shi, Zhenyu Wang, Sigbjørn Løland Bore , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In recent years, machine learning potentials (MLPs) have become indispensable tools in physics, chemistry, and materials science, driving the development of software packages for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and related applications. These packages, typically built on specific machine learning frameworks such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, or JAX, face integration challenges when advanced applicat… ▽ More In recent years, machine learning potentials (MLPs) have become indispensable tools in physics, chemistry, and materials science, driving the development of software packages for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and related applications. These packages, typically built on specific machine learning frameworks such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, or JAX, face integration challenges when advanced applications demand communication across different frameworks. The previous TensorFlow-based implementation of DeePMD-kit exemplified these limitations. In this work, we introduce DeePMD-kit version 3, a significant update featuring a multi-backend framework that supports TensorFlow, PyTorch, JAX, and PaddlePaddle backends, and demonstrate the versatility of this architecture through the integration of other MLPs packages and of Differentiable Molecular Force Field. This architecture allows seamless backend switching with minimal modifications, enabling users and developers to integrate DeePMD-kit with other packages using different machine learning frameworks. This innovation facilitates the development of more complex and interoperable workflows, paving the way for broader applications of MLPs in scientific research. △ Less

Submitted 27 February, 2025; v1 submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Journal ref: J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2025

Transformability reveals the interplay of dynamics across different network orders

Authors: Ming Xie, Shibo He, Aming Li, Zike Zhang, Youxian Sun, Jiming Chen

Abstract: Recent studies have investigated various dynamic processes characterizing collective behaviors in real-world systems. However, these dynamics have been studied individually in specific contexts. In this article, we present a holistic analysis framework that bridges the interplays between dynamics across networks of different orders, demonstrating that these processes are not independent but can un… ▽ More Recent studies have investigated various dynamic processes characterizing collective behaviors in real-world systems. However, these dynamics have been studied individually in specific contexts. In this article, we present a holistic analysis framework that bridges the interplays between dynamics across networks of different orders, demonstrating that these processes are not independent but can undergo systematic transformations. Focusing on contagion dynamics, we identify and quantify dynamical and structural factors that explains the interplay between dynamics on higher-order and pairwise networks, uncovering a universal model for system instability governed by these factors. Furthermore, we validate the findings from contagion dynamics to opinion dynamics, highlighting its broader applicability across diverse dynamical processes. Our findings reveal the intrinsic coupling between diverse dynamical processes, providing fresh insights into the distinct role of complex dynamics governed by higher-order interactions. △ Less

Submitted 27 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Engineering-Oriented Design of Drift-Resilient MTJ Random Number Generator via Hybrid Control Strategies

Authors: Ran Zhang, Caihua Wan, Yingqian Xu, Xiaohan Li, Raik Hoffmann, Meike Hindenberg, Shiqiang Liu, Dehao Kong, Shilong Xiong, Shikun He, Alptekin Vardar, Qiang Dai, Junlu Gong, Yihui Sun, Zejie Zheng, Thomas Kämpfe, Guoqiang Yu, Xiufeng Han

Abstract: Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) have shown great promise as hardware sources for true random number generation (TRNG) due to their intrinsic stochastic switching behavior. However, practical deployment remains challenged by drift in switching probability caused by thermal fluctuations, device aging, and environmental instability. This work presents an engineering-oriented, drift-resilient MTJ-bas… ▽ More Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) have shown great promise as hardware sources for true random number generation (TRNG) due to their intrinsic stochastic switching behavior. However, practical deployment remains challenged by drift in switching probability caused by thermal fluctuations, device aging, and environmental instability. This work presents an engineering-oriented, drift-resilient MTJ-based TRNG architecture, enabled by a hybrid control strategy that combines self-stabilizing feedback with pulse width modulation. A key component is the Downcalibration-2 scheme, which updates the control parameter every two steps using only integer-resolution timing, ensuring excellent statistical quality without requiring bit discarding, pre-characterization, or external calibration. Extensive experimental measurements and numerical simulations demonstrate that this approach maintains stable randomness under dynamic temperature drift, using only simple digital logic. The proposed architecture offers high throughput, robustness, and scalability, making it well-suited for secure hardware applications, embedded systems, and edge computing environments. △ Less

Submitted 19 April, 2025; v1 submitted 25 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 9 figures, data shared at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28680899.v1

Probabilistic Greedy Algorithm Solver Using Magnetic Tunneling Junctions for Traveling Salesman Problem

Authors: Ran Zhang, Xiaohan Li, Caihua Wan, Raik Hoffmann, Meike Hindenberg, Yingqian Xu, Shiqiang Liu, Dehao Kong, Shilong Xiong, Shikun He, Alptekin Vardar, Qiang Dai, Junlu Gong, Yihui Sun, Zejie Zheng, Thomas Kämpfe, Guoqiang Yu, Xiufeng Han

Abstract: Combinatorial optimization problems are foundational challenges in fields such as artificial intelligence, logistics, and network design. Traditional algorithms, including greedy methods and dynamic programming, often struggle to balance computational efficiency and solution quality, particularly as problem complexity scales. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel and efficient probabil… ▽ More Combinatorial optimization problems are foundational challenges in fields such as artificial intelligence, logistics, and network design. Traditional algorithms, including greedy methods and dynamic programming, often struggle to balance computational efficiency and solution quality, particularly as problem complexity scales. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel and efficient probabilistic optimization framework that integrates true random number generators (TRNGs) based on spin-transfer torque magnetic tunneling junctions (STT-MTJs). The inherent stochastic switching behavior of STT-MTJs enables dynamic configurability of random number distributions, which we leverage to introduce controlled randomness into a probabilistic greedy algorithm. By tuning a temperature parameter, our algorithm seamlessly transitions between deterministic and stochastic strategies, effectively balancing exploration and exploitation. Furthermore, we apply this framework to the traveling salesman problem (TSP), showcasing its ability to consistently produce high-quality solutions across diverse problem scales. Our algorithm demonstrates superior performance in both solution quality and convergence speed compared to classical approaches, such as simulated annealing and genetic algorithms. Specifically, in larger TSP instances involving up to 70 cities, it retains its performance advantage, achieving near-optimal solutions with fewer iterations and reduced computational costs. This work highlights the potential of integrating MTJ-based TRNGs into optimization algorithms, paving the way for future applications in probabilistic computing and hardware-accelerated optimization. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: This preprint was originally published on Research Square and is licensed under CC BY 4.0. The original version is available at https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-5700548/v1

