Showing 1–50 of 348 results for author: Hu, W

Extreme equivalent width-selected low-mass starbursts at $z=4-9$: insights into their role in cosmic reionization

Authors: M. Llerena, L. Pentericci, R. Amorín, A. Ferrara, M. Dickinson, F. Arevalo, A. Calabrò, L. Napolitano, S. Mascia, P. Arrabal Haro, R. Begley, N. J. Cleri, K. Davis, W. Hu, J. S. Kartaltepe, A. M. Koekemoer, R. A. Lucas, E. McGrath, D. J. McLeod, C. Papovich, T. M. Stanton, A. J. Taylor, R. Tripodi, X. Wang, L. Y. A. Yung

Abstract: We investigate the properties of extreme emission line galaxies (EELGs) at $z=4-9$ and their role in reionization. Compact, low-mass galaxies with intense optical emission lines are linked to elevated specific star formation rates (sSFRs) and recent bursts of star formation. Feedback in these systems may enable the leakage of ionizing radiation into the intergalactic medium. Using JWST/NIRSpec spe… ▽ More We investigate the properties of extreme emission line galaxies (EELGs) at $z=4-9$ and their role in reionization. Compact, low-mass galaxies with intense optical emission lines are linked to elevated specific star formation rates (sSFRs) and recent bursts of star formation. Feedback in these systems may enable the leakage of ionizing radiation into the intergalactic medium. Using JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy from the CAPERS, CEERS, and RUBIES surveys, we compile 160 NIRCam-selected EELGs in the EGS field. These galaxies show extreme rest-frame equivalent widths (EWs), with a median EW([O III]+H$β$)=1616Å and EW(H$α$)=763Å. They are low-mass (median log(M$_{\star}$/M$_{\odot}$)=8.26) with high sSFRs (median 43 Gyr$^{-1}$), above the $z\sim6$ main sequence. UV slopes are diverse, with a mean $β=-2.0$, and only 7% have extremely blue continua ($β<-2.6$). Emission-line diagnostics suggest stellar populations as the primary ionizing source, although an AGN fraction of 14% is found. These galaxies are efficient ionizing photon producers, with mean log($ξ_{\rm ion}$ [Hz erg$^{-1}$])=25.34, exceeding typical values at similar redshifts. Escape fractions, however, are heterogeneous: 9% of EELGs show escape fractions $>$10% for both Ly$α$ and LyC photons, while 82% lack detectable Ly$α$ emission. The median inferred LyC escape fraction is modest (4.4%) but enhanced in super-Eddington systems with sSFR >25 Gyr$^{-1}$. The galaxies are extremely compact, with a median effective radius of 0.49 kpc, and exhibit a recent star-formation burst. Our analysis indicates that sSFR and star-formation rate surface density are the primary drivers of their extreme emission line strengths. △ Less

Submitted 29 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Submitted to A&A. Comments are welcome

Phantom Mirage from Axion Dark Energy

Authors: Rayne Liu, Yijie Zhu, Wayne Hu, Vivian Miranda

Abstract: Supernova (SN) and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) distance measures have recently provided hints that the dark energy is not only dynamical but apparently evolves from normal to phantom dark energy between redshifts $0<z<1$. A normal axion dark energy component in the mass range just below the Hubble scale can mimic a phantom component by appearing as dark energy at $z=1$ and dark matter at… ▽ More Supernova (SN) and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) distance measures have recently provided hints that the dark energy is not only dynamical but apparently evolves from normal to phantom dark energy between redshifts $0<z<1$. A normal axion dark energy component in the mass range just below the Hubble scale can mimic a phantom component by appearing as dark energy at $z=1$ and dark matter at $z=0$, raising the possibility of a phantom mirage. We show that there is a wide range of axion dark energy contributions that can resolve the SN-BAO tension as well as thawing quintessence does, leaving BAO tension with the cosmic microwave background (CMB) for the distance measures from $z\sim 1$ to recombination to be resolved at high redshifts. With axions, raising the optical depth to reionization to $τ\approx 0.1$ works essentially as well as $w_0-w_a$ phantom dark energy for all but the lowE CMB data, with a remaining $Δχ^2\sim -16$ compared with $Λ$CDM, whereas a small spatial curvature of $Ω_K \sim 0.003$ can largely relax the full SN-BAO-CMB tension with a total $Δχ^2 \sim -12$. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 14 figures. Comments are welcome

Galaxy Protoclusters as Drivers of Cosmic Reionization: I. Bubble Overlap at Redshift z ~ 7 in LAGER-z7OD1

Authors: Crystal L. Martin, Weida Hu, Isak G. B. Wold, Andreas Faisst, Cristobal Moya-Sierralta, Sangeeta Malhotra, James E. Rhoads, Luis Felipe Barrientos, Yuichi Harikane, Leopoldo Infante, Anton Koekemoer, Jorge Gonzalez Lopez, Masami Ouchi, Junyan Xu, Jiayang Yang, L. Y. Aaron Yung, John R. Weaver, Henry McCracken, Zhenya Zheng, Junxian Wang

Abstract: Since the launch of JWST, the sample size of reionization-era Lyman-alpha-emitters (LAEs) has been steadily growing; yet inferences about the neutral hydrogen fraction in the intergalactic medium exhibit increasing variance at redshift z ~ 7, possibly indicating significant field-to-field fluctuations in the progression of cosmic reionization. In this paper, we present new JWST/NIRSpec and Keck/LR… ▽ More Since the launch of JWST, the sample size of reionization-era Lyman-alpha-emitters (LAEs) has been steadily growing; yet inferences about the neutral hydrogen fraction in the intergalactic medium exhibit increasing variance at redshift z ~ 7, possibly indicating significant field-to-field fluctuations in the progression of cosmic reionization. In this paper, we present new JWST/NIRSpec and Keck/LRIS spectra of nine LAEs in the redshift z ~ 7 protocluster, LAGER-z7OD1. Measurements of Lyman-alpha-transmission and Lyman-alpha velocity offset along multiple sightlines map the Lyman-alpha damping wing optical depth across the galaxy overdensity. In the standard context of inside-out ionization, we estimate radii of ionized bubbles (R(min) = 0.07 - 0.69 Mpc) based on the distance from each LAE to the first neutral patch along the sightline. The resulting 3D topology reveals three distinct sub-clusters where the ionized bubbles are approaching overlap. Five of the nine LAEs plausibly ionized their bubbles, a few bursts of star formation and a modest escape fraction are sufficient. We demonstrate, however, that the actual ionized volumes are likely larger, at least R(ism) = 0.42 - 1.29 Mpc, based on an empirical model for interstellar attenuation of Lyman-alpha. Modeling galactic attenuation of Lyman-alpha significantly increases the inferred intergalactic transmission (thus enlarging the ionized pathlength). The errorbars on the reddening correction allow fully overlapping bubbles, and our results are consistent with accelerated reionization in the protocluster. △ Less

Submitted 19 November, 2025; v1 submitted 15 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Machine Learning Assisted Parameter-Space Searches for Lensed Gravitational Waves

Authors: Giulia Campailla, Marco Raveri, Wayne Hu, Jose María Ezquiaga

Abstract: When a gravitational wave encounters a massive object along the line of sight, repeated copies of the original signal may be produced due to gravitational lensing. In this paper, we develop a series of new machine-learning based statistical methods to identify promising strong lensing candidates in gravitational wave catalogs. We employ state-of-the-art normalizing flow generative models to perfor… ▽ More When a gravitational wave encounters a massive object along the line of sight, repeated copies of the original signal may be produced due to gravitational lensing. In this paper, we develop a series of new machine-learning based statistical methods to identify promising strong lensing candidates in gravitational wave catalogs. We employ state-of-the-art normalizing flow generative models to perform statistical calculations on the posterior distributions of gravitational wave events that would otherwise be computationally unfeasible. Our lensing identification strategy, developed on two simulated gravitational wave catalogs that test noise realization and event signal variations, selects event pairs with low parameter differences in the optimal detector basis that also have a high information content and favorable likelihood for coincident parameters. We then apply our method to the GWTC-3 catalog and find a single pair still consistent with the lensing hypothesis. This pair has been previously identified through more costly evidence ratio techniques, but rejected on astrophysical grounds, which further validates our technique. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 19 figures

CONCERTO: forward modeling of interferograms for calibration

Authors: A. Lundgren, A. Beelen, G. Lagache, F. -X. Desert, A. Fasano, J. Macias-Perez, A. Monfardini, P. Ade, M. Aravena, E. Barria, A. Benoit, M. Bethermin, J. Bounmy, O. Bourrion, G. Bres, C. De Breuck, M. Calvo, A. Catalano, C. Dubois, C. A Duran, T. Fenouillet, J. Garcia, G. Garde, J. Goupy, C. Hoarau , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The CarbON [CII] line in post-rEionisation and ReionisaTiOn epoch (CONCERTO) instrument is a low-resolution mapping Fourier-transform spectrometer, based on lumped-element kinetic inductance detector (LEKID) technology, operating at 130- 310 GHz. It was installed on the 12-meter APEX telescope in Chile in April 2021 and operated until December 2022. CONCERTO's main science goal is to constrain the… ▽ More The CarbON [CII] line in post-rEionisation and ReionisaTiOn epoch (CONCERTO) instrument is a low-resolution mapping Fourier-transform spectrometer, based on lumped-element kinetic inductance detector (LEKID) technology, operating at 130- 310 GHz. It was installed on the 12-meter APEX telescope in Chile in April 2021 and operated until December 2022. CONCERTO's main science goal is to constrain the [CII] line fluctuations at high redshift. To reach that goal CONCERTO observed 1.4 deg2 in the COSMOS field. To ensure accurate calibration of the data, we have developed a forward model capable of simulating both the spectral response and the corresponding interferograms for each scan of observation in the COSMOS field. We present the modeling approach that enables us to reproduce the expected instrument outputs under controlled input conditions and provides a framework for the different calibration steps, including the absolute brightness calibration of the spectra. We constructed a dedicated analysis pipeline to characterize the raw interferometric data (interferograms) obtained under a broad range of atmospheric conditions at APEX. Using the forward model, we measured the interferogram alignment with the optical path difference (zero path difference, ZPD) and the relative response of each KID (flatfield). Together, these elements enable a robust characterization of the instrument's spectral brightness calibration. △ Less

Submitted 5 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

The HST-Hyperion Survey: Environmental Imprints on the Stellar-Mass Function at z=2.5

