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Momentum-dependent charge-density-wave gap formation in ZrTe_{2.98}Se_{0.02}
Authors:
Iori Ishiguro,
Hayate Kunitsu,
Natsuki Mitsuishi,
Shunsuke Tsuda,
Koichiro Yaji,
Yoichi Yamakawa,
Hiroshi Kontani,
Takahiro Shimojima
Abstract:
We investigated the energy gap formation across the charge density wave (CDW) transition inof ZrTe_{2.98}Se_{0.02}. By employing a laser photoemission microscopy, we clearly resolved one elliptical Fermi surface (FS) around the Brillouin zone (BZ) center, and two quasi-one-dimensional FSs along the BZ boundary. We further mapped the intensity difference between the FSs below and above the CDW tran…
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We investigated the energy gap formation across the charge density wave (CDW) transition inof ZrTe_{2.98}Se_{0.02}. By employing a laser photoemission microscopy, we clearly resolved one elliptical Fermi surface (FS) around the Brillouin zone (BZ) center, and two quasi-one-dimensional FSs along the BZ boundary. We further mapped the intensity difference between the FSs below and above the CDW transition temperature. We found that the energy CDW gap formation is limited to the momentum region 0.25 Å^{-1} < ky < 0.8 Å^{-1} along \bar{B}-\bar{D} line, which coincides with the location of one of the quasi-one-dimensional FSs. Characteristic momentum dependence in the energy CDW gap suggests the importance of both FS nesting and band-dependent electron-phonon coupling for understanding the CDW state in ZrTe_{3} system.
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Submitted 14 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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Fermi surface of Kagome metal CsCr$_3$Sb$_5$ observed by laser photoemission microscopy
Authors:
Hayate Kunitsu,
Iori Ishiguro,
Natsuki Mitsuishi,
Shunsuke Tsuda,
Koichiro Yaji,
Zehao Wang,
Pengcheng Dai,
Yoichi Yamakawa,
Hiroshi Kontani,
Takahiro Shimojima
Abstract:
We investigated the Fermi surface (FS) in the paramagnetic state of Kagome metal CsCr$_3$Sb$_5$ by employing a laser photoemission microscopy. We found a circular FS and two hexagonal FSs around the Brillouin zone (BZ) center. Polarization-dependent measurements further enable us to detect small FS pockets at the BZ boundary. According to the density functional theory calculations, the orbital cha…
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We investigated the Fermi surface (FS) in the paramagnetic state of Kagome metal CsCr$_3$Sb$_5$ by employing a laser photoemission microscopy. We found a circular FS and two hexagonal FSs around the Brillouin zone (BZ) center. Polarization-dependent measurements further enable us to detect small FS pockets at the BZ boundary. According to the density functional theory calculations, the orbital characters of the FSs were determined from their shape and orientations. We found that the size of the FS is strongly modified for the d$_{xz}$ orbital, suggesting the orbital-dependent correlation effect. These results provide an electronic basis for exploring the interplay of antiferromagnetic/charge density wave order and possible unconventional superconductivity in this compound.
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Submitted 19 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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Induced magnetic moment at two-dimensional MXene/ferromagnetic interface evaluated by angle-dependent hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
Authors:
Prabhat Kumar,
Shunsuke Tsuda,
Koichiro Yaji,
Shinji Isogami
Abstract:
Emergent ferromagnetism on the surface of recent two-dimensional (2D) MXene is investigated by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and angle-dependent hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES). Focusing on the Cr2N as one of the 2D-MXenes, the bilayers of Cr2N/Co and Cr2N/Pt are prepared by magnetron sputtering technique. XMCD reveals the induced magnetic moment of Cr in the Cr2N/Co inte…
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Emergent ferromagnetism on the surface of recent two-dimensional (2D) MXene is investigated by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and angle-dependent hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES). Focusing on the Cr2N as one of the 2D-MXenes, the bilayers of Cr2N/Co and Cr2N/Pt are prepared by magnetron sputtering technique. XMCD reveals the induced magnetic moment of Cr in the Cr2N/Co interface, while it is not observed in the Cr2N/Pt interface at room temperature. To distinguish the possible origins of either the interlayer magnetic exchange coupling or the charge transfer at the interfaces, the additional controlled Cr2N/Cu bilayer, whose work function of Cu is consistent with Co, is prepared. HAXPES spectra for the Cr 2p core level near the interface of Cr2N/Cu is consistent with that of Cr2N/Co, indicating that the induced magnetic moment of Cr observed by XMCD for the Cr2N/Co can be attributed to the interlayer magnetic exchange coupling, rather than the charge transfer, which is a specific characteristics emerged at the interface with 2D-MXene.
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Submitted 15 April, 2025;
originally announced April 2025.
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Topological delocalization against Anderson localization observed in Bi-doped PbSb2Te4 disordered topological insulator
Authors:
Yuya Hattori,
Koichiro Yaji,
Keisuke Sagisaka,
Shunsuke Yoshizawa,
Shunsuke Tsuda,
Yuki Tokumoto,
Taichi Terashima,
Shinya Uji,
Keiichi Edagawa
Abstract:
We experimentally investigate the tendency of localization in the bulk and the topological surface states in topological insulators Pb(Bi1-xSbx)2Te4 (x=0.793-0.818) through detailed transport measurements. The bulk electronic states in the range 0.793<=x<0.818 are situated on the insulator side of the Anderson transition, as indicated by k_Fl values (where k_F is the Fermi wavenumber and l is the…
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We experimentally investigate the tendency of localization in the bulk and the topological surface states in topological insulators Pb(Bi1-xSbx)2Te4 (x=0.793-0.818) through detailed transport measurements. The bulk electronic states in the range 0.793<=x<0.818 are situated on the insulator side of the Anderson transition, as indicated by k_Fl values (where k_F is the Fermi wavenumber and l is the mean free path) falling below the Ioffe-Regel criterion (i.e., k_F l<1). In contrast, the topological surface states retain high mobility and even exhibit quantum oscillations, demonstrating their resilient nature against strong disorder. These findings highlight the delocalized nature of the topological surface states despite Anderson localization of the bulk electronic states.
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Submitted 2 April, 2025;
originally announced April 2025.
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Moiré superlattices of antimonene on a Bi(111) substrate with van Hove singularity and Rashba-type spin polarization
Authors:
Tomonori Nakamura,
Yitao Chen,
Ryohei Nemoto,
Wenxuan Qian,
Yuto Fukushima,
Kaishu Kawaguchi,
Ryo Mori,
Takeshi Kondo,
Youhei Yamaji,
Shunsuke Tsuda,
Koichiro Yaji,
Takashi Uchihashi
Abstract:
Moiré superlattices consisting of two-dimensional materials have attracted immense attention because of emergent phenomena such as flat band-induced Mott insulating states and unconventional superconductivity. However, the effects of spin-orbit coupling on these materials have not yet been fully explored. Here, we show that single- and double-bilayer antimony honeycomb lattices, referred to as ant…
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Moiré superlattices consisting of two-dimensional materials have attracted immense attention because of emergent phenomena such as flat band-induced Mott insulating states and unconventional superconductivity. However, the effects of spin-orbit coupling on these materials have not yet been fully explored. Here, we show that single- and double-bilayer antimony honeycomb lattices, referred to as antimonene, form moiré superlattices on a Bi(111) substrate due to lattice mismatch. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) measurements reveal the presence of spectral peaks near the Fermi level, which are spatially modulated with the moiré period. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) combined with density functional theory calculations clarify the surface band structure with saddle points near the Fermi level, which allows us to attribute the observed STM spectral peaks to the van Hove singularity. Moreover, spin-resolved ARPES measurements reveal that the observed surface states are Rashba-type spin-polarized. The present work has significant implications in that Fermi surface instability and symmetry breaking may emerge at low temperatures, where the spin degree of freedom and electron correlation also play important roles.
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Submitted 26 August, 2024; v1 submitted 7 April, 2024;
originally announced April 2024.
