Showing 1–50 of 88 results for author: Kim, H J

Development of a 10 mol% Rubidium-doped CsI Crystal for $^{87}$Rb Beta-Spectroscopy and Sterile Neutrino Searches

Authors: W. K. Kim, K. W. Kim, L. T. Truc, H. S. Lee, H. J. Kim, Y. D. Kim

Abstract: The third-forbidden non-unique beta-decay of $^{87}$Rb to $^{87}$Sr (Q$_β= 282.275(6)$ keV) has long served as an important benchmark for understanding forbidden beta-decay. To investigate this, we have developed a novel CsI scintillator with a 10 mol% Rb concentration using the Bridgman method. The incorporated $^{87}$Rb serves as an intrinsic radioactive source, enabling a source-in-detector con… ▽ More The third-forbidden non-unique beta-decay of $^{87}$Rb to $^{87}$Sr (Q$_β= 282.275(6)$ keV) has long served as an important benchmark for understanding forbidden beta-decay. To investigate this, we have developed a novel CsI scintillator with a 10 mol% Rb concentration using the Bridgman method. The incorporated $^{87}$Rb serves as an intrinsic radioactive source, enabling a source-in-detector configuration with high detection efficiency and minimal energy loss for low-energy electrons from beta-decay. We investigated both Rb doped and Tl co-doped CsI crystals and characterized their scintillation properties, including light yield, energy resolution, and non-linear response. We report distinct scintillation characteristics for the CsI:Rb and CsI:Tl,Rb crystals, with light yields of $1.38\pm0.01$ and $4.73\pm0.13$ PE/keV, respectively. Using the measured $^{87}$Rb beta-spectrum, we search for a keV-scale sterile neutrino admixture through the characteristic kink-like distortion induced by a heavy neutrino mass eigenstate. This study provides a basis for future sterile neutrino searches using rubidium doped CsI crystal. △ Less

Submitted 14 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Geometry resolved atomic oxygen risk assessment for very low earth orbit spacecraft

Authors: Gun Hi Won, Hyun Jung Kim, SongYi Park, ChangWon Seo, Eunji Lee, SeongSik Yoon

Abstract: Atomic oxygen (AO) is a major durability concern for spacecraft in very low Earth orbit (VLEO), yet orbit-averaged fluence does not resolve exposure on individual surfaces and internal components. This study develops a geometry-resolved AO assessment by coupling NRLMSISE-00, HWM07, and SYSTEMA ATOMOX. One-year simulations were performed for a 350 km circular Sun-synchronous orbit at LTAN 06:00 and… ▽ More Atomic oxygen (AO) is a major durability concern for spacecraft in very low Earth orbit (VLEO), yet orbit-averaged fluence does not resolve exposure on individual surfaces and internal components. This study develops a geometry-resolved AO assessment by coupling NRLMSISE-00, HWM07, and SYSTEMA ATOMOX. One-year simulations were performed for a 350 km circular Sun-synchronous orbit at LTAN 06:00 and 12:00 using a baseline spacecraft, a wedge-modified body, and two synthetic aperture radar antenna sub-arrays. The LTAN 12:00 orbit produced 8-10% higher orbit-averaged AO flux than LTAN 06:00. For the baseline geometry, the ram-facing surface accumulated 6.9-7.5 x 10^21 atoms/cm^2, whereas side and zenith/nadir surfaces received only 3-5% of the ram fluence. Material-specific erosion yields changed the component-level risk ranking: the CFRP zenith panel was predicted to erode by 15.1-16.2 um/year despite receiving much lower fluence than the ram-facing multilayer insulation. The wedge generated approximately one order of magnitude spatial variation through local shielding. Housing openings also allowed AO to reach internal printed circuit boards, with maximum annual fluences of 9.5 x 10^16 and 4.0 x 10^19 atoms/cm^2 in the H- and V-polarized antenna models, respectively. HWM07 winds produced 10-20% side-panel asymmetry, which decreased below 1% when winds were disabled. Comparison with MISSE-8 reproduced the measured zenith-to-ram ratio of approximately 4% but underpredicted wake exposure, identifying a limitation of ballistic ray tracing. These results demonstrate that VLEO AO durability requires coupled consideration of orbit, atmospheric winds, geometry, and material response. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Ultrawide-angle diffraction-limited 2D beam steering via hybrid integrated metasurface-photonic circuit

Authors: Zhiping He, Luigi Ranno, Padraic Burns, Fan Yang, Hung-I Lin, Maarten R. A. Peters, Hanyu Zheng, Rui Chen, Yi Ji Tan, Chuanyu Lian, Nathan Dostart, Hyun Jung Kim, Carlos Ríos, Tian Gu, Juejun Hu

Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) wide field-of-view (FOV) beam steering is a key enabling capability for emerging free-space optical systems, including inter-satellite optical links, airborne LiDAR, point-to-point optical wireless communications, and collaborative robotic platforms. These applications require rapid acquisition and tracking across both azimuth and elevation; architectures that offer wide scann… ▽ More Two-dimensional (2D) wide field-of-view (FOV) beam steering is a key enabling capability for emerging free-space optical systems, including inter-satellite optical links, airborne LiDAR, point-to-point optical wireless communications, and collaborative robotic platforms. These applications require rapid acquisition and tracking across both azimuth and elevation; architectures that offer wide scanning in only one dimension while maintaining limited coverage in the orthogonal direction constrain link availability, coverage uniformity, and system agility. Here, we demonstrate a chip-scale platform for ultrawide-angle, diffraction-limited 2D beam steering based on hybrid integration of a silicon photonic integrated circuit (PIC) and an optical metasurface. A free-form micro-optical reflector efficiently transforms the guided waveguide mode into an expanded free-space beam that illuminates an analytically optimized ultrawide-FOV metasurface. The integrated system achieves a measured FOV exceeding 160° while maintaining diffraction-limited beam quality over a broad angular range at telecom wavelengths. This hybrid PIC-metasurface architecture provides a compact and scalable route to high-quality 2D beam steering and establishes a practical pathway toward integrated optical projectors for space-based optical communications and other applications requiring agile, wide-angle, high-fidelity beam control. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 17 pages, 6 figures

Development and characterization of the efficient portable X-ray imaging device based on Raspberry Pi camera

Authors: Nguyen Duc Ton, Nguyen Thanh Luan, Faizan Anjum, D. Joseph Daniel, Sunghwan Kim, Suchart Kothan, Jakrapong Kaewkhao, Hong Joo Kim

Abstract: This study reports the development and characterization of an efficient portable X-ray imaging device built from Raspberry Pi components, including a high-quality 12.3-megapixel camera configured for indirect detection with a Gd2O2S:Tb scintillation screen. The device was evaluated under both ambient light and X-ray exposure conditions. Initial characterization under ambient light ensured proper o… ▽ More This study reports the development and characterization of an efficient portable X-ray imaging device built from Raspberry Pi components, including a high-quality 12.3-megapixel camera configured for indirect detection with a Gd2O2S:Tb scintillation screen. The device was evaluated under both ambient light and X-ray exposure conditions. Initial characterization under ambient light ensured proper optical focusing; subsequently, camera settings (ISO and exposure time) were evaluated and optimized for X-ray imaging performance. Spatial resolution of the developed device was quantified using the Slanted-Edge method to derive the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). Besides the low-noise feature, the device achieves MTF20 values of 68 lp/mm under ambient light and 25 lp/mm under X-ray irradiation (50 and 70 kV). Moreover, the modularity of the developed device was confirmed by conducting the tests with LYSO:Ce and GAGG:Ce screens. The results demonstrate that this efficient, scientific-grade, compact platform achieves spatial resolution comparable to that of clinical radiography systems, highlighting its potential for applications in scientific, educational, and medical contexts where efficient and portability are critical considerations. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2026; v1 submitted 24 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

2D Addressable Mid-infrared Metasurface Spatial Light Modulator

Authors: Cosmin-Constantin Popescu, Maarten Robbert Anton Peters, Oleg Maksimov, Harish Bhandari, Rashi Sharma, Kathleen Richardson, Arka Majumdar, Hyun Jung Kim, Rui Chen, Khoi Phuong Dao, Luigi Ranno, Brian Mills, Dennis Calahan, Tian Gu, Juejun Hu

Abstract: Active metasurfaces enable dynamic control of light for applications in beam steering, pixelated holography, and adaptive optics, but demonstrations of two-dimensional (2D) electrically addressable arrays have so far been limited. Here we introduce a scalable 2D architecture based on phase-change materials (PCMs) integrated metasurfaces and apply it to realize the first transmissive mid-infrared (… ▽ More Active metasurfaces enable dynamic control of light for applications in beam steering, pixelated holography, and adaptive optics, but demonstrations of two-dimensional (2D) electrically addressable arrays have so far been limited. Here we introduce a scalable 2D architecture based on phase-change materials (PCMs) integrated metasurfaces and apply it to realize the first transmissive mid-infrared (mid-IR) spatial light modulator (SLM). The device is fabricated through standard silicon photonic foundry processing combined with backend-of-line (BEOL) integration and employs multilayer backend metal interconnects to implement a crossbar addressing scheme. Each pixel is integrated with a silicon diode selector to suppress sneak-path currents, a feature essential for scaling to large arrays. The result establishes a foundry-compatible route to high-density, large-area active metasurfaces with independently tunable pixels. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

State-Selective Ionization and Trapping of Single H$_2^+$ Ions with (2+1) Multiphoton Ionization

Authors: Ho June Kim, Fabian Schmid, David Holzapfel, Daniel Kienzler

Abstract: We report on efficient rovibrational state-selective loading of single H$_2^+$ molecular ions into a cryogenic linear Paul trap using (2+1) resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI). The H$_2^+$ ions are created by resonant two-photon excitation of H$_2$ molecules from the $X\;^1Σ_g^+$ state to the $E,F\;^1Σ_g^+$ state, followed by non-resonant one-photon ionization. The H$_2^+$ ions are… ▽ More We report on efficient rovibrational state-selective loading of single H$_2^+$ molecular ions into a cryogenic linear Paul trap using (2+1) resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI). The H$_2^+$ ions are created by resonant two-photon excitation of H$_2$ molecules from the $X\;^1Σ_g^+$ state to the $E,F\;^1Σ_g^+$ state, followed by non-resonant one-photon ionization. The H$_2^+$ ions are produced from residual gas and sympathetically cooled by a co-trapped, laser-cooled $^9$Be$^+$ ion. By tuning the wavelength of the REMPI laser, we observe the loading of single H$_2^+$ ions via the ($ν' = 0$, $L' = 0, 1, 2, 3$) rovibrational levels of the $E,F\;^1Σ_g^+$ intermediate state. We measure the success probability for the production of H$_2^+$ in the ($ν^+ = 0$, $L^+ = 1$) state via the ($ν' = 0$, $L' = 1$) level to be 85(6)% by quantum logic spectroscopy (QLS) of the hyperfine structure of this rovibrational state. Furthermore, we load an H$_2^+$ ion via the ($ν' = 0$, $L' = 2$) level and confirm its rovibrational state to be ($ν^+ = 0$, $L^+ = 2$) by QLS. We perform QLS probes on the ion over 19 h and observe no decay of the rotationally excited state. Our work demonstrates an efficient state-selective loading mechanism for single-ion, high-precision spectroscopy of hydrogen molecular ions. △ Less