Authors: Derek Sikorski, Ben Forrest, Brian C. Lemaux, Lu Shen, Finn Giddings, Roy Gal, Olga Cucciati, Emmet Golden-Marx, Weida Hu, Denise Hung, Lori Lubin, Kaila Ronayne, Ekta Shah, Sandro Bardelli, Devontae C. Baxter, Gayathri Gururajan, Laurence Tresse, Giovanni Zamorani, Joel Diamond, Lucia Guaita, Nimish Hathi, Elena Zucca

Abstract: Not all galaxies at Cosmic Noon evolve in the same way. It remains unclear how the local environment -- especially the extreme overdensities of protoclusters -- affects stellar mass assembly at high redshift. The stellar mass function (SMF) encodes these processes; comparing SMFs across environments reveals differences in evolutionary history. We present the SMF of the Hyperion proto-supercluster… ▽ More Not all galaxies at Cosmic Noon evolve in the same way. It remains unclear how the local environment -- especially the extreme overdensities of protoclusters -- affects stellar mass assembly at high redshift. The stellar mass function (SMF) encodes these processes; comparing SMFs across environments reveals differences in evolutionary history. We present the SMF of the Hyperion proto-supercluster at $z\sim2.5$, one of the largest and most massive protostructures known. This dataset provides the most statistically robust SMF of a single protostructure at $z>2$. By comparing the SMF of overdense peaks within Hyperion to the coeval field, we ask: how early, and how strongly, does a dense environment favor massive galaxies? Using COSMOS2020 photometry with ground-based and new HST grism spectroscopy, we construct a 3D overdensity map that assigns galaxies to peaks, outskirts, or the field. We perform 100 Monte Carlo realizations to propagate redshift and mass uncertainties, and derive SMFs normalized to the field. The peaks show a clear excess of massive galaxies: number densities at $\log(M_*/M_\odot)\sim 11$ are ~10x higher than the field, while those at $\log(M_*/M_\odot)\sim 9.5$ are enhanced by only ~3.5x. By contrast, the outskirts and Hyperion as a whole mirror the field. Environmental effects on stellar mass growth are thus evident by $z\sim 2.5$. The densest regions already host galaxies with accelerated growth, while the global SMF masks this signal. Protostructures therefore begin shaping the high-mass end of the SMF well before cluster quenching, and may drive the elevated star formation at Cosmic Noon. △ Less

Submitted 2 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 14+7 pages, 8+5 figures, 3 tables; Submitted to A&A. Comments are welcome!

Einstein Probe Discovery of EP J182730.0-095633: A New Black Hole X-ray Binary Candidate in Faint Outburst?

Authors: Huaqing Cheng, Qingchang Zhao, L. Tao, H. Feng, F. Coti Zelati, H. W. Pan, A. L. Wang, Y. N. Wang, M. Y. Ge, A. Rau, A. Marino, L. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, F. Carotenuto, L. Ji, C. C. Jin, D. Y. Li, B. F. Liu, Y. Liu, E. L. Qiao, N. Rea, R. Soria, S. Wang, Z. Yan, W. Yuan , et al. (56 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Black hole X-ray binaries (candidates) currently identified in our galaxy are mainly transient sources, with the majority discovered through the detection of their X-ray outbursts. Among these, only four were found during faint outbursts exhibiting peak X-ray luminosities $L_{\rm X}\lesssim10^{36}~{\rm erg~s^{-1}}$, likely due to the previous lack of sensitive, wide-field monitoring instruments in… ▽ More Black hole X-ray binaries (candidates) currently identified in our galaxy are mainly transient sources, with the majority discovered through the detection of their X-ray outbursts. Among these, only four were found during faint outbursts exhibiting peak X-ray luminosities $L_{\rm X}\lesssim10^{36}~{\rm erg~s^{-1}}$, likely due to the previous lack of sensitive, wide-field monitoring instruments in the X-ray band. In this Letter, we present the discovery of an intriguing X-ray transient, EP J182730.0-095633, via the Einstein Probe (EP) and subsequent multi-wavelength follow-up studies. This transient, located on the Galactic plane, experienced a faint and brief X-ray outburst lasting about 20 days. Its X-ray spectrum is non-thermal and consistent with a power-law model with a nearly constant photon index of $Γ\sim2$ throughout the outburst. A long-lasting millihertz quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) signal was detected in its X-ray light curve, centered around a frequency of $\sim0.04$ Hz. A transient near-infrared source was identified as its counterpart, although no optical emission was detectable, likely due to significant extinction. A radio counterpart was also observed, displaying an inverted radio spectrum with $α\sim0.45$. The X-ray spectral and temporal characteristics, along with the multi-wavelength properties, indicate that the source is a faint low-mass X-ray binary, with the compact object likely being a black hole. This work demonstrates the potential of the EP in discovering new X-ray binaries by capturing faint-level X-ray outbursts. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 5 figures (plus 3 in appendix), 3 tables in appendix. Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters

Very bright, very blue, and very red: JWST CAPERS analysis of highly luminous galaxies with extreme UV slopes at $\mathbf{z = 10}$

Authors: Callum T. Donnan, Mark Dickinson, Anthony J. Taylor, Pablo Arrabal Haro, Steven L. Finkelstein, Thomas M. Stanton, Intae Jung, Casey Papovich, Hollis B. Akins, Anton M. Koekemoer, Derek J. McLeod, Lorenzo Napolitano, Ricardo O. Amorín, Ryan Begley, Denis Burgarella, Adam C. Carnall, Caitlin M. Casey, Antonello Calabrò, Fergus Cullen, James S. Dunlop, Richard S. Ellis, Vital Fernández, Mauro Giavalisco, Michaela Hirschmann, Weida Hu , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present JWST/NIRSpec PRISM observations of three luminous ($M_{\rm UV}<-20$) galaxies at $z\sim10$ observed with the CAPERS Cycle 3 program. These galaxies exhibit extreme UV slopes compared to typical galaxies at $z=10$. Of the three sources, two of them are a close pair (0.22 - arcsec) of blue galaxies at $z=9.800\pm0.003$ and $z=9.808\pm0.002$ with UV slopes of $β=-2.87\pm0.15$ and… ▽ More We present JWST/NIRSpec PRISM observations of three luminous ($M_{\rm UV}<-20$) galaxies at $z\sim10$ observed with the CAPERS Cycle 3 program. These galaxies exhibit extreme UV slopes compared to typical galaxies at $z=10$. Of the three sources, two of them are a close pair (0.22 - arcsec) of blue galaxies at $z=9.800\pm0.003$ and $z=9.808\pm0.002$ with UV slopes of $β=-2.87\pm0.15$ and $β=-2.46\pm0.10$ respectively, selected from PRIMER COSMOS NIRCam imaging. We perform spectrophotometric modeling of the galaxies which suggests extremely young stellar ages and a lack of dust attenuation. For the bluest galaxy, its UV slope also suggests significant Lyman continuum escape. In contrast, the third source (selected from CEERS NIRCam imaging) at $z=9.942\pm0.002$ exhibits a red UV slope with $β=-1.51\pm0.08$. We rule out the possibility of a strong nebular continuum due to the lack of a Balmer jump and find no evidence to support the presence of active galactic nucleus continuum due to a lack of strong UV emission lines and no broad component to H$γ$ or H$β$. Instead, it is most likely that the red UV slope is due to dust-reddening ($A_{\rm V}\simeq0.9$) implying a significant level of dust-obscured star-formation only $\simeq480\, \rm Myr$ after the Big Bang. Under standard assumptions for dust attenuation, EGS-25297 would be the most intrinsically UV-luminous galaxy ($M_{\mathrm{UV,corr}}\simeq -22.4^{+0.7}_{-1.1}$) yet spectroscopically confirmed at $z \sim 10$. This work highlights that luminous galaxies at $z\gtrsim10$ have a diversity of dust properties and that spectroscopy of these galaxies is essential to fully understand star-formation at $z\gtrsim10$. △ Less

Submitted 19 September, 2025; v1 submitted 14 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Universal lower bound on the axion decay constant from free streaming effects

Authors: Keisuke Harigaya, Wayne Hu, Rayne Liu, Huangyu Xiao

Abstract: We show that enhancement of the axion relic abundance compared to the standard misalignment contribution generically leads to the production of nonzero momentum axion modes, resulting in warm dark matter behavior and enhanced isocurvature perturbations. It leads to universal constraints on the axion parameter space that are independent of detailed model assumptions and cosmological history. For mo… ▽ More We show that enhancement of the axion relic abundance compared to the standard misalignment contribution generically leads to the production of nonzero momentum axion modes, resulting in warm dark matter behavior and enhanced isocurvature perturbations. It leads to universal constraints on the axion parameter space that are independent of detailed model assumptions and cosmological history. For models enhancing relic abundance with gradient axion modes, observations of the Lyman-$α$ forest impose a lower bound on the axion decay constant, $f_a \gtrsim 10^{15} {\rm GeV}\,(10^{-18}{\rm eV}/m_a)$, from the free-streaming effect. For models relying on the delay of coherent axion oscillations, we obtain a slightly weaker bound, $f_a \gtrsim 10^{14} {\rm GeV}\,(10^{-18}{\rm eV}/m_a)$. We make relatively conservative choices to establish these universal bounds but also provide scaling parameters that can be calibrated for stronger constraints in concrete models and updated as observations improve. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures. Comments welcome

Optical Strong Line Ratios Cannot Distinguish Between Stellar Populations and Accreting Black Holes at High Ionization Parameters and Low Metallicities