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Visualization of spin-polarized electronic states by imaging-type spin-resolved photoemission microscopy
Authors:
Koichiro Yaji,
Shunsuke Tsuda
Abstract:
Harnessing electron spin is crucial in developing energy-saving and high-speed devices for the next generation. In this scheme, visualizing spin-polarized electronic states aids in designing and developing new materials and devices. Spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy provides information on the spin-polarized electronic states. To investigate the spin-polarized electronic states in microscop…
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Harnessing electron spin is crucial in developing energy-saving and high-speed devices for the next generation. In this scheme, visualizing spin-polarized electronic states aids in designing and developing new materials and devices. Spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy provides information on the spin-polarized electronic states. To investigate the spin-polarized electronic states in microscopic materials and devices, spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy requires spatial resolution in a sub-micrometer scale. Here we show the imaging-type spin-resolved photoemission microscopy (iSPEM) with an ultraviolet laser developed at the National Institutes for Materials Science (NIMS). Our iSPEM achieves a spatial resolution of 420 nm, drastically improving by more than an order of magnitude compared to conventional spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy instruments. Besides, the multi-channel spin detector significantly reduces the data acquisition time by four orders of magnitude compared to the conventional instruments. The iSPEM machine elucidates the spin-polarized electronic states of sub-micrometer scale materials, polycrystals, device structure samples, and so on, which have yet to be the target of conventional spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
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Submitted 20 December, 2023;
originally announced December 2023.
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Anomalously large spin-dependent electron correlation in nearly half-metallic ferromagnet CoS$_2$
Authors:
Hirokazu Fujiwara,
Kensei Terashima,
Junya Otsuki,
Nayuta Takemori,
Harald O. Jeschke,
Takanori Wakita,
Yuko Yano,
Wataru Hosoda,
Noriyuki Kataoka,
Atsushi Teruya,
Masashi Kakihana,
Masato Hedo,
Takao Nakama,
Yoshichika Ōnuki,
Koichiro Yaji,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Kenta Kuroda,
Shik Shin,
Koji Horiba,
Hiroshi Kumigashira,
Yuji Muraoka,
Takayoshi Yokoya
Abstract:
The spin-dependent band structure of CoS$_2$ which is a candidate for a half-metallic ferromagnet was investigated by both spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, in order to reappraise the half-metallicity and electronic correlations. We determined the three-dimensional Fermi surface and the spin-dependent band structure. As a result, we found that a part…
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The spin-dependent band structure of CoS$_2$ which is a candidate for a half-metallic ferromagnet was investigated by both spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, in order to reappraise the half-metallicity and electronic correlations. We determined the three-dimensional Fermi surface and the spin-dependent band structure. As a result, we found that a part of the minority spin bands is on the occupied side in the vicinity of the Fermi level, providing spectroscopic evidence that CoS$_2$ is not but very close to a half-metal. Band calculations using density functional theory with generalized gradient approximation showed a good agreement with the observed majority spin $e_g$ bands, while it could not explain the observed band width of the minority-spin eg bands. On the other hand, theoretical calculations using dynamical mean field theory could better reproduce the strong mass renormalization in the minority-spin $e_g$ bands. All those results strongly suggest the presence of anomalously enhanced spin-dependent electron correlation effects on the electronic structure in the vicinity of the half-metallic state. We also report the temperature dependence of the electronic structure across the Curie temperature and discuss the mechanism of the thermal demagnetization. Our discovery of the anomalously large spin-dependent electronic correlations not only demonstrates a key factor in understanding the electronic structure of half-metals but also provides a motivation to improve theoretical calculations on spin-polarized strongly correlated systems.
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Submitted 11 October, 2023;
originally announced October 2023.
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Spin-polarized saddle points in the topological surface states of the elemental Bismuth revealed by a pump-probe spin-resolved ARPES
Authors:
Yuto Fukushima,
Kaishu Kawaguchi,
Kenta Kuroda,
Masayuki Ochi,
Hiroaki Tanaka,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Takushi Iimori,
Zhigang Zhao,
Shuntaro Tani,
Koichiro Yaji,
Shik Shin,
Fumio Komori,
Yohei Kobayashi,
Takeshi Kondo
Abstract:
We use a pump-probe, spin-, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) with a 10.7 eV laser accessible up to the Brillouin zone edge, and reveal for the first time the entire band structure, including the unoccupied side, for the elemental bismuth (Bi) with the spin-polarized surface states. Our data identify Bi as in a strong topological insulator phase ($Z_2$=1) against the prediction…
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We use a pump-probe, spin-, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) with a 10.7 eV laser accessible up to the Brillouin zone edge, and reveal for the first time the entire band structure, including the unoccupied side, for the elemental bismuth (Bi) with the spin-polarized surface states. Our data identify Bi as in a strong topological insulator phase ($Z_2$=1) against the prediction of most band calculations. We unveil that the unoccupied topological surface states possess spin-polarized saddle points yielding the van Hove singularity, providing an excellent platform for the future development of opto-spintronics.
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Submitted 31 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
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Time-, spin-, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with a 1-MHz 10.7-eV pulse laser
Authors:
Kaishu Kawaguchi,
Kenta Kuroda,
Z. Zhao,
S. Tani,
A. Harasawa,
Y. Fukushima,
H. Tanaka,
R. Noguchi,
T. Iimori,
K. Yaji,
M. Fujisawa,
S. Shin,
F. Komori,
Y. Kobayashi,
Takeshi Kondo
Abstract:
We describe a setup of time-, spin-, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (tr-SARPES) employing a 10.7-eV ($λ$=115.6 nm) pulse laser at 1-MHz repetition rate as a probe photon source. This equipment effectively combines technologies of a high-power Yb:fiber laser, ultraviolet-driven harmonic generation in Xe gas, and a SARPES apparatus equipped with very-low-energy-electron-diffraction (V…
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We describe a setup of time-, spin-, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (tr-SARPES) employing a 10.7-eV ($λ$=115.6 nm) pulse laser at 1-MHz repetition rate as a probe photon source. This equipment effectively combines technologies of a high-power Yb:fiber laser, ultraviolet-driven harmonic generation in Xe gas, and a SARPES apparatus equipped with very-low-energy-electron-diffraction (VLEED) spin detectors. A high repetition rate (1 MHz) of the probe laser allows experiments with the photoemission space-charge effects significantly reduced, despite a high flux of 10$^{13}$ photons/s on the sample. The relatively high photon energy (10.7 eV) also brings the capability of observing a wide momentum range that covers the entire Brillouin zone of many materials while ensuring high momentum resolution. The experimental setup overcomes a low efficiency of spin-resolved measurements, which gets even more severe for the pump-probed unoccupied states, and affords for investigating ultrafast electron and spin dynamics of modern quantum materials with energy and time resolutions of 25 meV and 360 fs, respectively.
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Submitted 22 April, 2023; v1 submitted 29 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
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Rhombic Fermi surfaces in a ferromagnetic MnGa thin film with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Authors:
M. Kobayashi,
N. H. D. Khang,
T. Takeda,
K. Araki,
R. Okano,
M. Suzuki,
K. Kuroda,
K. Yaji,
K. Sugawara,
S. Souma,
K. Nakayama,
K. Yamauchi,
M. Kitamura,
K. Horiba,
A. Fujimori,
T. Sato,
S. Shin,
M. Tanaka,
P. N. Hai
Abstract:
Mn$_{1-x}$Ga$_x$ (MnGa) with the $L1_0$ structure is a ferromagnetic material with strong perpendicular magneto-crystalline anisotropy. Although MnGa thin films have been successfully grown epitaxially and studied for various spintronics devices, fundamental understandings of its electronic structure are still lacking. To address this issue, we have investigated $L1_0$-MnGa thin films using angle-…
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Mn$_{1-x}$Ga$_x$ (MnGa) with the $L1_0$ structure is a ferromagnetic material with strong perpendicular magneto-crystalline anisotropy. Although MnGa thin films have been successfully grown epitaxially and studied for various spintronics devices, fundamental understandings of its electronic structure are still lacking. To address this issue, we have investigated $L1_0$-MnGa thin films using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). We have observed a large Fermi surface with a rhombic shape in the $k_x$-$k_y$ plane overlapping neighboring Fermi surfaces. The $k_z$ dependence of the band structure suggests that the band dispersion observed by ARPES comes from the three-dimensional band structure of MnGa folded by a $\sqrt{2} \times \sqrt{2}$ reconstruction. The band dispersion across the corner of the rhombic Fermi surface forms an electron pocket with a weak $k_z$ dependence. The effective mass and the mobility of the bands crossing the Fermi level near the corner are estimated from the ARPES images. Based on the experimental findings, the relationship between the observed band structure and the spin-dependent properties in MnGa-based heterostructures is discussed.