Submitted 3 May, 2026; v1 submitted 3 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. A 113, 043119 (2026)

Parallel-plate chambers as radiation-hard detectors for time-based beam diagnostics in carbon-ion radiotherapy

Authors: Na Hye Kwon, Sung Woon Choi, Soo Rim Han, Yongdo Yun, Min Cheol Han, Chae-Seon Hong, Ho Jin Kim, Ho Lee, Changhwan Kim, Do Won Kim, Woong Sub Koom, Jin Sung Kim, N. Carolino, L. Lopes, Dong Wook Kim, Paulo J. R. Fonte

Abstract: Accurate range verification of carbon ion beams is critical for the precision and safety of charged particle radiotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using a parallel-plate ionization chamber for real-time, time-based diagnostic monitoring of carbon ion beams. The chamber featured a 0.4 mm gas gap defined by metallic electrodes and was filled with carbon dioxide (CO$_2$), a non… ▽ More Accurate range verification of carbon ion beams is critical for the precision and safety of charged particle radiotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using a parallel-plate ionization chamber for real-time, time-based diagnostic monitoring of carbon ion beams. The chamber featured a 0.4 mm gas gap defined by metallic electrodes and was filled with carbon dioxide (CO$_2$), a non-polymerizing gas suitable for high-rate applications. Timing precision was assessed via self-correlation analysis, yielding a precision approaching one picosecond for one-second acquisitions under clinically relevant beam conditions. This level of timing accuracy translates to a water-equivalent range uncertainty of approximately 1 mm, which meets the recommended clinical tolerance for carbon ion therapy. Furthermore, the kinetic energy of the beam at the synchrotron extraction point was determined from the measured orbital period, with results consistently within 1 MeV/nucleon of the nominal energy. These findings demonstrate the potential of parallel-plate chambers for precise, real-time energy and range verification in clinical carbon ion beam quality assurance. △ Less

Submitted 16 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A

New Insights into Refractive Indices and Birefringence of Undoped and MgO-Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals at High Temperatures

Authors: Nina Hong, Jiarong R. Cui, Hyun Jung Kim, Ross G. Shaffer, Nguyen Q. Vinh

Abstract: The lithium niobate single crystal is a well-known optical material that has been employed in a wide range of photonic applications. To realize further applications of the crystal, the birefringence properties need to be determined over a large range of temperatures. We report refractive indices and birefringence properties of undoped and MgO-doped lithium niobate crystals with high accuracy using… ▽ More The lithium niobate single crystal is a well-known optical material that has been employed in a wide range of photonic applications. To realize further applications of the crystal, the birefringence properties need to be determined over a large range of temperatures. We report refractive indices and birefringence properties of undoped and MgO-doped lithium niobate crystals with high accuracy using spectroscopic ellipsometry in the spectral range from 450 to 1700 nm and a temperature range from ambient temperature to 1000 °C. The birefringence results indicate a transition temperature, where the crystal transforms from an anisotropic to isotropic property, and the advance of MgO doping in the crystal, which is related to the optical damage threshold of the materials. In addition, the lattice dynamics of the crystals have been analyzed by revisiting the Raman spectroscopy. The results establish the foundation of optical properties of lithium niobate crystals, providing pathways for their photonic applications. △ Less

Submitted 11 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 6 figures and Supplementary Material

Journal ref: Optical Materials 144, 114365 (2023)

High-Efficiency Multilevel Phase Lenses with Nanostructures on Polyimide Membranes

Authors: Leslie Howe, Tharindu D. Rajapaksha, Kalani H. Ellepola, Vinh X. Ho, Zachary Aycock, Minh L. P. Nguyen, John P. Leckey, Dave G. Macdonnell, Hyun Jung Kim, Nguyen Q. Vinh

Abstract: The emergence of planar meta-lenses on flexible materials has profoundly impacted the long-standing perception of diffractive optics. Despite their advantages, these lenses still face challenges in design and fabrication to obtain high focusing efficiency and resolving power. A nanofabrication technique is demonstrated based on photolithography and polyimide casting for realizing membrane-based mu… ▽ More The emergence of planar meta-lenses on flexible materials has profoundly impacted the long-standing perception of diffractive optics. Despite their advantages, these lenses still face challenges in design and fabrication to obtain high focusing efficiency and resolving power. A nanofabrication technique is demonstrated based on photolithography and polyimide casting for realizing membrane-based multilevel phase-type Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) with high focusing efficiency. By employing advantageous techniques, these lenses with nanostructures are directly patterned into thin polyimide membranes. The computational and experimental results have indicated that the focusing efficiency of these nanostructures at the primary focus increases significantly with increasing the number of phase levels. Specifically, 16-level phase lenses on a polyimide membrane can achieve a focusing efficiency of more than 91.6% of the input signal (9.5 times better than that of a conventional amplitude-type FZP) and focus light into a diffraction-limited spot together with very weak side-lobes. Furthermore, these lenses exhibit considerably reduced unwanted diffraction orders and produce extremely low background signals. The potential impact of these lenses extends across various applications and techniques including microscopy, imaging, micro-diffraction, remote sensing, and space flight instruments which require lightweight and flexible configurations. △ Less

Submitted 25 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 7 figures with supporting information

Journal ref: Advanced Optical Materials 12, 2400847, 2024

Development of decay energy spectroscopy for radio impurity analysis

Authors: J. S. Chung, O. Gileva, C. Ha, J. A Jeon, H. B. Kim, H. L. Kim, Y. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, M. B Kim, D. H. Kwon, D. S. Leonard, D. Y. Lee, Y. C. Lee, H. S. Lim, K. R. Woo, J. Y. Yang

Abstract: We present the development of a decay energy spectroscopy (DES) method for the analysis of radioactive impurities using magnetic microcalorimeters (MMCs). The DES system was designed to analyze radionuclides, such as Ra-226, Th-228, and their daughter nuclides, in materials like copper, commonly used in rare-event search experiments. We tested the DES system with a gold foil absorber measuring 20x… ▽ More We present the development of a decay energy spectroscopy (DES) method for the analysis of radioactive impurities using magnetic microcalorimeters (MMCs). The DES system was designed to analyze radionuclides, such as Ra-226, Th-228, and their daughter nuclides, in materials like copper, commonly used in rare-event search experiments. We tested the DES system with a gold foil absorber measuring 20x20x0.05 mm^3, large enough to accommodate a significant drop of source solution. Using this large absorber and an MMC sensor, we conducted a long-term measurement over ten days of live time, requiring 11 ADR cooling cycles. The combined spectrum achieved an energy resolution of 45 keV FWHM, sufficient to identify most alpha and DES peaks of interest. Specific decay events from radionuclide contaminants in the absorber were identified. This experiment confirms the capability of the DES system to measure alpha decay chains of Ra-226 and Th-228, offering a promising method for radio-impurity evaluation in ultra-low background experiments. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 5 pages, 5 figures

Upgrading the COSINE-100 Experiment for Enhanced Sensitivity to Low-Mass Dark Matter Detection

Authors: D. H. Lee, J. Y. Cho, C. Ha, E. J. Jeon, H. J. Kim, J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. K. Kim, W. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. J. Ko, H. Lee, H. S. Lee, I. S. Lee, J. Lee, S. H. Lee, S. M. Lee, R. H. Maruyama, J. C. Park, K. S. Park, K. Park, S. D. Park, K. M. Seo, M. K. Son , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The DAMA/LIBRA experiment has reported an annual modulation signal in NaI(Tl) detectors, which has been interpreted as a possible indication of dark matter interactions. However, this claim remains controversial, as several experiments have tested the modulation signal using NaI(Tl) detectors. Among them, the COSINE-100 experiment, specifically designed to test DAMA/LIBRA's claim, observed no sign… ▽ More The DAMA/LIBRA experiment has reported an annual modulation signal in NaI(Tl) detectors, which has been interpreted as a possible indication of dark matter interactions. However, this claim remains controversial, as several experiments have tested the modulation signal using NaI(Tl) detectors. Among them, the COSINE-100 experiment, specifically designed to test DAMA/LIBRA's claim, observed no significant signal, revealing a more than 3 $σ$ discrepancy with DAMA/LIBRA's results. Here we present COSINE-100U, an upgraded version of the experiment, which aims to expand the search for dark matter interactions by improving light collection efficiency and reducing background noise. The detector, consisting of eight NaI(Tl) crystals with a total mass of 99.1 kg, has been relocated to Yemilab, a new underground facility in Korea, and features direct PMT-coupling technology to enhance sensitivity. These upgrades significantly improve the experiment's ability to probe low-mass dark matter candidates, contributing to the ongoing global effort to clarify the nature of dark matter. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2025; v1 submitted 24 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 16 figures

Journal ref: Commun. Phys. 8, 135 (2025)

Unravelling and circumventing failure mechanisms in chalcogenide optical phase change materials

Authors: Cosmin Constantin Popescu, Kiumars Aryana, Brian Mills, Tae Woo Lee, Louis Martin-Monier, Luigi Ranno, Jia Xu Brian Sia, Khoi Phuong Dao, Hyung-Bin Bae, Vladimir Liberman, Steven Vitale, Myungkoo Kang, Kathleen A. Richardson, Carlos A. Ríos Ocampo, Dennis Calahan, Yifei Zhang, William M. Humphreys, Hyun Jung Kim, Tian Gu, Juejun Hu