MSC Class: G.3

Ultrafast high-fidelity state readout of single neutral atom

Authors: Jian Wang, Dong-Yu Huang, Xiao-Long Zhou, Ze-Min Shen, Si-Jian He, Qi-Yang Huang, Yi-Jia Liu, Chuan-Feng Li, Guang-Can Guo

Abstract: The capability to measure the state of a quantum system is vital to a practical quantum network, for applications including distributed quantum computing and long-distance quantum communication. As a thriving platform for quantum information technology, single neutral atoms suffer from low achievable photon scattering rate and shallow trapping potential, which limits the fidelity and speed of stat… ▽ More The capability to measure the state of a quantum system is vital to a practical quantum network, for applications including distributed quantum computing and long-distance quantum communication. As a thriving platform for quantum information technology, single neutral atoms suffer from low achievable photon scattering rate and shallow trapping potential, which limits the fidelity and speed of state readout process. Here, by coupling an single neutral atom with a high-finesse fiber-based Fabry-Pérot microcavity (FFPC) in Purcell regime, we realize strong enhancement of the atomic photoemission rate, which enables ultrafast and high-fidelity discrimination of bright and dark hyperfine states of the atom. The readout fidelity can reach 99.1(2)% within 200 ns and 99.985(8)% within 9 $μ$s. Furthermore, we demonstrate that state preparation via optical pumping can be efficiently accelerated by real-time decision protocol based on ultrafast state readout. This work paves the way to the implementation of quantum networking protocols with high communication rate and high fidelity. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 9 pages, 9 figures, 53 references

Purcell-Enhanced Generation of Photonic Bell States via the Inelastic Scattering of Single Atoms

Authors: Jian Wang, Xiao-Long Zhou, Ze-Min Shen, Dong-Yu Huang, Si-Jian He, Qi-Yang Huang, Yi-Jia Liu, Chuan-Feng Li, Guang-Can Guo

Abstract: Single atoms trapped in optical cavities exhibit immense potential as key nodes in future quantum information processing. They have already demonstrated significant advancement in various quantum technologies, particularly regarding the generation of nonclassical light. Here, we efficiently produce genuine photonic Bell states through the inelastic scattering process of single two-level intracavit… ▽ More Single atoms trapped in optical cavities exhibit immense potential as key nodes in future quantum information processing. They have already demonstrated significant advancement in various quantum technologies, particularly regarding the generation of nonclassical light. Here, we efficiently produce genuine photonic Bell states through the inelastic scattering process of single two-level intracavity atoms. An experimental violation of the Bell inequality, arising from the interference between the probability amplitudes of two photons, validates the intrinsic nature of energy-time entanglement. Coupling atoms with an optical cavity in the Purcell regime substantially enhances the two-photon scattering. This Bell state generation process does not require atomic spin control, thereby rendering it inherently immune to decoherence effects. This work advances the comprehension of resonance fluorescence and has the potential to broaden the landscape of quantum technologies and facilitate the application of photonic Bell states. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 9 pages, 8 figures, 47 reference

Detecting fake review buyers using network structure: Direct evidence from Amazon

Authors: Sherry He, Brett Hollenbeck, Gijs Overgoor, Davide Proserpio, Ali Tosyali

Abstract: Online reviews significantly impact consumers' decision-making process and firms' economic outcomes and are widely seen as crucial to the success of online markets. Firms, therefore, have a strong incentive to manipulate ratings using fake reviews. This presents a problem that academic researchers have tried to solve over two decades and on which platforms expend a large amount of resources. Never… ▽ More Online reviews significantly impact consumers' decision-making process and firms' economic outcomes and are widely seen as crucial to the success of online markets. Firms, therefore, have a strong incentive to manipulate ratings using fake reviews. This presents a problem that academic researchers have tried to solve over two decades and on which platforms expend a large amount of resources. Nevertheless, the prevalence of fake reviews is arguably higher than ever. To combat this, we collect a dataset of reviews for thousands of Amazon products and develop a general and highly accurate method for detecting fake reviews. A unique difference between previous datasets and ours is that we directly observe which sellers buy fake reviews. Thus, while prior research has trained models using lab-generated reviews or proxies for fake reviews, we are able to train a model using actual fake reviews. We show that products that buy fake reviews are highly clustered in the product-reviewer network. Therefore, features constructed from this network are highly predictive of which products buy fake reviews. We show that our network-based approach is also successful at detecting fake reviews even without ground truth data, as unsupervised clustering methods can accurately identify fake review buyers by identifying clusters of products that are closely connected in the network. While text or metadata can be manipulated to evade detection, network-based features are more costly to manipulate because these features result directly from the inherent limitations of buying reviews from online review marketplaces, making our detection approach more robust to manipulation. △ Less

Submitted 22 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Journal ref: Proceeedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 119 (47), 2022