Authors: Nikko J. Cleri, Grace M. Olivier, Bren E. Backhaus, Joel Leja, Casey Papovich, Jonathan R. Trump, Pablo Arrabal Haro, Veronique Buat, Denis Burgarella, Emilie Burnham, Antonello Calabro, Jonathan H. Cohn, Justin W. Cole, Kelcey Davis, Mark Dickinson, Steven L. Finkelstein, Ray Garner III, Michaela Hirschmann, Weida Hu, Taylor A. Hutchison, Dale D. Kocevski, Anton M. Koekemoer, Rebecca L. Larson, Zach J. Lewis, Michael V. Maseda , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: High-redshift observations from JWST indicate that optical strong line ratios do not carry the same constraining power as they do at low redshifts. Critically, this prevents a separation between stellar- and black hole-driven ionizing radiation, thereby obscuring both active galactic nuclei demographics and star formation rates. To investigate this, we compute a large suite of photoionization mode… ▽ More High-redshift observations from JWST indicate that optical strong line ratios do not carry the same constraining power as they do at low redshifts. Critically, this prevents a separation between stellar- and black hole-driven ionizing radiation, thereby obscuring both active galactic nuclei demographics and star formation rates. To investigate this, we compute a large suite of photoionization models from Cloudy powered by stellar populations and accreting black holes over a large grid of ages, metallicities, initial mass functions, binarity, ionization parameters, densities, and black hole masses. We use these models to test three rest-frame optical strong line ratio diagnostics which have been designed to separate ionizing sources at low redshifts: the [NII]-BPT, VO87, and OHNO diagrams. We show that the position of a model in these diagrams is strongly driven by the ionization parameter (log U) and the gas-phase metallicity, often more so than the ionizing spectrum itself; in particular, there is significant overlap between stellar population and accreting black hole models at high log U and low Z. We show that the OHNO diagram is especially susceptible to large contamination of the AGN region defined at z=1 for stellar models with high log U and low Z, consistent with many observed JWST spectra at high redshift. We show that the optical line ratio diagnostics are most sensitive to the shape of the <54 eV ionizing continuum, and that the derived ionizing sources for a given set of optical strong line ratios can be highly degenerate. Finally, we demonstrate that very high ionization (>54 eV) emission lines that trace ionizing sources harder than normal stellar populations help to break the degeneracies present when using the strong line diagnostics alone, even in gas conditions consistent with those at high redshifts. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 10 figures, animations are available at https://github.com/njcleri/AR_05558_modeling/tree/main/figures/animations

Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization Are All Bark and No Bite -- Plenty of Ionizing Photons, Low Escape Fractions

Authors: Casey Papovich, Justin W. Cole, Weida Hu, Steven L. Finkelstein, Lu Shen, Pablo Arrabal Haro, Ricardo O. Amorín, Bren Backhaus, Micaela B. Bagley, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Antonello Calabró, Adam C. Carnall, Nikko Cleri, Emanuele Daddi, Mark Dickinson, Norman Grogin, Benne W. Holwerda, Anne E. Jaskot, Anton M. Koekemoer, Mario Llerena, Ray A. Lucas, Sara Mascia, Fabio Pacucci, Laura Pentericci, Pablo G. Pérez-González , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Early results from JWST suggest that epoch-of-reionization (EoR) galaxies produce copious ionizing photons, which, if they escape efficiently, could cause reionization to occur too early. We study this problem using JWST imaging and prism spectroscopy for 426 galaxies at 4.5 < z < 9.0. We fit these data simultaneously with stellar--population and nebular--emission models that include a parameter f… ▽ More Early results from JWST suggest that epoch-of-reionization (EoR) galaxies produce copious ionizing photons, which, if they escape efficiently, could cause reionization to occur too early. We study this problem using JWST imaging and prism spectroscopy for 426 galaxies at 4.5 < z < 9.0. We fit these data simultaneously with stellar--population and nebular--emission models that include a parameter for the fraction of ionizing photons that escape the galaxy, f_esc. We find that the ionization production efficiency, $ξ_\mathrm{ion}$ = Q(H) / L(UV), increases with redshift and decreasing UV luminosity, but shows significant scatter, $σ( \log ξ_\mathrm{ion})$ ~= 0.3 dex. The inferred escape fractions averaged over the population are $\langle f_\mathrm{esc} \rangle$ = 3 +\pm 1% with no indication of evolution over 4.5 < z < 9.0. This implies that in our models nearly all of the ionizing photons need to be absorbed to account for the nebular emission. We compute the impact of our results on reionization, including the distributions for $ξ_\mathrm{ion}$ and f_esc, and the evolution and uncertainty of the UV luminosity function. Considering galaxies brighter than M(UV) < -16 mag, we would produce an IGM hydrogen-ionized fraction of x_e=0.5 at 5.5 < z < 7.1, possibly too late compared to constraints from from QSO sightlines. Including fainter galaxies, M(UV) < -14 mag, we obtain x_e = 0.5 at 6.7 < z < 9.6, fully consistent with QSO and CMB data. This implies that EoR galaxies produce plenty of ionizing photons, but these do not efficiently escape. This may be a result of high gas column densities combined with burstier star-formation histories, which limit the time massive stars are able to clear channels through the gas for ionizing photons to escape. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ. 28 pages, including 17 figures and appendices

Turning a negative neutrino mass into a positive optical depth

Authors: Tanisha Jhaveri, Tanvi Karwal, Wayne Hu

Abstract: Under $Λ$CDM, recent baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) distance measures from DESI, which favor a low matter density $Ω_m$, are in moderate $2-3σ$ tension with cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations. This tension appears alternately as a preference for the sum of neutrino masses dropping below the $\sum m_ν= 0.06$eV value required by neutrino oscillation measurements to formally negative v… ▽ More Under $Λ$CDM, recent baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) distance measures from DESI, which favor a low matter density $Ω_m$, are in moderate $2-3σ$ tension with cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations. This tension appears alternately as a preference for the sum of neutrino masses dropping below the $\sum m_ν= 0.06$eV value required by neutrino oscillation measurements to formally negative values; a discrepant value of $Ω_m$ at 0.06eV; or preference for dynamical dark energy beyond $Λ$CDM. We show that this tension largely arises from the CMB lensing constraints on the calibration of the sound horizon for geometric measurements and relies on the measurement of the reionization optical depth $τ$ from large-angle CMB polarization to set the lensing amplitude. Dropping these constraints removes the neutrino tension at $\sum m_ν=0.06$eV entirely, favoring $τ= 0.091\pm 0.011$ in $Λ$CDM. Beyond $Λ$CDM, it brings the preference for $w_0-w_a$ dynamical dark energy to below $95\%$ CL. We explore the freedom in interpreting the low-$\ell$ EE polarization constraint due to analysis choices and reionization modeling beyond the standard step-function assumption and find that this drops the neutrino tension in $Λ$CDM to below $95\%$ CL. Alternately, this raising of $τ$ can also be achieved by the same reduction in large-scale curvature fluctuations that also ameliorates the low-$\ell$ temperature anomaly. △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Continuum, CO and Water vapour maps of the Orion Nebula. First millimetre spectral imaging with Concerto

Authors: F. -X. Désert, J. F. Macías-Pérez, A. Beelen, A. Benoît, M. Béthermin, J. Bounmy, O. Bourrion, M. Calvo, A. Catalano, C. De Breuck, C. Dubois, C. A Durán, A. Fasano, J. Goupy, W. Hu, E. Ibar, G. Lagache, A. Lundgren, A. Monfardini, N. Ponthieu, D. Quinatoa, M. Van Cuyck, R. Adam, P. Ade, H. Ajeddig , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The millimetre spectrum of Galactic regions and galaxies is rich in continuum and molecular lines. This diversity is mostly explored using either broad-band photometry or high-resolution heterodyne spectroscopy. We aim to map the millimetre continuum emission of Galactic regions with an intermediate spectral resolution between broad-band photometry and heterodyne spectroscopy, enabling us to rapid… ▽ More The millimetre spectrum of Galactic regions and galaxies is rich in continuum and molecular lines. This diversity is mostly explored using either broad-band photometry or high-resolution heterodyne spectroscopy. We aim to map the millimetre continuum emission of Galactic regions with an intermediate spectral resolution between broad-band photometry and heterodyne spectroscopy, enabling us to rapidly cover large sky areas with spectroscopy. We report observations of the Orion Nebula with the CONCERTO instrument, which was installed at the APEX telescope focal plane from 2021 to 2023. We find that the spectrum of Orion is dominated by dust emission with an emissivity index ranging between 1.3 and 2.0, along with strong CO(2-1) and H$_2$O lines, which are naturally separated from the continuum due to the CONCERTO spectral capabilities. Many regions also show strong free-free emission at lower frequencies. We demonstrate the spectral capabilities of CONCERTO at intermediate spectral resolution, with a frequency coverage from 130 to 310 GHz. A sensitivity of 200 mK is achieved in one second, for one beam and a 6 GHz frequency width, over an 18 arcmin diameter field of view, which is within a factor of three of the expectations. We show that we can spectrally disentangle the continuum from the CO line emission, but the line is not resolved at a resolution of $\sim 8000\ \mathrm{km s^{-1}}$. The slope of the millimetre continuum is line-free mapped for the first time in Orion. △ Less

Submitted 19 September, 2025; v1 submitted 29 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables, matching the Astron. & Astrophys published version

Journal ref: A&A 701, A210 (2025)

CAPERS Observations of Two UV-Bright Galaxies at z>10. More Evidence for Bursting Star Formation in the Early Universe

Authors: Vasily Kokorev, Óscar A. Chávez Ortiz, Anthony J. Taylor, Steven L. Finkelstein, Pablo Arrabal Haro, Mark Dickinson, John Chisholm, Seiji Fujimoto, Julian B. Muñoz, Ryan Endsley, Weida Hu, Lorenzo Napolitano, Stephen M. Wilkins, Hollis B. Akins, Ricardo Amoriín, Caitlin M. Casey, Yingjie Cheng, Nikko J. Cleri, Justin Cole, Fergus Cullen, Emanuele Daddi, Kelcey Davis, Callum T. Donnan, James S. Dunlop, Vital Fernández , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first results from the CAPERS survey, utilizing PRISM observations with the JWST/NIRSpec MSA in the PRIMER-UDS field. With just 14 % of the total planned data volume, we spectroscopically confirm two new bright galaxies ($M_{\rm UV}\sim -20.4$) at redshifts $z = 10.562\pm0.034$ and $z = 11.013\pm0.028$. We examine their physical properties, morphologies, and star formation histories… ▽ More We present the first results from the CAPERS survey, utilizing PRISM observations with the JWST/NIRSpec MSA in the PRIMER-UDS field. With just 14 % of the total planned data volume, we spectroscopically confirm two new bright galaxies ($M_{\rm UV}\sim -20.4$) at redshifts $z = 10.562\pm0.034$ and $z = 11.013\pm0.028$. We examine their physical properties, morphologies, and star formation histories, finding evidence for recent bursting star formation in at least one galaxy thanks to the detection of strong (EW$_0\sim70$ A) H$γ$ emission. Combining our findings with previous studies of similarly bright objects at high-$z$, we further assess the role of stochastic star formation processes in shaping early galaxy populations. Our analysis finds that the majority of bright ($M_{\rm UV}\lesssim -20$) spectroscopically-confirmed galaxies at $z>10$ were likely observed during a starburst episode, characterized by a median SFR$_{10}$/SFR$_{100}\sim2$, although with substantial scatter. Our work also finds tentative evidence that $z>10$ galaxies are more preferentially in a bursting phase than similarly bright $z\sim6$ galaxies. We finally discuss the prospects of deeper spectroscopic observations of a statistically significant number of bright galaxies to quantify the true impact of bursting star formation on the evolution of the bright end of the ultraviolet luminosity function at these early epochs. △ Less

Submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, Submitted to ApJ

The origin of X-ray intra-day variability in HBL PKS 2155-304

Authors: W. Hu, J. L. Kang, J. X. Wang, G. C. Xiao, G. W. Ren

Abstract: The origin and physics of X-ray intra-day variability (IDV) in blazars, which is a long-standing issue, is studied by modelling the broad-band X-ray spectrum, the light curves (LCs), and the Fourier time lags. We present the timing analysis of three archived XMM-Newton observations with a total exposure of $>80$ ks of PKS 2155-304, which is one of the brightest and most studied HBLs in the X-ray b… ▽ More The origin and physics of X-ray intra-day variability (IDV) in blazars, which is a long-standing issue, is studied by modelling the broad-band X-ray spectrum, the light curves (LCs), and the Fourier time lags. We present the timing analysis of three archived XMM-Newton observations with a total exposure of $>80$ ks of PKS 2155-304, which is one of the brightest and most studied HBLs in the X-ray band. For each observation, we constructed averaged X-ray spectra in 0.5-10 keV band, as well as 100 s binned LCs in various sub-bands. We performed the Bayesian power spectral density (PSD) analysis and Fourier time-lag analyses of the variable LCs. The results are carefully modelled in the context of a multi-zone jet model. PSD analysis reveals that the X-ray variability can be characterised by red noise. The lag-frequency spectra measured in two observations show only the soft or negative lags, with the magnitude of the lags increasing as the frequency decreases. For another observation, the lag-frequency spectra are characterised by small positive or zero time lags at the lowest frequencies, which drops to negative values at higher frequencies. The magnitude of the soft lags ranges from $\sim5$ to $\sim40$ minutes, and increases with the energy difference of two compared LCs. The observed X-ray spectra and lag-frequency spectra can both be successfully described by our proposed two-zone model, with the physical parameters constrained in a fully acceptable space. Moreover, the LC profiles at different energy bands can be satisfactorily reproduced by only varying the injection rate of the energetic electrons. The IDV of PKS 2155-304 should be caused by the injection of energetic electrons, and accelerated by shocks formed in a weakly magnetised jet. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A, 13pages, 11 figures

Bifurcated Evolutionary Pathways in Multi-planet Systems Driven by Misaligned Protoplanetary Disks

Authors: Tao Fu, Yue Wang, Weiduo Hu

Abstract: Stellar obliquities, or spin-orbit angles, prevalent in exoplanet systems, can impose important constraints on their formation and evolution histories. Recent studies suggest that primordial misalignments between protoplanetary disks and stellar spin axes may significantly contribute to these obliquities, as those frequently observed in systems hosting hot Jupiters. In this study, we demonstrate t… ▽ More Stellar obliquities, or spin-orbit angles, prevalent in exoplanet systems, can impose important constraints on their formation and evolution histories. Recent studies suggest that primordial misalignments between protoplanetary disks and stellar spin axes may significantly contribute to these obliquities, as those frequently observed in systems hosting hot Jupiters. In this study, we demonstrate that misaligned protoplanetary disks combined with stellar oblateness drive complex dynamical evolution in planetary systems during their disk dispersal stages. Specifically, we identify bifurcated evolutionary pathways in multi-planet systems: systems with low star-disk misalignment angles ($ψ_{\star0}$) undergo smooth, adiabatic evolution, producing nearly coplanar, low-obliquity configurations; in contrast, systems with high misalignment angles typically experience an abrupt, non-adiabatic transition, leading to large-amplitude libration of mutual planetary inclinations and then triggering chaotic eccentricity excitation. This libration and eccentricity excitation process can propagate inward-outward in compact multi-planet systems, forming an excitation chain that can destabilize the entire system. The non-adiabatic transition arises from the dynamical bifurcation-induced effect, which occurs during disk dissipation when $ψ_{\star0}\gtrsim44.6^\circ$ (for one-planet systems). Our framework predicts that surviving typical compact multi-planet systems originating from misaligned disks evolve toward coplanar, low-obliquity configurations, consistent with observations of Kepler multi-planet systems. These results advance our understanding of planetary dynamics in misaligned disks and their evolutionary outcomes. △ Less

Submitted 11 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 11 figures, submitted to The Astrophysical Journal Letters (ApJL)

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 989(1): L5 (2025)

Interference with Gravitational Instability: Hot and Fuzzy Dark Matter

Authors: Rayne Liu, Wayne Hu, Huangyu Xiao

Abstract: Wave or fuzzy dark matter produced with high momenta behaves in many ways like hot particle dark matter while also possessing seemingly different phenomenology due to wave interference. We develop wave perturbation theory to show that white noise density fluctuations generated by the interference of high-momenta waves are gravitationally unstable in the usual way during matter domination above the… ▽ More Wave or fuzzy dark matter produced with high momenta behaves in many ways like hot particle dark matter while also possessing seemingly different phenomenology due to wave interference. We develop wave perturbation theory to show that white noise density fluctuations generated by the interference of high-momenta waves are gravitationally unstable in the usual way during matter domination above the free streaming scale and stabilize below the free streaming scale, much like the analogous effects for massive neutrinos in hot dark matter. We verify and illustrate these effects in the density power spectra of Newtonian Schrödinger-Poisson simulations. In the cosmological context, this would cause a gradual suppression of the initial white noise isocurvature perturbations below the free streaming scale at matter radiation equality, unlike cold dark matter isocurvature fluctuations, and virial stability of dark matter halos. △ Less

Submitted 4 September, 2025; v1 submitted 2 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures. Version accepted in PRD

Wave Interference in Self-Interacting Fuzzy Dark Matter

Authors: Christian Capanelli, Wayne Hu, Evan McDonough

Abstract: In the Fuzzy Dark Matter (FDM) scenario, the dark matter is composed of an ultra-light scalar field with coherence length and wave interference on astrophysical scales. Scalar fields generically have quartic self-interactions that modify their dispersion relation and the associated evolution of density perturbations. We perform the first dedicated analysis of the role of wave interference on this… ▽ More In the Fuzzy Dark Matter (FDM) scenario, the dark matter is composed of an ultra-light scalar field with coherence length and wave interference on astrophysical scales. Scalar fields generically have quartic self-interactions that modify their dispersion relation and the associated evolution of density perturbations. We perform the first dedicated analysis of the role of wave interference on this evolution due to self-interactions in FDM and vice versa, developing a perturbative treatment applicable at early times and then comparing against a suite of fully nonlinear benchmark simulations, varying the dark matter density, interaction strength, and fiducial momentum scale. We explicitly simulate the limit where this momentum scale is relatively high compared with the scale of the simulation volume, applicable to cases where the dark matter is initially ``warm" due to causal constraints on a post-inflationary production or in virialized halos and other ``thermalized" cases with initially cold production. We find that in such scenarios, density perturbations are unable to grow on the expected self interaction time scale because of interference effects, instead saturating on the much shorter de Broglie crossing time, with a dependence on the sign of the interaction. Finally, we comment on the implications of our results for astrophysical systems such as high-density ultra-faint dwarf galaxies where wave interference plays an important role. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 13 figures

The Parallel Ionizing Emissivity Survey (PIE). I. Survey design and selection of candidate Lyman Continuum leakers at 3.1<z<3.5

Authors: Alexander Beckett, Marc Rafelski, Claudia Scarlata, Wanjia Hu, Keunho Kim, Ilias Goovaerts, Matthew A. Malkan, Wayne Webb, Harry Teplitz, Matthew Hayes, Vihang Mehta, Anahita Alavi, Andrew J. Bunker, Annalisa Citro, Nimish Hathi, Alaina Henry, Alexandra Le Reste, Alessia Moretti, Michael J. Rutkowski, Maxime Trebitsch, Anita Zanella

Abstract: We present the survey design and initial results from the Parallel Ionizing Emissivity (PIE) survey. PIE is a large HST survey designed to detect Lyman continuum (LyC) emitting galaxies at 3.1$<$ z $<$3.5 and stack their images in order to measure average LyC escape fractions as a function of galaxy properties. PIE has imaged 37 independent fields in three filters (F336W, F625W and F814W), of whic… ▽ More We present the survey design and initial results from the Parallel Ionizing Emissivity (PIE) survey. PIE is a large HST survey designed to detect Lyman continuum (LyC) emitting galaxies at 3.1$<$ z $<$3.5 and stack their images in order to measure average LyC escape fractions as a function of galaxy properties. PIE has imaged 37 independent fields in three filters (F336W, F625W and F814W), of which 18 are observed with a fourth band (F475W) from the accompanying PIE+ program. We use photometric colors to select candidate Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) at 3.1$<$ z $<$3.5, which can be followed up using ground-based spectrographs to confirm their redshifts. Unlike previous surveys, we use many independent fields to remove biases caused by correlated absorption in the IGM. In this paper, we describe the survey design, photometric measurements, and the use of mock galaxy samples to optimize our color selection. With 3 filters, we can select a galaxy sample of which $\approx$90\% are LBGs and over 30\% lie in the 3.1$<$ z $<$3.5 range for which we can detect uncontaminated LyC emission in F336W. We also use mock IGM sightlines to measure the expected transmission of the IGM, which will allow us to determine escape fractions from our stacked galaxies. We color-select $\approx$1400 galaxies, and predict that this includes $\approx$80 LyC-emitting galaxies and $\approx$500 that we can use in stacking. Finally, we present the Keck/LRIS spectrum of a galaxy at z $\approx$ 2.99, demonstrating that we can confirm the redshifts of z $\sim$ 3 galaxies from the ground. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2025; v1 submitted 26 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 7 tables, 15 figures, published in the Astrophysical Journal