Abstract: Chalcogenide optical phase change materials (PCMs) have garnered significant interest for their growing applications in programmable photonics, optical analog computing, active metasurfaces, and beyond. Limited endurance or cycling lifetime is however increasingly becoming a bottleneck toward their practical deployment for these applications. To address this issue, we performed a systematic study… ▽ More Chalcogenide optical phase change materials (PCMs) have garnered significant interest for their growing applications in programmable photonics, optical analog computing, active metasurfaces, and beyond. Limited endurance or cycling lifetime is however increasingly becoming a bottleneck toward their practical deployment for these applications. To address this issue, we performed a systematic study elucidating the cycling failure mechanisms of Ge$_2$Sb$_2$Se$_4$Te (GSST), a common optical PCM tailored for infrared photonic applications, in an electrothermal switching configuration commensurate with their applications in on-chip photonic devices. We further propose a set of design rules building on insights into the failure mechanisms, and successfully implemented them to boost the endurance of the GSST device to over 67,000 cycles. △ Less

Submitted 18 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Lowering threshold of NaI(Tl) scintillator to 0.7 keV in the COSINE-100 experiment

Authors: G. H. Yu, N. Carlin, J. Y. Cho, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. França, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, S. J. Hollick, E. J. Jeon, H. W. Joo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, B. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. K. Kim, W. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Ko, D. H. Lee , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: COSINE-100 is a direct dark matter search experiment, with the primary goal of testing the annual modulation signal observed by DAMA/LIBRA, using the same target material, NaI(Tl). In previous analyses, we achieved the same 1 keV energy threshold used in the DAMA/LIBRA's analysis that reported an annual modulation signal with 11.6$σ$ significance. In this article, we report an improved analysis th… ▽ More COSINE-100 is a direct dark matter search experiment, with the primary goal of testing the annual modulation signal observed by DAMA/LIBRA, using the same target material, NaI(Tl). In previous analyses, we achieved the same 1 keV energy threshold used in the DAMA/LIBRA's analysis that reported an annual modulation signal with 11.6$σ$ significance. In this article, we report an improved analysis that lowered the threshold to 0.7 keV, thanks to the application of Multi-Layer Perception network and a new likelihood parameter with waveforms in the frequency domain. The lower threshold would enable a better comparison of COSINE-100 with new DAMA results with a 0.75 keV threshold and account for differences in quenching factors. Furthermore the lower threshold can enhance COSINE-100's sensitivity to sub-GeV dark matter searches. △ Less

Submitted 22 December, 2024; v1 submitted 26 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Journal ref: JINST 19 P12013 (2024)

Improved background modeling for dark matter search with COSINE-100

Authors: G. H. Yu, N. Carlin, J. Y. Cho, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. Franca, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, S. J. Hollick, E. J. Jeon, H. W. Joo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, B. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. K. Kim, W. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Ko, D. H. Lee , et al. (33 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: COSINE-100 aims to conclusively test the claimed dark matter annual modulation signal detected by DAMA/LIBRA collaboration. DAMA/LIBRA has released updated analysis results by lowering the energy threshold to 0.75 keV through various upgrades. They have consistently claimed to have observed the annual modulation. In COSINE-100, it is crucial to lower the energy threshold for a direct comparison wi… ▽ More COSINE-100 aims to conclusively test the claimed dark matter annual modulation signal detected by DAMA/LIBRA collaboration. DAMA/LIBRA has released updated analysis results by lowering the energy threshold to 0.75 keV through various upgrades. They have consistently claimed to have observed the annual modulation. In COSINE-100, it is crucial to lower the energy threshold for a direct comparison with DAMA/LIBRA, which also enhances the sensitivity of the search for low-mass dark matter, enabling COSINE-100 to explore this area. Therefore, it is essential to have a precise and quantitative understanding of the background spectrum across all energy ranges. This study expands the background modeling from 0.7 to 4000 keV using 2.82 years of COSINE-100 data. The modeling has been improved to describe the background spectrum across all energy ranges accurately. Assessments of the background spectrum are presented, considering the nonproportionality of NaI(Tl) crystals at both low and high energies and the characteristic X-rays produced by the interaction of external backgrounds with materials such as copper. Additionally, constraints on the fit parameters obtained from the alpha spectrum modeling fit are integrated into this model. These improvements are detailed in the paper. △ Less

Submitted 19 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Development of MMC-based lithium molybdate cryogenic calorimeters for AMoRE-II

Authors: A. Agrawal, V. V. Alenkov, P. Aryal, H. Bae, J. Beyer, B. Bhandari, R. S. Boiko, K. Boonin, O. Buzanov, C. R. Byeon, N. Chanthima, M. K. Cheoun, J. S. Choe, S. Choi, S. Choudhury, J. S. Chung, F. A. Danevich, M. Djamal, D. Drung, C. Enss, A. Fleischmann, A. M. Gangapshev, L. Gastaldo, Y. M. Gavrilyuk, A. M. Gezhaev , et al. (84 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The AMoRE collaboration searches for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{100}$Mo using molybdate scintillating crystals via low temperature thermal calorimetric detection. The early phases of the experiment, AMoRE-pilot and AMoRE-I, have demonstrated competitive discovery potential. Presently, the AMoRE-II experiment, featuring a large detector array with about 90 kg of $^{100}$Mo isotope, is und… ▽ More The AMoRE collaboration searches for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{100}$Mo using molybdate scintillating crystals via low temperature thermal calorimetric detection. The early phases of the experiment, AMoRE-pilot and AMoRE-I, have demonstrated competitive discovery potential. Presently, the AMoRE-II experiment, featuring a large detector array with about 90 kg of $^{100}$Mo isotope, is under construction. This paper discusses the baseline design and characterization of the lithium molybdate cryogenic calorimeters to be used in the AMoRE-II detector modules. The results from prototype setups that incorporate new housing structures and two different crystal masses (316 g and 517 - 521 g), operated at 10 mK temperature, show energy resolutions (FWHM) of 7.55 - 8.82 keV at the 2.615 MeV $^{208}$Tl $γ$ line, and effective light detection of 0.79 - 0.96 keV/MeV. The simultaneous heat and light detection enables clear separation of alpha particles with a discrimination power of 12.37 - 19.50 at the energy region around $^6$Li(n, $α$)$^3$H with Q-value = 4.785 MeV. Promising detector performances were demonstrated at temperatures as high as 30 mK, which relaxes the temperature constraints for operating the large AMoRE-II array. △ Less

Submitted 3 March, 2025; v1 submitted 16 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Journal ref: Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 172 (2025)

Projected background and sensitivity of AMoRE-II

Authors: A. Agrawal, V. V. Alenkov, P. Aryal, J. Beyer, B. Bhandari, R. S. Boiko, K. Boonin, O. Buzanov, C. R. Byeon, N. Chanthima, M. K. Cheoun, J. S. Choe, Seonho Choi, S. Choudhury, J. S. Chung, F. A. Danevich, M. Djamal, D. Drung, C. Enss, A. Fleischmann, A. M. Gangapshev, L. Gastaldo, Y. M. Gavrilyuk, A. M. Gezhaev, O. Gileva , et al. (81 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: AMoRE-II aims to search for neutrinoless double beta decay with an array of 423 Li$_2$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ crystals operating in the cryogenic system as the main phase of the Advanced Molybdenum-based Rare process Experiment (AMoRE). AMoRE has been planned to operate in three phases: AMoRE-pilot, AMoRE-I, and AMoRE-II. AMoRE-II is currently being installed at the Yemi Underground Laboratory, located ap… ▽ More AMoRE-II aims to search for neutrinoless double beta decay with an array of 423 Li$_2$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ crystals operating in the cryogenic system as the main phase of the Advanced Molybdenum-based Rare process Experiment (AMoRE). AMoRE has been planned to operate in three phases: AMoRE-pilot, AMoRE-I, and AMoRE-II. AMoRE-II is currently being installed at the Yemi Underground Laboratory, located approximately 1000 meters deep in Jeongseon, Korea. The goal of AMoRE-II is to reach up to $T^{0νββ}_{1/2}$ $\sim$ 6 $\times$ 10$^{26}$ years, corresponding to an effective Majorana mass of 15 - 29 meV, covering all the inverted mass hierarchy regions. To achieve this, the background level of the experimental configurations and possible background sources of gamma and beta events should be well understood. We have intensively performed Monte Carlo simulations using the GEANT4 toolkit in all the experimental configurations with potential sources. We report the estimated background level that meets the 10$^{-4}$counts/(keV$\cdot$kg$\cdot$yr) requirement for AMoRE-II in the region of interest (ROI) and show the projected half-life sensitivity based on the simulation study. △ Less

Submitted 14 October, 2024; v1 submitted 13 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Robust electrothermal switching of optical phase change materials through computer-aided adaptive pulse optimization

Authors: Parth Garud, Kiumars Aryana, Cosmin Constantin Popescu, Steven Vitale, Rashi Sharma, Kathleen Richardson, Tian Gu, Juejun Hu, Hyun Jung Kim

Abstract: Electrically tunable optical devices present diverse functionalities for manipulating electromagnetic waves by leveraging elements capable of reversibly switching between different optical states. This adaptability in adjusting their responses to electromagnetic waves after fabrication is crucial for developing more efficient and compact optical systems for a broad range of applications including… ▽ More Electrically tunable optical devices present diverse functionalities for manipulating electromagnetic waves by leveraging elements capable of reversibly switching between different optical states. This adaptability in adjusting their responses to electromagnetic waves after fabrication is crucial for developing more efficient and compact optical systems for a broad range of applications including sensing, imaging, telecommunications, and data storage. Chalcogenide-based phase change materials (PCMs) have shown great promise due to their stable, non-volatile phase transition between amorphous and crystalline states. Nonetheless, optimizing the switching parameters of PCM devices and maintaining their stable operation over thousands of cycles with minimal variation can be challenging. In this paper, we report on the critical role of PCM pattern as well as electrical pulse form in achieving reliable and stable switching, extending the operational lifetime of the device beyond 13,000 switching events. To achieve this, we have developed a computer-aided algorithm that monitors optical changes in the device and adjusts the applied voltage in accordance with the phase transformation process, thereby significantly enhancing the lifetime of these reconfigurable devices. Our findings reveal that patterned PCM structures show significantly higher endurance compared to blanket PCM thin films. △ Less

Submitted 22 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Measurements of low-energy nuclear recoil quenching factors for Na and I recoils in the NaI(Tl) scintillator

Authors: S. H. Lee, H. W. Joo, H. J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. J. Ko, H. S. Lee, J. Y. Lee, H. S. Park, Y. S. Yoon