Water-induced high-performance quantum-dot light-emitting diodes

Authors: Wangxiao Jin, Siyu He, Xiuyuan Lu, Xitong Zhu, Dijiong Liu, Guolong Sun, Yanlei Hao, Xiaolin Yan, Yiran Yan, Longjia Wu, Xiongfeng Lin, Wenjun Hou, Weiran Cao, Chuan Liu, Xiaoci Liang, Yuan Gao, Yunzhou Deng, Feng Gao, Yizheng Jin

Abstract: Solution-processed light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are appealing for their potential in the low-cost fabrication of large-area devices. However, the limited performance of solution-processed blue LEDs, particularly their short operation lifetime, is hindering their practical use in display technologies. Here, we demonstrate that trace water in device, previously considered detrimental to most solutio… ▽ More Solution-processed light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are appealing for their potential in the low-cost fabrication of large-area devices. However, the limited performance of solution-processed blue LEDs, particularly their short operation lifetime, is hindering their practical use in display technologies. Here, we demonstrate that trace water in device, previously considered detrimental to most solution-processed LEDs, dramatically enhances the performance of quantum-dot LEDs (QLEDs). This breakthrough stems from our comprehensive mechanism investigations into the positive ageing phenomenon, a long-standing puzzle in the QLED field. Our findings reveal that water passivation on the surface of electron-transport layers, which are composed of zinc-oxide-based nanoparticles, improves charge transport and enhances exciton radiative recombination during device operation. Combined with the advanced top-emitting architecture, our blue QLEDs achieve a high current efficiency of 35.5 cd A-1, a blue index (colour coordinate corrected current efficiency) of over 470 cd A-1 CIEy-1, and unprecedented stability, with an extrapolated T95 lifetime (at an initial brightness of 1,000 cd m-2) of 287 hours. Our work may inspire further exploration into surface passivation of nanocrystalline functional layers, critical for the advancement of emerging solution-processed optoelectronic and electronic devices. △ Less

Submitted 6 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 23 pages,13 figures,1 table

Dynamic control of luminescence chirality through achiral metasurfaces

Authors: Yawei Wu, Zhenyu Wang, Jiahui Xu, Chenlu He, Shuqing He, Ruize Wang, Chaowei Wang, Dong Wu, Jiaru Chu, Yiming Wu, Xiaogang Liu, Yang Chen

Abstract: Circularly polarized light (CPL) sources are essential for chiroptics, spintronics, quantum optics, and asymmetric photochemistry. However, conventional approaches fail to simultaneously realize a large luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) and wide-range tuning of glum in a compact device. Chiral luminophores usually suffer from low glum due to their small molecular sizes. Although chiral metasu… ▽ More Circularly polarized light (CPL) sources are essential for chiroptics, spintronics, quantum optics, and asymmetric photochemistry. However, conventional approaches fail to simultaneously realize a large luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) and wide-range tuning of glum in a compact device. Chiral luminophores usually suffer from low glum due to their small molecular sizes. Although chiral metasurfaces can enable a large glum, they lack post-fabrication tunability. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to achieve high-purity circularly polarized luminescence using achiral metasurfaces. These metasurfaces enable optical tuning and even reversal of luminescence chirality by uncovering and utilizing giant near-field chirality. We validate our concept with upconversion nanoparticles and downshifting dye molecules, experimentally achieving a large glum of up to 1.65, which can be actively and continuously tuned between 1.65 and -1.58. Our approach promises important applications in next-generation CPL sources and detectors, and tunable quantum devices. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2025; v1 submitted 3 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: The manuscript has to be largely revised, so we want to withdraw it

Investigate the efficiency of incompressible flow simulations on CPUs and GPUs with BSAMR

Authors: Dewen Liu, Shuai He, Haoran Cheng, Yadong Zeng

Abstract: Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is a classical technique about local refinement in space where needed, thus effectively reducing computational costs for HPC-based physics simulations. Although AMR has been used for many years, little reproducible research discusses the impact of software-based parameters on block-structured AMR (BSAMR) efficiency and how to choose them. This article primarily does… ▽ More Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is a classical technique about local refinement in space where needed, thus effectively reducing computational costs for HPC-based physics simulations. Although AMR has been used for many years, little reproducible research discusses the impact of software-based parameters on block-structured AMR (BSAMR) efficiency and how to choose them. This article primarily does parametric studies to investigate the computational efficiency of incompressible flows on a block-structured adaptive mesh. The parameters include refining block size, refining frequency, maximum level, and cycling method. A new projection skipping (PS) method is proposed, which brings insights about when and where the projections on coarser levels are safe to be omitted. We conduct extensive tests on different CPUs/GPUs for various 2D/3D incompressible flow cases, including bubble, RT instability, Taylor Green vortex, etc. Several valuable empirical conclusions are obtained to help guide simulations with BSAMR. Codes and all profiling data are available on GitHub. △ Less

Submitted 11 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 22 pages include reference, 9 figures

Achieving High Yield of Perpendicular SOT-MTJ Manufactured on 300 mm Wafers

Authors: Wenlong Yang, Zhenghui Ji, Yang Gao, Kaiyuan Zhou, Qijun Guo, Dinggui Zeng, Shasha Wang, Ming Wang, Lijie Shen, Guilin Chen, Yihui Sun, Enlong Liu, Shikun He