Journal ref: 2025 ApJ 992 155

The HST-Hyperion Survey: Grism Observations of a $z\sim2.5$ Proto-Supercluster

Authors: Ben Forrest, Lu Shen, Brian C. Lemaux, Ekta Shah, Olga Cucciati, Roy R. Gal, Finn Giddings, Emmet Golden-Marx, Weida Hu, Kaila Ronayne, Derek Sikorski, Priti Staab, Ricardo O. Amorín, Sandro Bardelli, Bianca Garilli, Nimish Hathi, Denise Hung, Lori Lubin, Debora Pelliccia, Russell E. Ryan, Gianni Zamorani, Elena Zucca

Abstract: We present first results and catalogs from the HST-Hyperion survey. This survey has collected 50 orbits of WFC3/F160W imaging and WFC3/G141 grism spectroscopy in the most overdense regions of the Hyperion proto-supercluster at $z\sim2.45$, which are analyzed in conjunction with the adjacent 56 orbits of WFC3/F140W imaging and WFC3/G141 grism spectroscopy from the 3D-HST survey. Sources were identi… ▽ More We present first results and catalogs from the HST-Hyperion survey. This survey has collected 50 orbits of WFC3/F160W imaging and WFC3/G141 grism spectroscopy in the most overdense regions of the Hyperion proto-supercluster at $z\sim2.45$, which are analyzed in conjunction with the adjacent 56 orbits of WFC3/F140W imaging and WFC3/G141 grism spectroscopy from the 3D-HST survey. Sources were identified and spectra extracted using GRIZLI, which subsequently fit the combined grism data with object-matched photometric data from the COSMOS2020 catalog to obtain a redshift and best-fit spectral model. Each source was then visually inspected by multiple team members and quality flags were assigned. A total of 12814 objects with $m_{HST} \leq 25.0$ were inspected, of which 5629 (44%) have reliable redshifts from the grism data, which are sensitive to emission lines at a level of $\sim8.8 \times10^{-18}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ ($1σ$). Comparison to high-quality ground-based spectroscopic redshifts yields a scatter of $σ_{\rm NMAD} = 0.0016$. The resulting catalogs contain 125 confirmed members of the Hyperion structure within $2.40<z<2.53$, with an additional 71 confirmed galaxies in projection within $2.35<z<2.65$. The redshift, stellar population, and line flux catalogs, as well as all grism spectra, are publicly available. △ Less

Submitted 6 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Resubmitted to ApJS after responding to referee comments

Extended Enriched Gas in a Multi-Galaxy Merger at Redshift 6.7

Authors: Weida Hu, Casey Papovich, Lu Shen, Zixuan Peng, L. Y. Aaron Yung, Brian C. Lemaux, Justin Spilker, Justin Cole

Abstract: Recent JWST observations have uncovered high-redshift galaxies characterized by multiple star-forming clumps, many of which appear to be undergoing mergers. Such mergers, especially those of two galaxies with equivalent masses, play a critical role in driving galaxy evolution and regulating the chemical composition of their environments. Here, we report a major merger of at least five galaxies, du… ▽ More Recent JWST observations have uncovered high-redshift galaxies characterized by multiple star-forming clumps, many of which appear to be undergoing mergers. Such mergers, especially those of two galaxies with equivalent masses, play a critical role in driving galaxy evolution and regulating the chemical composition of their environments. Here, we report a major merger of at least five galaxies, dubbed JWST's Quintet (JQ), at redshift 6.7, discovered in the JWST GOODS-South field. This system resides in a small area $\sim4.5''\times4.5''$ ($24.6\times24.6$ pkpc$^2$), containing over 17 galaxy-size clumps with a total stellar mass of $10^{10}\ M_\odot$. The JQ system has a total star formation rate of 240 -- 270 $M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, placing it $\sim1$ dex above the median star formation rate-mass main sequence at this epoch. The high mass and star formation rate of the JQ galaxies are consistent with the star formation history of those unexpected massive quiescent galaxies observed at redshift 4-5, offering a plausible evolutionary pathway for the formation of such galaxies. We also detect a large [O III]+H$β$ emitting gaseous halo surrounding and connecting four galaxies in the JQ, suggesting the existence of heavy elements in the surrounding medium -- inner part of its circumgalactic medium (CGM). This provides direct evidence for the metal enrichment of galaxies' environments through merger-induced tidal stripping, just 800 Myr after the Big Bang. △ Less

Submitted 3 July, 2025; v1 submitted 5 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 25 pages, 12 figures, and 1 table. Submitted. Comments are welcome!

Building Machine Learning Challenges for Anomaly Detection in Science

Authors: Elizabeth G. Campolongo, Yuan-Tang Chou, Ekaterina Govorkova, Wahid Bhimji, Wei-Lun Chao, Chris Harris, Shih-Chieh Hsu, Hilmar Lapp, Mark S. Neubauer, Josephine Namayanja, Aneesh Subramanian, Philip Harris, Advaith Anand, David E. Carlyn, Subhankar Ghosh, Christopher Lawrence, Eric Moreno, Ryan Raikman, Jiaman Wu, Ziheng Zhang, Bayu Adhi, Mohammad Ahmadi Gharehtoragh, Saúl Alonso Monsalve, Marta Babicz, Furqan Baig , et al. (125 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Scientific discoveries are often made by finding a pattern or object that was not predicted by the known rules of science. Oftentimes, these anomalous events or objects that do not conform to the norms are an indication that the rules of science governing the data are incomplete, and something new needs to be present to explain these unexpected outliers. The challenge of finding anomalies can be c… ▽ More Scientific discoveries are often made by finding a pattern or object that was not predicted by the known rules of science. Oftentimes, these anomalous events or objects that do not conform to the norms are an indication that the rules of science governing the data are incomplete, and something new needs to be present to explain these unexpected outliers. The challenge of finding anomalies can be confounding since it requires codifying a complete knowledge of the known scientific behaviors and then projecting these known behaviors on the data to look for deviations. When utilizing machine learning, this presents a particular challenge since we require that the model not only understands scientific data perfectly but also recognizes when the data is inconsistent and out of the scope of its trained behavior. In this paper, we present three datasets aimed at developing machine learning-based anomaly detection for disparate scientific domains covering astrophysics, genomics, and polar science. We present the different datasets along with a scheme to make machine learning challenges around the three datasets findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). Furthermore, we present an approach that generalizes to future machine learning challenges, enabling the possibility of large, more compute-intensive challenges that can ultimately lead to scientific discovery. △ Less

Submitted 29 March, 2025; v1 submitted 3 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 17 pages 6 figures to be submitted to Nature Communications

Searching for axion dark matter gegenschein of the Vela supernova remnant with FAST

Authors: Wenxiu Yang, Yitian Sun, Yougang Wang, Katelin Schutz, Yichao Li, Calvin Leung, Wenkai Hu, Shuanghao Shu, Kiyoshi Masui, Xuelei Chen

Abstract: Axions are one of the leading dark matter candidates. If we are embedded in a Milky Way dark matter halo comprised of axions, their stimulated decay would enable us to observe a counterimage (``axion gegenschein") with a frequency equal to half the axion mass in the opposite direction of a bright radio source. This spectral line emission will be broadened to $Δν/ν\sim σ_d/c \sim 10^{-3}$ due to th… ▽ More Axions are one of the leading dark matter candidates. If we are embedded in a Milky Way dark matter halo comprised of axions, their stimulated decay would enable us to observe a counterimage (``axion gegenschein") with a frequency equal to half the axion mass in the opposite direction of a bright radio source. This spectral line emission will be broadened to $Δν/ν\sim σ_d/c \sim 10^{-3}$ due to the velocity dispersion of dark matter, $σ_d$. In this pilot study, we perform the first search for the expected axion gegenschein image of Vela supernova remnant (SNR) with 26.4 hours of effective ON-OFF data from the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) L-band (1.0 - 1.5~GHz) 19-beam receiver. Our null detection limits the axion-photon coupling strength to be $g_{aγγ} \lesssim 2 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{GeV}^{-1}$ in the mass ranges of $8.7\,μ\mathrm{eV} \leq m_a \leq 9.44\,μ\mathrm{eV}$ and $10.85\,μ\mathrm{eV} \leq m_a \leq 12.01\,μ\mathrm{eV} $. These results provide a stronger constraint on $g_{aγγ}$ in this axion mass range than the current limits obtained by the direct search of axion decay signal from galaxy clusters which uses FAST observations, but is a factor of $\sim 3$ times weaker than the current CAST limit.Based on our observation strategy, data processing methods, and results, the expected sensitivity will reach $\sim 10^{-11}\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}$ with $\sim 2000$ hours of observation in the future. △ Less

Submitted 12 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 20 pages, 23 figures

Systematic Bias in Ionizing Radiation Escape Fraction Measurements from Foreground Large-Scale Structures

Authors: C. Scarlata, W. Hu, M. J. Hayes, S. Taamoli, A. A. Khostovan, C. M. Casey, A. L. Faisst, J. S. Kartaltepe, Y. Lin, M. Salvato, M. Rafelski

Abstract: We investigate the relationship between the Lyman-alpha (Lya) forest transmission in the intergalactic medium (IGM) and the environmental density of galaxies, focusing on its implications for the measurement of ionizing radiation escape fractions. Using a sample of 268 spectroscopically confirmed background galaxies at 2.7<z<3.0 and a galaxy density map at z~2.5 within the COSMOS field, we measure… ▽ More We investigate the relationship between the Lyman-alpha (Lya) forest transmission in the intergalactic medium (IGM) and the environmental density of galaxies, focusing on its implications for the measurement of ionizing radiation escape fractions. Using a sample of 268 spectroscopically confirmed background galaxies at 2.7<z<3.0 and a galaxy density map at z~2.5 within the COSMOS field, we measure the Lya transmission photometrically, leveraging the multiwavelength data available from the COSMOS2020 catalog. Our results reveal a weak but statistically significant positive correlation between Lya optical depth and galaxy density contrast, suggesting that overdense regions are enriched in neutral gas, which could bias escape fraction measurements. This emphasizes the need to account for the large-scale structure of the IGM in analyses of ionizing radiation escape fractions, and highlights the advantages of a photometric approach for increasing the number of sampled lines of sight across large fields. The photometric redshifts provided by upcoming all-sky surveys, such as Euclid, will make it possible to account for this effect across widely separated fields. △ Less

Submitted 22 April, 2025; v1 submitted 31 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Replaced with version accepted for publication on ApJ