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Submitted 22 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Fluctuated spin-orbital texture of Rashba-split surface states in real and reciprocal space
Authors:
Takuto Nakamura,
Yoshiyuki Ohtsubo,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Koichiro Yaji,
Shik Shin,
Fumio Komori,
Shin-ichi Kimura
Abstract:
Spin-orbit interaction (SOI) in low-dimensional systems, namely Rashba systems and the edge states of topological materials, is extensively studied in this decade as a promising source to realize various fascinating spintronic phenomena, such as the source of the spin current and spin-mediated energy conversion. Here, we show the odd fluctuation in the spin-orbital texture in a surface Rashba syst…
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Spin-orbit interaction (SOI) in low-dimensional systems, namely Rashba systems and the edge states of topological materials, is extensively studied in this decade as a promising source to realize various fascinating spintronic phenomena, such as the source of the spin current and spin-mediated energy conversion. Here, we show the odd fluctuation in the spin-orbital texture in a surface Rashba system on Bi/InAs(110)-(2$\times$1) by spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and a numerical simulation based on a density-functional theory (DFT) calculation. The surface state shows a paired parabolic dispersion with the spin degeneracy lifted by the Rashba effect. Although its spin polarization should be fixed in a particular direction based on the Rashba model, the observed spin polarization varies greatly and even reverses its sign depending on the wavenumber. DFT calculations also reveal that the spin directions of two inequivalent Bi chains on the surface change from nearly parallel (canted-parallel) to anti-parallel in real space in the corresponding wavevector region. These results point out an oversimplification of the nature of spin in Rashba and Dirac systems and provide more freedom than expected for spin manipulation of photoelectrons.
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Submitted 26 December, 2021;
originally announced December 2021.
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Selective observation of surface and bulk bands in polar WTe2 by laser-based spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Authors:
Yuxuan Wan,
Lihai Wang,
Kenta Kuroda,
Peng Zhang,
Keisuke Koshiishi,
Masahiro Suzuki,
Jaewook Kim,
Ryo Noguchi,
Cédric Bareille,
Koichiro Yaji,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Shik Shin,
Sang-Wook Cheong,
Atsushi Fujimori,
Takeshi Kondo
Abstract:
The electronic state of WTe2, a candidate of type-II Weyl semimetal, is investigated by using laser-based spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES). We prepare the pair of WTe2 samples, one with (001) surface and the other with (00-1) surface, by "sandwich method", and measure the band structures of each surface separately. The Fermi arcs are observed on both surfaces. We identi…
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The electronic state of WTe2, a candidate of type-II Weyl semimetal, is investigated by using laser-based spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES). We prepare the pair of WTe2 samples, one with (001) surface and the other with (00-1) surface, by "sandwich method", and measure the band structures of each surface separately. The Fermi arcs are observed on both surfaces. We identify that the Fermi arcs on the two surfaces are both originating from surface states. We further find a surface resonance band, which connects with the Fermi-arc band, forming a Dirac-cone-like band dispersion. Our results indicate that the bulk electron and hole bands are much closer in momentum space than band calculations.
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Submitted 21 October, 2021;
originally announced October 2021.
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Visualization of optical polarization transfer to photoelectron spin vector emitted from the spin-orbit coupled surface state
Authors:
Kenta Kuroda,
Koichiro Yaji,
Ryo Noguchi,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Shik Shin,
Takeshi Kondo,
Fumio Komori
Abstract:
Similar to light polarization that is selected by a superposition of optical basis, electron spin direction can be controlled through a superposition of spin basis. We investigate such a spin interference occurring in photoemission of the spin-orbit coupled surface state in Bi2Se3 by using spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with laser light source (laser-SARPES). Our lase…
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Similar to light polarization that is selected by a superposition of optical basis, electron spin direction can be controlled through a superposition of spin basis. We investigate such a spin interference occurring in photoemission of the spin-orbit coupled surface state in Bi2Se3 by using spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with laser light source (laser-SARPES). Our laser-SARPES with three-dimensional spin detection and tunable laser polarization including elliptical and circular polarization enables us to directly visualize how the direction of the fully-polarized photoelectron spin changes according to the optical phase and orientation of the incident laser polarization. By this advantage of our laser-SARPES, we demonstrate that such optical information can be projected to the three-dimensional spin vector of the photoelectrons. Our results, therefore, present a novel spin-polarized electron source permitting us to optically control the pure spin state pointing to the arbitrary direction.
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Submitted 11 May, 2021; v1 submitted 6 May, 2021;
originally announced May 2021.
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Atomic-layer Rashba-type superconductor protected by dynamic spin-momentum locking
Authors:
Shunsuke Yoshizawa,
Takahiro Kobayashi,
Yoshitaka Nakata,
Koichiro Yaji,
Kenta Yokota,
Fumio Komori,
Shik Shin,
Kazuyuki Sakamoto,
Takashi Uchihashi
Abstract:
Spin-momentum locking is essential to the spin-split Fermi surfaces of inversion-symmetry broken materials, which are caused by either Rashba-type or Zeeman-type spin-orbit coupling (SOC). While the effect of Zeeman-type SOC on superconductivity has experimentally been shown recently, that of Rashba-type SOC remains elusive. Here we report on convincing evidence for the critical role of the spin-m…
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Spin-momentum locking is essential to the spin-split Fermi surfaces of inversion-symmetry broken materials, which are caused by either Rashba-type or Zeeman-type spin-orbit coupling (SOC). While the effect of Zeeman-type SOC on superconductivity has experimentally been shown recently, that of Rashba-type SOC remains elusive. Here we report on convincing evidence for the critical role of the spin-momentum locking on crystalline atomic-layer superconductors on surfaces, for which the presence of the Rashba-type SOC is demonstrated. In-situ electron transport measurements reveal that in-plane upper critical magnetic field is anomalously enhanced, reaching approximately three times the Pauli limit at $T = 0$. Our quantitative analysis clarifies that dynamic spin-momentum locking, a mechanism where spin is forced to flip at every elastic electron scattering, suppresses the Cooper pair-breaking parameter by orders of magnitude and thereby protects superconductivity. The present result provides a new insight into how superconductivity can survive the detrimental effects of strong magnetic fields and exchange interactions.
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Submitted 12 March, 2021;
originally announced March 2021.
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Scaling law for the Rashba-type spin splitting in quantum well films
Authors:
Ryo Noguchi,
Kenta Kuroda,
Mitsuaki Kawamura,
Koichiro Yaji,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Takushi Iimori,
Shik Shin,
Fumio Komori,
Taisuke Ozaki,
Takeshi Kondo
Abstract:
We use laser-based spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (laser-SARPES) with high-resolution, and experimentally determine, for the first time, the Rashba-parameters of quantum well states (QWSs) systematically changing with the film thickness and the quantum numbers, through the observation of the Ag films grown on an Au(111) substrate. The data are very well reproduced by the theor…
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We use laser-based spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (laser-SARPES) with high-resolution, and experimentally determine, for the first time, the Rashba-parameters of quantum well states (QWSs) systematically changing with the film thickness and the quantum numbers, through the observation of the Ag films grown on an Au(111) substrate. The data are very well reproduced by the theoretical calculations based on the density functional theory. Most importantly, we find a scaling law for the Rashba parameter ($α_{\rm R}$) that the magnitude of $α_{\rm R}$ is scaled by the charge density at the interface and the spin-orbit coupling ratio between the film and the substrate, and it is expressed by a single straight line regardless of the film thickness and the quantum numbers. The new finding not only is crucial to understand the Rashba effect in QWSs but also gives a foundation of film growth engineering to fine-tune the spin splitting in 2D heterostructure systems.
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Submitted 21 December, 2020;
originally announced December 2020.