Abstract: The large-scale fabrication of three-terminal magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with high yield is becoming increasingly crucial, especially with the growing interest in spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetic random access memory (MRAM) as the next generation of MRAM technology. To achieve high yield and consistent device performance in MTJs with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, an integration flow has… ▽ More The large-scale fabrication of three-terminal magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with high yield is becoming increasingly crucial, especially with the growing interest in spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetic random access memory (MRAM) as the next generation of MRAM technology. To achieve high yield and consistent device performance in MTJs with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, an integration flow has been developed that incorporates special MTJ etching technique and other CMOS-compatible processes on a 300 mm wafer manufacturing platform. Systematic studies have been conducted on device performance and statistical uniformity, encompassing magnetic properties, electrical switching behavior, and reliability. Achievements include a switching current of 680 uA at 2 ns, a TMR as high as 119%, ultra-high endurance (over 1012 cycles), and excellent uniformity in the fabricated SOT-MTJ devices, with a yield of up to 99.6%. The proposed integration process, featuring high yield, is anticipated to streamline the mass production of SOT-MRAM. △ Less

Submitted 13 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures

ACM Class: J.2.6

Journal ref: IEEE Electron Device Letters, 2024. 45(11): p. 2094-2097

Constraints on the Blazar-Boosted Dark Matter from the CDEX-10 Experiment

Authors: R. Xu, L. T. Yang, Q. Yue, K. J. Kang, Y. J. Li, H. P. An, Greeshma C., J. P. Chang, Y. H. Chen, J. P. Cheng, W. H. Dai, Z. Deng, C. H. Fang, X. P. Geng, H. Gong, Q. J. Guo, T. Guo, X. Y. Guo, L. He, S. M. He, J. W. Hu, H. X. Huang, T. C. Huang, L. Jiang, S. Karmakar , et al. (59 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report new constraints on light dark matter (DM) boosted by blazars using the 205.4 kg day data from the CDEX-10 experiment located at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. Two representative blazars, TXS 0506+56 and BL Lacertae are studied. The results derived from TXS 0506+56 exclude DM-nucleon elastic scattering cross sections from $4.6\times 10^{-33}\ \rm cm^2$ to… ▽ More We report new constraints on light dark matter (DM) boosted by blazars using the 205.4 kg day data from the CDEX-10 experiment located at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. Two representative blazars, TXS 0506+56 and BL Lacertae are studied. The results derived from TXS 0506+56 exclude DM-nucleon elastic scattering cross sections from $4.6\times 10^{-33}\ \rm cm^2$ to $1\times10^{-26}\ \rm cm^2$ for DM masses between 10 keV and 1 GeV, and the results derived from BL Lacertae exclude DM-nucleon elastic scattering cross sections from $2.4\times 10^{-34}\ \rm cm^2$ to $1\times10^{-26}\ \rm cm^2$ for the same range of DM masses. The constraints correspond to the best sensitivities among solid-state detector experiments in the sub-MeV mass range. △ Less

Submitted 29 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures

Probing Dark Matter Particles from Evaporating Primordial Black Holes via Electron Scattering in the CDEX-10 Experiment

Authors: Z. H. Zhang, L. T. Yang, Q. Yue, K. J. Kang, Y. J. Li, H. P. An, Greeshma C., J. P. Chang, Y. H. Chen, J. P. Cheng, W. H. Dai, Z. Deng, C. H. Fang, X. P. Geng, H. Gong, Q. J. Guo, T. Guo, X. Y. Guo, L. He, S. M. He, J. W. Hu, H. X. Huang, T. C. Huang, L. Jiang, S. Karmakar , et al. (59 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Dark matter (DM) is a major constituent of the Universe. However, no definite evidence of DM particles (denoted as ``$χ$") has been found in DM direct detection (DD) experiments to date. There is a novel concept of detecting $χ$ from evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs). We search for $χ$ emitted from PBHs by investigating their interaction with target electrons. The examined PBH masses range… ▽ More Dark matter (DM) is a major constituent of the Universe. However, no definite evidence of DM particles (denoted as ``$χ$") has been found in DM direct detection (DD) experiments to date. There is a novel concept of detecting $χ$ from evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs). We search for $χ$ emitted from PBHs by investigating their interaction with target electrons. The examined PBH masses range from 1$\times$10$^{15}$ to 7$\times$10$^{16}$ g under the current limits of PBH abundance $f_{PBH}$. Using 205.4 kg$\cdot$day data obtained from the CDEX-10 experiment conducted in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, we exclude the $χ$--electron ($χ$--$e$) elastic-scattering cross section $σ_{χe} \sim 5\times10^{-29}$ cm$^2$ for $χ$ with a mass $m_χ\lesssim$ 0.1 keV from our results. With the higher radiation background but lower energy threshold (160 eV), CDEX-10 fill a part of the gap in the previous work. If ($m_χ$, $σ_{χe}$) can be determined in the future, DD experiments are expected to impose strong constraints on $f_{PBH}$ for large $M_{PBH}$s. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2024; v1 submitted 29 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables. Version updated to match SCPMA version

Journal ref: Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 67, 101011 (2024)

Single-Shot Single-Beam Coherent Raman Scattering Thermometry Based on Air Lasing

Authors: Xu Lu, Yewei Chen, Francesco Mazza, Siyi He, Zihan Li, Shunlin Huang, Quanjun Wang, Ning Zhang, Bo Shen, Yuzhu Wu, Jinping Yao, Ya Cheng

Abstract: Thermometric techniques with high accuracy, fast response speed and ease of implementation are desirable for the study of dynamic combustion environments, transient reacting flows, and non-equilibrium plasmas. Herein, single-shot single-beam coherent Raman scattering (SS-CRS) thermometry is developed, for the first time to our knowledge, by using air lasing as a probe. It's proved that the air-las… ▽ More Thermometric techniques with high accuracy, fast response speed and ease of implementation are desirable for the study of dynamic combustion environments, transient reacting flows, and non-equilibrium plasmas. Herein, single-shot single-beam coherent Raman scattering (SS-CRS) thermometry is developed, for the first time to our knowledge, by using air lasing as a probe. It's proved that the air-lasing-assisted CRS signal has a high signal-to-noise ratio enabling single-shot measurements at a 1 kHz repetition rate. The SS-CRS thermometry consistently exhibits precision better than 2% at different temperatures, but the inaccuracy grows with the increase in temperature. The high detection precision, 1 kHz acquisition rate and easy-to-implement single-beam scheme are achieved thanks to the unique temporal, spectral and spatial characteristics of air lasing. This work opens a novel avenue for high-speed CRS thermometry, holding tremendous potential for fast diagnostics of transient reacting flows and plasmas. △ Less