The 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope Real-time Data Processing Pipeline I: From raw data to alert distribution

Authors: Minxuan Cai, Zelin Xu, Lulu Fan, Zhen Wan, Xu Kong, Weida Hu, Ji-an Jiang, Lei Hu, Qing-feng Zhu, Guoliang Li, Jie Lin, Min Fang, Yongquan Xue, Xianzhong Zhen, Tinggui Wang

Abstract: The Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST) is a dedicated photometric surveying facility built jointly by the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) and the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO). Since many of its scientific objectives rely on near-real-time data for effective analysis, prompt processing of WFST images is of great significance. To meet this need, we adapted the Rubin Observa… ▽ More The Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST) is a dedicated photometric surveying facility built jointly by the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) and the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO). Since many of its scientific objectives rely on near-real-time data for effective analysis, prompt processing of WFST images is of great significance. To meet this need, we adapted the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) science pipelines to handle the data collected by WFST. This paper presents the complete data processing workflow, from ingestion of raw images to the distribution of alerts, and details the primary data products generated by our pipeline. Researchers using data processed by this pipeline can refer to this document to fully understand the data processing procedures. △ Less

Submitted 24 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 20 pages, 2 figures

FAST drift scan survey for HI intensity mapping: simulation on Bayesian-stacking-based HI mass function estimation

Authors: Jiaxin Wang, Yichao Li, Hengxing Pan, Furen Deng, Diyang Liu, Wenxiu Yang, Wenkai Hu, Yougang Wang, Xin Zhang, Xuelei Chen

Abstract: This study investigates the estimation of the neutral hydrogen (HI) mass function (HIMF) using a Bayesian stacking approach with simulated data for the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) HI intensity mapping (HIIM) drift-scan surveys. Using data from the IllustrisTNG simulation, we construct HI sky cubes at redshift $z\sim0.1$ and the corresponding optical galaxy catalogs… ▽ More This study investigates the estimation of the neutral hydrogen (HI) mass function (HIMF) using a Bayesian stacking approach with simulated data for the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) HI intensity mapping (HIIM) drift-scan surveys. Using data from the IllustrisTNG simulation, we construct HI sky cubes at redshift $z\sim0.1$ and the corresponding optical galaxy catalogs, simulating FAST observations under various survey strategies, including pilot, deep-field, and ultradeep-field surveys. The HIMF is measured for distinct galaxy populations -- classified by optical properties into red, blue, and bluer galaxies -- and injected with systematic effects such as observational noise and flux confusion caused by the FAST beam. The results show that Bayesian stacking significantly enhances HIMF measurements. For red and blue galaxies, the HIMF can be well constrained with pilot surveys, while deeper surveys are required for the bluer galaxy population. Our analysis also reveals that sample variance dominates over observational noise, emphasizing the importance of wide-field surveys to improve constraints. Furthermore, flux confusion shifts the HIMF toward higher masses, which we address using a transfer function for correction. Finally, we explore the effects of intrinsic sample incompleteness and propose a framework to quantify its impact. This work lays the groundwork for future \hiMF studies with FAST HIIM, addressing key challenges and enabling robust analyses of HI content across galaxy populations. △ Less

Submitted 20 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures

Little impact of mergers and galaxy morphology on the production and escape of ionizing photons in the early Universe

Authors: S. Mascia, L. Pentericci, M. Llerena, A. Calabrò, J. Matthee, S. Flury, F. Pacucci, A. Jaskot, R. O. Amorín, R. Bhatawdekar, M. Castellano, N. Cleri, L. Costantin, K. Davis, C. Di Cesare, M. Dickinson, A. Fontana, Y. Guo, M. Giavalisco, B. W. Holwerda, W. Hu, M. Huertas-Company, Intae Jung, J. Kartaltepe, D. Kashino , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Compact, star-forming galaxies with high star formation rate surface densities ($Σ_{\text{SFR}}$) are often efficient Lyman continuum (LyC) emitters at $z\leq 4.5$, likely as intense stellar feedback creates low-density channels that allow photons to escape. Irregular or disturbed morphologies, such as those resulting from mergers, can also facilitate LyC escape by creating anisotropic gas distrib… ▽ More Compact, star-forming galaxies with high star formation rate surface densities ($Σ_{\text{SFR}}$) are often efficient Lyman continuum (LyC) emitters at $z\leq 4.5$, likely as intense stellar feedback creates low-density channels that allow photons to escape. Irregular or disturbed morphologies, such as those resulting from mergers, can also facilitate LyC escape by creating anisotropic gas distributions. We investigate the influence of galaxy morphology on LyC production and escape at redshifts $5 \leq z \leq 7$ using observations from various \textit{James Webb Space Telescope} (JWST) surveys. Our sample consists of 436 sources, which are predominantly low-mass ($\sim 10^{8.15} M_\odot$), star-forming galaxies with ionizing photon efficiency ($ξ_{\rm ion}$) values consistent with canonical expectations. Since direct measurements of $f_{\rm esc}$ are not possible during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), we predict $f_{\rm esc}$ for high-redshift galaxies by applying survival analysis to a subsample of LyC emitters from the Low-Redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), selected to be direct analogs of reionization-era galaxies. We find that these galaxies exhibit on average modest predicted escape fractions ($\sim 0.04$). Additionally, we assess the correlation between morphological features and LyC emission. Our findings indicate that neither $ξ_{\rm ion}$ nor the predicted $f_{\rm esc}$ values show a significant correlation with the presence of merger signatures. This suggests that in low-mass galaxies at $z \geq 5$, strong morphological disturbances are not the primary mechanism driving LyC emission and leakage. Instead, compactness and star formation activity likely play a more pivotal role in regulating LyC escape. △ Less

Submitted 14 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 701, A122 (2025)

The Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey (CEERS)

Authors: Steven L. Finkelstein, Micaela B. Bagley, Pablo Arrabal Haro, Mark Dickinson, Henry C. Ferguson, Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Dale D. Kocevski, Anton M. Koekemoer, Jennifer M. Lotz, Casey Papovich, Pablo G. Perez-Gonzalez, Nor Pirzkal, Rachel S. Somerville, Jonathan R. Trump, Guang Yang, L. Y. Aaron Yung, Adriano Fontana, Andrea Grazian, Norman A. Grogin, Lisa J. Kewley, Allison Kirkpatrick, Rebecca L. Larson, Laura Pentericci, Swara Ravindranath, Stephen M. Wilkins , et al. (74 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey, a 77.2 hour Director's Discretionary Early Release Science Program. CEERS demonstrates, tests, and validates efficient extragalactic surveys using coordinated, overlapping parallel observations with the JWST instrument suite, including NIRCam and MIRI imaging, NIRSpec low (R~100) and medium (R~1000) resolution spectroscopy, and… ▽ More We present the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey, a 77.2 hour Director's Discretionary Early Release Science Program. CEERS demonstrates, tests, and validates efficient extragalactic surveys using coordinated, overlapping parallel observations with the JWST instrument suite, including NIRCam and MIRI imaging, NIRSpec low (R~100) and medium (R~1000) resolution spectroscopy, and NIRCam slitless grism (R~1500) spectroscopy. CEERS targets the Hubble Space Telescope-observed region of the Extended Groth Strip (EGS) field, supported by a rich set of multiwavelength data. CEERS facilitated immediate community science in both of the extragalactic core JWST science drivers ``First Light" and ``Galaxy Assembly," including: 1) The discovery and characterization of large samples of galaxies at z >~ 10 from ~90 arcmin^2 of NIRCam imaging, constraining their abundance and physical nature; 2) Deep spectra of >1000 galaxies, including dozens of galaxies at 6<z<10, enabling redshift measurements and constraints on the physical conditions of star-formation and black hole growth via line diagnostics; 3) Quantifying the first bulge, bar and disk structures at z>3; and 4) Characterizing galaxy mid-IR emission with MIRI to study dust-obscured star-formation and supermassive black hole growth at z~1-3. As a legacy product for the community, the CEERS team has provided several data releases, accompanied by detailed notes on the data reduction procedures and notebooks to aid in reproducibility. In addition to an overview of the survey and quality of the data, we provide science highlights from the first two years with CEERS data. △ Less

Submitted 7 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 38 pages, 13 figures, 6 tables

Accurate method for ultralight axion CMB and matter power spectra

Authors: Rayne Liu, Wayne Hu, Daniel Grin

Abstract: Ultralight axions (ULAs) with masses $10^{-33} \lesssim m/{\rm eV} \lesssim 10^{-12}$ are well motivated in string-inspired models and can be part or all of the dark energy or the dark matter in this range. Since the ULA field oscillates at a frequency $m$ that can be much larger than the expansion rate $H$, accurate and efficient calculation of cosmological observables requires an effective time… ▽ More Ultralight axions (ULAs) with masses $10^{-33} \lesssim m/{\rm eV} \lesssim 10^{-12}$ are well motivated in string-inspired models and can be part or all of the dark energy or the dark matter in this range. Since the ULA field oscillates at a frequency $m$ that can be much larger than the expansion rate $H$, accurate and efficient calculation of cosmological observables requires an effective time averaged treatment. While these are well established for $m\gg 10 H_{\rm eq}$, the Hubble rate at matter radiation equality, here we extend and develop these techniques to cover the mass range $10^{-33} \lesssim m/{\rm eV} \lesssim 10^{-18}$. We implement this technique in a full cosmological Boltzmann code ($\mathrm{AxiECAMB}$) with numerical precision sufficiently accurate for current and next-generation cosmic microwave background as well as large-scale structure data analysis. New effects including the time averaging of metric perturbations and hydrostatic equilibrium of the effective fluid result in many orders of magnitude improvements for power spectra accuracy over some previous treatments such as $\mathrm{AxionCAMB}$ in some extreme regions of parameter space and order unity changes of the ULA effects near $Λ$CDM models. These improvements may impact the model parameters that resolve various tensions in $Λ$CDM at a comparable level. △ Less

Submitted 19 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 29 pages, 29 figures

CRAFTS for HI cosmology: I. data processing pipeline and validation tests

Authors: Wenxiu Yang, Laura Wolz, Yichao Li, Wenkai Hu, Steven Cunnington, Keith Grainge, Furen Deng, Shifan Zuo, Shuanghao Shu, Xinyang Zhao, Di Li, Zheng Zheng, Marko Krčo, Yinghui Zheng, Linjing Feng, Pei Zuo, Hao Chen, Xue-Jian Jiang, Chen Wang, Pei Wang, Chen-Chen Miao, Yougang Wang, Xuelei Chen