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Observation and control of the weak topological insulator state in ZrTe5
Authors:
Peng Zhang,
Ryo Noguchi,
Kenta Kuroda,
Chun Lin,
Kaishu Kawaguchi,
Koichiro Yaji,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Mikk Lippmaa,
Simin Nie,
Hongming Weng,
V. Kandyba,
A. Giampietri,
A. Barinov,
Qiang Li,
G. D. Gu,
Shik Shin,
Takeshi Kondo
Abstract:
A quantum spin Hall insulator hosts topological states at the one-dimensional edge, along which backscattering by nonmagnetic impurities is strictly prohibited and dissipationless current flows. Its 3D analogue, a weak topological insulator (WTI), possesses similar quasi-1D topological states confined at side surfaces of crystals. The enhanced confinement could provide a route for dissipationless…
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A quantum spin Hall insulator hosts topological states at the one-dimensional edge, along which backscattering by nonmagnetic impurities is strictly prohibited and dissipationless current flows. Its 3D analogue, a weak topological insulator (WTI), possesses similar quasi-1D topological states confined at side surfaces of crystals. The enhanced confinement could provide a route for dissipationless current and better advantages for applications relative to the widely studied strong topological insulators. However, the topological side surface is usually not cleavable and is thus hard to observe by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), which has hindered the revealing of the electronic properties of WTIs. Here, we visualize the topological surface states of the WTI candidate ZrTe5 for the first time by spin and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy: a quasi-1D band with spin-momentum locking was revealed on the side surface. We further demonstrate that the bulk band gap in ZrTe5 is controlled by strain to the crystal, realizing a more stabilized WTI state or an ideal Dirac semimetal state depending on the direction of the external strain. The highly directional spin-current and the tunable band gap we found in ZrTe5 will provide an excellent platform for applications.
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Submitted 9 December, 2020;
originally announced December 2020.
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Visualization of the strain-induced topological phase transition in a quasi-one-dimensional superconductor TaSe3
Authors:
Chun Lin,
Masayuki Ochi,
Ryo Noguchi,
Kenta Kuroda,
Masahito Sakoda,
Atsushi Nomura,
Masakatsu Tsubota,
Peng Zhang,
Cedric Bareille,
Kifu Kurokawa,
Yosuke Arai,
Kaishu Kawaguchi,
Hiroaki Tanaka,
Koichiro Yaji,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Makoto Hashimoto,
Donghui Lu,
Shik Shin,
Ryotaro Arita,
Satoshi Tanda,
Takeshi Kondo
Abstract:
Control of the phase transition from topological to normal insulators can allow for an on/off switching of spin current. While topological phase transitions have been realized by elemental substitution in semiconducting alloys, such an approach requires the preparation of materials with various compositions, thus it is quite far from a feasible device application, which demands a reversible operat…
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Control of the phase transition from topological to normal insulators can allow for an on/off switching of spin current. While topological phase transitions have been realized by elemental substitution in semiconducting alloys, such an approach requires the preparation of materials with various compositions, thus it is quite far from a feasible device application, which demands a reversible operation. Here we use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and spin-resolved ARPES to visualize the strain-driven band structure evolution of the quasi-1D superconductor TaSe3. We demonstrate that it undergoes reversible strain-induced topological phase transitions from a strong topological insulator phase with spin-polarized, quasi-1D topological surface states, to topologically trivial semimetal and band insulating phases. The quasi-1D superconductor TaSe3 provides a suitable platform for engineering the topological spintronics, for example as an on/off switch for spin current robust against impurity scattering.
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Submitted 16 June, 2021; v1 submitted 14 September, 2020;
originally announced September 2020.
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Nature of the Dirac gap modulation and surface magnetic interaction in axion antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi$_2$Te$_4$
Authors:
A. M. Shikin,
D. A. Estyunin,
I. I. Klimovskikh,
S. O. Filnov,
E. F. Schwier,
S. Kumar,
K. Myamoto,
T. Okuda,
A. Kimura,
K. Kuroda,
K. Yaji,
S. Shin,
Y. Takeda,
Y. Saitoh,
Z. S. Aliev,
N. T. Mamedov,
I. R. Amiraslanov,
M. B. Babanly,
M. M. Otrokov,
S. V. Eremeev,
E. V. Chulkov
Abstract:
Modification of the gap at the Dirac point (DP) in antiferromagnetic (AFM) axion topological insulator MnBi$_2$Te$_4$ and its electronic and spin structure has been studied by angle- and spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) under laser excitation with variation of temperature (9-35~K), light polarization and photon energy. We have distinguished both a large (62-67~meV) and a reduced (1…
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Modification of the gap at the Dirac point (DP) in antiferromagnetic (AFM) axion topological insulator MnBi$_2$Te$_4$ and its electronic and spin structure has been studied by angle- and spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) under laser excitation with variation of temperature (9-35~K), light polarization and photon energy. We have distinguished both a large (62-67~meV) and a reduced (15-18~meV) gap at the DP in the ARPES dispersions, which remains open above the Néel temperature ($T_\mathrm{N}=24.5$~K). We propose that the gap above $T_\mathrm{N}$ remains open due to short-range magnetic field generated by chiral spin fluctuations. Spin-resolved ARPES, XMCD and circular dichroism ARPES measurements show a surface ferromagnetic ordering for large-gap sample and significantly reduced effective magnetic moment for the reduced-gap sample. These effects can be associated with a shift of the topological DC state towards the second Mn layer due to structural defects and mechanical disturbance, where it is influenced by a compensated effect of opposite magnetic moments.
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Submitted 9 April, 2020;
originally announced April 2020.
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Material design with the van der Waals stacking of bismuth-halide chains realizing a higher-order topological insulator
Authors:
Ryo Noguchi,
Masaru Kobayashi,
Zhanzhi Jiang,
Kenta Kuroda,
Takanari Takahashi,
Zifan Xu,
Daehun Lee,
Motoaki Hirayama,
Masayuki Ochi,
Tetsuroh Shirasawa,
Peng Zhang,
Chun Lin,
Cédric Bareille,
Shunsuke Sakuragi,
Hiroaki Tanaka,
So Kunisada,
Kifu Kurokawa,
Koichiro Yaji,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Viktor Kandyba,
Alessio Giampietri,
Alexei Barinov,
Timur K. Kim,
Cephise Cacho,
Makoto Hashimoto
, et al. (6 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The van der Waals (vdW) materials with low dimensions have been extensively studied as a platform to generate exotic quantum properties. Advancing this view, a great deal of attention is currently paid to topological quantum materials with vdW structures. Here, we provide a new concept of designing topological materials by the vdW stacking of quantum spin Hall insulators (QSHIs). Most interestingl…
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The van der Waals (vdW) materials with low dimensions have been extensively studied as a platform to generate exotic quantum properties. Advancing this view, a great deal of attention is currently paid to topological quantum materials with vdW structures. Here, we provide a new concept of designing topological materials by the vdW stacking of quantum spin Hall insulators (QSHIs). Most interestingly, a slight shift of inversion center in the unit cell caused by a modification of stacking is found to induce the topological variation from a trivial insulator to a higher-order topological insulator (HOTI). Based on that, we present the first experimental realization of a HOTI by investigating a bismuth bromide Bi4Br4 with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The unique feature in bismuth halides capable of selecting various topology only by differently stacking chains, combined with the great advantage of the vdW structure, offers a fascinating playground for engineering topologically non-trivial edge-states toward future spintronics applications.
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Submitted 10 February, 2021; v1 submitted 4 February, 2020;
originally announced February 2020.
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Fermi level tuning of one-dimensional giant Rashba system on a semiconductor substrate: Bi/GaSb(110)-(2x1)
Authors:
Takuto Nakamura,
Yoshiyuki Ohtsubo,
Naoki Tokumasu,
Patrick Le Fèvre,
François Bertran,
Shin-ichiro Ideta,
Kiyohisa Tanaka,
Kenta Kuroda,
Koichiro Yaji,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Shik Shin,
Fumio Komori,
Shin-ichi Kimura
Abstract:
We fabricated spin-polarized surface electronic states with tunable Fermi level from semiconductor to low-dimensional metal in the Bi/GaSb(110)-(2$\times$1) surface using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) and spin-resolved ARPES. The spin-polarized surface band of Bi/GaSb(110) exhibits quasi-one-dimensional character with the Rashba parameter $α_{\rm R}$ of 4.1 and 2.6 eVÅ\ at the…
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We fabricated spin-polarized surface electronic states with tunable Fermi level from semiconductor to low-dimensional metal in the Bi/GaSb(110)-(2$\times$1) surface using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) and spin-resolved ARPES. The spin-polarized surface band of Bi/GaSb(110) exhibits quasi-one-dimensional character with the Rashba parameter $α_{\rm R}$ of 4.1 and 2.6 eVÅ\ at the $\barΓ$ and $\bar{\rm Y}$ points of the surface Brillouin zone, respectively. The Fermi level of the surface electronic state is tuned in situ by element-selective Ar-ion sputtering on the GaSb substrate. The giant Rashba-type spin splitting with switchable metallic/semiconducting character on semiconductor substrate makes this system a promising candidate for future researches in low-dimensional spintronic phenomena.