Submitted 17 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 15 pages, 4 figures

Photoassociation of multiple cold molecules in a dipole trap

Authors: Li Li, Yi-Jia Liu, Xiao-Long Zhou, Ze-Min Shen, Si-Jian He, Zhao-Di Liu, Jian Wang

Abstract: The generation of cold molecules is a core topic in the field of cold atoms and molecules, which has advanced relevant research like ultracold chemistry, quantum computation, and quantum metrology. With high atomic phase space density, optical dipole trap has been widely performed to prepare and trap cold molecules, and can also be further developed for multiple cold molecule formation and dynamic… ▽ More The generation of cold molecules is a core topic in the field of cold atoms and molecules, which has advanced relevant research like ultracold chemistry, quantum computation, and quantum metrology. With high atomic phase space density, optical dipole trap has been widely performed to prepare and trap cold molecules, and can also be further developed for multiple cold molecule formation and dynamics study. In this work, Rb2 molecules are photoassociated in the magneto-optical trap to obtain precise rovibrational spectroscopy, which provides accurate numerical references for multiple photoassociations. By achieving the harsh requirements of photoassociation in the optical dipole trap, the cold molecule photoassociation process is well explored, and different rovibrational cold molecules are formed in the optical dipole trap for the first time. This method can be universally extended to simultaneously photoassociate various molecules with different internal states or atomic species in just one optical dipole trap, and then advance generous cold molecule research such as cold molecule collision dynamics. △ Less

Submitted 24 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures

RHDLPP: A multigroup radiation hydrodynamics code for laser-produced plasmas

Authors: Qi Min, Ziyang Xu, Siqi He, Haidong Lu, Xingbang Liu, Ruizi Shen, Yanhong Wu, Qikun Pan, Chongxiao Zhao, Fei Chen, Maogen Su, Chenzhong Dong

Abstract: We introduce the RHDLPP, a flux-limited multigroup radiation hydrodynamics numerical code designed for simulating laser-produced plasmas in diverse environments. The code bifurcates into two packages: RHDLPP-LTP for low-temperature plasmas generated by moderate-intensity nanosecond lasers, and RHDLPP-HTP for high-temperature, high-density plasmas formed by high-intensity laser pulses. The core rad… ▽ More We introduce the RHDLPP, a flux-limited multigroup radiation hydrodynamics numerical code designed for simulating laser-produced plasmas in diverse environments. The code bifurcates into two packages: RHDLPP-LTP for low-temperature plasmas generated by moderate-intensity nanosecond lasers, and RHDLPP-HTP for high-temperature, high-density plasmas formed by high-intensity laser pulses. The core radiation hydrodynamic equations are resolved in the Eulerian frame, employing an operator-split method. This method decomposes the solution into two substeps: first, the explicit resolution of the hyperbolic subsystems integrating radiation and fluid dynamics, and second, the implicit treatment of the parabolic part comprising stiff radiation diffusion, heat conduction, and energy exchange. Laser propagation and energy deposition are modeled through a hybrid approach, combining geometrical optics ray-tracing in sub-critical plasma regions with a one-dimensional solution of the Helmholtz wave equation in super-critical areas. The thermodynamic states are ascertained using an equation of state, based on either the real gas approximation or the quotidian equation of state (QEOS). Additionally, RHDLPP includes RHDLPP-SpeIma3D, a three-dimensional spectral simulation post-processing module, for generating both temporally-spatially resolved and time-integrated spectra and imaging, facilitating direct comparisons with experimental data. The paper showcases a series of verification tests to establish the code's accuracy and efficiency, followed by application cases, including simulations of laser-produced aluminum (Al) plasmas, pre-pulse-induced target deformation of tin (Sn) microdroplets relevant to extreme ultraviolet lithography light sources, and varied imaging and spectroscopic simulations. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Orbital-angular-momentum dependent speckles for spatial mode sorting and multiplexed data transmission

Authors: Rui Ma, Ke Hai Luo, Zhao Wang, Jing Song He, Wei Li Zhang, Dian Yuan Fan, Anderson S. L. Gomes, Jun Liu

Abstract: Characterizing the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of a vortex beam is critically important for OAM-encoded data transfer. However, in typical OAM-based applications where vortex beams transmit through diffusers, the accompanying scattering effect tends to be either deliberately prevented, or characterized and then modulated actively based on complex wavefront shaping and interferometry techniques.… ▽ More Characterizing the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of a vortex beam is critically important for OAM-encoded data transfer. However, in typical OAM-based applications where vortex beams transmit through diffusers, the accompanying scattering effect tends to be either deliberately prevented, or characterized and then modulated actively based on complex wavefront shaping and interferometry techniques. Here, we aim to investigate the characteristics of blurred speckles obtained after a vortex beam transmits through a ground glass diffuser. It is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that a cross-correlation annulus can be identified by implementing the cross-correlation operation between speckle patterns corresponding to vortex beams with different OAM values. Besides, it is worth noting that, the size of the cross-correlation annulus is determined by the absolute value of the topological charge difference between the two corresponding vortex beams. Based on this mechanism, the OAM modes can be easily sorted from the incoherently measured OAM-dependent speckles as well as their cross-correlation. Furthermore, to make full use of the orthogonal feature of the OAM-dependent speckles, demultiplexing of OAM-encoded data transfer is verified using a ground glass diffuser. Both 8-bit grayscale and 24-bit RGB OAM-encoded data transfers are carried out in experiments with superior error rates. We can conclude that the OAM-dependent speckles can be not only utilized as a competitive candidate for the OAM mode sorting function in a simple way but also provide an efficient method for the demultiplexing of OAM-encoded data transfer in a practical application. △ Less

