Showing 1–50 of 79 results for author: Bai, Z

Transverse coupled-bunch instabilities driven by high-order modes near the coupling resonance

Authors: You Sun, Weiwei Li, Tianlong He, Penghui Yang, Xiaoyu Liu, Zhenghe Bai

Abstract: Betatron coupling near the difference resonance has been explored and adopted in several fourth-generation storage rings, yet its influence on high-order-mode-driven transverse coupled-bunch instabilities has not been systematically established. Using the Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) as an example, we investigate this effect through theoretical analysis and macroparticle tracking simulatio… ▽ More Betatron coupling near the difference resonance has been explored and adopted in several fourth-generation storage rings, yet its influence on high-order-mode-driven transverse coupled-bunch instabilities has not been systematically established. Using the Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) as an example, we investigate this effect through theoretical analysis and macroparticle tracking simulations. The theoretical predictions agree well with macroparticle tracking simulations in both the weak- and strong-instability regimes, validating the description over the parameter ranges considered. For the vertical HOMs studied with HALF parameters, suitable betatron coupling effectively suppresses the instability, offering potential benefits for transverse stability control. △ Less

Submitted 3 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Many-Body Physics with Rydberg Atoms: Quantum Simulation and Non-equilibrium Dynamics

Authors: Zhengyang Bai, Cheng Chen, Fan Yang, Weibin Li

Abstract: Rydberg atoms, characterized by their strong and long-range dipole-dipole interactions, provide a versatile platform for exploring intriguing collective and many-body effects. Recently, the experimental realization of these effects in dense ensembles and reconfigurable atomic arrays has attracted significant interest, particularly for applications in quantum simulations and non-equilibrium physics… ▽ More Rydberg atoms, characterized by their strong and long-range dipole-dipole interactions, provide a versatile platform for exploring intriguing collective and many-body effects. Recently, the experimental realization of these effects in dense ensembles and reconfigurable atomic arrays has attracted significant interest, particularly for applications in quantum simulations and non-equilibrium physics. This review focuses on such recent development, discussing the theoretical foundations of the interactions between Rydberg atoms and the ensuing many-body physics, while providing a critical survey of experimental techniques for their precise manipulation and observation. We further discuss recent breakthroughs in leveraging Rydberg collective effects to probe novel many-body phases and non-equilibrium dynamics of these systems. By synthesizing theoretical insights with experimental milestones, we provide a comprehensive perspective on this rapidly evolving field and its transformative potential for future quantum technologies. △ Less

Submitted 12 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2402.13657 by other authors

Particle swarm optimization fitting of long-range wake potentials for trapped-mode parameter characterization in the HALF storage ring

Authors: Haiyan Yao, Tianlong He, Xiaoyu Liu, Weiwei Li, Zhenghe Bai

Abstract: Accurate extraction of trapped-mode impedance parameters of complex storage ring components is essential for assessing their impact on coupled-bunch instabilities. This paper proposes a parameter extraction method based on particle swarm optimization. By constructing a multi-resonator fitting model, trapped-mode parameters are extracted from partially decayed long-range wake potentials. Benchmark… ▽ More Accurate extraction of trapped-mode impedance parameters of complex storage ring components is essential for assessing their impact on coupled-bunch instabilities. This paper proposes a parameter extraction method based on particle swarm optimization. By constructing a multi-resonator fitting model, trapped-mode parameters are extracted from partially decayed long-range wake potentials. Benchmark validation using a cylindrical pillbox cavity demonstrates that the proposed method yields results consistent with those obtained from the CST eigenmode solver and the existing differential evolution method for both longitudinal and transverse cases, while significantly reducing the computational cost. The method is further applied to three critical components of the Hefei Advanced Light Facility storage ring, demonstrating its applicability to complex structures. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Vacuum-Triggered Instability in Paired Superradiance

Authors: Zhan Bai, Ningqiang Song, Min Chen, Xiangyan An, Baifei Shen, Liangliang Ji, Ruxin Li

Abstract: Paired superradiance (PSR) is a macro-coherent two-photon process capable of very large gain, making it promising for detecting ultra-weak signals induced by neutrinos or dark matter. A major goal has been to increase the system volume $V$ and density $n$, since the signal intensity scales as $(nV)^2$. We recast finite PSR as a parametric amplifier driven by the electromagnetic vacuum. The usual z… ▽ More Paired superradiance (PSR) is a macro-coherent two-photon process capable of very large gain, making it promising for detecting ultra-weak signals induced by neutrinos or dark matter. A major goal has been to increase the system volume $V$ and density $n$, since the signal intensity scales as $(nV)^2$. We recast finite PSR as a parametric amplifier driven by the electromagnetic vacuum. The usual zero-field semiclassical initial condition is replaced by vacuum inputs fixed by the quantum two-point function. Combining this formulation with Maxwell--Bloch evolution and finite-length stability analysis, we find that PSR produces an irreducible vacuum background that can develop into macroscopic bursts once the gain-length product exceeds \(ΓL=π/2\) for a sufficient coherence time. These results, together with a closed-form formula for estimating the vacuum-seeded photon yield, establish a previously overlooked constraint for high-gain PSR, with direct implications for proposed neutrino and dark-matter studies. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Discrete Cavity Dynamics in Free-Space Brillouin Laser

Authors: Jiabao Peng, Longjie Zhang, Zhenxu Bai, Stephan Fritzsche, Zhiwei Lu

Abstract: Highly coherent lasers are central to modern photonics. To date, high-coherence operation has been achieved predominantly in microcavity and fiber-based platforms. More recently, free-space Brillouin-laser experiments have revealed unusually strong noise suppression whose physical origin cannot be explained by conventional continuous-medium models developed for those platforms. In conventional con… ▽ More Highly coherent lasers are central to modern photonics. To date, high-coherence operation has been achieved predominantly in microcavity and fiber-based platforms. More recently, free-space Brillouin-laser experiments have revealed unusually strong noise suppression whose physical origin cannot be explained by conventional continuous-medium models developed for those platforms. In conventional continuous-medium models, the optical and acoustic fields are assumed to remain continuously coupled throughout the cavity evolution, whereas in free-space implementations the coupling is confined to the nonlinear medium and interrupted by passive propagation over the rest of the round trip. To describe this interaction-propagation separation, we develop a discrete-cavity model in which the short Brillouin interaction inside the gain medium and the subsequent free-space propagation are treated as two separate stages of the round-trip evolution. This separation introduces a temporal asymmetry between optical storage and acoustic relaxation, which effectively enhances acoustic damping at the cavity level and strongly reduces pump-noise transfer to the Stokes field. If the cavity round-trip time is much longer than the interaction time in the nonlinear medium, the noise-suppression ratio scales with the ratio of the total cavity length to the nonlinear-medium length. Our discrete-cavity model further provides quantitative predictions for the lasing threshold, output power, phase-noise transfer, and fundamental linewidth, in good agreement with experiment. These results identify the discrete interaction-propagation structure as the physical origin of the unusually strong noise suppression in free-space Brillouin lasers systems. △ Less

Submitted 30 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures, 1 table

Convexity of the longitudinal variation of third-order resonance driving terms and its application in dynamic aperture optimization

Authors: Wanbin Li, Zihan Wang, Yuejing Huang, Bingfeng Wei, Zhenghe Bai

Abstract: The optimization of the dynamic aperture (DA) of a storage ring is typically a non-convex problem with multiple local optima. Recent studies showed that reducing the variation of resonance driving terms (RDTs) along the longitudinal position improves DA very effectively, as the reduction in the longitudinal variation of lower-order RDTs suppresses higher-order nonlinear terms. Therefore, minimizin… ▽ More The optimization of the dynamic aperture (DA) of a storage ring is typically a non-convex problem with multiple local optima. Recent studies showed that reducing the variation of resonance driving terms (RDTs) along the longitudinal position improves DA very effectively, as the reduction in the longitudinal variation of lower-order RDTs suppresses higher-order nonlinear terms. Therefore, minimizing the longitudinal variation of third-order RDTs is crucial for DA optimization. In this paper, we prove that the longitudinal variation of third-order RDTs, quantified using their RMS value $f_{3,\mathrm{rms}}$ at sextupole locations, is a special convex function. In the space of sextupole strengths, the iso-surfaces of $f_{3,\mathrm{rms}}$ are a series of concentric and coaxial ellipsoidal surfaces, with the central position possessing minimum $f_{3,\mathrm{rms}}$. The scanning results of a storage ring lattice show a strong consistency between the distributions of $f_{3,\mathrm{rms}}$ and DA, indicating that the optimization of DA can be regarded as a roughly approximate convex optimization problem. Based on this, a fast DA optimization method based on particle tracking is developed, where a high-quality initial population for an intelligent algorithm is generated with a Gaussian distribution based on the geometric structure of $f_{3,\mathrm{rms}}$. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 10 pages, 12 figures

Low-dimensional geometry learning for turbulence prediction in optimized stellarators

Authors: Xishuo Wei, Handi Huang, Haotian Chen, Hongxuan Zhu, Zhe Bai, Samuel Williams, Zhihong Lin

Abstract: The optimized stellarator is an attractive concept for which the averaged particle radial drift is zero, and the single particle loss can be significantly reduced. But for the reactor design, global physics such as turbulent transport also need to be optimized besides the confined single particle orbit, or properties estimated using local estimations and heuristic formulations. The first-principle… ▽ More The optimized stellarator is an attractive concept for which the averaged particle radial drift is zero, and the single particle loss can be significantly reduced. But for the reactor design, global physics such as turbulent transport also need to be optimized besides the confined single particle orbit, or properties estimated using local estimations and heuristic formulations. The first-principle global transport code is too computationally expensive to integrate into the optimization process. The fast surrogate global transport model based on machine learning is a good alternative choice, but the amount of data required to train the surrogate model is numerous due to the high degree-of-freedom of the stellarator design. The work shows that the stellarator design with quasi-helically(QH) symmetric geometry is approximately distributed in a low dimensional latent space, which can be explicitly found by deep learning. This discovery makes it possible to generate global gyrokinetic simulation data for training surrogate models to directly optimize the stellarator geometry for turbulent transport, energetic particle instability, and MHD modes. Using the low dimensional latent space and data analysis methods, the relation between linear zonal residues and axis-excursion is found, providing a simple guide to optimize low turbulent transport QH stellarators. △ Less