Abstract: Elastic scattering off nuclei in target detectors, involving interactions with dark matter and coherent elastic neutrino nuclear recoil (CE$ν$NS), results in the deposition of low energy within the nuclei, dissipating rapidly through a combination of heat and ionization. The primary energy loss mechanism for nuclear recoil is heat, leading to consistently smaller measurable scintillation signals c… ▽ More Elastic scattering off nuclei in target detectors, involving interactions with dark matter and coherent elastic neutrino nuclear recoil (CE$ν$NS), results in the deposition of low energy within the nuclei, dissipating rapidly through a combination of heat and ionization. The primary energy loss mechanism for nuclear recoil is heat, leading to consistently smaller measurable scintillation signals compared to electron recoils of the same energy. The nuclear recoil quenching factor (QF), representing the ratio of scintillation light yield produced by nuclear recoil to that of electron recoil at the same energy, is a critical parameter for understanding dark matter and neutrino interactions with nuclei. The low energy QF of NaI(Tl) crystals, commonly employed in dark matter searches and CE$ν$NS measurements, is of substantial importance. Previous low energy QF measurements were constrained by contamination from photomultiplier tube (PMT)-induced noise, resulting in an observed light yield of approximately 15 photoelectrons per keVee (kilo-electron-volt electron-equivalent energy) and nuclear recoil energy above 5 keVnr (kilo-electron-volt nuclear recoil energy). Through enhanced crystal encapsulation, an increased light yield of around 26 photoelectrons per keVee is achieved. This improvement enables the measurement of the nuclear recoil QF for sodium nuclei at an energy of 3.8 $\pm$ 0.6 keVnr with a QF of 11.2 $\pm$ 1.7%. Furthermore, a reevaluation of previously reported QF results is conducted, incorporating enhancements in low energy events based on waveform simulation. The outcomes are generally consistent with various recent QF measurements for sodium and iodine. △ Less

Submitted 8 July, 2024; v1 submitted 23 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Nonproportionality of NaI(Tl) Scintillation Detector for Dark Matter Search Experiments

Authors: S. M. Lee, G. Adhikari, N. Carlin, J. Y. Cho, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. Fran. a, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, S. J. Hollick, E. J. Jeon, H. W. Joo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, B. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. K. Kim, S. W. Kim, W. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim , et al. (37 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a comprehensive study of the nonproportionality of NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors within the context of dark matter search experiments. Our investigation, which integrates COSINE-100 data with supplementary $γ$ spectroscopy, measures light yields across diverse energy levels from full-energy $γ$ peaks produced by the decays of various isotopes. These $γ$ peaks of interest were produced… ▽ More We present a comprehensive study of the nonproportionality of NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors within the context of dark matter search experiments. Our investigation, which integrates COSINE-100 data with supplementary $γ$ spectroscopy, measures light yields across diverse energy levels from full-energy $γ$ peaks produced by the decays of various isotopes. These $γ$ peaks of interest were produced by decays supported by both long and short-lived isotopes. Analyzing peaks from decays supported only by short-lived isotopes presented a unique challenge due to their limited statistics and overlapping energies, which was overcome by long-term data collection and a time-dependent analysis. A key achievement is the direct measurement of the 0.87 keV light yield, resulting from the cascade following electron capture decay of $^{22}$Na from internal contamination. This measurement, previously accessible only indirectly, deepens our understanding of NaI(Tl) scintillator behavior in the region of interest for dark matter searches. This study holds substantial implications for background modeling and the interpretation of dark matter signals in NaI(Tl) experiments. △ Less

Submitted 10 May, 2024; v1 submitted 14 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 12 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: Eur. Phys. J. C 84 (2024) 484

Observation of the Magnonic Dicke Superradiant Phase Transition

Authors: Dasom Kim, Sohail Dasgupta, Xiaoxuan Ma, Joong-Mok Park, Hao-Tian Wei, Liang Luo, Jacques Doumani, Xinwei Li, Wanting Yang, Di Cheng, Richard H. J. Kim, Henry O. Everitt, Shojiro Kimura, Hiroyuki Nojiri, Jigang Wang, Shixun Cao, Motoaki Bamba, Kaden R. A. Hazzard, Junichiro Kono

Abstract: Two-level atoms coupled with single-mode cavity photons are predicted to exhibit a quantum phase transition when the coupling strength exceeds a critical value, entering a phase in which atomic polarization and photonic field are finite even at zero temperature and without external driving. However, this phenomenon, the superradiant phase transition (SRPT), is forbidden by a no-go theorem due to t… ▽ More Two-level atoms coupled with single-mode cavity photons are predicted to exhibit a quantum phase transition when the coupling strength exceeds a critical value, entering a phase in which atomic polarization and photonic field are finite even at zero temperature and without external driving. However, this phenomenon, the superradiant phase transition (SRPT), is forbidden by a no-go theorem due to the existence of the diamagnetic term in the Hamiltonian. Here, we present spectroscopic evidence for a magnonic SRPT in ErFeO$_3$, where the role of the photonic mode (two-level atoms) in the photonic SRPT is played by an Fe$^{3+}$ magnon mode (Er$^{3+}$ spins). The absence of the diamagnetic term in the Fe$^{3+}$-Er$^{3+}$ exchange coupling ensures that the no-go theorem does not apply. Terahertz and gigahertz magnetospectroscopy experiments revealed the signatures of the SRPT -- a kink and a softening, respectively, of two spin-magnon hybridized modes at the critical point. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Journal ref: Science Advances 11, adt1691 (2025)

Electrically reconfigurable phase-change transmissive metasurface

Authors: Cosmin Constantin Popescu, Kiumars Aryana, Parth Garud, Khoi Phuong Dao, Steven Vitale, Vladimir Liberman, Hyung-Bin Bae, Tae-Woo Lee, Myungkoo Kang, Kathleen A. Richardson, Carlos A. Rios Ocampo, Yifei Zhang, Tian Gu, Juejun Hu, Hyun Jung Kim

Abstract: Programmable and reconfigurable optics hold significant potential for transforming a broad spectrum of applications, spanning space explorations to biomedical imaging, gas sensing, and optical cloaking. The ability to adjust the optical properties of components like filters, lenses, and beam steering devices could result in dramatic reductions in size, weight, and power consumption in future optoe… ▽ More Programmable and reconfigurable optics hold significant potential for transforming a broad spectrum of applications, spanning space explorations to biomedical imaging, gas sensing, and optical cloaking. The ability to adjust the optical properties of components like filters, lenses, and beam steering devices could result in dramatic reductions in size, weight, and power consumption in future optoelectronic devices. Among the potential candidates for reconfigurable optics, chalcogenide-based phase change materials (PCMs) offer great promise due to their non-volatile and analogue switching characteristics. Although PCM have found widespread use in electronic data storage, these memory devices are deeply sub-micron-sized. To incorporate phase change materials into free-space optical components, it is essential to scale them up to beyond several hundreds of microns while maintaining reliable switching characteristics. This study demonstrated a non-mechanical, non-volatile transmissive filter based on low-loss PCMs with a 200 $μ$m$ \times $200 $μ$m switching area. The device/metafilter can be consistently switched between low- and high-transmission states using electrical pulses with a switching contrast ratio of 5.5 dB. The device was reversibly switched for 1250 cycles before accelerated degradation took place. The work represents an important step toward realizing free-space reconfigurable optics based on PCMs. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Scintillation characteristics of an undoped CsI crystal at low-temperature for dark matter search

Authors: W. K. Kim, H. Y. Lee, K. W. Kim, Y. J. Ko, J. A. Jeon, H. J. Kim, H. S. Lee

Abstract: The scintillation characteristics of 1 g undoped CsI crystal were studied by directly coupling two silicon photomultipliers(SiPMs) over a temperature range from room temperature to 86 K. The scintillation decay time and light output were measured using x-ray and gamma-ray peaks from a 109Cd radioactive source. An increase in decay time was observed as the temperature decreased from room temperatur… ▽ More The scintillation characteristics of 1 g undoped CsI crystal were studied by directly coupling two silicon photomultipliers(SiPMs) over a temperature range from room temperature to 86 K. The scintillation decay time and light output were measured using x-ray and gamma-ray peaks from a 109Cd radioactive source. An increase in decay time was observed as the temperature decreased from room temperature to 86 K, ranging from 76 ns to 605 ns. The light output also increased, reaching 26.2 +/- 1.3 photoelectrons per keV electron-equivalent at 86 K. Leveraging the significantly enhanced scintillation light output of the undoped CsI crystal at low temperatures, coupling it with SiPMs results in a promising detector for rare event searches. Both cesium and iodine have an odd number of protons, making them suitable targets for probing dark matter-proton spin-dependent interactions. This study evaluates the sensitivity of the proposed detector to such interactions, incorporating the Migdal effect and assuming 200 kg of undoped CsI crystals for dark matter searches. The results indicate that undoped CsI coupled with SiPM can achieve world-competitive sensitivity for low-mass dark matter detection, particularly in the context of dark matter-proton spin-dependent interactions. △ Less

Submitted 31 July, 2025; v1 submitted 13 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Assembling PNIPAM-Capped Gold Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solutions

Authors: Binay P. Nayak, Hyeong Jin Kim, Srikanth Nayak, Wenjie Wang, Wei Bu, Surya K. Mallapragada, David Vaknin

Abstract: Employing small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we explore the conditions under which the assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) grafted with the thermo-sensitive polymer Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) emerges. We find that short-range order assembly emerges by combining the addition of electrolytes or poly-electrolytes with raising the temperature of the suspensions above the lower-critical… ▽ More Employing small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we explore the conditions under which the assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) grafted with the thermo-sensitive polymer Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) emerges. We find that short-range order assembly emerges by combining the addition of electrolytes or poly-electrolytes with raising the temperature of the suspensions above the lower-critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM. Our results show that the longer the PNIPAM chain is, the better organization in the assembled clusters. Interestingly, without added electrolytes, there is no evidence of AuNP assembly as a function of temperature, although untethered PNIPAM is known to undergo a coil-to-globule transition above its LCST. This study demonstrates another approach to assembling potential thermo-sensitive nanostructures for devices by leveraging the unique properties of PNIPAM. △ Less

Submitted 7 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: Published at ACS Macro Letters, DOI - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00617