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Submitted 2 December, 2019; v1 submitted 29 September, 2019;
originally announced September 2019.
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Origins of thermal spin depolarization in half-metallic ferromagnet CrO$_2$
Authors:
H. Fujiwara,
K. Terashima,
M. Sunagawa,
Y. Yano,
T. Nagayama,
T. Fukura,
F. Yoshii,
Y. Matsuura,
M. Ogata,
T. Wakita,
K. Yaji,
A. Harasawa,
K. Kuroda,
S. Shin,
K. Horiba,
H. Kumigashira,
Y. Muraoka,
T. Yokoya
Abstract:
Using high-resolution spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we observed a thermal spin depolarization to which all spin-polarized electrons contribute. Furthermore we observed a distinct minority spin state near the Fermi level and a corresponding depolarization that seldom contributes to demagnetization. The origin of this depolarization has been identified as the many-body effect characteris…
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Using high-resolution spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we observed a thermal spin depolarization to which all spin-polarized electrons contribute. Furthermore we observed a distinct minority spin state near the Fermi level and a corresponding depolarization that seldom contributes to demagnetization. The origin of this depolarization has been identified as the many-body effect characteristics of half-metallic ferromagnets. Our investigation opens an experimental field of itinerant ferromagnetic physics focusing on phenomena with sub-meV energy scale.
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Submitted 19 December, 2018;
originally announced December 2018.
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Multiple topological states in iron-based superconductors
Authors:
Peng Zhang,
Zhijun Wang,
Xianxin Wu,
Koichiro Yaji,
Yukiaki Ishida,
Yoshimitsu Kohama,
Guangyang Dai,
Yue Sun,
Cedric Bareille,
Kenta Kuroda,
Takeshi Kondo,
Kozo Okazaki,
Koichi Kindo,
Xiancheng Wang,
Changqing Jin,
Jiangping Hu,
Ronny Thomale,
Kazuki Sumida,
Shilong Wu,
Koji Miyamoto,
Taichi Okuda,
Hong Ding,
G. D. Gu,
Tsuyoshi Tamegai,
Takuto Kawakami
, et al. (2 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Topological insulators and semimetals as well as unconventional iron-based superconductors have attracted major recent attention in condensed matter physics. Previously, however, little overlap has been identified between these two vibrant fields, even though the principal combination of topological bands and superconductivity promises exotic unprecedented avenues of superconducting states and Maj…
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Topological insulators and semimetals as well as unconventional iron-based superconductors have attracted major recent attention in condensed matter physics. Previously, however, little overlap has been identified between these two vibrant fields, even though the principal combination of topological bands and superconductivity promises exotic unprecedented avenues of superconducting states and Majorana bound states (MBSs), the central building block for topological quantum computation. Along with progressing laser-based spin-resolved and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) towards high energy and momentum resolution, we have resolved topological insulator (TI) and topological Dirac semimetal (TDS) bands near the Fermi level ($E_{\text{F}}$) in the iron-based superconductors Li(Fe,Co)As and Fe(Te,Se), respectively. The TI and TDS bands can be individually tuned to locate close to $E_{\text{F}}$ by carrier doping, allowing to potentially access a plethora of different superconducting topological states in the same material. Our results reveal the generic coexistence of superconductivity and multiple topological states in iron-based superconductors, rendering these materials a promising platform for high-$T_{\text{c}}$ topological superconductivity.
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Submitted 25 September, 2018;
originally announced September 2018.
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Computational study of heavy group IV elements (Ge, Sn, Pb) triangular lattice atomic layers on SiC(0001) surface
Authors:
Anton Visikovskiy,
Shingo Hayashi,
Takashi Kajiwara,
Fumio Komori,
Koichiro Yaji,
Satoru Tanaka
Abstract:
Group IV heavy elements atomic layers are expected to show an interesting physical properties due to their large spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations with/without SOC we investigate the variation of group IV heavy elements overlayers, namely dense triangular lattice atomic layers (TLAL) on the surface of SiC(0001) semiconductor. The possibility of such laye…
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Group IV heavy elements atomic layers are expected to show an interesting physical properties due to their large spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations with/without SOC we investigate the variation of group IV heavy elements overlayers, namely dense triangular lattice atomic layers (TLAL) on the surface of SiC(0001) semiconductor. The possibility of such layers formation and their properties have not been addressed before. Here we show, that these layers may indeed be stable and, owing to peculiar bonding configuration, exhibit robust Dirac-like energy bands originating from $p_x+p_y$ orbitals and localized mostly within the layer, and $p_z$ band localized outside the layer and interacting with SiC substrate. We found that a $T_1$ adsorption site is most favorable for such TLAL structure and this results in an unusual SOC-induced spin polarization of the states around $\bar{K}$ points of Brillouin zone, namely the coexistence of Rashba- and Zeeman-like spin polarization of different states. We explain this phenomena in terms of symmetry of partial electronic density rather than symmetry of atomic structure.
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Submitted 4 September, 2018;
originally announced September 2018.
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Rashba spin splitting of L-gap surface states on Ag(111) and Cu(111)
Authors:
Koichiro Yaji,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Kenta Kuroda,
Ronghan Li,
Binghai Yan,
Fumio Komori,
Shik Shin
Abstract:
Spin-resolved band structures of L-gap surface states on Ag(111) and Cu(111) are investigated by spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (SARPES) with a vacuum-ultra-violet laser. The observed spin textures of the Ag(111) and Cu(111) surface states agree with that expected by the conventional Rashba effect. The Rashba parameter of the Ag(111) surface state is estimated quantitatively a…
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Spin-resolved band structures of L-gap surface states on Ag(111) and Cu(111) are investigated by spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (SARPES) with a vacuum-ultra-violet laser. The observed spin textures of the Ag(111) and Cu(111) surface states agree with that expected by the conventional Rashba effect. The Rashba parameter of the Ag(111) surface state is estimated quantitatively and is 80% of that of Cu(111). The surface-state wave function is found to be predominantly of even mirror-symmetry with negligible odd contribution by SARPES using a linearly polarized light. The results are consistent with our theoretical calculations for the orbital-resolved surface state.
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Submitted 17 July, 2018;
originally announced July 2018.
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Giant Rashba splitting of quasi-1D surface states on Bi/InAs(110)-(2$\times$1)
Authors:
T. Nakamura,
Y. Ohtsubo,
Y. Yamashita,
S. Ideta,
K. Tanaka,
K. Yaji,
A. Harasawa,
S. Shin,
F. Komori,
R. Yukawa,
K. Horiba,
H. Kumigashira,
S. Kimura
Abstract:
Electronic states on the Bi/InAs(110)-(2$\times$1) surface and its spin-polarized structure are revealed by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), spin-resolved ARPES, and density-functional-theory calculation. The surface state showed quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) dispersion and a nearly metallic character; the top of the hole-like surface band is just below the Fermi level. The size of…
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Electronic states on the Bi/InAs(110)-(2$\times$1) surface and its spin-polarized structure are revealed by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), spin-resolved ARPES, and density-functional-theory calculation. The surface state showed quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) dispersion and a nearly metallic character; the top of the hole-like surface band is just below the Fermi level. The size of the Rashba parameter ($α_{\rm R}$) reached quite a large value ($\sim$5.5 eVÅ). The present result would provide a fertile playground for further studies of the exotic electronic phenomena in 1D or Q1D systems with the spin-split electronic states as well as for advanced spintronic devices.
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Submitted 4 August, 2018; v1 submitted 19 April, 2018;
originally announced April 2018.