Submitted 4 May, 2026; v1 submitted 18 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Enhanced Microwave Sensing with Dissipative Continuous Time Crystals

Authors: Yunlong Xue, Zhengyang Bai, Yu-Qiang Ma

Abstract: A dissipative time crystal is an emergent phase in driven-dissipative quantum many-body systems, characterized by sustained oscillations that break time-translation symmetry spontaneously. Here, we explore nonequilibrium phase transitions in a dissipative Rydberg system driven by a microwave (MW) field and demonstrate their critical sensitivity to high-precision MW sensing. Distinct dynamical regi… ▽ More A dissipative time crystal is an emergent phase in driven-dissipative quantum many-body systems, characterized by sustained oscillations that break time-translation symmetry spontaneously. Here, we explore nonequilibrium phase transitions in a dissipative Rydberg system driven by a microwave (MW) field and demonstrate their critical sensitivity to high-precision MW sensing. Distinct dynamical regimes are identified, including monostable, bistable, and oscillatory phases under mean-field coupling. Unlike single-particle detection--where the beating signal decays linearly with MW field strength--the time crystalline phase exhibits high sensitivity to MW perturbations, with rapid, discontinuous frequency switching near the monostable-oscillatory boundary. The abrupt transition is rooted in spontaneous symmetry breaking in time and is fundamentally insensitive to the background noise. On this basis, a minimum detectable MW field strength on the order of 1nV/cm is achieved by leveraging this sensitivity. Our results establish a framework for controlling time crystalline phases with external fields and advance MW sensing through many-body effects. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Non-reciprocal Synchronization in Thermal Rydberg Ensembles

Authors: Yunlong Xue, Zhengyang Bai

Abstract: Optical non-reciprocity is a fundamental phenomenon in photonics. It is crucial for developing devices that rely on directional signal control, such as optical isolators and circulators. However, most research in this field has focused on systems in equilibrium or steady states. In this work, we demonstrate a room-temperature Rydberg atomic platform where the unidirectional propagation of light ac… ▽ More Optical non-reciprocity is a fundamental phenomenon in photonics. It is crucial for developing devices that rely on directional signal control, such as optical isolators and circulators. However, most research in this field has focused on systems in equilibrium or steady states. In this work, we demonstrate a room-temperature Rydberg atomic platform where the unidirectional propagation of light acts as a switch to mediate time-crystalline-like collective oscillations through atomic synchronization. We find that thermal-motion-induced coupling asymmetry, enabled by counterpropagating probe and control fields, generates persistent oscillations; conversely, co-propagation quenches this effect. We identify, through both numerical and analytical approaches, the criteria for realizing optical non-reciprocity within a synchronization regime. These results provide key insights for chiral quantum optics and promote the on-chip integration of non-reciprocal devices in nonequilibrium many-body systems. △ Less

Submitted 3 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Arbitrary Instantaneous Bandwidth Microwave Receiver via Scalable Rydberg Vapor Cell Array with Stark Comb

Authors: Yuechun Jiao, Yuwen Yin, Yunhui He, Jinlian Hu, Cheng Lu, Jingxu Bai, Zhengyang Bai, Weibin Li, Suotang Jia, Jianming Zhao

Abstract: Rydberg atoms have great potential for microwave (MW) measurements due to their high sensitivity, broad carrier bandwidth, and traceability. However, the narrow instantaneous bandwidth of the MW receiver limits its applications. Improving the instantaneous bandwidth of the receiver is an ongoing challenge. Here, we report on the achievement of an arbitrary instantaneous bandwidth MW receiver via a… ▽ More Rydberg atoms have great potential for microwave (MW) measurements due to their high sensitivity, broad carrier bandwidth, and traceability. However, the narrow instantaneous bandwidth of the MW receiver limits its applications. Improving the instantaneous bandwidth of the receiver is an ongoing challenge. Here, we report on the achievement of an arbitrary instantaneous bandwidth MW receiver via a linear array of scalable Rydberg vapor cells with Stark comb, where the Stark comb consists of an MW frequency comb (MFC) and a position-dependent Stark field. In the presence of the Stark field, the resonance MW transition frequency between two Rydberg states is position dependent, so that we can make each MFC line act as a local oscillator (LO) field to resonantly couple one Rydberg cell. Thus, each cell receives part of a broadband MW signal within its instantaneous bandwidth using atomic heterodyne detection, achieving the measurements of the broadband MW signal simultaneously. In our proof-of-principle experiment, we demonstrate the MW receiver with 210~MHz instantaneous bandwidth using an MFC field with 21 lines. Meanwhile, we achieve an overall sensitivity of 326.6~nVcm$^{-1}$Hz$^{-1/2}$. In principle, the method allows for achieving an arbitrary instantaneous bandwidth of the receiver, provided we have enough MFC lines with enough power. Our work paves the way to design and develop a scalable MW receiver for applications in radar, communication, and spectrum monitoring. △ Less

Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures

A high-lying isomer in ^{92}Zr with lifetime modulated by the atomic charge states: a proposed approach for a nuclear gamma-ray laser

Authors: C. X. Jia, S. Guo, B. Ding, X. H. Zhou, C. X. Yuan, W. Hua J. G. Wang, S. W. Xu, C. M. Petrache, E. A. Lawrie, Y. B. Wu, Y. D. Fang, Y. H. Qiang, Y. Y. Yang, J. B. Ma, J. L. Chen, H. X. Chen, F. Fang, Y. H. Yu, B. F. Lv, F. F. Zeng, Q. B. Zeng, H. Huang, Z. H. Jia, W. Liang, W. Q. Zhang , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The nuclides ^{92}Zr are produced and transported by using a radioactive beam line to a lowbackground detection station. After a flight time of about 1.14 μs, the ions are implanted into a carbon foil, and four γ rays deexciting the 8+ state in ^{92}Zr are observed in coincidence with the implantation signals within a few nanoseconds. We conjecture that there exists an isomer located slightly abov… ▽ More The nuclides ^{92}Zr are produced and transported by using a radioactive beam line to a lowbackground detection station. After a flight time of about 1.14 μs, the ions are implanted into a carbon foil, and four γ rays deexciting the 8+ state in ^{92}Zr are observed in coincidence with the implantation signals within a few nanoseconds. We conjecture that there exists an isomer located slightly above the 8^{+} state in ^{92}Zr. The isomeric lifetime in highly charged states is extended significantly due to the blocking of internal conversion decay channels, enabling its survival over the transportation. During the slowing-down process in the carbon foil, the ^{92}Zr ions capture electron and evolve toward neutral atoms, and consequently the lifetime is restored to a normal short value. Such a high-lying isomer depopulated by a low-energy transition may provide unique opportunity to develop nuclear γ laser. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Mixed Precision Photonic Computing with 3D Electronic-Photonic Integrated Circuits

Authors: Georgios Charalampous, Rui Chen, Mehmet Berkay On, Aslan Nasirov, Chun-Yi Cheng, Mahmoud AbdelGhany, Arka Majumdar, Ji Wang, Jennifer A. Black, Rajkumar Chinnakonda Kubendran, Caglar Oskay, Zhaojun Bai, Sam Palermo, Scott B. Papp, S. J. Ben Yoo

Abstract: We propose advancing photonic in-memory computing through three-dimensional photonic-electronic integrated circuits using phase-change materials (PCM) and AlGaAs-CMOS technology. These circuits offer high precision (greater than 12 bits), scalability (greater than 1024 by 1024), and massive parallelism (greater than 1 million operations) across the wavelength, spatial, and temporal domains at ultr… ▽ More We propose advancing photonic in-memory computing through three-dimensional photonic-electronic integrated circuits using phase-change materials (PCM) and AlGaAs-CMOS technology. These circuits offer high precision (greater than 12 bits), scalability (greater than 1024 by 1024), and massive parallelism (greater than 1 million operations) across the wavelength, spatial, and temporal domains at ultra-low power (less than 1 watt per PetaOPS). Monolithically integrated hybrid PCM-AlGaAs memory resonators handle coarse-precision iterations (greater than 5-bit most significant bit precision) through reversible PCM phase transitions. Electro-optic memristive tuning enables fine-precision updates (greater than 8-bit least significant bit precision), resulting in over 12-bit precision for in-memory computing. The use of low-loss PCM (less than 0.01 dB per cm) and electro-optical tuning yields memristive optical resonators with high Q-factors (greater than 1 million), low insertion loss, and low tuning power. A W by W photonic tensor core composed of PCM-AlGaAs memresonators performs general matrix multiplication (GEMM) across W wavelengths from optical frequency combs, with minimal crosstalk and loss. Hierarchical scaling in the wavelength domain (K) and spatial domain (L) enables this system to address high-dimensional (N) scientific partial differential equation (PDE) problems in a single constant-time operation, compared to the conventional quadratic-time (N squared) computational complexity. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

An Optimization Framework for Wide-Field Small Aperture Telescope Arrays Used in Sky Surveys

Authors: Wennan Xiang, Peng Jia, Zhengyang Li, Jifeng Liu, Zhenyu Ying, Zeyu Bai

Abstract: For time-domain astronomy, it is crucial to frequently image celestial objects at specific depths within a predetermined cadence. To fulfill these scientific demands, scientists globally have started or planned the development of non-interferometric telescope arrays in recent years. Due to the numerous parameters involved in configuring these arrays, there is a need for an automated optimization f… ▽ More For time-domain astronomy, it is crucial to frequently image celestial objects at specific depths within a predetermined cadence. To fulfill these scientific demands, scientists globally have started or planned the development of non-interferometric telescope arrays in recent years. Due to the numerous parameters involved in configuring these arrays, there is a need for an automated optimization framework that selects parameter sets to satisfy scientific needs while minimizing costs. In this paper, we introduce such a framework, which integrates optical design software, an exposure time calculator, and an optimization algorithm, to balance the observation capabilities and the cost of optical telescope arrays. Neural networks are utilized to speed up results retrieval of the system with different configurations. We use the SiTian project as a case study to demonstrate the framework's effectiveness, showing that this approach can aid scientists in selecting optimal parameter sets. The code for this framework is published in the China Virtual Observatory PaperData Repository, enabling users to optimize parameters for various non-interferometric telescope array projects. △ Less