Submitted 26 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Experimental Limits on Solar Reflected Dark Matter with a New Approach on Accelerated-Dark-Matter-Electron Analysis in Semiconductors

Authors: Z. Y. Zhang, L. T. Yang, Q. Yue, K. J. Kang, Y. J. Li, H. P. An, Greeshma C., J. P. Chang, Y. H. Chen, J. P. Cheng, W. H. Dai, Z. Deng, C. H. Fang, X. P. Geng, H. Gong, Q. J. Guo, T. Guo, X. Y. Guo, L. He, S. M. He, J. W. Hu, H. X. Huang, T. C. Huang, L. Jiang, S. Karmakar , et al. (59 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Recently a dark matter-electron (DM-electron) paradigm has drawn much attention. Models beyond the standard halo model describing DM accelerated by high energy celestial bodies are under intense examination as well. In this Letter, a velocity components analysis (VCA) method dedicated to swift analysis of accelerated DM-electron interactions via semiconductor detectors is proposed and the first HP… ▽ More Recently a dark matter-electron (DM-electron) paradigm has drawn much attention. Models beyond the standard halo model describing DM accelerated by high energy celestial bodies are under intense examination as well. In this Letter, a velocity components analysis (VCA) method dedicated to swift analysis of accelerated DM-electron interactions via semiconductor detectors is proposed and the first HPGe detector-based accelerated DM-electron analysis is realized. Utilizing the method, the first germanium based constraint on sub-GeV solar reflected DM-electron interaction is presented with the 205.4 kg$\cdot$day dataset from the CDEX-10 experiment. In the heavy mediator scenario, our result excels in the mass range of 5$-$15 keV/$c^2$, achieving a 3 orders of magnitude improvement comparing with previous semiconductor experiments. In the light mediator scenario, the strongest laboratory constraint for DM lighter than 0.1 MeV/$c^2$ is presented. The result proves the feasibility and demonstrates the vast potential of the VCA technique in future accelerated DM-electron analyses with semiconductor detectors. △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2024; v1 submitted 26 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures. Version updated to match PRL version

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 171001 (2024)

Projected WIMP sensitivity of the CDEX-50 dark matter experiment

Authors: X. P. Geng, L. T. Yang, Q. Yue, K. J. Kang, Y. J. Li, H. P. An, Greeshma C., J. P. Chang, Y. H. Chen, J. P. Cheng, W. H. Dai, Z. Deng, C. H. Fang, H. Gong, Q. J. Guo, T. Guo, X. Y. Guo, L. He, S. M. He, J. W. Hu, H. X. Huang, T. C. Huang, L. Jiang, S. Karmakar, H. B. Li , et al. (59 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: CDEX-50 is a next-generation project of the China Dark Matter Experiment (CDEX) that aims to search for dark matter using a 50-kg germanium detector array. This paper comprises a thorough summary of the CDEX-50 dark matter experiment, including an investigation of potential background sources and the development of a background model. Based on the baseline model, the projected sensitivity of weakl… ▽ More CDEX-50 is a next-generation project of the China Dark Matter Experiment (CDEX) that aims to search for dark matter using a 50-kg germanium detector array. This paper comprises a thorough summary of the CDEX-50 dark matter experiment, including an investigation of potential background sources and the development of a background model. Based on the baseline model, the projected sensitivity of weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) is also presented. The expected background level within the energy region of interest, set to 2--2.5 keVee, is $\sim$0.01 counts keVee$^{-1}$ kg$^{-1}$ day$^{-1}$. At 90\% confidence level, the expected sensitivity to spin-independent WIMP-nucleon couplings is estimated to reach a cross-section of 5.1 $\times$ 10$^{-45}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 5 GeV/c$^{2}$ with an exposure objective of 150 kg$\cdot$year and an analysis threshold of 160 eVee. This science goal will correspond to the most sensitive results for WIMPs with a mass of 2.2--8 GeV/c$^{2}$. △ Less

Submitted 4 July, 2024; v1 submitted 4 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: 12 pages, 11 figures. Version updated to match JCAP version

Journal ref: JCAP 07 (2024) 009

Energy loss enhancement of very intense proton beams in dense matter due to the beam-density effect

Authors: Benzheng Chen, Jieru Ren, Zhigang Deng, Wei Qi, Zhongmin Hu, Bubo Ma, Xing Wang, Shuai Yin, Jianhua Feng, Wei Liu, Zhongfeng Xu, Dieter H. H. Hoffmann, Shaoyi Wang, Quanping Fan, Bo Cui, Shukai He, Zhurong Cao, Zongqing Zhao, Leifeng Cao, Yuqiu Gu, Shaoping Zhu, Rui Cheng, Xianming Zhou, Guoqing Xiao, Hongwei Zhao , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Thoroughly understanding the transport and energy loss of intense ion beams in dense matter is essential for high-energy-density physics and inertial confinement fusion. Here, we report a stopping power experiment with a high-intensity laser-driven proton beam in cold, dense matter. The measured energy loss is one order of magnitude higher than the expectation of individual particle stopping model… ▽ More Thoroughly understanding the transport and energy loss of intense ion beams in dense matter is essential for high-energy-density physics and inertial confinement fusion. Here, we report a stopping power experiment with a high-intensity laser-driven proton beam in cold, dense matter. The measured energy loss is one order of magnitude higher than the expectation of individual particle stopping models. We attribute this finding to the proximity of beam ions to each other, which is usually insignificant for relatively-low-current beams from classical accelerators. The ionization of the cold target by the intense ion beam is important for the stopping power calculation and has been considered using proper ionization cross section data. Final theoretical values agree well with the experimental results. Additionally, we extend the stopping power calculation for intense ion beams to plasma scenario based on Ohm's law. Both the proximity- and the Ohmic effect can enhance the energy loss of intense beams in dense matter, which are also summarized as the beam-density effect. This finding is useful for the stopping power estimation of intense beams and significant to fast ignition fusion driven by intense ion beams. △ Less