Journal ref: ACS Macro Lett. 2023, 12, XXX, 1659 to 1664

Alpha backgrounds in NaI(Tl) crystals of COSINE-100

Authors: G. Adhikari, N. Carlin, D. F. F. S. Cavalcante, J. Y. Cho, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. Franca, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, S. J. Hollick, E. J. Jeon, H. W. Joo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, B. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. K. Kim, S. W. Kim, W. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: COSINE-100 is a dark matter direct detection experiment with 106 kg NaI(Tl) as the target material. 210Pb and daughter isotopes are a dominant background in the WIMP region of interest and are detected via beta decay and alpha decay. Analysis of the alpha channel complements the background model as observed in the beta/gamma channel. We present the measurement of the quenching factors and Monte Ca… ▽ More COSINE-100 is a dark matter direct detection experiment with 106 kg NaI(Tl) as the target material. 210Pb and daughter isotopes are a dominant background in the WIMP region of interest and are detected via beta decay and alpha decay. Analysis of the alpha channel complements the background model as observed in the beta/gamma channel. We present the measurement of the quenching factors and Monte Carlo simulation results and activity quantification of the alpha decay components of the COSINE-100 NaI(Tl) crystals. The data strongly indicate that the alpha decays probabilistically undergo two possible quenching factors but require further investigation. The fitted results are consistent with independent measurements and improve the overall understanding of the COSINE-100 backgrounds. Furthermore, the half-life of 216Po has been measured to be 143.4 +/- 1.2 ms, which is consistent with and more precise than recent measurements. △ Less

Submitted 30 January, 2024; v1 submitted 8 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Versatile spaceborne photonics with chalcogenide phase-change materials

Authors: Hyun Jung Kim, Matthew Julian, Calum Williams, David Bombara, Juejun Hu, Tian Gu, Kiumars Aryana, Godfrey Sauti, William Humphreys

Abstract: Recent growth in space systems has seen increasing capabilities packed into smaller and lighter Earth observation and deep space mission spacecraft. Phase-change materials (PCMs) are nonvolatile, reconfigurable, fast-switching, and have recently shown a high degree of space radiation tolerance, thereby making them an attractive materials platform for spaceborne photonics applications. They promise… ▽ More Recent growth in space systems has seen increasing capabilities packed into smaller and lighter Earth observation and deep space mission spacecraft. Phase-change materials (PCMs) are nonvolatile, reconfigurable, fast-switching, and have recently shown a high degree of space radiation tolerance, thereby making them an attractive materials platform for spaceborne photonics applications. They promise robust, lightweight, and energy-efficient reconfigurable optical systems whose functions can be dynamically defined on-demand and on orbit to deliver enhanced science or mission support in harsh environments on lean power budgets. This comment aims to discuss the recent advances in rapidly growing PCM research and its potential to transition from conventional terrestrial optoelectronics materials platforms to versatile spaceborne photonic materials platforms for current and next-generation space and science missions. Materials International Space Station Experiment-14 (MISSE-14) mission-flown PCMs outside of the International Space Station (ISS) and key results and NASA examples are highlighted to provide strong evidence of the applicability of spaceborne photonics. △ Less

Submitted 29 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: 16 pages, 4 figures

Highly-Sensitive Resonance-Enhanced Organic Photodetectors for Shortwave Infrared Sensing

Authors: Hoang Mai Luong, Chokchai Kaiyasuan, Ahra Yi, Sangmin Chae, Brian Minki Kim, Patchareepond Panoy, Hyo Jung Kim, Vinich Promarak, Yasuo Miyata, Hidenori Nakayama, Thuc-Quyen Nguyen

Abstract: Shortwave infrared (SWIR) has various applications, including night vision, remote sensing, and medical imaging. SWIR organic photodetectors (OPDs) offer advantages such as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and tunable properties, however, lower sensitivity and limited spectral coverage compared to inorganic counterparts are major drawbacks. Here, we propose a simple yet effective and widely applic… ▽ More Shortwave infrared (SWIR) has various applications, including night vision, remote sensing, and medical imaging. SWIR organic photodetectors (OPDs) offer advantages such as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and tunable properties, however, lower sensitivity and limited spectral coverage compared to inorganic counterparts are major drawbacks. Here, we propose a simple yet effective and widely applicable strategy to extend the wavelength detection range of OPD to a longer wavelength, using resonant optical microcavity. We demonstrate a proof-of-concept in PTB7-Th:COTIC-4F blend system, achieving external quantum efficiency (EQE) > 50 % over a broad spectrum 450 - 1100 nm with a peak specific detectivity (D*) of 1.1E13 Jones at 1100 nm, while cut-off bandwidth, speed, and linearity are preserved. By employing a novel small-molecule acceptor IR6, a record high EQE = 35 % and D* = 4.1E12 Jones are obtained at 1150 nm. This research emphasizes the importance of optical design in optoelectronic devices, presenting a considerably simpler method to expand the photodetection range compared to a traditional approach that involves developing absorbers with narrow optical gaps. △ Less

Submitted 13 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Emulating Expert Insight: A Robust Strategy for Optimal Experimental Design

Authors: Matthew R. Carbone, Hyeong Jin Kim, Chandima Fernando, Shinjae Yoo, Daniel Olds, Howie Joress, Brian DeCost, Bruce Ravel, Yugang Zhang, Phillip M. Maffettone

Abstract: The challenge of optimal design of experiments (DOE) pervades materials science, physics, chemistry, and biology. Bayesian optimization has been used to address this challenge in vast sample spaces, although it requires framing experimental campaigns through the lens of maximizing some observable. This framing is insufficient for epistemic research goals that seek to comprehensively analyze a samp… ▽ More The challenge of optimal design of experiments (DOE) pervades materials science, physics, chemistry, and biology. Bayesian optimization has been used to address this challenge in vast sample spaces, although it requires framing experimental campaigns through the lens of maximizing some observable. This framing is insufficient for epistemic research goals that seek to comprehensively analyze a sample space, without an explicit scalar objective (e.g., the characterization of a wafer or sample library). In this work, we propose a flexible formulation of scientific value that recasts a dataset of input conditions and higher-dimensional observable data into a continuous, scalar metric. Intuitively, the scientific value function measures where observables change significantly, emulating the perspective of experts driving an experiment, and can be used in collaborative analysis tools or as an objective for optimization techniques. We demonstrate this technique by exploring simulated phase boundaries from different observables, autonomously driving a variable temperature measurement of a ferroelectric material, and providing feedback from a nanoparticle synthesis campaign. The method is seamlessly compatible with existing optimization tools, can be extended to multi-modal and multi-fidelity experiments, and can integrate existing models of an experimental system. Because of its flexibility, it can be deployed in a range of experimental settings for autonomous or accelerated experiments. △ Less

Submitted 25 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Search for inelastic WIMP-iodine scattering with COSINE-100

Authors: G. Adhikari, N. Carlin, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. Franca, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, S. J. Hollick, E. J. Jeon, J. H. Jo, H. W. Joo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, B. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. K. Kim, W. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Ko, D. H. Lee , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the results of a search for inelastic scattering of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) off $^{127}$I nuclei using NaI(Tl) crystals with a data exposure of 97.7 kg$\cdot$years from the COSINE-100 experiment. The signature of inelastic WIMP-$^{127}$I scattering is a nuclear recoil accompanied by a 57.6 keV $γ$-ray from the prompt deexcitation, producing a more energetic signal co… ▽ More We report the results of a search for inelastic scattering of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) off $^{127}$I nuclei using NaI(Tl) crystals with a data exposure of 97.7 kg$\cdot$years from the COSINE-100 experiment. The signature of inelastic WIMP-$^{127}$I scattering is a nuclear recoil accompanied by a 57.6 keV $γ$-ray from the prompt deexcitation, producing a more energetic signal compared to the typical WIMP nuclear recoil signal. We found no evidence for this inelastic scattering signature and set a 90 $\%$ confidence level upper limit on the WIMP-proton spin-dependent, inelastic scattering cross section of $1.2 \times 10^{-37} {\rm cm^{2}}$ at the WIMP mass 500 ${\rm GeV/c^{2}}$. △ Less

Submitted 30 October, 2023; v1 submitted 19 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2104.03537

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 108, 092006 (2023)

An Open-Source Multi-functional Testing Platform for Optical Phase Change Materials

Authors: Cosmin-Constantin Popescu, Khoi Phuong Dao, Luigi Ranno, Brian Mills, Louis Martin, Yifei Zhang, David Bono. Brian Neltner, Tian Gu, Juejun Hu, Kiumars Aryana, William M. Humphreys, Hyun Jung Kim, Steven Vitale, Paul Miller, Christopher Roberts, Sarah Geiger, Dennis Callahan, Michael Moebius, Myungkoo Kang, Kathleen Richardson, Carlos A. Ríos Ocampo

Abstract: Owing to their unique tunable optical properties, chalcogenide phase change materials are increasingly being investigated for optics and photonics applications. However, in situ characterization of their phase transition characteristics is a capability that remains inaccessible to many researchers. In this article, we introduce a multi-functional silicon microheater platform capable of in situ mea… ▽ More Owing to their unique tunable optical properties, chalcogenide phase change materials are increasingly being investigated for optics and photonics applications. However, in situ characterization of their phase transition characteristics is a capability that remains inaccessible to many researchers. In this article, we introduce a multi-functional silicon microheater platform capable of in situ measurement of structural, kinetic, optical, and thermal properties of these materials. The platform can be fabricated leveraging industry-standard silicon foundry manufacturing processes. We fully open-sourced this platform, including complete hardware design and associated software codes. △ Less

Submitted 12 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 13 pages main text, 5 figures +1 (supplementary)

Toward accurate thermal modeling of phase change material based photonic devices

Authors: Kiumars Aryana, Hyun Jung Kim, Cosmin-Constantin Popescu, Steven Vitale, Hyung Bin Bae, Taewoo Lee, Tian Gu, Juejun Hu

Abstract: Reconfigurable or programmable photonic devices are rapidly growing and have become an integral part of many optical systems. The ability to selectively modulate electromagnetic waves through electrical stimuli is crucial in the advancement of a variety of applications from data communication and computing devices to environmental science and space explorations. Chalcogenide-based phase change mat… ▽ More Reconfigurable or programmable photonic devices are rapidly growing and have become an integral part of many optical systems. The ability to selectively modulate electromagnetic waves through electrical stimuli is crucial in the advancement of a variety of applications from data communication and computing devices to environmental science and space explorations. Chalcogenide-based phase change materials (PCMs) are one of the most promising material candidates for reconfigurable photonics due to their large optical contrast between their different solid-state structural phases. Although significant efforts have been devoted to accurate simulation of PCM-based devices, in this paper, we highlight three important aspects which have often evaded prior models yet having significant impacts on the thermal and phase transition behavior of these devices: the enthalpy of fusion, the heat capacity change upon glass transition, as well as the thermal conductivity of liquid-phase PCMs. We further investigated the important topic of switching energy scaling in PCM devices, which also helps explain why the three above-mentioned effects have long been overlooked in electronic PCM memories but only become important in photonics. Our findings offer insight to facilitate accurate modeling of PCM-based photonic devices and can inform the development of more efficient reconfigurable optics. △ Less