Submitted 5 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: To appear in Experimetal Astronomy

Axion generation and detection in laser-plasma wakefields

Authors: Xiangyan An, Min Chen, Jianglai Liu, Zhan Bai, Liangliang Ji, Zhengming Sheng, Jie Zhang

Abstract: The axions are compelling candidates for cold dark matter, but their extremely weak interaction with photons makes laboratory searches challenging. We show that the quasi-static electromagnetic fields of a laser-plasma wakefield, which can exceed $10^{11}$\,V/m, enable axion generation without an external production magnet and enhance the conversion rate by two orders of magnitude over a convent… ▽ More The axions are compelling candidates for cold dark matter, but their extremely weak interaction with photons makes laboratory searches challenging. We show that the quasi-static electromagnetic fields of a laser-plasma wakefield, which can exceed $10^{11}$\,V/m, enable axion generation without an external production magnet and enhance the conversion rate by two orders of magnitude over a conventional magnetic production region. Self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations reveal two complementary routes to detection. In the first route, axions are reconverted into photons within the wakefield and laser fields, eliminating the need for a separate regeneration magnet but requiring to suppress the intense laser-plasma background. The regenerated photons have polarization, harmonic-frequency, and Laguerre-Gaussian transverse-mode signatures that are largely absent from the driving fields, allowing successive filters to isolate the signal. In the second route, axions traverse a wall and undergo reconversion in a downstream magnet, providing a much lower background at the cost of requiring both the magnet and a seed pulse for coherent amplification. For axion masses below $0.1$\,meV, meter-scale wakefield guiding under our stated assumptions yields a projected coupling sensitivity down to $3.9\times10^{-12}\,\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}$, surpassing the projected constraint of next-generation laboratory searches. These results establish ultra-strong plasma wakefields as a magnet-free axion source with two experimentally distinct and complementary detection strategies. △ Less

Submitted 19 August, 2026; v1 submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Thermal resonance-enhanced transparency in room temperature Rydberg gases

Authors: Jinlian Hu, Yuechun Jiao, Yuwen Yin, Cheng Lu, Jingxu Bai, Suotang Jia, Weibin Li, Zhengyang Bai, Jianming Zhao

Abstract: We report the enhanced optical transmission in the coherent, off-resonant excitation of Rydberg atom gases at room temperature via a two-photon process. Here thermal resonance-enhanced transparency (TRET) is induced when the detuning of the two lasers is adjusted to compensate the atomic thermal-motion-induced energy shifts, i.e. single and two-photon Doppler shifts. We show that the atomic veloci… ▽ More We report the enhanced optical transmission in the coherent, off-resonant excitation of Rydberg atom gases at room temperature via a two-photon process. Here thermal resonance-enhanced transparency (TRET) is induced when the detuning of the two lasers is adjusted to compensate the atomic thermal-motion-induced energy shifts, i.e. single and two-photon Doppler shifts. We show that the atomic velocity is mapped into the transmission of the probe fields, which can be altered by independently and selectively exciting different velocity groups through sweeping the detuning. The maximal transmission in TRET is about 8 times higher than that under the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Utilizing the TRET effect, we enhance the sensitivity of a Rydberg microwave receiver to be 28.7~nVcm$^{-1}$Hz$^{-1/2}$, ultimately reaching a factor of 2.1 of the EIT case. When atoms of separate velocity groups are excited simultaneously by multiple sets of detuned lasers, the receiver sensitivity further increases, which is linearly proportional to the number of the velocity groups. Our study paves a way to exploit light-matter interaction via the TRET, and contributes to current efforts in developing quantum sensing, primary gas thermometry, and wireless communication with room-temperature atomic gases. △ Less

Submitted 20 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures

Report number: Phys. Rev. A 112, L020801 (2025)

Journal ref: Physical Review A, 2025

R&D of KLM Upgrade for Direct Measurement of Neutral Hadron Momentum via Time-of-Flight in Belle II

Authors: Xiyang Wang, Hongyu Zhang, Shiming Zou, Zibing Bai, Deqing Fang, Kairui Huang, Ziyu Liu, Yugang Ma, Weiqi Meng, Ting Wang, Xiaolong Wang, Shiqing Xie, Mingjie Yang, Junhao Yin, Mingkuan Yuan, Wanyi Zhuang

Abstract: Accurate momentum determination of a neutral hadron, such as a KL meson or a neutron, remains a significant challenge in particle physics and nuclear physics experiments. The Belle II experiment presents an opportunity to address this challenge through an upgrade incorporating Time-of-Flight (TOF) capability for its large KL and Muon Detector (KLM). We investigate the feasibility of momentum deter… ▽ More Accurate momentum determination of a neutral hadron, such as a KL meson or a neutron, remains a significant challenge in particle physics and nuclear physics experiments. The Belle II experiment presents an opportunity to address this challenge through an upgrade incorporating Time-of-Flight (TOF) capability for its large KL and Muon Detector (KLM). We investigate the feasibility of momentum determination via TOF measurement. To achieve high time resolution for the KLM upgrade, we conduct research and development of cost-effective plastic scintillators in collaboration with GaoNengKeDi Company, and technology utilizing silicon photomultipliers(SiPMs) arrays. A bulk attenuation length of 120 \pm 7 cm has been achieved with a 135 cm-long sample, along with a time resolution of 70 \pm 7 ps at its midpoint. A 50 cm-long scintillator demonstrates an exceptional time resolution of 47 \pm 2 ps. These results highlight the potential of the proposed technology for improving neutral hadron momentum measurements in an upgraded Belle II KLM detector. △ Less

Submitted 5 September, 2025; v1 submitted 8 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 10pages,7 figures

An Ultra-Fast Image Simulation Technique with Spatially Variable Point Spread Functions

Authors: Zeyu Bai, Peng Jia, Jiameng Lv, Xiang Zhang, Wennan Xiang, Lin Nie

Abstract: Simulated images are essential in algorithm development and instrument testing for optical telescopes. During real observations, images obtained by optical telescopes are affected by spatially variable point spread functions (PSFs), a crucial effect requiring accurate simulation. Traditional methods segment images into patches, convolve patches with individual PSFs, and reassemble them as a whole… ▽ More Simulated images are essential in algorithm development and instrument testing for optical telescopes. During real observations, images obtained by optical telescopes are affected by spatially variable point spread functions (PSFs), a crucial effect requiring accurate simulation. Traditional methods segment images into patches, convolve patches with individual PSFs, and reassemble them as a whole image. Although widely used, these approaches suffer from slow convolution processes and reduced image fidelity due to abrupt PSF transitions between different patches. This paper introduces a novel method for generating simulated images with spatial continuously varying PSFs. Our approach firstly decomposes original images into PSF bases derived with the principal component analysis method. The entire image is then convolved with these PSF bases to create image bases. Finally, we multiply the coefficients of image bases with these image bases for each pixels and add the multiplication results along each pixel to obtain the final simulated image. Our method could generate high-fidelity simulated images with spatially variable PSFs without boundary artifacts. The method proposed in this paper significantly improves the speed of astronomical image simulation, potentially advancing observational astronomy and instrumental development. △ Less

Submitted 14 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: To be published in the AJ. Comments are welcome

Many-body nonequilibrium dynamics in a self-induced Floquet system

Authors: Yuechun Jiao, Yu Zhang, Jingxu Bai, Suotang Jia, C. Stuart Adams, Zhengyang Bai, Heng Shen, Jianming Zhao

Abstract: Floquet systems are periodically driven systems. In this framework, the system Hamiltonian and associated spectra of interest are modified, giving rise to new quantum phases of matter and nonequilibrium dynamics without static counterparts. Here we experimentally demonstrate a self-induced Floquet system in the interacting Rydberg gas. This originates from the photoionization of thermal Rydberg ga… ▽ More Floquet systems are periodically driven systems. In this framework, the system Hamiltonian and associated spectra of interest are modified, giving rise to new quantum phases of matter and nonequilibrium dynamics without static counterparts. Here we experimentally demonstrate a self-induced Floquet system in the interacting Rydberg gas. This originates from the photoionization of thermal Rydberg gases in a static magnetic field. Importantly, by leveraging the Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency spectrum, we probe the nonequilibrium dynamics in the bistable regime and identify the emergence of a discrete time crystalline phase. Our work fills the experimental gap in the understanding the relation of multistability and dissipative discrete time crystalline phase. In this regard, it constitutes a highly controlled platform for exploring exotic nonequilibrium physics in dissipative interacting systems. △ Less

Submitted 20 November, 2024; v1 submitted 7 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 163603 (2025)

The neutron array of the compact spectrometer for heavy ion experiments in Fermi energy region

Authors: Dawei Si, Sheng Xiao, Yuhao Qin, Yijie Wang, Junhuai Xu, Baiting Tian, Boyuan Zhang, Dong Guo, Qin Zhi, Xiaobao Wei, Yibo Hao, Zengxiang Wang, Tianren Zhuo, Yuansheng Yang, Xianglun Wei, Herun Yang, Peng Ma, Limin Duan, Fangfang Duan, Junbing Ma, Shiwei Xu, Zhen Bai, Guo Yang, Yanyun Yang, Zhigang Xiao