Submitted 29 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Searching for $^{76}$Ge neutrinoless double beta decay with the CDEX-1B experiment

Authors: B. T. Zhang, J. Z. Wang, L. T. Yang, Q. Yue, K. J. Kang, Y. J. Li, H. P. An, Greeshma C., J. P. Chang, Y. H. Chen, J. P. Cheng, W. H. Dai, Z. Deng, C. H. Fang, X. P. Geng, H. Gong, Q. J. Guo, X. Y. Guo, L. He, S. M. He, J. W. Hu, H. X. Huang, T. C. Huang, H. T. Jia, X. Jiang , et al. (60 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We operated a p-type point contact high purity germanium (PPCGe) detector (CDEX-1B, 1.008 kg) in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) for 500.3 days to search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay of $^{76}$Ge. A total of 504.3 kg$\cdot$day effective exposure data was accumulated. The anti-coincidence and the multi/single-site event (MSE/SSE) discrimination methods were used to su… ▽ More We operated a p-type point contact high purity germanium (PPCGe) detector (CDEX-1B, 1.008 kg) in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) for 500.3 days to search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay of $^{76}$Ge. A total of 504.3 kg$\cdot$day effective exposure data was accumulated. The anti-coincidence and the multi/single-site event (MSE/SSE) discrimination methods were used to suppress the background in the energy region of interest (ROI, 1989$-$2089 keV for this work) with a factor of 23. A background level of 0.33 counts/(keV$\cdot$kg$\cdot$yr) was realized. The lower limit on the half life of $^{76}$Ge $0νββ$ decay was constrained as $T_{1/2}^{0ν}\ > \ {1.0}\times 10^{23}\ \rm yr\ (90\% \ C.L.)$, corresponding to the upper limits on the effective Majorana neutrino mass: $\langle m_{ββ}\rangle < $3.2$-$7.5$\ \mathrm{eV}$. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2024; v1 submitted 1 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: 11 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables. Version updated to match CPC version

Journal ref: Chin. Phys. C 48, 101001 (2024)

A large area, high counting rate micromegas-based neutron detector for BNCT

Authors: Zhujun Fang, Zhiyong Zhang, Bin Shi, Wei Jiang, Xianke Liu, Siqi He, Jun Chen, Ping Cao, Jianbei Liu, Yi Zhou, Ming Shao, Botian Qu, Shufeng Zhang, Qian Wang

Abstract: Beam monitoring and evaluation are very important to boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), and a variety of detectors have been developed for these applications. However, most of the detectors used in BNCT only have a small detection area, leading to the inconvenience of the full-scale 2-D measurement of the beam. Based on micromegas technology, we designed a neutron detector with large detection… ▽ More Beam monitoring and evaluation are very important to boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), and a variety of detectors have been developed for these applications. However, most of the detectors used in BNCT only have a small detection area, leading to the inconvenience of the full-scale 2-D measurement of the beam. Based on micromegas technology, we designed a neutron detector with large detection area and high counting rate. This detector has a detection area of 288 mm multiples 288 mm and can measure thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons with different detector settings. The BNCT experiments demonstrated that this detector has a very good 2-D imaging performance for the thermal, epithermal, fast neutron and gamma components, a highest counting rate of 94 kHz/channel, and a good linearity response to the beam power. Additionally, the flux fraction of each component can be calculated based on the measurement results. The Am-Be neutron source experiment indicates that this detector has a spatial resolution of approximately 1.4 mm, meeting the requirements of applications in BNCT. It is evident that this micromegas-based neutron detector with a large area and high counting rate capability has great development prospects in BNCT beam monitoring and evaluation applications. △ Less

Submitted 29 April, 2023; v1 submitted 7 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Generation of rotational ground state HD$^+$ ions in an ion trap using a resonance-enhanced threshold photoionization process

Authors: Yong Zhang, Qianyu Zhang, Wenli Bai, Zhiyuan Ao, Wencui Peng, Shengguo He, Xin Tong

Abstract: We report a method for producing ultracold HD+ molecular ions populated in a rotational ground state in an ion trap based on [2+1'] resonance-enhanced threshold photoionization (RETPI) and sympathetic cooling with the laser-cooled Be$^+$ ions. The effect of electric field of the ion trap on the RETPI process of neutral HD molecules and the blackbody radiation (BBR) on the population evolution of r… ▽ More We report a method for producing ultracold HD+ molecular ions populated in a rotational ground state in an ion trap based on [2+1'] resonance-enhanced threshold photoionization (RETPI) and sympathetic cooling with the laser-cooled Be$^+$ ions. The effect of electric field of the ion trap on the RETPI process of neutral HD molecules and the blackbody radiation (BBR) on the population evolution of rotational states of the generated polar HD+ ions have been studied. The initial rotational ground state population of HD$^+$ ions is 0.93(12). After the cumulation time of 5 s, the rotational ground state population is reduced to 0.77(8) due to the BBR coupling. This method of generating ultracold state-selected HD$^+$ ions is beneficial for the studies in precision rovibrational spectroscopy, state-controlled cold chemical reaction, and quantum logic spectroscopy. △ Less