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Direct observation of multiple topological phases in the iron-based superconductor Li(Fe,Co)As
Authors:
Peng Zhang,
Xianxin Wu,
Koichiro Yaji,
Guangyang Dai,
Xiancheng Wang,
Changqing Jin,
Jiangping Hu,
Ronny Thomale,
Takeshi Kondo,
Shik Shin
Abstract:
Topological insulators/semimetals and unconventional iron-based superconductors have attracted major attentions in condensed matter physics in the past 10 years. However, there is little overlap between these two fields, although the combination of topological states and superconducting states will produce more exotic topologically superconducting states and Majorana bound states (MBS), a promisin…
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Topological insulators/semimetals and unconventional iron-based superconductors have attracted major attentions in condensed matter physics in the past 10 years. However, there is little overlap between these two fields, although the combination of topological states and superconducting states will produce more exotic topologically superconducting states and Majorana bound states (MBS), a promising candidate for realizing topological quantum computations. With the progress in laser-based spin-resolved and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) with very high energy- and momentum-resolution, we directly resolved the topological insulator (TI) phase and topological Dirac semimetal (TDS) phase near Fermi level ($E_F$) in the iron-based superconductor Li(Fe,Co)As. The TI and TDS phases can be separately tuned to $E_F$ by Co doping, allowing a detailed study of different superconducting topological states in the same material. Together with the topological states in Fe(Te,Se), our study shows the ubiquitous coexistence of superconductivity and multiple topological phases in iron-based superconductors, and opens a new age for the study of high-Tc iron-based superconductors and topological superconductivity.
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Submitted 2 March, 2018;
originally announced March 2018.
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Topological Dirac semimetal phase in the iron-based superconductor Fe(Te,Se)
Authors:
Peng Zhang,
Zhijun Wang,
Yukiaki Ishida,
Yoshimitsu Kohama,
Xianxin Wu,
Koichiro Yaji,
Yue Sun,
Cedric Bareille,
Kenta Kuroda,
Takeshi Kondo,
Kozo Okazaki,
Koichi Kindo,
Kazuki Sumida,
Shilong Wu,
Koji Miyamoto,
Taichi Okuda,
Hong Ding,
G. D. Gu,
Tsuyoshi Tamegai,
Ronny Thomale,
Takuto Kawakami,
Masatoshi Sato,
Shik Shin
Abstract:
Topological Dirac semimetals (TDSs) exhibit bulk Dirac cones protected by time reversal and crystal symmetry, as well as surface states originating from non-trivial topology. While there is a manifold possible onset of superconducting order in such systems, few observations of intrinsic superconductivity have so far been reported for TDSs. We observe evidence for a TDS phase in FeTe$_{1-x}$Se$_x$…
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Topological Dirac semimetals (TDSs) exhibit bulk Dirac cones protected by time reversal and crystal symmetry, as well as surface states originating from non-trivial topology. While there is a manifold possible onset of superconducting order in such systems, few observations of intrinsic superconductivity have so far been reported for TDSs. We observe evidence for a TDS phase in FeTe$_{1-x}$Se$_x$ ($x$ = 0.45), one of the high transition temperature ($T_c$) iron-based superconductors. In angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) and transport experiments, we find spin-polarized states overlapping with the bulk states on the (001) surface, and linear magnetoresistance (MR) starting from 6 T. Combined, this strongly suggests the existence of a TDS phase, which is confirmed by theoretical calculations. In total, the topological electronic states in Fe(Te,Se) provide a promising high $T_c$ platform to realize multiple topological superconducting phases.
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Submitted 2 March, 2018;
originally announced March 2018.
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Discovery of switchable weak topological insulator state in quasi-one-dimensional bismuth iodide
Authors:
R. Noguchi,
T. Takahashi,
K. Kuroda,
M. Ochi,
T. Shirasawa,
M. Sakano,
C. Bareille,
M. Nakayama,
M. D. Watson,
K. Yaji,
A. Harasawa,
H. Iwasawa,
P. Dudin,
T. K. Kim,
M. Hoesch,
S. Shin,
R. Arita,
T. Sasagawa,
Takeshi Kondo
Abstract:
The major breakthroughs in the understanding of topological materials over the past decade were all triggered by the discovery of the Z$_2$ topological insulator (TI). In three dimensions (3D), the TI is classified as either "strong" or "weak", and experimental confirmations of the strong topological insulator (STI) rapidly followed the theoretical predictions. In contrast, the weak topological in…
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The major breakthroughs in the understanding of topological materials over the past decade were all triggered by the discovery of the Z$_2$ topological insulator (TI). In three dimensions (3D), the TI is classified as either "strong" or "weak", and experimental confirmations of the strong topological insulator (STI) rapidly followed the theoretical predictions. In contrast, the weak topological insulator has so far eluded experimental verification, since the topological surface states emerge only on particular side surfaces which are typically undetectable in real 3D crystals. Here we provide experimental evidence for the WTI state in a bismuth iodide, $β$-Bi4I4. Significantly, the crystal has naturally cleavable top and side planes both stacked via van-der-Waals forces, which have long been desirable for the experimental realization of the WTI state. As a definitive signature of it, we find quasi-1D Dirac TSS at the side-surface (100) while the top-surface (001) is topologically dark. Furthermore, a crystal transition from the $β$- to $α$-phase drives a topological phase transition from a nontrivial WTI to the trivial insulator around room temperature. This topological phase, viewed as quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulators stacked three-dimensionally, and excellent functionality with on/off switching will lay a foundation for new technology benefiting from highly directional spin-currents with large density protected against backscattering.
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Submitted 11 February, 2018;
originally announced February 2018.
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Observation of topological superconductivity on the surface of an iron-based superconductor
Authors:
Peng Zhang,
Koichiro Yaji,
Takahiro Hashimoto,
Yuichi Ota,
Takeshi Kondo,
Kozo Okazaki,
Zhijun Wang,
Jinsheng Wen,
G. D. Gu,
Hong Ding,
Shik Shin
Abstract:
Topological superconductors, whose edge hosts Majorana bound states or Majorana fermions that obey non-Abelian statistics, can be used for low-decoherence quantum computations. Most of the proposed topological superconductors are realized with spin-helical states through proximity effect to BCS superconductors. However, such approaches are difficult for further studies and applications because of…
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Topological superconductors, whose edge hosts Majorana bound states or Majorana fermions that obey non-Abelian statistics, can be used for low-decoherence quantum computations. Most of the proposed topological superconductors are realized with spin-helical states through proximity effect to BCS superconductors. However, such approaches are difficult for further studies and applications because of the low transition temperatures and complicated hetero-structures. Here by using high-resolution spin-resolved and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, we discover that the iron-based superconductor FeTe1-xSex (x = 0.45, Tc = 14.5 K) hosts Dirac-cone type spin-helical surface states at Fermi level, which open an s-wave SC gap below Tc. Our study proves that the surface states of FeTe0.55Se0.45 are 2D topologically superconducting, and thus provides a simple and possibly high-Tc platform for realizing Majorana fermions.
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Submitted 12 March, 2018; v1 submitted 16 June, 2017;
originally announced June 2017.
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Spin-polarized quasi 1D state with finite bandgap on the Bi/InSb(001) surface
Authors:
J. Kishi,
Y. Ohtsubo,
T. Nakamura,
K. Yaji,
A. Harasawa,
F. Komori,
S. Shin,
J. E. Rault,
P. Le Fèvre,
F. Bertran,
A. Taleb-Ibrahimi,
M. Nurmamat,
H. Yamane,
S. Ideta,
K. Tanaka,
S. Kimura
Abstract:
One-dimensional (1D) electronic states were discovered on 1D surface atomic structure of Bi fabricated on semiconductor InSb(001) substrates by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES). The 1D state showed steep, Dirac-cone-like dispersion along the 1D atomic structure with a finite direct bandgap opening as large as 150 meV. Moreover, spin-resolved ARPES revealed the spin polarization of…
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One-dimensional (1D) electronic states were discovered on 1D surface atomic structure of Bi fabricated on semiconductor InSb(001) substrates by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES). The 1D state showed steep, Dirac-cone-like dispersion along the 1D atomic structure with a finite direct bandgap opening as large as 150 meV. Moreover, spin-resolved ARPES revealed the spin polarization of the 1D unoccupied states as well as that of the occupied states, the orientation of which inverted depending on the wave vector direction parallel to the 1D array on the surface. These results reveal that a spin-polarized quasi-1D carrier was realized on the surface of 1D Bi with highly efficient backscattering suppression, showing promise for use in future spintronic and energy-saving devices.
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Submitted 16 October, 2017; v1 submitted 18 April, 2017;
originally announced April 2017.