Abstract: The emission of neutrons from heavy ion reactions is an important observable for studying the asymmetric nuclear equation of state and the reaction dynamics. A 20-unit neutron array has been developed and mounted on the compact spectrometer for heavy ion experiments (CSHINE) to measure the neutron spectra, neutron-neutron and neutron-proton correlation functions. Each unit consists of a… ▽ More The emission of neutrons from heavy ion reactions is an important observable for studying the asymmetric nuclear equation of state and the reaction dynamics. A 20-unit neutron array has been developed and mounted on the compact spectrometer for heavy ion experiments (CSHINE) to measure the neutron spectra, neutron-neutron and neutron-proton correlation functions. Each unit consists of a $\rm 15\times 15\times 15~cm^3$ plastic scintillator coupled to a $ φ=52 ~\rm mm$ photomultiplier. The Geant4 simulation with optical process is performed to investigate the time resolution and the neutron detection efficiency. The inherent time resolution of 212 ps is obtained by cosmic ray coincidence test. The n-$γ$ discrimination and time-of-flight performance are given by $\rm ^{252}Cf$ radioactive source test and beam test. The neutron energy spectra have been obtained in the angle range $30^\circ \le θ_{\rm lab} \le 51^\circ$ in the beam experiment of $^{124}$Sn+$^{124}$Sn at 25 MeV/u with CSHINE. △ Less

Submitted 20 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 8 pages, 11 figures

FTL: Transfer Learning Nonlinear Plasma Dynamic Transitions in Low Dimensional Embeddings via Deep Neural Networks

Authors: Zhe Bai, Xishuo Wei, William Tang, Leonid Oliker, Zhihong Lin, Samuel Williams

Abstract: Deep learning algorithms provide a new paradigm to study high-dimensional dynamical behaviors, such as those in fusion plasma systems. Development of novel model reduction methods, coupled with detection of abnormal modes with plasma physics, opens a unique opportunity for building efficient models to identify plasma instabilities for real-time control. Our Fusion Transfer Learning (FTL) model dem… ▽ More Deep learning algorithms provide a new paradigm to study high-dimensional dynamical behaviors, such as those in fusion plasma systems. Development of novel model reduction methods, coupled with detection of abnormal modes with plasma physics, opens a unique opportunity for building efficient models to identify plasma instabilities for real-time control. Our Fusion Transfer Learning (FTL) model demonstrates success in reconstructing nonlinear kink mode structures by learning from a limited amount of nonlinear simulation data. The knowledge transfer process leverages a pre-trained neural encoder-decoder network, initially trained on linear simulations, to effectively capture nonlinear dynamics. The low-dimensional embeddings extract the coherent structures of interest, while preserving the inherent dynamics of the complex system. Experimental results highlight FTL's capacity to capture transitional behaviors and dynamical features in plasma dynamics -- a task often challenging for conventional methods. The model developed in this study is generalizable and can be extended broadly through transfer learning to address various magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) modes. △ Less

Submitted 26 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 10 figures

MSC Class: 76W05; 68T45 ACM Class: J.2; I.2.10

Room temperature single-photon terahertz detection with thermal Rydberg atoms

Authors: Danyang Li, Zhengyang Bai, Xiaoliang Zuo, Yuelong Wu, Jiteng Sheng, Haibin Wu

Abstract: Single-photon terahertz (THz) detection is one of the most demanding technology for a variety of fields and could lead to many breakthroughs. Although its significant progress has been made in the last two decades, operating it at room temperature still remains a great challenge. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, the room temperature THz detector at single-photon levels based on nonlinear… ▽ More Single-photon terahertz (THz) detection is one of the most demanding technology for a variety of fields and could lead to many breakthroughs. Although its significant progress has been made in the last two decades, operating it at room temperature still remains a great challenge. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, the room temperature THz detector at single-photon levels based on nonlinear wave mixing in thermal Rydberg atomic vapor. The low-energy THz photons are coherently upconverted to the high-energy optical photons via a nondegenerate Rydberg state involved six-wave-mixing process, and therefore, the single-photon THz detection is achieved by a conventional optical single-photon counting module. The noise equivalent power of such a detector is reached to be 9.5*10^-19 W/Hz^1/2, which is more than four orders of magnitude lower than the state-of-the-art room temperature THz detectors. The optimum quantum efficiency of the whole wave-mixing process is about 4.3% with 40.6 dB dynamic range, and the maximum conversion bandwidth is 172 MHz, which is all-optically controllable. The developed fast and continuous-wave single-photon THz detector at room temperature operation has a great potential to be portable and chip-scale, and could be revolutionary for a wide range of applications in remote sensing, wireless communication, biomedical diagnostics, and quantum optics. △ Less

Submitted 9 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Simulation study of intra-beam scattering effect in the HALF storage ring with Piwinski model

Authors: C. W. Luo, P. H. Yang, G. W. Liu, W. W. Li, N. Hu, W. M. Li, Z. H. Bai, L. Wang

Abstract: The Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) will be a VUV and soft X-ray diffraction-limited storage ring (DLSR), and its high density of electron bunches makes the intra-beam scattering (IBS) effect very serious. In this paper, an IBS module used in the IMPACT code is developed, where the scattering process of IBS is described by the Piwinski model in Monte Carlo sampling. For benchmarking, the IMPA… ▽ More The Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) will be a VUV and soft X-ray diffraction-limited storage ring (DLSR), and its high density of electron bunches makes the intra-beam scattering (IBS) effect very serious. In this paper, an IBS module used in the IMPACT code is developed, where the scattering process of IBS is described by the Piwinski model in Monte Carlo sampling. For benchmarking, the IMPACT code with IBS module is compared with the ELEGANT code and a semi-analytic code using Bane's model. Then, the results of IBS effect in the HALF storage ring studied by this new code are presented. With various countermeasures, the IBS impact can be controlled to a certain extent, and the expected beam emittance is approximately 59 pm.rad. △ Less

Submitted 26 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 10 pages,6 figures,3 tables,Journal

Impact of short-range wakefields from radio-frequency cavity resonant modes on bunch lengthening

Authors: Tianlong He, Jincheng Xiao, Weiwei Li, Zhenghe Bai, Weimin Li

Abstract: The high-performance operation of fourth-generation synchrotron light sources critically depends on harmonic cavities (HCs) to alleviate statistical collective effects through bunch lengthening. Active HCs are preferred over passive ones for achieving theoretically optimum bunch lengthening in Timing-mode operation, which is characterized by low average current and high bunch charge. This advantag… ▽ More The high-performance operation of fourth-generation synchrotron light sources critically depends on harmonic cavities (HCs) to alleviate statistical collective effects through bunch lengthening. Active HCs are preferred over passive ones for achieving theoretically optimum bunch lengthening in Timing-mode operation, which is characterized by low average current and high bunch charge. This advantage stems from their ability to control cavity voltages via generator current. However, this study reveals a previously overlooked limitation: the detrimental impact of short-range wakefields from RF cavity resonant modes on bunch lengthening at high bunch charge. Using Hefei Advanced Light Facility parameters, we demonstrate that these wakefields can significantly degrade bunch lengthening. Further analysis with PETRA-IV parameters reveals that fine-tuning the HC voltage can optimize bunch lengthening. Notably, under specific HC settings, there exists two equilibrium bunch distributions. Our findings highlight the critical influence of RF cavity short-range wakefields on beam dynamics at high bunch charge, emphasizing their essential inclusion in the evaluation and optimization of HC performance for new-generation synchrotron light sources. △ Less

Submitted 9 February, 2025; v1 submitted 22 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Analytic formulas for the D-mode Robinson instability

Authors: Tianlong He, Weiwei Li, Zhenghe Bai, Weimin Li

Abstract: The passive superconducting harmonic cavity (PSHC) scheme is adopted by several existing and future synchrotron light source storage rings, as it has a relatively smaller R/Q and a relatively larger quality factor (Q), which can effectively reduce the beam-loading effect and suppress the mode-one instability. Based on the mode-zero Robinson instability equation of uniformly filled rigid bunches an… ▽ More The passive superconducting harmonic cavity (PSHC) scheme is adopted by several existing and future synchrotron light source storage rings, as it has a relatively smaller R/Q and a relatively larger quality factor (Q), which can effectively reduce the beam-loading effect and suppress the mode-one instability. Based on the mode-zero Robinson instability equation of uniformly filled rigid bunches and a search algorithm for minimum, we have revealed that the PSHC fundamental mode with a large loaded-Q possibly triggers the D-mode Robinson instability [T. He, et al., Mode-zero Robinson instability in the presence of passive superconducting harmonic cavities, PRAB 26, 064403 (2023)]. This D-mode Robinson instability is unique because it is anti-damped by the radiation-damping effect. In this paper, analytical formulas for the frequency and growth rate of the D-mode Robinson instability are derived with several appropriate approximations. These analytical formulas will facilitate analyzing and understanding the D-mode Robinson instability. Most importantly, useful formulas for the D-mode threshold detuning calculation have finally been found. △ Less

Submitted 22 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Self-Organized Time Crystal in Driven-Dissipative Quantum System

Authors: Ya-Xin Xiang, Qun-Li Lei, Zhengyang Bai, Yu-Qiang Ma

Abstract: Continuous time crystals (CTCs) are characterized by sustained oscillations that break the time translation symmetry. Since the ruling out of equilibrium CTCs by no-go theorems, the emergence of such dynamical phases has been observed in various driven-dissipative quantum platforms. The current understanding of CTCs is mainly based on mean-field (MF) theories, which fail to address the problem of… ▽ More Continuous time crystals (CTCs) are characterized by sustained oscillations that break the time translation symmetry. Since the ruling out of equilibrium CTCs by no-go theorems, the emergence of such dynamical phases has been observed in various driven-dissipative quantum platforms. The current understanding of CTCs is mainly based on mean-field (MF) theories, which fail to address the problem of whether the long-range time crystalline order exists in noisy, spatially extended systems without the protection of all-to-all couplings. Here, we propose a new kind of CTC realized in a quantum contact model through self-organized bistability (SOB). The exotic CTCs stem from the interplay between collective dissipation induced by the first-order absorbing phase transitions (APTs) and slow constant driving provided by an incoherent pump. The stability of such oscillatory phases in finite dimensions under the action of intrinsic quantum fluctuations is scrutinized by the functional renormalization group method and numerical simulations. Occurring at the edge of quantum synchronization, the CTC phase exhibits an inherent period and amplitude with a coherence time diverging with system size, thus also constituting a boundary time crystal (BTC). Our results serve as a solid route towards self-protected CTCs in strongly interacting open systems. △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2024; v1 submitted 15 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Terahertz scale microbunching instability driven by nonevaporable getter coating resistive-wall impedance