Submitted 23 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Search for bosonic super-weakly interacting massive particles at COSINE-100

Authors: G. Adhikari, N. Carlin, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. Franca, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, S. J. Hollick, E. J. Jeon, J. H. Jo, H. W. Joo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, B. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. K. Kim, W. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Ko, D. H. Lee , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results of a search for bosonic super-weakly interacting massive particles (BSW) as keV scale dark matter candidates that is based on an exposure of 97.7 kg$\cdot$year from the COSINE experiment. In this search, we employ, for the first time, Compton-like as well as absorption processes for pseudoscalar and vector BSWs. No evidence for BSWs is found in the mass range from 10… ▽ More We present results of a search for bosonic super-weakly interacting massive particles (BSW) as keV scale dark matter candidates that is based on an exposure of 97.7 kg$\cdot$year from the COSINE experiment. In this search, we employ, for the first time, Compton-like as well as absorption processes for pseudoscalar and vector BSWs. No evidence for BSWs is found in the mass range from 10 $\mathrm{keV/c}^2$ to 1 $\mathrm{MeV/c}^2$, and we present the exclusion limits on the dimensionless coupling constants to electrons $g_{ae}$ for pseudoscalar and $κ$ for vector BSWs at 90% confidence level. Our results show that these limits are improved by including the Compton-like process in masses of BSW, above $\mathcal{O}(100\,\mathrm{keV/c}^2)$. △ Less

Submitted 27 August, 2023; v1 submitted 3 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 108 (2023) L041301

Active metasurfaces: lighting the path to commercial success

Authors: Tian Gu, Hyun Jung Kim, Clara Rivero-Baleine, Juejun Hu

Abstract: Active optical metasurfaces are rapidly emerging as a major frontier in photonics research, development, and commercialization. They promise compact, light-weight, and energy-efficient reconfigurable optical systems with unprecedented performance and functions that can be dynamically defined on-demand. Compared to their passive counterparts, the reconfiguration capacity of active metasurfaces also… ▽ More Active optical metasurfaces are rapidly emerging as a major frontier in photonics research, development, and commercialization. They promise compact, light-weight, and energy-efficient reconfigurable optical systems with unprecedented performance and functions that can be dynamically defined on-demand. Compared to their passive counterparts, the reconfiguration capacity of active metasurfaces also set additional challenges in scalable design, manufacturing, and control toward their practical deployment. This perspective aims to review the state-of-the-art of active metasurface technologies and their applications while highlighting key research advances essential to enabling their transition from laboratory curiosity to commercial reality. △ Less

Submitted 30 May, 2022; v1 submitted 27 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Journal ref: Nature Photonics 17, 48-58 (2023)

Three-year annual modulation search with COSINE-100

Authors: COSINE-100 Collaboration, :, G. Adhikari, E. Barbosa de Souza, N. Carlin, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. França, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, S. J. Hollick, E. J. Jeon, J. H. Jo, H. W. Joo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, H. Kim, H. J. Kim, J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. K. Kim, W. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: COSINE-100 is a direct detection dark matter experiment that aims to test DAMA/LIBRA's claim of dark matter discovery by searching for a dark matter-induced annual modulation signal with NaI(Tl) detectors. We present new constraints on the annual modulation signal from a dataset with a 2.82 yr livetime utilizing an active mass of 61.3 kg, for a total exposure of 173 kg$\cdot$yr. This new result fe… ▽ More COSINE-100 is a direct detection dark matter experiment that aims to test DAMA/LIBRA's claim of dark matter discovery by searching for a dark matter-induced annual modulation signal with NaI(Tl) detectors. We present new constraints on the annual modulation signal from a dataset with a 2.82 yr livetime utilizing an active mass of 61.3 kg, for a total exposure of 173 kg$\cdot$yr. This new result features an improved event selection that allows for both lowering the energy threshold to 1 keV and a more precise time-dependent background model. In the 1-6 keV and 2-6 keV energy intervals, we observe best-fit values for the modulation amplitude of 0.0067$\pm$0.0042 and 0.0051$\pm$0.0047 counts/(day$\cdot$kg$\cdot$keV), respectively, with a phase fixed at 152.5 days. △ Less

Submitted 28 October, 2022; v1 submitted 16 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 11 pages, 8 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 106, 052005 (2022)

Study on NaI(Tl) crystal at -35 C for dark matter detection

Authors: S. H. Lee, G. S. Kim, H. J. Kim, K. W. Kim, J. Y. Lee, H. S. Lee

Abstract: We present the responses of a NaI(Tl) crystal in terms of the light yield and pulse shape characteristics of nuclear recoil events at two different temperatures: 22 C (room temperature) and -35 C (low temperature). The light yield is measured using 59.54 keV gamma-rays using a 241Am source relative to the mean charge of single photoelectrons. At the low temperature, we measure a 4.7 +/- 1.3% incre… ▽ More We present the responses of a NaI(Tl) crystal in terms of the light yield and pulse shape characteristics of nuclear recoil events at two different temperatures: 22 C (room temperature) and -35 C (low temperature). The light yield is measured using 59.54 keV gamma-rays using a 241Am source relative to the mean charge of single photoelectrons. At the low temperature, we measure a 4.7 +/- 1.3% increase in the light yield compared to that at room temperature. A significantly increased decay time is also observed at the low temperature. The responses to nuclear recoil events are measured using neutrons from a 252Cf source and compared to those to electron recoil events. The measured pulse shape discrimination (PSD) power of the NaI(Tl) crystal at the low temperature is found to be improved in the entire energy range studied because of the increased light yield and the different scintillation characteristics. We also find an approximately 9% increased quenching factor of alpha-induced events, which is the light yield ratio of alpha recoil to electron recoil, at the low temperature. This supports the possibility of an increased quenching factor of the nuclear recoil events that are known to have similar processes of dark matter interaction. The increased light yield and the improved PSD power of nuclear recoil events enhance the sensitivity for dark matter detection via dark matter-nuclei interactions. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2021; v1 submitted 5 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Alpha backgrounds in the AMoRE-Pilot experiment

Authors: V. Alenkov, H. W. Bae, J. Beyer, R. S. Boiko, K. Boonin, O. Buzanov, N. Chanthima, M. K. Cheoun, S. H. Choi, F. A. Danevich, M. Djamal, D. Drung, C. Enss, A. Fleischmann, A. Gangapshev, L. Gastaldo, Yu. M. Gavriljuk, A. Gezhaev, V. D. Grigoryeva, V. Gurentsov, D. H. Ha, C. Ha, E. J. Ha, I. Hahn, E. J. Jeon , et al. (81 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Advanced Mo-based Rare process Experiment (AMoRE)-Pilot experiment is an initial phase of the AMoRE search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{100}$Mo, with the purpose of investigating the level and sources of backgrounds. Searches for neutrinoless double beta decay generally require ultimately low backgrounds. Surface $α$ decays on the crystals themselves or nearby materials can deposit… ▽ More The Advanced Mo-based Rare process Experiment (AMoRE)-Pilot experiment is an initial phase of the AMoRE search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{100}$Mo, with the purpose of investigating the level and sources of backgrounds. Searches for neutrinoless double beta decay generally require ultimately low backgrounds. Surface $α$ decays on the crystals themselves or nearby materials can deposit a continuum of energies that can be as high as the $Q$-value of the decay itself and may fall in the region of interest (ROI). To understand these background events, we studied backgrounds from radioactive contaminations internal to and on the surface of the crystals or nearby materials with Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulations. In this study, we report on the measured $α$ energy spectra fitted with the corresponding simulated spectra for six crystal detectors, where sources of background contributions could be identified through high energy $α$ peaks and continuum parts in the energy spectrum for both internal and surface contaminations. We determine the low-energy contributions from internal and surface $α$ contaminations by extrapolating from the $α$ background fitting model. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2022; v1 submitted 16 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

The environmental monitoring system at the COSINE-100 experiment

Authors: H. Kim, G. Adhikari, E. Barbosa de Souza, N. Carlin, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, M. Djamal, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. França, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, E. J. Jeon, J. H. Jo, H. W. Joo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, H. J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. K. Kim, W. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Ko, E. K. Lee , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The COSINE-100 experiment is designed to test the DAMA experiment which claimed an observation of a dark matter signal from an annual modulation in their residual event rate. To measure the 1 %-level signal amplitude, it is crucial to control and monitor nearly all environmental quantities that might systematically mimic the signal. The environmental monitoring also helps ensure a stable operation… ▽ More The COSINE-100 experiment is designed to test the DAMA experiment which claimed an observation of a dark matter signal from an annual modulation in their residual event rate. To measure the 1 %-level signal amplitude, it is crucial to control and monitor nearly all environmental quantities that might systematically mimic the signal. The environmental monitoring also helps ensure a stable operation of the experiment. Here, we describe the design and performance of the centralized environmental monitoring system for the COSINE-100 experiment. △ Less

Submitted 28 November, 2021; v1 submitted 15 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures

Enhanced passive thermal stealth properties of VO$_2$ thin films via gradient W doping

Authors: Hyuk Jin Kim, Young Hwan Choi, Dong Kyu Lee, In Hak Lee, Byoung Ki Choi, Soo-Hyun Phark, Young Jun Chang

Abstract: Thermal stealth and camouflage have been intensively studied for blending objects with their surroundings against remote thermal image detection. Adaptive control of infrared emissivity has been explored extensively as a promising way of thermal stealth, but it still requires an additional feedback control. Passive modulation of emissivity, however, has been remained as a great challenge which req… ▽ More Thermal stealth and camouflage have been intensively studied for blending objects with their surroundings against remote thermal image detection. Adaptive control of infrared emissivity has been explored extensively as a promising way of thermal stealth, but it still requires an additional feedback control. Passive modulation of emissivity, however, has been remained as a great challenge which requires a precise engineering of emissivity over wide temperature range. Here, we report a drastic improvement of passive camouflage thin films capable of concealing thermal objects at near room temperature without any feedback control, which consists of a vanadium dioxide (VO2) layer with gradient tungsten (W) concentration. The gradient W-doping widens the metal-insulator transition width, accomplishing self-adaptive thermal stealth with a smooth change of emissivity. Our simple approach, applicable to other similar thermal camouflage materials for improving their passive cloaking, will find wide applications, such as passive thermal camouflage, urban energy-saving smart windows, and improved infrared sensors. △ Less

Submitted 12 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Comments: 20 pages, 4 figures