Abstract: We present the calibration procedures and validation of source measurement with the data of the Commensal Radio Astronomy FAST Survey (CRAFTS) for \HI intensity mapping by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST). Using 70-hour drift-scan observation with the L-band (1.05-1.45GHz) 19-beam receiver, we obtain the data covering $270\,\rm deg^2$ sky area. We employ both the pu… ▽ More We present the calibration procedures and validation of source measurement with the data of the Commensal Radio Astronomy FAST Survey (CRAFTS) for \HI intensity mapping by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST). Using 70-hour drift-scan observation with the L-band (1.05-1.45GHz) 19-beam receiver, we obtain the data covering $270\,\rm deg^2$ sky area. We employ both the pulsar backend and the spectrum backend to calibrate the spectral time-ordered-data (TOD) before projecting them onto HEALPix maps. We produce calibrated TOD with frequency resolution of 30kHz and time resolution of 1s and the map data-cube with frequency resolution of 30kHz and spatial resolution of $2.95\,\rm arcmin^2$. We examine the pointing errors, noise overflow, RFI contamination and their effect on the data quality. The resulting noise level is $\sim$ 5.7mJy for the calibrated TOD and 1.6mJy for the map, consistent with the theoretical predictions within 5\% at RFI-free channels. We also validate the data by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and find the residual map looks thermal noise dominated after removing 30 modes. We identify 447 isolated bright continuum sources in our data matching the NRAO-VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) catalog, with relative flux error of 8.3\% for TOD and 6.6\% for the map-level. We also measure the \HI emission of 90 galaxies with redshift $z<0.07$ and compare with \HI-MaNGA spectra, yielding an overall relative \HI integral flux error of 16.7\%. These results provide an important first step in assessing the feasibility of conducting cosmological \HI detection with CRAFTS. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2025; v1 submitted 11 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 34 pages, 33 figures, 3 tables, published in ApJS

Journal ref: 2025, ApJS, 279, 32

Physical Origins of Outflowing Cold Clouds in Local Star-forming Dwarf Galaxies

Authors: Zixuan Peng, Crystal L. Martin, Zirui Chen, Drummond B. Fielding, Xinfeng Xu, Timothy Heckman, Lise Ramambason, Yuan Li, Cody Carr, Weida Hu, Zuyi Chen, Claudia Scarlata, Alaina Henry

Abstract: We study the physical origins of outflowing cold clouds in a sample of 14 low-redshift dwarf ($M_{\ast} \lesssim 10^{10}$ $M_{\odot}$) galaxies from the COS Legacy Archive Spectroscopic SurveY (CLASSY) using Keck/ESI data. Outflows are traced by broad (FWHM ~ 260 $\rm{km}$ $\rm{s^{-1}}$) and very-broad (VB; FWHM ~ 1200 $\rm{km}$ $\rm{s^{-1}}$) velocity components in strong emission lines like [O I… ▽ More We study the physical origins of outflowing cold clouds in a sample of 14 low-redshift dwarf ($M_{\ast} \lesssim 10^{10}$ $M_{\odot}$) galaxies from the COS Legacy Archive Spectroscopic SurveY (CLASSY) using Keck/ESI data. Outflows are traced by broad (FWHM ~ 260 $\rm{km}$ $\rm{s^{-1}}$) and very-broad (VB; FWHM ~ 1200 $\rm{km}$ $\rm{s^{-1}}$) velocity components in strong emission lines like [O III] $λ5007$ and $\rm{H}α$. The maximum velocities ($v_{\rm{max}}$) of broad components correlate positively with SFR, unlike the anti-correlation observed for VB components, and are consistent with superbubble models. In contrast, supernova-driven galactic wind models better reproduce the $v_{\rm{max}}$ of VB components. Direct radiative cooling from a hot wind significantly underestimates the luminosities of both broad and VB components. A multi-phase wind model with turbulent radiative mixing reduces this discrepancy to at least one dex for most VB components. Stellar photoionization likely provides additional energy since broad components lie in the starburst locus of excitation diagnostic diagrams. We propose a novel interpretation of outflow origins in star-forming dwarf galaxies$-$broad components trace expanding superbubble shells, while VB components originate from galactic winds. One-zone photoionization models fail to explain the low-ionization lines ([S II] and [O I]) of broad components near the maximal starburst regime, which two-zone photoionization models with density-bounded channels instead reproduce. These two-zone models indicate anisotropic leakage of Lyman continuum photons through low-density channels formed by expanding superbubbles. Our study highlights extreme outflows ($v_{\rm{max}} \gtrsim 1000$ $\rm{km}$ $\rm{s^{-1}}$) in 9 out of 14 star-forming dwarf galaxies, comparable to AGN-driven winds. △ Less

Submitted 6 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 42 pages, 22 figures, 7 tables. This is the revised version submitted to ApJ, incorporating changes based on the first round of referee feedback

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal 981 (2025) 2

A resolved Lyman-Alpha profile with doubly peaked emission at z~7

Authors: C. Moya-Sierralta, J. González-López, L. Infante, L. F. Barrientos, W. Hu, S. Malhotra, J. Rhoads, J. Wang, I. Wold, Z. Zheng

Abstract: The epoch of reionization is a landmark in structure formation and galaxy evolution. How it happened is still not clear, especially regarding which population of objects was responsible for contributing the bulk of ionizing photons toward this process. Doubly-peaked Lyman-Alpha profiles in this epoch are of particular interest since they hold information about the escape of ionizing radiation and… ▽ More The epoch of reionization is a landmark in structure formation and galaxy evolution. How it happened is still not clear, especially regarding which population of objects was responsible for contributing the bulk of ionizing photons toward this process. Doubly-peaked Lyman-Alpha profiles in this epoch are of particular interest since they hold information about the escape of ionizing radiation and the environment surrounding the source. We wish to understand the escape mechanisms of ionizing radiation in Lyman-Alpha emitters during this time and the origin of a doubly-peaked Lyman-alpha profile as well as estimating the size of a potential ionized bubble. Using radiative transfer models, we fit the line profile of a bright Lyman-Alpha emitter at $z\sim 6.9$ using various gas geometries. The line modeling reveals significant radiation escape from this system. While the studied source reveals significant escape ($f_{esc}$(LyA) $\sim0.8$ as predicted by the best fitting radiative transfer model) and appears to inhabit an ionized bubble of radius $R_{b}\approx 0.8^{+0.5}_{-0.3}\,pMpc\left(\frac{t_{\rm age}}{10^{8}}\right)^{\frac{1}{3}}$.Radiative transfer modeling predicts the line to be completely redwards of the systemic redshift. We suggest the line morphology is produced by inflows, multiple components emitting Ly$α$, or by an absorbing component in the red wing. We propose that CDFS-1's profile holds two red peaks produced by winds within the system. Its high $f_{esc}$(Lya) and the low-velocity offset from the systemic redshift suggest that the source is an active ionizing agent. Future observations will reveal whether a peak is present bluewards of the systemic redshift or if multiple components produce the profile. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 10 pages, 7 figurss

Journal ref: A&A 692, A98 (2024)

NGDEEP: The Star Formation and Ionization Properties of Galaxies at $1.7 < z < 3.4$

Authors: Lu Shen, Casey Papovich, Jasleen Matharu, Nor Pirzkal, Weida Hu, Danielle A. Berg, Micaela B. Bagley, Bren E. Backhaus, Nikko J. Cleri, Mark Dickinson, Steven L. Finkelstein, Nimish P. Hathi, Marc Huertas-Company, Taylor A. Hutchison, Mauro Giavalisco, Norman A. Grogin, Anne E. Jaskot, Intae Jung, Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Anton M. Koekemoer, Jennifer M. Lotz, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Barry Rothberg, Raymond C. Simons, Brittany N. Vanderhoof , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We use JWST/NIRISS slitless spectroscopy from the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public (NGDEEP) Survey to investigate the physical condition of star-forming galaxies at $1.7 < z < 3.4$. At these redshifts, the deep NGDEEP NIRISS slitless spectroscopy covers the [O II]$λλ$3726,3729, [O III]$λλ$4959,5007, H$β$ and H$α$ emission features for galaxies with stellar masses… ▽ More We use JWST/NIRISS slitless spectroscopy from the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public (NGDEEP) Survey to investigate the physical condition of star-forming galaxies at $1.7 < z < 3.4$. At these redshifts, the deep NGDEEP NIRISS slitless spectroscopy covers the [O II]$λλ$3726,3729, [O III]$λλ$4959,5007, H$β$ and H$α$ emission features for galaxies with stellar masses $\log(\mathrm{M_\ast/M_\odot}) \gtrsim 7$, nearly a factor of a hundred lower than previous studies. We focus on the [O III]/[O II] (O$_{32}$) ratio which is primarily sensitive to the ionization state and with a secondary dependence on the gas-phase metallicity of the interstellar medium. We find significant ($\gtrsim5σ$) correlations between the O$_{32}$ ratio and galaxy properties as O$_{32}$ increases with decreasing stellar mass, decreasing star formation rate (SFR), increasing specific SFR (sSFR$\equiv \mathrm{SFR}/M_*$), and increasing equivalent width (EW) of H$β$ and H$α$. These trends suggest a tight connection between the ionization parameter and these galaxy properties. Galaxies at $z\sim2-3$ exhibit a higher O$_{32}$ than local normal galaxies with the same stellar masses and SFRs, indicating that they have a higher ionization parameter and lower metallicity than local normal galaxies. In addition, we observe a mild evolutionary trend in the O$_{32}$ -- EW(H$β$) relation from $z\sim0$ to $z\gtrsim5$, where higher redshift galaxies show increased O$_{32}$ and EW, with possibly higher O$_{32}$ at fixed EW. We argue that both the enhanced recent star formation activity and the higher star formation surface density may contribute to the increase in O$_{32}$ and the ionization parameter. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2025; v1 submitted 30 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 31 pages, 12 figures

CLASSY XI: Tracing Neutral Gas Properties using UV Absorption Lines and 21-cm Observations