Authors: Weiwei Li, Tianlong He, Zhenghe Bai

Abstract: Non-evaporable getter (NEG) coating is widely required in the next generation of light sources and circular $e^+e^-$ colliders for small vacuum pipes to improve the vacuum level, which, however, also enhances the high-frequency resistive-wall impedance and often generates a resonator-like peak in the terahertz frequency region. In this paper, we will use the parameters of the planned Hefei Advance… ▽ More Non-evaporable getter (NEG) coating is widely required in the next generation of light sources and circular $e^+e^-$ colliders for small vacuum pipes to improve the vacuum level, which, however, also enhances the high-frequency resistive-wall impedance and often generates a resonator-like peak in the terahertz frequency region. In this paper, we will use the parameters of the planned Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) storage ring to study the impact of NEG coating resistive-wall impedance on the longitudinal microwave instability via particle tracking simulation. Using different NEG coating parameters (resistivity and thickness) as examples, we find that the impedance with a narrow and strong peak in the high frequency region can cause micro-bunching instability, which has a low instability threshold current and contributes to a large energy spread widening above the threshold. In order to obtain a convergent simulation of the beam dynamics, one must properly resolve such a peak. The coating with a lower resistivity has a much less sharp peak in its impedance spectrum, which is helpful to suppress the micro-bunching instability and in return contributes to a weaker microwave instability. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Sustainable early-stage lasing in a low-emittance electron storage ring

Authors: Kaishang Zhou, Renkai Li, Zhenghe Bai

Abstract: In this Letter, we report on the concept and analysis of a low-emittance electron storage ring, in which the electron beams undergo an early-stage self-amplified spontaneous emission lasing process on a turn-by-turn basis. The lasing process for each pass through a long undulator in the ring is terminated when the radiated power is still negligible compared to the total synchrotron loss of each ci… ▽ More In this Letter, we report on the concept and analysis of a low-emittance electron storage ring, in which the electron beams undergo an early-stage self-amplified spontaneous emission lasing process on a turn-by-turn basis. The lasing process for each pass through a long undulator in the ring is terminated when the radiated power is still negligible compared to the total synchrotron loss of each circulation, and the electron beams can be maintained in an equilibrium state that supports sustainable lasing. A self-consistent model is derived for evaluation of the properties of the electron beams, and a design with numerical modeling is presented that demonstrates the feasibility of generating short-wavelength radiation at the kW power level. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Complex unit lattice cell for low-emittance storage ring light source

Authors: Zhiliang Ren, Zhenghe Bai, Penghui Yang, Lin Wang, Hongliang Xu

Abstract: To achieve the true diffraction-limited emittance of a storage ring light source, such as ~10 pm.rad for medium-energy electron beams, within a limited circumference, it is generally necessary to increase the number of bending magnets in a multi-bend achromat (MBA) lattice, as in the future upgrade plan of MAX IV with a 19BA replacing the current 7BA. However, this comes with extremely strong quad… ▽ More To achieve the true diffraction-limited emittance of a storage ring light source, such as ~10 pm.rad for medium-energy electron beams, within a limited circumference, it is generally necessary to increase the number of bending magnets in a multi-bend achromat (MBA) lattice, as in the future upgrade plan of MAX IV with a 19BA replacing the current 7BA. However, this comes with extremely strong quadrupole and sextupole magnets and very limited space. The former can result in very small vacuum chambers, increasing the coupling impedance and thus enhancing the beam instabilities, and the latter can pose significant challenges in accommodating the necessary diagnostics and vacuum components. Inspired by the hybrid MBA lattice concept, in this paper we propose a new unit lattice concept called the complex unit lattice cell, which can reduce the magnet strengths and also save space. The complex unit cell is numerically studied using a simplified model. Then as an example, a 17BA lattice based on the complex unit cell concept is designed for a 3 GeV storage ring light source with a circumference of 537.6 m, which has a natural emittance of 19.3 pm.rad. This 17BA lattice is also compared with the 17BA lattice designed with conventional unit cells to showcase the benefits of the complex unit cell concept. This 17BA lattice also suggests a new type of MBA lattice, which we call the MBA lattice with semi-distributed chromatic correction. △ Less

Submitted 19 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Nucleation of Supercooled Liquid Aluminum: an First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Study Based on Orbital-Free Density Functional Theory

Authors: Zihao Bai

Abstract: Nucleation is very common physical phenomena that occur at the microscopic scale. However, due to the presence of nucleation barriers, the time scale of nucleation is usually much longer than that of microscopic particle dynamics. These characteristics make it significantly challenging to study nucleation experimentally, theoretically, or computationally. In this work, the authors explore the sign… ▽ More Nucleation is very common physical phenomena that occur at the microscopic scale. However, due to the presence of nucleation barriers, the time scale of nucleation is usually much longer than that of microscopic particle dynamics. These characteristics make it significantly challenging to study nucleation experimentally, theoretically, or computationally. In this work, the authors explore the significance and feasibility of applying first-principles calculations based on orbital-free density functional theory (OFDFT) to simulate nucleation in supercooled liquids. To analyze the performance of OFDFT in simulating nucleation in supercooled liquids, the authors employ orbital-free density functional theory molecular dynamics (OFDFT-MD) to compute the melting point of aluminum and simulate nucleation in supercooled liquid aluminum. By utilizing GlassViewer, an order parameter calculation software for nucleation problems developed by the authors, the evolution of the bond-orientational order (BOO) parameters and the mean first-passage time (MFPT) are calculated to analyze the changes of local atomic structures during the nucleation processes and the nucleation kinetics parameters of precursors. The results are then compared with those obtained using the embedded atom method (EAM) semi-empirical potential. The results indicate that OFDFT can provide relatively reliable melting points, and the predicted nucleation parameters are consistent with the results obtained using the EAM potential. This work demonstrates the feasibility of employing OFDFT for simulating nucleation in supercooled liquids, enabling the exploration of the effects of electronic structures and electromagnetic fields on nucleation processes in supercooled liquids using this first-principles approach. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2023; v1 submitted 20 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: This paper is temporarily prepared in Chinese language. 8.6 Update: The co-author shown in version 1 temporarily hides his name from the author list. His name will be shown again after our future polishment for this paper

STCF Conceptual Design Report: Volume 1 -- Physics & Detector

Authors: M. Achasov, X. C. Ai, R. Aliberti, L. P. An, Q. An, X. Z. Bai, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, A. Barnyakov, V. Blinov, V. Bobrovnikov, D. Bodrov, A. Bogomyagkov, A. Bondar, I. Boyko, Z. H. Bu, F. M. Cai, H. Cai, J. J. Cao, Q. H. Cao, Z. Cao, Q. Chang, K. T. Chao, D. Y. Chen, H. Chen , et al. (413 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Super $τ$-Charm facility (STCF) is an electron-positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics community. It is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of $0.5\times 10^{35}{\rm cm}^{-2}{\rm s}^{-1}$ or higher. The STCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that by the present $τ$-Charm factory -- the BEPCII,… ▽ More The Super $τ$-Charm facility (STCF) is an electron-positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics community. It is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of $0.5\times 10^{35}{\rm cm}^{-2}{\rm s}^{-1}$ or higher. The STCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that by the present $τ$-Charm factory -- the BEPCII, providing a unique platform for exploring the asymmetry of matter-antimatter (charge-parity violation), in-depth studies of the internal structure of hadrons and the nature of non-perturbative strong interactions, as well as searching for exotic hadrons and physics beyond the Standard Model. The STCF project in China is under development with an extensive R\&D program. This document presents the physics opportunities at the STCF, describes conceptual designs of the STCF detector system, and discusses future plans for detector R\&D and physics case studies. △ Less

Submitted 5 October, 2023; v1 submitted 28 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Journal ref: Front. Phys. 19(1), 14701 (2024)

Minimizing the fluctuation of resonance driving terms in dynamic aperture optimization

Authors: Bingfeng Wei, Zhenghe Bai, Jiajie Tan, Lin Wang, Guangyao Feng

Abstract: Dynamic aperture (DA) is an important nonlinear property of a storage ring lattice, which has a dominant effect on beam injection efficiency and beam lifetime. Generally, minimizing both resonance driving terms (RDTs) and amplitude dependent tune shifts is an essential condition for enlarging the DA. In this paper, we study the correlation between the fluctuation of RDTs along the ring and the DA… ▽ More Dynamic aperture (DA) is an important nonlinear property of a storage ring lattice, which has a dominant effect on beam injection efficiency and beam lifetime. Generally, minimizing both resonance driving terms (RDTs) and amplitude dependent tune shifts is an essential condition for enlarging the DA. In this paper, we study the correlation between the fluctuation of RDTs along the ring and the DA area with double- and multi-bend achromat lattices. It is found that minimizing the RDT fluctuations is more effective than minimizing RDTs themselves in enlarging the DA, and thus can serve as a very powerful indicator in the DA optimization. Besides, it is found that minimizing lower-order RDT fluctuations can also reduce higher-order RDTs, which are not only more computationally complicated but also more numerous. The effectiveness of controlling the RDT fluctuations in enlarging the DA confirms that the local cancellation of nonlinear effects used in some diffraction-limited storage ring lattices is more effective than the global cancellation. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Quantum PT-Phase Diagram in a Non-Hermitian Photonic Structure

Authors: Xinchen Zhang, Yun Ma, Qi Liu, Nuo Wang, Yali Jia, Qi Zhang, Zhanqiang Bai, Junxiang Zhang, Qihuang Gong, Ying Gu

Abstract: Photonic structures have an inherent advantage to realize PT-phase transition through modulating the refractive index or gain-loss. However, quantum PT properties of these photonic systems have not been comprehensively studied yet. Here, in a bi-photonic structure with loss and gain simultaneously existing, we analytically obtained the quantum PT-phase diagram under the steady state condition. To… ▽ More Photonic structures have an inherent advantage to realize PT-phase transition through modulating the refractive index or gain-loss. However, quantum PT properties of these photonic systems have not been comprehensively studied yet. Here, in a bi-photonic structure with loss and gain simultaneously existing, we analytically obtained the quantum PT-phase diagram under the steady state condition. To characterize the PT-symmetry or -broken phase, we define an Hermitian exchange operator expressing the exchange between quadrature variables of two modes. If inputting several-photon Fock states into a PT-broken bi-waveguide splitting system, most photons will concentrate in the dominant waveguide with some state distributions. Quantum PT-phase diagram paves the way to the quantum state engineering, quantum interferences, and logic operations in non-Hermitian photonic systems. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2023; v1 submitted 28 February, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures