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Direct Mapping of Spin and Orbital Entangled Wavefunction under Interband Spin-Orbit coupling of Rashba Spin-Split Surface States
Authors:
Ryo Noguchi,
Kenta Kuroda,
K. Yaji,
K. Kobayashi,
M. Sakano,
A. Harasawa,
Takeshi Kondo,
F. Komori,
S. Shin
Abstract:
We use spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES) combined with polarization-variable laser and investigate the spin-orbit coupling effect under interband hybridization of Rashba spin-split states for the surface alloys Bi/Ag(111) and Bi/Cu(111). In addition to the conventional band mapping of photoemission for Rashba spin-splitting, the different orbital and spin parts of the su…
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We use spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES) combined with polarization-variable laser and investigate the spin-orbit coupling effect under interband hybridization of Rashba spin-split states for the surface alloys Bi/Ag(111) and Bi/Cu(111). In addition to the conventional band mapping of photoemission for Rashba spin-splitting, the different orbital and spin parts of the surface wavefucntion are directly imaged into energy-momentum space. It is unambiguously revealed that the interband spin-orbit coupling modifies the spin and orbital character of the Rashba surface states leading to the enriched spin-orbital entanglement and the pronounced momentum dependence of the spin-polarization. The hybridization thus strongly deviates the spin and orbital characters from the standard Rashba model. The complex spin texture under interband spin-orbit hybridyzation proposed by first-principles calculation is experimentally unraveled by SARPES with a combination of p- and s-polarized light.
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Submitted 25 January, 2017;
originally announced January 2017.
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High repetition pump-and-probe photoemission spectroscopy based on a compact fiber laser system
Authors:
Y. Ishida,
T. Otsu,
A. Ozawa,
K. Yaji,
S. Tani,
S. Shin,
Y. Kobayashi
Abstract:
The paper describes a time-resolved photoemission (TRPES) apparatus equipped with a Yb-doped fiber laser system delivering 1.2-eV pump and 5.9-eV probe pulses at the repetition rate of 95 MHz. Time and energy resolutions are 11.3 meV and ~310 fs, respectively; the latter is estimated by performing TRPES on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The high repetition rate is suited for achievin…
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The paper describes a time-resolved photoemission (TRPES) apparatus equipped with a Yb-doped fiber laser system delivering 1.2-eV pump and 5.9-eV probe pulses at the repetition rate of 95 MHz. Time and energy resolutions are 11.3 meV and ~310 fs, respectively; the latter is estimated by performing TRPES on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The high repetition rate is suited for achieving high signal-to-noise ratio in TRPES spectra, thereby facilitating investigations of ultrafast electronic dynamics in the low pump fluence (p) region. TRPES of polycrystalline bismuth (Bi) at p as low as 30 nJ/mm2 is demonstrated. The laser source is compact and is docked to an existing TRPES apparatus based on a 250-kHz Ti:sapphire laser system. The 95-MHz system is less prone to space-charge broadening effects compared to the 250-kHz system, which we explicitly show in a systematic probe-power dependency of the Fermi cutoff of polycrystalline gold. We also describe that the TRPES response of an oriented Bi(111)/HOPG sample is useful for fine-tuning the spatial overlap of the pump and probe beams even when p is as low as 30 nJ/mm2.
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Submitted 9 December, 2016;
originally announced December 2016.
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Observation of spin-polarized bands and domain-dependent Fermi arcs in polar Weyl semimetal MoTe$_2$
Authors:
M. Sakano,
M. S. Bahramy,
H. Tsuji,
I. Araya,
K. Ikeura,
H. Sakai,
S. Ishiwata,
K. Yaji,
K. Kuroda,
A. Harasawa,
S. Shin,
K. Ishizaka
Abstract:
We investigate the surface electronic structures of polar 1T'-MoTe2, the Weyl semimetal candidate realized through the nonpolar-polar structural phase transition, by utilizing the laser angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) combined with first-principles calculations. Two kinds of domains with different surface band dispersions are observed from a single-crystalline sample. The spin-re…
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We investigate the surface electronic structures of polar 1T'-MoTe2, the Weyl semimetal candidate realized through the nonpolar-polar structural phase transition, by utilizing the laser angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) combined with first-principles calculations. Two kinds of domains with different surface band dispersions are observed from a single-crystalline sample. The spin-resolved measurements further reveal that the spin polarizations of the surface and the bulk-derived states show the different domain-dependences, indicating the opposite bulk polarity. For both domains, some segment-like band features resembling the Fermi arcs are clearly observed. The patterns of the arcs present the marked contrast between the two domains, respectively agreeing well with the slab calculation of (0 0 1) and (0 0 -1) surfaces. The present result strongly suggests that the Fermi arc connects the identical pair of Weyl nodes on one side of the polar crystal surface, whereas it connects between the different pairs of Weyl nodes on the other side.
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Submitted 7 March, 2017; v1 submitted 7 November, 2016;
originally announced November 2016.
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Topologically entangled Rashba-split Shockley states on the surface of grey arsenic
Authors:
Peng Zhang,
J. -Z. Ma,
Y. Ishida,
L. -X. Zhao,
Q. -N. Xu,
B. -Q. Lv,
K. Yaji,
G. -F. Chen,
H. -M. Weng,
X. Dai,
Z. Fang,
X. -Q. Chen,
L. Fu,
T. Qian,
H. Ding,
S. Shin
Abstract:
We discover a pair of spin-polarized surface bands on the (111) face of grey arsenic by using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). In the occupied side, the pair resembles typical nearly-free-electron Shockley states observed on noble-metal surfaces. However, pump-probe ARPES reveals that the spin-polarized pair traverses the bulk band gap and that the crossing of the pair at…
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We discover a pair of spin-polarized surface bands on the (111) face of grey arsenic by using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). In the occupied side, the pair resembles typical nearly-free-electron Shockley states observed on noble-metal surfaces. However, pump-probe ARPES reveals that the spin-polarized pair traverses the bulk band gap and that the crossing of the pair at $\barΓ$ is topologically unavoidable. First-principles calculations well reproduce the bands and their non-trivial topology; the calculations also support that the surface states are of Shockley type because they arise from a band inversion caused by crystal field. The results provide compelling evidence that topological Shockley states are realized on As(111).
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Submitted 5 February, 2017; v1 submitted 9 August, 2016;
originally announced August 2016.
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Coherent control over three-dimensional spin polarization for the spin-orbit coupled surface state of Bi$_2$Se$_3$
Authors:
Kenta Kuroda,
Koichiro Yaji,
M. Nakayama,
A. Harasawa,
Y. Ishida,
S. Watanabe,
C. -T. Chen,
T. Kondo,
F. Komori,
S. Shin
Abstract:
Interference of spin-up and spin-down eigenstates depicts spin rotation of electrons, which is a fundamental concept of quantum mechanics and accepts technological challenges for the electrical spin manipulation. Here, we visualize this coherent spin physics through laser spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy on a spin-orbital entangled surface-state of a topological insulator. It is…
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Interference of spin-up and spin-down eigenstates depicts spin rotation of electrons, which is a fundamental concept of quantum mechanics and accepts technological challenges for the electrical spin manipulation. Here, we visualize this coherent spin physics through laser spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy on a spin-orbital entangled surface-state of a topological insulator. It is unambiguously revealed that the linearly polarized laser can simultaneously excite spin-up and spin-down states and these quantum spin-basis are coherently superposed in photoelectron states. The superposition and the resulting spin rotation is arbitrary manipulated by the direction of the laser field. Moreover, the full observation of the spin rotation displays the phase of the quantum states. This presents a new facet of laser-photoemission technique for investigation of quantum spin physics opening new possibilities in the field of quantum spintronic applications.
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Submitted 7 August, 2016; v1 submitted 1 August, 2016;
originally announced August 2016.
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Spin Texture in Type-II Weyl Semimetal WTe2
Authors:
Baojie Feng,
Yang-Hao Chan,
Ya Feng,
Ro-Ya Liu,
Mei-Yin Chou,
Kenta Kuroda,
Koichiro Yaji,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Paolo Moras,
Alexei Barinov,
Walid G. Malaeb,
Cedric Bareille,
Takeshi Kondo,
Shik Shin,
Fumio Komori,
Tai-Chang Chiang,
Youguo Shi,
Iwao Matsuda
Abstract:
We determine the band structure and spin texture of WTe2 by spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES). With the support of first-principles calculations, we reveal the existence of spin polarization of both the Fermi arc surface states and bulk Fermi pockets. Our results support WTe2 to be a type-II Weyl semimetal candidate and provide important information to understand its ext…
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We determine the band structure and spin texture of WTe2 by spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES). With the support of first-principles calculations, we reveal the existence of spin polarization of both the Fermi arc surface states and bulk Fermi pockets. Our results support WTe2 to be a type-II Weyl semimetal candidate and provide important information to understand its extremely large and nonsaturating magnetoresistance.