Automated real-time spectral characterization of phase-change tunable optical filters using a linear variable filter and infrared camera

Authors: David Bombara, Calum Williams, Stephen Borg, Hyun Jung Kim

Abstract: Actively tunable optical filters based on chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs) are an emerging technology with applications across chemical spectroscopy and thermal imaging. The refractive index of an embedded PCM thin film is modulated through an amorphous-to-crystalline phase transition induced through thermal stimulus. Performance metrics include transmittance, passband center wavelength… ▽ More Actively tunable optical filters based on chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs) are an emerging technology with applications across chemical spectroscopy and thermal imaging. The refractive index of an embedded PCM thin film is modulated through an amorphous-to-crystalline phase transition induced through thermal stimulus. Performance metrics include transmittance, passband center wavelength (CWL), and bandwidth; ideally monitored during operation (in situ) or after a set number of tuning cycles to validate real-time operation. Measuring these aforementioned metrics in real-time is challenging. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provides the gold-standard for performance characterization, yet is expensive and inflexible -- incorporating the PCM tuning mechanism is not straightforward, hence in situ electro-optical measurements are challenging. In this work, we implement an open-source MATLAB-controlled real-time performance characterization system consisting of an inexpensive linear variable filter (LVF) and mid-wave infrared camera, capable of switching the PCM-based filters while simultaneously recording in situ filter performance metrics and spectral filtering profile. These metrics are calculated through pixel intensity measurements and displayed on a custom-developed graphical user interface in real-time. The CWL is determined through spatial position of intensity maxima along the LVF's longitudinal axis. Furthermore, plans are detailed for a future experimental system that further reduces cost, is compact, and utilizes a near-infrared camera. △ Less

Submitted 17 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021.

Comments: 19 pages, 9 figures

PCM-net: A refractive index database of chalcogenide phase change materials for tunable nanophotonic device modelling

Authors: Hyun Jung Kim, Jung-woo Sohn, Nina Hong, Calum Williams, William Humphreys

Abstract: Recently, chalcogenide glass based phase change materials (PCMs) have shown utility as a tuning material for a range of nanophotonic devices. Owing to their low loss, ultrafast switching speeds and wide waveband operation, PCMs are integrated in an increasing number of next generation tunable components, including integrated photonic switches, metasurface optics and tunable spectral filters. Nonet… ▽ More Recently, chalcogenide glass based phase change materials (PCMs) have shown utility as a tuning material for a range of nanophotonic devices. Owing to their low loss, ultrafast switching speeds and wide waveband operation, PCMs are integrated in an increasing number of next generation tunable components, including integrated photonic switches, metasurface optics and tunable spectral filters. Nonetheless, modelling of PCM-based devices is challenging, both in terms of accurate representation of experimentally-derived material properties in different phase states, and standardization of results across the research community. In this work, we introduce PCMnet, an online database of the complex refractive indices of a variety of chalcogenide glass PCMs (such as GeSbTe), as an accessible and indexed repository for data sharing across the PCM community. Refractive indices (n) and extinction coefficients (k) between amorphous and crystalline states are directly extracted from experimentally-derived data in numerous academic research articles, and collated into the material resource database. Due to the inaccuracies associated with our data collection methods, this data is supplemented with additional computationally-generated data, obtained through WVASE, a commercial ellipsometry analysis software package. To demonstrate the utility of PCMnet, we provide a NASA application-driven device optimization example using the optical properties of PCMs collected with our database. We anticipate the database providing great use to the PCM community and coordinated research efforts enabled by PCMnet will promote the shared repository for the selection of appropriate PCMs for tunable nanophotonic device design for a range of applications. △ Less

Submitted 28 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: 19 pages, 8 figures, 1 table

A Silicon Beam Tracker

Authors: J. H. Han, H. S. Ahn, J. B. Bae, H. J. Hyun, S. W. Jung, D. H. Kah, C. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, K. C. Kim, M. H. Lee, L. Lutz, A. Malinin, H. Park, S. Ryu, E. S. Seo, P. Walpole, J. Wu, J. H. Yoo, Y. S. Yoon, S. Y. Zinn

Abstract: When testing and calibrating particle detectors in a test beam, accurate tracking information independent of the detector being tested is extremely useful during the offline analysis of the data. A general-purpose Silicon Beam Tracker (SBT) was constructed with an active area of 32.0 x 32.0 mm2 to provide this capability for the beam calibration of the Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM) calori… ▽ More When testing and calibrating particle detectors in a test beam, accurate tracking information independent of the detector being tested is extremely useful during the offline analysis of the data. A general-purpose Silicon Beam Tracker (SBT) was constructed with an active area of 32.0 x 32.0 mm2 to provide this capability for the beam calibration of the Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM) calorimeter. The tracker consists of two modules, each comprised of two orthogonal layers of 380 μm thick silicon strip sensors. In one module each layer is a 64-channel AC-coupled single-sided silicon strip detector (SSD) with a 0.5 mm pitch. In the other, each layer is a 32-channel DC-coupled single-sided SSD with a 1.0 mm pitch. The signals from the 4 layers are read out using modified CREAM hodoscope front-end electronics with a USB 2.0 interface board to a Linux DAQ PC. In this paper, we present the construction of the SBT, along with its performance in radioactive source tests and in a CERN beam test in October 2006. △ Less

Submitted 23 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Comments: 4 pages, 10 figures, 1 table, SORMA WEST 2008 poster #204

Lowering the energy threshold in COSINE-100 dark matter searches

Authors: G. Adhikari, E. Barbosa de Souza, N. Carlin, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, M. Djamal, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. Franca, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, E. J. Jeon, J. H. Jo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, H. Kim, H. J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Ko, E. K. Lee, H. S. Lee, J. Lee, J. Y. Lee , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: COSINE-100 is a dark matter detection experiment that uses NaI(Tl) crystal detectors operating at the Yangyang underground laboratory in Korea since September 2016. Its main goal is to test the annual modulation observed by the DAMA/LIBRA experiment with the same target medium. Recently DAMA/LIBRA has released data with an energy threshold lowered to 1 keV, and the persistent annual modulation beh… ▽ More COSINE-100 is a dark matter detection experiment that uses NaI(Tl) crystal detectors operating at the Yangyang underground laboratory in Korea since September 2016. Its main goal is to test the annual modulation observed by the DAMA/LIBRA experiment with the same target medium. Recently DAMA/LIBRA has released data with an energy threshold lowered to 1 keV, and the persistent annual modulation behavior is still observed at 9.5$σ$. By lowering the energy threshold for electron recoils to 1 keV, COSINE-100 annual modulation results can be compared to those of DAMA/LIBRA in a model-independent way. Additionally, the event selection methods provide an access to a few to sub-GeV dark matter particles using constant rate studies. In this article, we discuss the COSINE-100 event selection algorithm, its validation, and efficiencies near the threshold. △ Less

Submitted 21 March, 2021; v1 submitted 28 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Measurement of the cosmic muon annual and diurnal flux variation with the COSINE-100 detector

Authors: COSINE-100 Collaboration, :, H. Prihtiadi, G. Adhikari, E. Barbosa de Souza, N. Carlin, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, M. Djamal, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. França, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, E. J. Jeon, J. H. Jo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, H. Kim, H. J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Ko, E. K. Lee , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report measurements of annual and diurnal modulations of the cosmic-ray muon rate in the Yangyang underground laboratory (Y2L) using 952 days of COSINE-100 data acquired between September 2016 and July 2019. A correlation of the muon rate with the atmospheric temperature is observed and its amplitude on the muon rate is determined. The effective atmospheric temperature and muon rate variations… ▽ More We report measurements of annual and diurnal modulations of the cosmic-ray muon rate in the Yangyang underground laboratory (Y2L) using 952 days of COSINE-100 data acquired between September 2016 and July 2019. A correlation of the muon rate with the atmospheric temperature is observed and its amplitude on the muon rate is determined. The effective atmospheric temperature and muon rate variations are positively correlated with a measured effective temperature coefficient of $α_{T}$ = 0.80 $\pm$ 0.11. This result is consistent with a model of meson production in the atmosphere. We also searched for a diurnal modulation in the underground muon rate by comparing one-hour intervals. No significant diurnal modulation of the muon rate was observed. △ Less

Submitted 28 May, 2020; v1 submitted 27 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 12 pages, 9 figures

Growth and development of pure Li2MoO4 crystals for rare event experiment at CUP

Authors: J. K. Son, J. S. Choe, O. Gileva, I. S. Hahn, W. G. Kang, D. Y. Kim, G. W. Kim, H. J. Kim, Y. D. Kim, C. H. Lee, E. K. Lee, M. H. Lee, D. S. Leonard, H. K. Park, S. Y. Park, S. J. Ra, K. A. Shin

Abstract: The Center for Underground Physics (CUP) of the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) is searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay (0ν\b{eta}\b{eta}) of 100Mo in the molybdate crystals of the AMoRE experiment. The experiment requires pure scintillation crystals to minimize internal backgrounds that can affect the 0ν\b{eta}\b{eta} signal. For the last few years, we have been growing and studying… ▽ More The Center for Underground Physics (CUP) of the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) is searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay (0ν\b{eta}\b{eta}) of 100Mo in the molybdate crystals of the AMoRE experiment. The experiment requires pure scintillation crystals to minimize internal backgrounds that can affect the 0ν\b{eta}\b{eta} signal. For the last few years, we have been growing and studying Li2MoO4 crystals in a clean-environment facility to minimize external contamination during the crystal growth. Before growing Li2100MoO4 crystal, we have studied Li2natMoO4 crystal growth by a conventional Czochralski (CZ) grower. We grew a few different kinds of Li2natMO4 crystals using different raw materials in a campaign to minimize impurities. We prepared the fused Al2O3 refractories for the growth of ingots. Purities of the grown crystals were measured with high purity germanium detectors and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results show that the Li2MoO4 crystal has purity levels suitable for rare-event experiments. In this study, we present the growth of Li2MoO4 crystals at CUP and their purities. △ Less

Submitted 14 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 10 pages, 3 figures, INSTR'20 conference (Novosibirsk, Feb. 24-28, 2020)

Journal ref: JINST 15 C07035 (2020)

Purification and recovery of 100MoO3 in crystal production for AMoRE experiment

Authors: O. Gileva, J. S. Choe, H. J. Kim, Y. D. Kim, M. H. Lee, H. K. Park, K. A. Shin