Dephasing of ultracold cesium $80D_{5/2}$-Rydberg Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

Authors: Yuechun Jiao, Liping Hao, Jingxu Bai, Jiabei Fan, Zhengyang Bai, Weibin Li, Jianming Zhao, Suotang Jia

Abstract: We study Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of a cascade three-level atom involving 80$D_{5/2}$ state in a strong interaction regime employing a cesium ultracold cloud. In our experiment, a strong coupling laser couples 6$P_{3/2}$ to 80$D_{5/2}$ transition, while a weak probe, driving 6$S_{1/2}$ to 6$P_{3/2}$ transition, probes the coupling induced EIT signal. At the two-photon… ▽ More We study Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of a cascade three-level atom involving 80$D_{5/2}$ state in a strong interaction regime employing a cesium ultracold cloud. In our experiment, a strong coupling laser couples 6$P_{3/2}$ to 80$D_{5/2}$ transition, while a weak probe, driving 6$S_{1/2}$ to 6$P_{3/2}$ transition, probes the coupling induced EIT signal. At the two-photon resonance, we observe that the EIT transmission decreases slowly with time, which is a signature of interaction induced metastability. The dephasing rate $γ_{\rm OD}$ is extracted with optical depth OD = $γ_{\rm OD}t$. We find that the optical depth linearly increases with time at onset for a fixed probe incident photon number $R_{\rm in}$ before saturation. The dephasing rate shows a nonlinear dependence on $R_{\rm in}$. The dephasing mechanism is mainly attributed to the strong dipole-dipole interactions, which leads to state transfer from $nD_{5/2}$ to other Rydberg states. We demonstrate that the typical transfer time $τ_{0(80D)}$ obtained by the state selective field ionization technique is comparable with the decay time of EIT transmission $τ_{0({\rm EIT})}$. The presented experiment provides a useful tool for investigating the strong nonlinear optical effects and metastable state in Rydberg many-body systems. △ Less

Submitted 12 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: Opt. Express 31, 7545-7553 (2023)

Many-body hybrid Excitons in Organic-Inorganic van der Waals Heterostructures

Authors: Shaohua Fu, Jianwei Ding, Haifeng Lv, Shuangyan Liu, Kun Zhao, Zhiying Bai, Dawei He, Rui Wang, Jimin Zhao, Xiaojun Wu, Dongsheng Tang, Xiaohui Qiu, Yongsheng Wang, Xiaoxian Zhang

Abstract: The coherent many-body interaction at the organic-inorganic interface can give rise to intriguing hybrid excitons that combine the advantages of the Wannier-Mott and Frenkel excitons simultaneously. Unlike the 2D inorganic heterostructures that suffer from moment mismatch, the hybrid excitons formed at the organic-inorganic interface have a momentum-direct nature, which have yet to be explored. He… ▽ More The coherent many-body interaction at the organic-inorganic interface can give rise to intriguing hybrid excitons that combine the advantages of the Wannier-Mott and Frenkel excitons simultaneously. Unlike the 2D inorganic heterostructures that suffer from moment mismatch, the hybrid excitons formed at the organic-inorganic interface have a momentum-direct nature, which have yet to be explored. Here, we report hybrid excitons at the copper phthalocyanine/molybdenum diselenide (CuPc/MoSe2) interface with strong molecular orientation dependence using low-temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy. The new emission peaks observed in the CuPc/MoSe2 heterostructure indicate the formation of interfacial hybrid excitons. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation confirms the strong hybridization between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of CuPc and the conduction band minimum (CBM) of MoSe2, suggesting that the hybrid excitons consist of electrons extended in both layers and holes confined in individual layers. The temperature-dependent measurements show that the hybrid excitons can gain the signatures of the Frenkel excitons of CuPc and the Wannier-Mott excitons of MoSe2 simultaneously. The out-of-plane molecular orientation is used to tailor the interfacial hybrid exciton states. Our results reveal the hybrid excitons at the CuPc/MoSe2 interface with tunability by molecular orientation, which suggests that the emerging organic-inorganic heterostructure can be a promising platform for many-body exciton physics. △ Less

Submitted 18 January, 2024; v1 submitted 6 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

A CsI hodoscope on CSHINE for Bremsstrahlung γ-rays in Heavy Ion Reactions

Authors: Yuhao Qin, Dong Guo, Sheng Xiao, Yijie Wang, Fenhai Guan, Xinyue Diao, Zhi Qin, Dawei Si, Boyuan Zhang, Yaopeng Zhang, Xianglun Wei, Herun Yang, Peng Ma, Haichuan Zou, Tianli Qiu, Xinjie Huang, Rongjiang Hu, Limin Duan, Fangfang Duan, Qiang Hu, Junbing Ma, Shiwei Xu, Zhen Bai, Yanyun Yang, Zhigang Xiao

Abstract: Bremsstrahlung $γ$ production in heavy ion reactions at Fermi energies carries important physical information including the nuclear symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities. In order to detect the high energy Bremsstrahlung $γ$ rays, a hodoscope consisting of 15 CsI(Tl) crystal read out by photo multiplier tubes has been built, tested and operated in experiment. The resolution, efficiency and… ▽ More Bremsstrahlung $γ$ production in heavy ion reactions at Fermi energies carries important physical information including the nuclear symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities. In order to detect the high energy Bremsstrahlung $γ$ rays, a hodoscope consisting of 15 CsI(Tl) crystal read out by photo multiplier tubes has been built, tested and operated in experiment. The resolution, efficiency and linear response of the units to $γ$ rays have been studied using radioactive source and $({\rm p},γ)$ reactions. The inherent energy resolution of $1.6\%+2\%/E_γ^{1/2}$ is obtained. Reconstruction method has been established through Geant 4 simulations, reproducing the experimental results where comparison can be made. Using the reconstruction method developed, the whole efficiency of the hodoscope is about $2.6\times 10^{-4}$ against the $4π$ emissions at the target position, exhibiting insignificant dependence on the energy of incident $γ$ rays above 20 MeV. The hodoscope is operated in the experiment of $^{86}$Kr + $^{124}$Sn at 25 MeV/u, and a full $γ$ energy spectrum up to 80 MeV has been obtained. △ Less

Submitted 27 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: 9 pages, 19 figures

Hybrid multi-bend achromat lattice with sextupole cancellation across straight section

Authors: Jiajie Tan, Jianhao Xu, Penghui Yang, Zhenghe Bai, Lin Wang

Abstract: The hybrid multi-bend achromat (HMBA) lattice concept is adopted in some diffraction-limited storage ring designs, which can permit relatively large on-momentum dynamic aperture and relatively weak sextupoles. In a typical HMBA lattice, the main arc section is constrained by the transverse phase advances making -I transformation for sextupole cancellation. In this paper, a new HMBA lattice concept… ▽ More The hybrid multi-bend achromat (HMBA) lattice concept is adopted in some diffraction-limited storage ring designs, which can permit relatively large on-momentum dynamic aperture and relatively weak sextupoles. In a typical HMBA lattice, the main arc section is constrained by the transverse phase advances making -I transformation for sextupole cancellation. In this paper, a new HMBA lattice concept with sextupole cancellation across straight section is proposed, where -I is made between adjacent dispersion bumps of two lattice cells. This makes the main arc section free of the phase advance constraint, and as a result, the number of bending magnets (bends) in the lattice cell and the cell tunes can be easily changed, thus providing more choices for lattice design. To achieve the large phase advances required for -I in this new concept, split bend is used as the matching bend, which is a bend split into two pieces with a quadrupole in between. The split bend also serves to reduce the emittance, and the large phase advances also give low beta functions in the straight section enhancing the insertion device brightness. Besides, for a given emittance goal, this new HMBA lattice can have less bends than the typical HMBA lattice due to stronger focusing in bend unit cells, which is beneficial for saving space and suppressing intra-beam scattering effect. Two lattices are given as examples to demonstrate this new concept and show its linear and nonlinear properties, and further extension is also discussed. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Accessing and Manipulating Dispersive Shock Waves in a Nonlinear and Nonlocal Rydberg Medium

Authors: Chao Hang, Zhengyang Bai, Weibin Li, Anatoly M. Kamchatnov, Guoxiang Huang

Abstract: Dispersive shock waves (DSWs) are fascinating wave phenomena occurring in media when nonlinearity overwhelms dispersion (or diffraction). Creating DSWs with low generation power and realizing their active controls is desirable but remains a longstanding challenge. Here, we propose a scheme to generate weak-light DSWs and realize their manipulations in an atomic gas involving strongly interacting R… ▽ More Dispersive shock waves (DSWs) are fascinating wave phenomena occurring in media when nonlinearity overwhelms dispersion (or diffraction). Creating DSWs with low generation power and realizing their active controls is desirable but remains a longstanding challenge. Here, we propose a scheme to generate weak-light DSWs and realize their manipulations in an atomic gas involving strongly interacting Rydberg states under the condition of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We show that for a two-dimensional (2D) Rydberg gas a weak nonlocality of optical Kerr nonlinearity can significantly change the edge speed of DSWs and induces a singular behavior of the edge speed and hence an instability of the DSWs. However, by increasing the degree of the Kerr nonlocality, the singular behavior of the edge speed and the instability of the DSWs can be suppressed. We also show that in a 3D Rydberg gas, DSWs can be created and propagate stably when the system works in the intermediate nonlocality regime. Due to the EIT effect and the giant nonlocal Kerr nonlinearity contributed by the Rydberg-Rydberg interaction, DSWs found here have extremely low generation power. In addition, an active control of DSWs can be realized; in particular, they can be stored and retrieved with high efficiency and fidelity through switching off and on a control laser field. The results reported here are useful not only for unveiling intriguing physics of DSWs but also for finding promising applications of nonlinear and nonlocal Rydberg media. △ Less