Submitted 4 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: accepted by PRA, 7 pages, 7 figures

STCF Conceptual Design Report: Volume 1 -- Physics & Detector

Authors: M. Achasov, X. C. Ai, R. Aliberti, L. P. An, Q. An, X. Z. Bai, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, A. Barnyakov, V. Blinov, V. Bobrovnikov, D. Bodrov, A. Bogomyagkov, A. Bondar, I. Boyko, Z. H. Bu, F. M. Cai, H. Cai, J. J. Cao, Q. H. Cao, Z. Cao, Q. Chang, K. T. Chao, D. Y. Chen, H. Chen , et al. (413 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Super $τ$-Charm facility (STCF) is an electron-positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics community. It is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of $0.5\times 10^{35}{\rm cm}^{-2}{\rm s}^{-1}$ or higher. The STCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that by the present $τ$-Charm factory -- the BEPCII,… ▽ More The Super $τ$-Charm facility (STCF) is an electron-positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics community. It is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of $0.5\times 10^{35}{\rm cm}^{-2}{\rm s}^{-1}$ or higher. The STCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that by the present $τ$-Charm factory -- the BEPCII, providing a unique platform for exploring the asymmetry of matter-antimatter (charge-parity violation), in-depth studies of the internal structure of hadrons and the nature of non-perturbative strong interactions, as well as searching for exotic hadrons and physics beyond the Standard Model. The STCF project in China is under development with an extensive R\&D program. This document presents the physics opportunities at the STCF, describes conceptual designs of the STCF detector system, and discusses future plans for detector R\&D and physics case studies. △ Less

Submitted 5 October, 2023; v1 submitted 28 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Journal ref: Front. Phys. 19(1), 14701 (2024)

Design of new helium vessel and tuner for CEPC 650 MHz 2 cell cavity

Authors: Z. H. Mi, Z. Q. Li, P. Sha, J. Y. Zhai, F. S. He, Q. Ma, B. Q. Liu, X. Y. Zhang, R. X. Han, F. B. Meng, H. J. Zheng

Abstract: CEPC will use 650 MHz cavities for the collider. Each collider cryomodule contains six 650 MHz 2-cell cavities, which is totally new. Therefore, new helium vessel and tuner are designed for the 650 MHz 2-cell cavity. Also, a test cryomodule, which consists of two 650 MHz 2-cell cavities, has begun as the first step to the full scale cryomodule. This paper mainly focuses on the structure design of… ▽ More CEPC will use 650 MHz cavities for the collider. Each collider cryomodule contains six 650 MHz 2-cell cavities, which is totally new. Therefore, new helium vessel and tuner are designed for the 650 MHz 2-cell cavity. Also, a test cryomodule, which consists of two 650 MHz 2-cell cavities, has begun as the first step to the full scale cryomodule. This paper mainly focuses on the structure design of Helium vessel and tuner for the 2-cell cavity. △ Less

Submitted 7 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 3pages,10figures

Search for boosted keV-MeV light dark matter particles from evaporating primordial black holes at the CDEX-10 experiment

Authors: Z. H. Zhang, L. T. Yang, Q. Yue, K. J. Kang, Y. J. Li, H. P. An, Greeshma C., J. P. Chang, Y. H. Chen, J. P. Cheng, W. H. Dai, Z. Deng, C. H. Fang, X. P. Geng, H. Gong, Q. J. Guo, X. Y. Guo, L. He, S. M. He, J. W. Hu, H. X. Huang, T. C. Huang, H. T. Jia, X. Jiang, S. Karmakar , et al. (59 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present novel constraints on boosted light dark matter particles (denoted as ``$χ$'') from evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs) using 205.4 kg$\cdot$day data from the China Jinping Underground Laboratory's CDEX-10 p-type point contact germanium detector with a 160 eVee analysis threshold. $χ$ from PBHs with masses ranging from 1$\times$10$^{15}$ g to 7$\times$10$^{16}$ g are searched in th… ▽ More We present novel constraints on boosted light dark matter particles (denoted as ``$χ$'') from evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs) using 205.4 kg$\cdot$day data from the China Jinping Underground Laboratory's CDEX-10 p-type point contact germanium detector with a 160 eVee analysis threshold. $χ$ from PBHs with masses ranging from 1$\times$10$^{15}$ g to 7$\times$10$^{16}$ g are searched in this work. In the presence of PBH abundance compatible with present bounds, our result excludes the $χ$-nucleon elastic-scattering cross section region from 3.4$\times$10$^{-32}$ cm$^{2}$ to 2.3$\times$10$^{-29}$ cm$^{2}$ for $χ$ of 1 keV to 24 MeV from PBHs with masses of 5$\times$10$^{15}$ g, as well as from 1.1$\times$10$^{-28}$ cm$^{2}$ to 7.6$\times$10$^{-28}$ cm$^{2}$ for $χ$ of 1 keV to 0.6 MeV from PBHs with masses of 7$\times$10$^{16}$ g. If the $χ$-nucleon elastic-scattering cross section can be determined in the future, the abundance of PBHs may be severely constrained by $χ$ evaporation. With the lower threshold (160 eVee) of the CDEX-10 experiment compared to the previously used experiments, this work allows for a better reach at soft spectra produced by heavier PBHs, which demonstrates the vast potential of such a technical route to pursue $χ$ from larger PBHs with a low threshold. △ Less

Submitted 7 September, 2023; v1 submitted 14 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 8 pages, 6 figures. Version updated to match PRD version

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 109, 052006 (2023)