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Submitted 20 November, 2016; v1 submitted 31 May, 2016;
originally announced June 2016.
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High-resolution three-dimensional spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer using vacuum ultraviolet laser light
Authors:
Koichiro Yaji,
Ayumi Harasawa,
Kenta Kuroda,
Sogen Toyohisa,
Mitsuhiro Nakayama,
Yukiaki Ishida,
Akiko Fukushima,
Shuntaro Watanabe,
Chuangtian Chen,
Fumio Komori,
Shik Shin
Abstract:
We describe a spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (SARPES) apparatus with a vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) laser ($hν$= 6.994 eV) developed at the Laser and Synchrotron Research Center at the Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo. The spectrometer consists of a hemispherical photoelectron analyzer equipped with an electron deflector function and twin very-low-energy-…
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We describe a spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (SARPES) apparatus with a vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) laser ($hν$= 6.994 eV) developed at the Laser and Synchrotron Research Center at the Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo. The spectrometer consists of a hemispherical photoelectron analyzer equipped with an electron deflector function and twin very-low-energy-electron-diffraction-type spin detectors, which allows us to analyze the spin vector of a photoelectron three-dimensionally with both high energy and angular resolutions. The combination of the high-performance spectrometer and the high-photon-flux VUV laser can achieve an energy resolution of 1.7 meV for SARPES. We demonstrate that the present laser-SARPES machine realizes a quick SARPES on the spin-split band structure of a Bi(111) film even with 7 meV energy and 0.7$^\circ$ angular resolutions along the entrance-slit direction. This laser-SARPES machine is applicable to the investigation of spin-dependent electronic states on an energy scale of a few meV.
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Submitted 21 April, 2016;
originally announced April 2016.
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Deviation from Fermi-liquid behavior in two-dimensional surface states of Au-induced nanowires on Ge(001) by correlation and localization
Authors:
K. Yaji,
R. Yukawa,
S. Kim,
Y. Ohtsubo,
P. Le Fèvre,
F. Bertran,
A. Taleb-Ibrahimi,
I. Matsuda,
K. Nakatsuji,
F. Komori
Abstract:
The electronic states of Au-induced atomic nanowires on Ge(001) (Au/Ge(001) NWs) have been investigated by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with linearly polarized light. We have found three electron pockets around $\bar{J}\bar{K}$, where the Fermi surfaces are closed in a surface Brillouin zone, indicating that the surface states of Au/Ge(001) NWs are two-dimensional whereas the atomic s…
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The electronic states of Au-induced atomic nanowires on Ge(001) (Au/Ge(001) NWs) have been investigated by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with linearly polarized light. We have found three electron pockets around $\bar{J}\bar{K}$, where the Fermi surfaces are closed in a surface Brillouin zone, indicating that the surface states of Au/Ge(001) NWs are two-dimensional whereas the atomic structure is one-dimensional. The two-dimensional metallic states exhibit remarkable suppression of the photoelectron intensity near a Fermi energy. This suppression can be explained by the correlation and localization effects in disordered metals, which is a deviation from a Fermi-liquid model.
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Submitted 16 February, 2016;
originally announced February 2016.
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Spin polarization and texture of the Fermi arcs in the Weyl Fermion semimetal TaAs
Authors:
Su-Yang Xu,
Ilya Belopolski,
Daniel S. Sanchez,
Madhab Neupane,
Guoqing Chang,
Koichiro Yaji,
Zhujun Yuan,
Chenglong Zhang,
Kenta Kuroda,
Guang Bian,
Cheng Guo,
Hong Lu,
Tay-Rong Chang,
Nasser Alidoust,
Hao Zheng,
Chi-Cheng Lee,
Shin-Ming Huang,
Chuang-Han Hsu,
Horng-Tay Jeng,
Arun Bansil,
Aris Alexandradinata,
Titus Neupert,
Takeshi Kondo,
Fumio Komori,
Shik Shin
, et al. (3 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A Weyl semimetal is a new state of matter that host Weyl fermions as quasiparticle excitations. The Weyl fermions at zero energy correspond to points of bulk band degeneracy, Weyl nodes, which are separated in momentum space and are connected only through the crystal's boundary by an exotic Fermi arc surface state. We experimentally measure the spin polarization of the Fermi arcs in the first expe…
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A Weyl semimetal is a new state of matter that host Weyl fermions as quasiparticle excitations. The Weyl fermions at zero energy correspond to points of bulk band degeneracy, Weyl nodes, which are separated in momentum space and are connected only through the crystal's boundary by an exotic Fermi arc surface state. We experimentally measure the spin polarization of the Fermi arcs in the first experimentally discovered Weyl semimetal TaAs. Our spin data, for the first time, reveal that the Fermi arcs' spin polarization magnitude is as large as 80% and possesses a spin texture that is completely in-plane. Moreover, we demonstrate that the chirality of the Weyl nodes in TaAs cannot be inferred by the spin texture of the Fermi arcs. The observed non-degenerate property of the Fermi arcs is important for the establishment of its exact topological nature, which reveal that spins on the arc form a novel type of 2D matter. Additionally, the nearly full spin polarization we observed (~80%) may be useful in spintronic applications.
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Submitted 5 November, 2015; v1 submitted 28 October, 2015;
originally announced October 2015.
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Electronic structures of Cr$_{1-δ}$X (X=S, Te) studied by Cr 2p soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism
Authors:
K. Yaji,
A. Kimura,
C. Hirai,
M. Taniguchi,
M. Koyama,
H. Sato,
K. Shimada,
A. Tanaka,
T. Muro,
S. Imada,
S. Suga
Abstract:
Cr 2p core excited XAS and XMCD spectra of ferromagnetic Cr$_{1-δ}$Te with several concentrations of $δ$=0.11-0.33 and ferrimagnetic Cr$_{5}$S$_{6}$ have been measured. The observed XMCD lineshapes are found to very weakly depend on $δ$ for Cr$_{1-δ}$Te. The experimental results are analyzed by means of a configuration-interaction cluster model calculation with consideration of hybridization and…
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Cr 2p core excited XAS and XMCD spectra of ferromagnetic Cr$_{1-δ}$Te with several concentrations of $δ$=0.11-0.33 and ferrimagnetic Cr$_{5}$S$_{6}$ have been measured. The observed XMCD lineshapes are found to very weakly depend on $δ$ for Cr$_{1-δ}$Te. The experimental results are analyzed by means of a configuration-interaction cluster model calculation with consideration of hybridization and electron correlation effects. The obtained values of the spin magnetic moment by the cluster model analyses are in agreement with the results of the band structure calculation.The calculated result shows that the doped holes created by the Cr deficiency exist mainly in the Te 5porbital of Cr$_{1-δ}$Te, whereas the holes are likely to be in Cr 3d state for Cr$_{5}$S$_{6}$.
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Submitted 11 June, 2004;
originally announced June 2004.
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Soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism study of the ferromagnetic Cr$_{1-δ}$Te
Authors:
K. Yaji,
A. Kimura,
C. Hirai,
H. Sato,
M. Taniguchi,
M. Koyama,
K. Shimada,
A. Tanaka,
T. Muro,
S. Imada,
S. Suga
Abstract:
The 2p core excited XAS and XMCD spectra of Cr$_{1-δ}$Te with several concentrations of $δ$=0.11-0.33 have been measured. The observed XMCD lineshapes are found to very weakly depend on $δ$. The experimental results are analyzed in terms of the configuration-interaction picture with consideration of hybridization and electron correlation effects. The calculated result shows that CrTe can be clas…
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The 2p core excited XAS and XMCD spectra of Cr$_{1-δ}$Te with several concentrations of $δ$=0.11-0.33 have been measured. The observed XMCD lineshapes are found to very weakly depend on $δ$. The experimental results are analyzed in terms of the configuration-interaction picture with consideration of hybridization and electron correlation effects. The calculated result shows that CrTe can be classified into a charge transfer type material and created holes preferably exist in Te 5p orbitals in Cr deficient materials Cr$_{1-δ}$Te, which are in consistence with the observed XMCD feature and the reported band structure calculation.
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Submitted 10 January, 2003; v1 submitted 9 January, 2003;
originally announced January 2003.