Submitted 19 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 20 pages, 13 figures

Superradiance-induced multistability in driven Rydberg lattice gases

Authors: Yunhui He, Zhengyang Bai, Yuechun Jiao, Jianming Zhao, Weibin Li

Abstract: We study steady state phases of a one-dimensional array of Rydberg atoms coupled by a microwave (MW) field where the higher energy Rydberg state decays to the lower energy one via single-body and collective (superradiant) decay. Using mean-field approaches, we examine the interplay among the MW coupling, intra-state van der Waals (vdW) interaction, and single-body and collective dissipation betwee… ▽ More We study steady state phases of a one-dimensional array of Rydberg atoms coupled by a microwave (MW) field where the higher energy Rydberg state decays to the lower energy one via single-body and collective (superradiant) decay. Using mean-field approaches, we examine the interplay among the MW coupling, intra-state van der Waals (vdW) interaction, and single-body and collective dissipation between Rydberg states. A linear stability analysis reveals that a series of phases, including uniform, antiferromagnetic, oscillatory, and bistable and multistable phases can be obtained. Without the vdW interaction, only uniform phases are found. In the presence of the vdW interaction, multistable solutions are enhanced when increasing the strength of the superradiant decay rate. Our numerical simulations show that the bistable and multistable phases are stabilized by superradiance in a long chain. The critical point between the uniform and multistable phases and its scaling with the atom number is obtained. Through numerically solving the master equation of a finite chain, we show that the mean-field multistable phase could be characterized by expectation values of Rydberg populations and two-body correlations between Rydberg atoms in different sites. △ Less

Submitted 5 January, 2023; v1 submitted 21 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. A 106, 063319(2022)

Hybrid aqueous/ionic liquid electrolyte for high cycle stability and low temperature adaptability lithium-ion battery

Authors: Yuewang Yang, Sijing Liu, Zhaowen Bai, Baoling Huang

Abstract: Aqueous rechargeable batteries are promising energy storage devices for the high safety, environmental friendliness, and easy assembly. However, their cycle stability and low temperature performance are limited by the narrow electrochemical stability window and the high freezing point of the aqueous electrolytes. Here, a hybrid electrolyte with a wide electrochemical window (2.15V) and a low freez… ▽ More Aqueous rechargeable batteries are promising energy storage devices for the high safety, environmental friendliness, and easy assembly. However, their cycle stability and low temperature performance are limited by the narrow electrochemical stability window and the high freezing point of the aqueous electrolytes. Here, a hybrid electrolyte with a wide electrochemical window (2.15V) and a low freezing point (-60 oC) is developed by using EMIMDep as a novel additive. The hydrophobic EMIM+ accumulates on the negatively charged electrode and repels the water molecules, thus suppressing the water splitting. Meanwhile, the hydrophilic Dep- forms strong hydrogen bonds with water, thereby reducing the freezing point of the electrolyte. In addition, the hybrid 1 M LiNO3 in EMIMDep20-H2O80 electrolytes exhibit high safety and high stability due to the non-flammability, non-volatility, and low toxicity of the EMIMDep compared with other organic additives. Owing to the advantages of the aqueous/EMIMDep electrolyte, the full battery with LiTi$_2$(PO$_4$)$_3$ anode and LiMn$_2$O$_4$ cathode delivers an average voltage of 1.6 V and a specific capacity of 120 mAh/g with a capacity retention of 80% after 500 cycles at 1C. In addition, the full battery working at -35 oC delivers 60% specific capacity of that at room temperature. △ Less

Submitted 16 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Facilitation Induced Transparency and Single Photon Switch with Dual-Channel Rydberg Interactions

Authors: Yao Ding, Zhengyang Bai, Guoxiang Huang, Weibin Li

Abstract: We investigate facilitation induced transparency (FIT) enabled by strong and long-range Rydberg atom interactions between two spatially separated optical channels. In this setting, the resonant two-photon excitation of Rydberg states in a target channel is conditioned by a single Rydberg excitation in a control channel. Through the contactless coupling enabled by the Rydberg interaction, the optic… ▽ More We investigate facilitation induced transparency (FIT) enabled by strong and long-range Rydberg atom interactions between two spatially separated optical channels. In this setting, the resonant two-photon excitation of Rydberg states in a target channel is conditioned by a single Rydberg excitation in a control channel. Through the contactless coupling enabled by the Rydberg interaction, the optical transparency of the target channel can be actively manipulated by steering the optical detuning in the control channel. By adopting a dressed-state picture, we identify two different interference pathways, in which one corresponds to Rydberg blockade and an emergent one results from facilitation. We show that the FIT is originated from the Rydberg interaction and the quantum interference effect between the two pathways, which is different from conventional electromagnetically induced transparency realized by single-body laser-atom coupling. We find that the FIT in such a dual-channel setting is rather robust, insensitive to changes of systemic parameters, and can be generalized to multi-channel settings. Moreover, we demonstrate that such a FIT permits to realize controllable single-photon switches, which also paves a route to detect Rydberg facilitation by using optical absorption spectra. Our study contributes to current efforts in probing correlated many-body dynamics and developing single-photon quantum devices based on Rydberg atom ensembles. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2023; v1 submitted 29 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: 12 pages, 9 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Applied 19, 014017 (2023)

Research and experimental design of Astrojax double balls trajectory based on double pendulum system

Authors: Bin Duan, Zihao Bai, Yulong Zhang, Qingyuan Zhang, Sixing Fang, Bohui Shao

Abstract: Based on the double pendulum and Lagrange equation, the moving particles are captured by a binocular three-dimensional capture camera. Two trajectory models of Astrojax and the relationship between trajectory empirical formula and parameters are established. Through research, the calculated trajectory of this formula and related parameters fit well with the actual measured trajectory, and can accu… ▽ More Based on the double pendulum and Lagrange equation, the moving particles are captured by a binocular three-dimensional capture camera. Two trajectory models of Astrojax and the relationship between trajectory empirical formula and parameters are established. Through research, the calculated trajectory of this formula and related parameters fit well with the actual measured trajectory, and can accurately predict and change the trajectory of the model. The equipment and materials required in the experiment are simple and easy to obtain, and the experimental theme is relatively interesting and novel, which can be applied as an extended experiment in college physics experiment course, so that students can understand the motion characteristics of the double pendulum and learn physics from life. The designing experiment can not only improve students' interest in learning, but also broaden their knowledge and cultivate their practical ability. △ Less

Submitted 23 January, 2022; v1 submitted 21 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: Comments updated: The last author is the corresponding author; The paper is in Chinese language

Experiment Research on the Sequence and Mechanism of Gold and Silver Composite Nanocrystal Synthesis

Authors: Zihao Bai, Yibo Wang, Qinghui Liu

Abstract: In this experiment, the authors reviewed the principles and methods for the synthesis and characterization of gold-silver nanocrystals and proposed two possible synthesis mechanisms for Gold and Silver Composite Nanocrystals. Gold nanocrystals, silver nanocrystals, and Gold and Silver Composite Nanocrystals were prepared by the "Sodium citrate seedless method"(Turkevich Method). The products were… ▽ More In this experiment, the authors reviewed the principles and methods for the synthesis and characterization of gold-silver nanocrystals and proposed two possible synthesis mechanisms for Gold and Silver Composite Nanocrystals. Gold nanocrystals, silver nanocrystals, and Gold and Silver Composite Nanocrystals were prepared by the "Sodium citrate seedless method"(Turkevich Method). The products were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy (UV), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Through comparative experiments, synthesis mechanisms behind different synthesis sequences of gold-silver nanocrystals are analyzed. Observed exotic phenomena are discussed. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2022; v1 submitted 16 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: Added the mechanism part and the discussion about it; Added one reference. Updated the author list, the first two authors contributed equally, and the third author is the corresponding author; This paper is in Chinese

A synchrotron-based kilowatt-level radiation source for EUV lithograph

Authors: Bocheng Jiang, Chao Feng, Changliang Li, Zhenghe Bai, Weishi Wan, Dao Xiang, Qiang Gu, Kun Wang, Qinglei Zhang, Dazhang Huang, Senyu Chen

Abstract: A compact damping ring with limited circumference of about 160 m is proposed for producing kilowatt-level coherent EUV radiation. The electron bunch in the ring is modulated by a 257nm wavelength laser with the help of the angular dispersion induced micro-bunching method [C. Feng and Z. Zhao, Sci. Rep. 7, 4724 (2017)]. Coherent radiation at 13.5 nm with an average power of about 2.5 kW can be achi… ▽ More A compact damping ring with limited circumference of about 160 m is proposed for producing kilowatt-level coherent EUV radiation. The electron bunch in the ring is modulated by a 257nm wavelength laser with the help of the angular dispersion induced micro-bunching method [C. Feng and Z. Zhao, Sci. Rep. 7, 4724 (2017)]. Coherent radiation at 13.5 nm with an average power of about 2.5 kW can be achieved with the state-of-the-art accelerator and laser technologies. △ Less

Submitted 17 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Experimental Observation of Partial Parity-Time Symmetry and Its Phase Transition with a Laser-Driven Cesium Atomic Gas

Authors: Yongmei Xue, Chao Hang, Yunhui He, Zhengyang Bai, Yuechun Jiao, Guoxiang Huang, Jianming Zhao, Suotang Jia

Abstract: Realization and manipulation of parity-time (PT) symmetry in multidimensional systems are highly desirable for exploring nontrivial physics and uncovering exotic phenomena in non-Hermitian systems. Here, we report the first experimental observation of partial PT (pPT) symmetry in a cesium atomic gas coupled with laser fields, where a two-dimensional pPT-symmetric optical potential for probe laser… ▽ More Realization and manipulation of parity-time (PT) symmetry in multidimensional systems are highly desirable for exploring nontrivial physics and uncovering exotic phenomena in non-Hermitian systems. Here, we report the first experimental observation of partial PT (pPT) symmetry in a cesium atomic gas coupled with laser fields, where a two-dimensional pPT-symmetric optical potential for probe laser beam is created. A transition of the pPT symmetry from an unbroken phase to a broken one is observed through changing the beam-waist ratio of the control and probe laser beams, and the domains of unbroken, broken, and non-pPT phases are also discriminated unambiguously. Moreover, we develop a technique to precisely determine the location of the exceptional point of the pPT symmetry breaking by measuring the asymmetry degree of the probe-beam intensity distribution. The findings reported here pave the way for controlling multidimensional laser beams in non-Hermitian systems via laser-induced atomic coherence, and have potential applications for designing new types of light amplifiers and attenuators △ Less