Abstract: The AMoRE collaboration searches for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of 100Mo with ultra-radiopure molybdate crystals operated as low-temperature scintillating bolometers. For such a rare event search experiment, the techniques for investigating and reducing radioactive background contaminants in detector materials are extremely crucial. This paper discusses techniques for deep purification of… ▽ More The AMoRE collaboration searches for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of 100Mo with ultra-radiopure molybdate crystals operated as low-temperature scintillating bolometers. For such a rare event search experiment, the techniques for investigating and reducing radioactive background contaminants in detector materials are extremely crucial. This paper discusses techniques for deep purification of enriched molybdenum for growing the crystals and the recovery of 100MoO3 from the residual melt left after growing lithium molybdate crystals. The purities of enriched molybdenum trioxide powders before and after the purification and that of the recovered powder were tested with ICP-MS; results of these tests are presented. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 7 pages, 2 tables, proceeding of the INSTR20 conference in JINST

Journal ref: JINST 15 C07032 (2020)

Performance of the ISS-CREAM calorimeter in a calibration beam test

Authors: H. G. Zhang, D. Angelaszek, M. Copley, J. H. Han, H. G. Huh, Y. S. Hwang, H. J. Hyun, J. A. Jeon, K. C. Kim, M. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, K. Kwashnak, H. Y. Lee, J. Lee, M. H. Lee, J. Lundquist, L. Lutz, A. Malinin, H. Park, J. M. Park, N. Picot-Clemente, E. S. Seo, J. Smith, J. Wu, Z. Y. Yin , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass experiment for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM) was installed on the ISS to measure high-energy cosmic-ray elemental spectra for the charge range $\rm Z=1$ to 26. The ISS-CREAM instrument includes a tungsten scintillating-fiber calorimeter preceded by a carbon target for energy measurements. The carbon target induces hadronic interactions, and showers… ▽ More The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass experiment for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM) was installed on the ISS to measure high-energy cosmic-ray elemental spectra for the charge range $\rm Z=1$ to 26. The ISS-CREAM instrument includes a tungsten scintillating-fiber calorimeter preceded by a carbon target for energy measurements. The carbon target induces hadronic interactions, and showers of secondary particles develop in the calorimeter. The energy deposition in the calorimeter is proportional to the particle energy. As a predecessor to ISS-CREAM, the balloon-borne CREAM instrument was successfully flown seven times over Antarctica for a cumulative exposure of 191 days. The CREAM calorimeter demonstrated its capability to measure energies of cosmic-ray particles, and the ISS-CREAM calorimeter is expected to have a similar performance. Before the launch, an engineering-unit calorimeter was shipped to CERN for calibration and performance tests. This beam test included position, energy, and angle scans of electron and pion beams together with a high-voltage scan for calibration and characterization. Additionally, an attenuation effect in the scintillating fibers was studied. In this paper, beam test results, including corrections for the attenuation effect, are presented. △ Less

Submitted 9 June, 2021; v1 submitted 21 April, 2020; originally announced April 2020.

Comments: 23 pages, 18 figures

The COSINE-100 Liquid Scintillator Veto System

Authors: G. Adhikari, E. Barbosa de Souza, N. Carlin, J. J. Choi, S. Choi, M. Djamal, A. C. Ezeribe, L. E. Franca, C. Ha, I. S. Hahn, E. J. Jeon, J. H. Jo, W. G. Kang, M. Kauer, H. Kim, H. J. Kim, K. W. Kim, S. K. Kim, Y. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Ko, E. K. Lee, H. S. Lee, J. Lee, J. Y. Lee , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper describes the liquid scintillator veto system for the COSINE-100 dark matter experiment and its performance. The COSINE-100 detector consists of eight NaI(Tl) crystals immersed in 2200~L of linear alkylbenzene-based liquid scintillator. The liquid scintillator tags between 65 and 75\% of the internal $^{40}$K background in the 2--6 keV energy region. We also describe the background mode… ▽ More This paper describes the liquid scintillator veto system for the COSINE-100 dark matter experiment and its performance. The COSINE-100 detector consists of eight NaI(Tl) crystals immersed in 2200~L of linear alkylbenzene-based liquid scintillator. The liquid scintillator tags between 65 and 75\% of the internal $^{40}$K background in the 2--6 keV energy region. We also describe the background model for the liquid scintillator, which is primarily used to assess its energy calibration and threshold. △ Less

Submitted 14 May, 2021; v1 submitted 5 April, 2020; originally announced April 2020.

Journal ref: Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 1006, 165431 (2021)

Tunable mid-wave infrared Fabry-Perot bandpass filters using phase-change GeSbTe

Authors: Calum Williams, Nina Hong, Matthew Julian, Stephen Borg, Hyun Jung Kim

Abstract: We demonstrate spectrally-tunable Fabry-Perot bandpass filters operating across the MWIR by utilizing the phase-change material GeSbTe (GST) as a tunable cavity medium between two (Ge:Si) distributed Bragg reflectors. The induced refractive index modulation of GST increases the cavity's optical path length, red-shifting the passband. Our filters have spectral-tunability of ~300 nm, transmission ef… ▽ More We demonstrate spectrally-tunable Fabry-Perot bandpass filters operating across the MWIR by utilizing the phase-change material GeSbTe (GST) as a tunable cavity medium between two (Ge:Si) distributed Bragg reflectors. The induced refractive index modulation of GST increases the cavity's optical path length, red-shifting the passband. Our filters have spectral-tunability of ~300 nm, transmission efficiencies of 60-75% and narrowband FWHMs of 50-65 nm (Q-factor ~70-90). We further show multispectral thermal imaging and gas sensing. By matching the filter's initial passband to a CO$_{2}$ vibrational-absorption mode (~4.25 $μ$m), tunable atmospheric CO$_{2}$ sensing and dynamic plume visualization of added CO$_{2}$ is realized. △ Less

Submitted 14 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: Optics Express 28 (7), 10583-10594 (2020)

All-optical continuous tuning of phase-change plasmonic metasurfaces for multispectral thermal imaging

Authors: Matthew N. Julian, Calum Williams, Stephen Borg, Scott Bartram, Hyun Jung Kim

Abstract: Actively tunable, narrowband spectral filtering across arbitrary optical wavebands is highly desirable in a plethora of applications, from chemical sensing, hyperspectral imaging to infrared astronomy. Yet, the ability to actively reconfigure the optical properties of a solid-state narrowband filter remains elusive. Existing solutions require either moving parts, have slow response times or provid… ▽ More Actively tunable, narrowband spectral filtering across arbitrary optical wavebands is highly desirable in a plethora of applications, from chemical sensing, hyperspectral imaging to infrared astronomy. Yet, the ability to actively reconfigure the optical properties of a solid-state narrowband filter remains elusive. Existing solutions require either moving parts, have slow response times or provide limited spectral coverage. Here, we demonstrate a continuously tunable, spectrally-agnostic, all-solid-state, narrowband phase-change metasurface filter based on a GeSbTe (GST)-embedded plasmonic nanohole array. The passband of the presented tunable filter is ~74 nm with ~70% transmittance and operates across 3 - 5 $μ$m; the thermal imaging waveband. Continuous, reconfigurable tuning is achieved by exploiting intermediate GST phases via optical switching with a single nanosecond laser pulse and material stability is verified through multiple switching cycles. We further demonstrate multispectral thermal imaging in the mid-wave infrared using our phase-change metasurfaces. Our results pave the way for highly functional, reduced power, compact hyperspectral imaging systems and optical filters. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

Comments: Main text: 19 pages, 5 Figures, Supplementary: 10 pages, 9 Figures

Journal ref: Optica 7 (7), 746-754 (2020)

Physics driven reduced order model for real time blood flow simulations

Authors: Sethuraman Sankaran, David Lesage, Rhea Tombropoulos, Nan Xiao, Hyun Jin Kim, David Spain, Michiel Schaap, Charles A. Taylor

Abstract: Predictive modeling of blood flow and pressure have numerous applications ranging from non-invasive assessment of functional significance of disease to planning invasive procedures. While several such predictive modeling techniques have been proposed, their use in the clinic has been limited due in part to the significant time required to perform virtual interventions and compute the resultant cha… ▽ More Predictive modeling of blood flow and pressure have numerous applications ranging from non-invasive assessment of functional significance of disease to planning invasive procedures. While several such predictive modeling techniques have been proposed, their use in the clinic has been limited due in part to the significant time required to perform virtual interventions and compute the resultant changes in hemodynamic conditions. We propose a fast hemodynamic assessment method based on first constructing an exploration space of geometries, tailored to each patient, and subsequently building a physics driven reduced order model in this space. We demonstrate that this method can predict fractional flow reserve derived from coronary computed tomography angiography in response to changes to a patient-specific lumen geometry in real time while achieving high accuracy when compared to computational fluid dynamics simulations. We validated this method on over 1300 patients that received a coronary CT scan and demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.98 with an error of 0.005 +- 0.015 (95% confidence interval: (-0.020, 0.031)) as compared to three-dimensional blood flow calculations. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019.

EUDAQ $-$ A Data Acquisition Software Framework for Common Beam Telescopes

Authors: P. Ahlburg, S. Arfaoui, J. -H. Arling, H. Augustin, D. Barney, M. Benoit, T. Bisanz, E. Corrin, D. Cussans, D. Dannheim, J. Dreyling-Eschweiler, T. Eichhorn, A. Fiergolski, I. -M. Gregor, J. Grosse-Knetter, D. Haas, L. Huth, A. Irles, H. Jansen, J. Janssen, M. Keil, J. S. Keller, M. Kiehn, H. J. Kim, J. Kroll , et al. (32 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: EUDAQ is a generic data acquisition software developed for use in conjunction with common beam telescopes at charged particle beam lines. Providing high-precision reference tracks for performance studies of new sensors, beam telescopes are essential for the research and development towards future detectors for high-energy physics. As beam time is a highly limited resource, EUDAQ has been designed… ▽ More EUDAQ is a generic data acquisition software developed for use in conjunction with common beam telescopes at charged particle beam lines. Providing high-precision reference tracks for performance studies of new sensors, beam telescopes are essential for the research and development towards future detectors for high-energy physics. As beam time is a highly limited resource, EUDAQ has been designed with reliability and ease-of-use in mind. It enables flexible integration of different independent devices under test via their specific data acquisition systems into a top-level framework. EUDAQ controls all components globally, handles the data flow centrally and synchronises and records the data streams. Over the past decade, EUDAQ has been deployed as part of a wide range of successful test beam campaigns and detector development applications. △ Less

Submitted 18 November, 2019; v1 submitted 30 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019.

Comments: 32 pages, 11 figures