Submitted 19 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Comments: 6 pages (including references), 4 figures

Non-intrusive Nonlinear Model Reduction via Machine Learning Approximations to Low-dimensional Operators

Authors: Zhe Bai, Liqian Peng

Abstract: Although projection-based reduced-order models (ROMs) for parameterized nonlinear dynamical systems have demonstrated exciting results across a range of applications, their broad adoption has been limited by their intrusivity: implementing such a reduced-order model typically requires significant modifications to the underlying simulation code. To address this, we propose a method that enables tra… ▽ More Although projection-based reduced-order models (ROMs) for parameterized nonlinear dynamical systems have demonstrated exciting results across a range of applications, their broad adoption has been limited by their intrusivity: implementing such a reduced-order model typically requires significant modifications to the underlying simulation code. To address this, we propose a method that enables traditionally intrusive reduced-order models to be accurately approximated in a non-intrusive manner. Specifically, the approach approximates the low-dimensional operators associated with projection-based reduced-order models (ROMs) using modern machine-learning regression techniques. The only requirement of the simulation code is the ability to export the velocity given the state and parameters as this functionality is used to train the approximated low-dimensional operators. In addition to enabling nonintrusivity, we demonstrate that the approach also leads to very low computational complexity, achieving up to $1000\times$ reduction in run time. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique on two types of PDEs. △ Less

Submitted 17 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Property investigation for different wedge-shaped CsI(Tl)s

Authors: G. Li, J. L. Lou, Y. L. Ye, H. Hua, H. Wang, J. X. Han, W. Liu, S. W. Bai, Z. W. Tan, K. Ma, J. H. Chen, L. S. Yang, S. J. Wang, Z. Y. Hu, H. Z. Yu, H. Y. Zhu, B. L. Xia, Y. Jiang, Y. Liu, X. F. Yang, Q. T. Li, J. Y. Xu, J. S. Wang, Y. Y. Yang, J. B. Ma , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Two types of wedge-shaped CsI(Tl)s were designed to be placed behind the annular double-sided silicon detectors (ADSSDs) to identify the light charged particles with the $ΔE-E$ method. The properties of CsI(Tl)s with different shapes and sizes, such as energy resolution, light output non-uniformity and particle identification capability, were compared by using a $α$-source and a radioactive beam o… ▽ More Two types of wedge-shaped CsI(Tl)s were designed to be placed behind the annular double-sided silicon detectors (ADSSDs) to identify the light charged particles with the $ΔE-E$ method. The properties of CsI(Tl)s with different shapes and sizes, such as energy resolution, light output non-uniformity and particle identification capability, were compared by using a $α$-source and a radioactive beam of $^{15}$C. The big-size CsI(Tl) was finally adopted to form the $ΔE-E$ telescope due to better properties. The property differences of these two types of CsI(Tl)s can be interpreted based on the Geant4 simulation results. △ Less

Submitted 2 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Locally symmetric lattices for storage ring light sources

Authors: Zhenghe Bai, Penghui Yang, Guangyao Feng, Weimin Li, Lin Wang

Abstract: In this paper, a new lattice concept called the locally symmetric lattice is proposed for storage ring light sources. In this new lattice, beta functions are made locally symmetric about two mirror planes of the lattice cell, and the phase advances between the two mirror planes satisfy the condition of nonlinear dynamics cancellation. There are two kinds of locally symmetric lattices, correspondin… ▽ More In this paper, a new lattice concept called the locally symmetric lattice is proposed for storage ring light sources. In this new lattice, beta functions are made locally symmetric about two mirror planes of the lattice cell, and the phase advances between the two mirror planes satisfy the condition of nonlinear dynamics cancellation. There are two kinds of locally symmetric lattices, corresponding to two symmetric representations of lattice cell. In a locally symmetric lattice, main nonlinear effects caused by sextupoles can be effectively cancelled within one lattice cell, and generally there can also be many knobs of sextupoles available for further optimizing the nonlinear dynamics. Two kinds of locally symmetric lattices are designed for a 2.2 GeV diffraction-limited storage ring to demonstrate the lattice concept. △ Less

Submitted 5 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021.

Interface controlled thermal properties of ultra-thin chalcogenide-based phase change memory devices

Authors: Kiumars Aryana, John T. Gaskins, Joyeeta Nag, Derek A. Stewart, Zhaoqiang Bai, Saikat Mukhopadhyay, John C. Read, David H. Olson, Eric R. Hoglund, James M. Howe, Ashutosh Giri, Michael K. Grobis, Patrick E. Hopkins

Abstract: Phase change memory (PCM) is a rapidly growing technology that not only offers advancements in storage-class memories but also enables in-memory data storage and processing towards overcoming the von Neumann bottleneck. In PCMs, the primary mechanism for data storage is thermal excitation. However, there is a limited body of research regarding the thermal properties of PCMs at length scales close… ▽ More Phase change memory (PCM) is a rapidly growing technology that not only offers advancements in storage-class memories but also enables in-memory data storage and processing towards overcoming the von Neumann bottleneck. In PCMs, the primary mechanism for data storage is thermal excitation. However, there is a limited body of research regarding the thermal properties of PCMs at length scales close to the memory cell dimension and, thus, the impact of interfaces on PCM operation is unknown. Our work presents a new paradigm to manage thermal transport in memory cells by manipulating the interfacial thermal resistance between the phase change unit and the electrodes without incorporating additional insulating layers. Experimental measurements show a substantial change in thermal boundary resistance as GST transitions from one crystallographic structure (cubic) to another (hexagonal) and as the thickness of tungsten contacts is reduced from five to two nanometers. Simulations reveal that interfacial resistance between the phase change unit and its adjacent layer can reduce the reset current for 20 and 120 nm diameter devices by up to ~40% and ~50%, respectively. The resultant phase-dependent and geometric effects on thermal boundary resistance dictate that the effective thermal conductivity of the phase change unit can be reduced by a factor of four, presenting a new opportunity to reduce operating currents in PCMs. △ Less

Submitted 10 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020.

Report number: Nature Communications 12, 774 (2021)

Observation of Blackbody Radiation Enhanced Superradiance in ultracold Rydberg Gases

Authors: Liping Hao, Zhengyang Bai, Jingxu Bai, Suying Bai, Yuechun Jiao, Guoxiang Huang, Jianming Zhao, Weibin Li, Suotang Jia

Abstract: An ensemble of excited atoms can synchronize emission of light collectively in a process known as superradiance when its characteristic size is smaller than the wavelength of emitted photons. The underlying superradiance depends strongly on electromagnetic (photon) fields surrounding the atomic ensemble. High mode densities of microwave photons from $300\,$K blackbody radiation (BBR) significantly… ▽ More An ensemble of excited atoms can synchronize emission of light collectively in a process known as superradiance when its characteristic size is smaller than the wavelength of emitted photons. The underlying superradiance depends strongly on electromagnetic (photon) fields surrounding the atomic ensemble. High mode densities of microwave photons from $300\,$K blackbody radiation (BBR) significantly enhance decay rates of Rydberg states to neighbouring states, enabling superradiance that is not possible with bare vacuum induced spontaneous decay. Here we report observations of the superradiance of ultracold Rydberg atoms embedded in a bath of room-temperature photons. The temporal evolution of the Rydberg $|nD\rangle$ to $|(n+1)P\rangle$ superradiant decay of Cs atoms ($n$ the principal quantum number) is measured directly in free space. Theoretical simulations confirm the BBR enhanced superradiance in large Rydberg ensembles. We demonstrate that the van der Waals interactions between Rydberg atoms change the superradiant dynamics and modify the scaling of the superradiance. In the presence of static electric fields, we find that the superradiance becomes slow, potentially due to many-body interaction induced dephasing. Our study provides insights into many-body dynamics of interacting atoms coupled to thermal BBR, and might open a route to the design of blackbody thermometry at microwave frequencies via collective, dissipative photon-atom interactions. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2021; v1 submitted 27 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Characteristics of Pumping Current in a YBCO Coil by a Pulse-Type Magnetic Flux Pump

Authors: Zhiming Bai, Xinhui Cui, Chi Ma

Abstract: 2G high temperature superconducting (HTS) wires, YBCO coated conductors, perform a better carrying current capability, which is potentially applied in the manufacture of HTS magnets. This paper presents the experimental results of the pumping current for YBCO coils using a pulse-type magnetic flux pump in the conduction-cooling system and liquid nitrogen bath (LN2) cryogenic environment. Optimizat… ▽ More 2G high temperature superconducting (HTS) wires, YBCO coated conductors, perform a better carrying current capability, which is potentially applied in the manufacture of HTS magnets. This paper presents the experimental results of the pumping current for YBCO coils using a pulse-type magnetic flux pump in the conduction-cooling system and liquid nitrogen bath (LN2) cryogenic environment. Optimization of the flux pump used in the conduction-cooling system is that a constantan heater was added to keep the temperature of the pumping bridge at a certain value. Excitation effects of the YBCO coil at different temperatures were investigated in the conduction-cooling system. A fast-increasing of pumping current in the YBCO coil occurs when the temperature of the YBCO sheet (i.e., pumping bridge) is in the range of 50 K to 80 K. The relationships between saturated pumping current and input voltage, working frequency, numbers of magnetic poles were also studied. Using the seven-pole configuration, the saturated current can reach 155 A when the frequency is 20 Hz and the voltage is 6 V. The excitation characteristics of the flux pump in the LN2 cooling system show the possibility of the pulse-type magnetic flux pump for the practical application of HTS magnets. △ Less

Submitted 17 April, 2021; v1 submitted 29 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.