Authors: Kaelee S. Parker, Danielle A. Berg, Simon Gazagnes, John Chisholm, Bethan L. James, Matthew Hayes, Timothy Heckman, Alaina Henry, Michelle A. Berg, Karla Z. Arellano-Cordova, Xinfeng Xu, Dawn K. Erb, Crystal L. Martin, Weida Hu, Evan D. Skillman, Kristen B. W. McQuinn, Zuyi Chen, Dan P. Stark

Abstract: Rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations from JWST are revolutionizing our understanding of the high-z galaxies that drove reionization and the mechanisms by which they accomplished it. To fully interpret these observations, we must be able to diagnose how properties of the interstellar medium (ISM; e.g., column density, covering fraction, outflow velocity) directly relate to the absorption f… ▽ More Rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations from JWST are revolutionizing our understanding of the high-z galaxies that drove reionization and the mechanisms by which they accomplished it. To fully interpret these observations, we must be able to diagnose how properties of the interstellar medium (ISM; e.g., column density, covering fraction, outflow velocity) directly relate to the absorption features produced. Using the high-S/N and high-resolution FUV spectra of 45 nearby star-forming galaxies from CLASSY, we present the largest uniform, simultaneous characterization of neutral and low-ionization state (LIS) interstellar UV absorption lines (OI, SiII, SII, CII, AlII) across a wide range of galaxy properties. We also present 21-cm HI observations for 35 galaxies, multiple of which are gas-poor or non-detected, possibly indicating the onset of a post-starburst phase. We find that our simultaneous 1-component Voigt profile fits are capable of accurately modeling the LIS absorption for ~75% of galaxies, mitigating challenges associated with saturation, infilling, and degeneracies. While the most massive galaxies require additional components, our 1-component fits return average properties of the absorbing gas and follow the scaling relations described by a single gas cloud. We explore connections between LIS absorption and direct tracers of the neutral ISM (OI, Ly-alpha, HI 21-cm), finding that CII most closely traces the neutral gas trends while other ions exhibit weaker correlations. Given the challenges with directly observing HI at higher-z, we demonstrate that LIS absorption can be a powerful means to study the neutral ISM and present empirical relationships for predicting neutral gas properties. △ Less

Submitted 30 September, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 25 pages with 16 figures and 2 tables. Long appendix with figure sets and tables. Accepted to ApJ

GRB 240529A: A Tale of Two Shocks

Authors: Tian-Rui Sun, Jin-Jun Geng, Jing-Zhi Yan, You-Dong Hu, Xue-Feng Wu, Alberto J. Castro-Tirado, Chao Yang, Yi-Ding Ping, Chen-Ran Hu, Fan Xu, Hao-Xuan Gao, Ji-An Jiang, Yan-Tian Zhu, Yongquan Xue, Ignacio Pérez-García, Si-Yu Wu, Emilio Fernández-García, María D. Caballero-García, Rubén Sánchez-Ramírez, Sergiy Guziy, Ignacio Olivares, Carlos Jesus Pérez del Pulgar, A. Castellón, Sebastián Castillo, Ding-Rong Xiong , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Thanks to the rapidly increasing time-domain facilities, we are entering a golden era of research on gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In this Letter, we report our observations of GRB 240529A with the Burst Optical Observer and Transient Exploring System, the 1.5-meter telescope at Observatorio Sierra Nevada, the 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope of China, the Large Binocular Telescope, and the Telesc… ▽ More Thanks to the rapidly increasing time-domain facilities, we are entering a golden era of research on gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In this Letter, we report our observations of GRB 240529A with the Burst Optical Observer and Transient Exploring System, the 1.5-meter telescope at Observatorio Sierra Nevada, the 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope of China, the Large Binocular Telescope, and the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. The prompt emission of GRB 240529A shows two comparable energetic episodes separated by a quiescence time of roughly 400 s. Combining all available data on the GRB Coordinates Network, we reveal the simultaneous apparent X-ray plateau and optical re-brightening around $10^3-10^4$ s after the burst. Rather than the energy injection from the magnetar as widely invoked for similar GRBs, the multi-wavelength emissions could be better explained as two shocks launched from the central engine separately. The optical peak time and our numerical modeling suggest that the initial bulk Lorentz factor of the later shock is roughly 50, which indicates that the later jet should be accretion-driven and have a higher mass loading than a typical one. The quiescence time between the two prompt emission episodes may be caused by the transition between different accretion states of a central magnetar or black hole, or the fall-back accretion process. A sample of similar bursts with multiple emission episodes in the prompt phase and sufficient follow-up could help to probe the underlying physics of GRB central engines. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: Resubmitted to ApJL after addressing the referee's comments; comments are welcome

Dual Gravitational Wave Signatures of Instant Preheating

Authors: Wei-Yu Hu, Kazunori Nakayama, Volodymyr Takhistov, Yong Tang

Abstract: In the instant preheating scenario efficient particle production occurs immediately following the period of inflationary expansion in the early Universe. We demonstrate that instant preheating predicts unique gravitational wave (GW) signals arising from two distinct origins. One source is the bremsstrahlung GWs produced through the decay of superheavy particles, an inevitable consequence of instan… ▽ More In the instant preheating scenario efficient particle production occurs immediately following the period of inflationary expansion in the early Universe. We demonstrate that instant preheating predicts unique gravitational wave (GW) signals arising from two distinct origins. One source is the bremsstrahlung GWs produced through the decay of superheavy particles, an inevitable consequence of instant preheating. The other is GWs generated from the nonlinear dynamics of the inflaton and coupled scalar fields. Using numerical simulations, we show that the peak of the GW spectrum shifts depending on the coupling constants of the theory. The detection of these dual GW signatures, characteristic of instant preheating, provides novel opportunities for probing the dynamics of the early Universe. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 28 pages, 8 figures

Report number: TU-1240, KEK-QUP-2024-0020, KEK-TH-2650, KEK-Cosmo-0356

Testing Gravity with Realistic Gravitational Waveforms in Pulsar Timing Arrays

Authors: Wayne Hu, Qiuyue Liang, Meng-Xiang Lin, Mark Trodden

Abstract: We consider the effects of relaxing the assumption that gravitational waves composing the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) are uncorrelated between frequencies in analyses of the data from Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs). While individual monochromatic plane waves are often a good approximation, a background composed of unresolved astrophysical sources cannot be exactly uncorrelated sin… ▽ More We consider the effects of relaxing the assumption that gravitational waves composing the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) are uncorrelated between frequencies in analyses of the data from Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs). While individual monochromatic plane waves are often a good approximation, a background composed of unresolved astrophysical sources cannot be exactly uncorrelated since an infinite plane wave propagates no temporal signal. We consider how relaxing this assumption allows us to extract potential information about modified dispersion relations and other fundamental physics questions, as both the group and phase velocity of waves become relevant. After developing the formalism we carry out simple Gaussian wavepacket examples and then consider more realistic waveforms, such as that from binary inspirals. When the frequency evolves only slowly across the PTA temporal baseline, the monochromatic assumption at an effective mean frequency remains a good approximation and we provide scaling relations that characterize its accuracy. △ Less

Submitted 29 January, 2025; v1 submitted 21 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: Match the published version: typo correction, more references. 32 pages, 6 figures

Journal ref: JCAP 12 (2024) 054

Ly$α$ imaging around the hyperluminous dust-obscured quasar W2246$-$0526 at $z=4.6$

Authors: Yibin Luo, Lulu Fan, Yongming Liang, Weida Hu, Junxian Wang, Zhen-ya Zheng, Zheyu Lin, Bojun Tao, Zesen Lin, Minxuan Cai, Mengqiu Huang, Zhen Wan, Yongling Tang

Abstract: Hot dust-obscured galaxies (Hot DOGs) are a population of hyperluminous, heavily obscured quasars discovered by the \emph{Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer} (\emph{WISE}) all-sky survey at high redshift. Observations suggested the growth of these galaxies may be driven by mergers. Previous environmental studies have statistically shown Hot DOGs may reside in dense regions. Here we use the Very L… ▽ More Hot dust-obscured galaxies (Hot DOGs) are a population of hyperluminous, heavily obscured quasars discovered by the \emph{Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer} (\emph{WISE}) all-sky survey at high redshift. Observations suggested the growth of these galaxies may be driven by mergers. Previous environmental studies have statistically shown Hot DOGs may reside in dense regions. Here we use the Very Large Telescope (VLT) narrowband and broadband imaging to search for Ly$α$ emitters (LAEs) in the 6.8' * 6.8' field of the Hot DOG W2246$-$0526 at $z=4.6$. W2246$-$0526 is the most distant Hot DOG. We find that there is an overdensity of LAEs in W2246$-$0526 field compared with the blank fields. This is the direct evidence that this most distant Hot DOG is in an overdense environment on the Mpc scale, and the result relates to the merger origin of Hot DOGs. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 11 pages, 8 figures, Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

The FAST HI 21-cm absorption blind survey. II. -- Statistic Exploration for Associated and Intervening systems

Authors: Wenkai Hu, Yougang Wang, Yichao Li, Ue-Li Pen, Jie Wang, Yingjie Jing, Ming Zhu, Xin Zhang, Wenxiu Yang, Yidong Xu, Xu Chen, Jingze Chen, Zheng Zheng, Di Li, Xuelei Chen

Abstract: We present an extragalactic HI 21-cm absorption lines catalog from a blind search at z $\leqslant$ 0.35, using drift-scan data collected in 1325.6 hours by the ongoing Commensal Radio Astronomy FasT Survey (CRAFTS) and FAST All Sky HI Survey (FASHI), which spans a sky area of 6072.0 deg$^{2}$ and covers 84533 radio sources with a flux density greater than 12 mJy. 14 previously identified HI absorb… ▽ More We present an extragalactic HI 21-cm absorption lines catalog from a blind search at z $\leqslant$ 0.35, using drift-scan data collected in 1325.6 hours by the ongoing Commensal Radio Astronomy FasT Survey (CRAFTS) and FAST All Sky HI Survey (FASHI), which spans a sky area of 6072.0 deg$^{2}$ and covers 84533 radio sources with a flux density greater than 12 mJy. 14 previously identified HI absorbers and 20 newly discovered HI absorbers were detected, comprising 15 associated systems, 10 intervening systems, and 9 systems with undetermined classifications. Through spectral stacking, the mean peak optical path, mean velocity-integrated optical path, mean FWHM and mean HI column density are measured to be 0.47 and 0.30; 27.19 and 4.36 km s$^{-1}$; 42.61 and 9.33 km s$^{-1}$; 0.49 and 0.08 T$_{s} \times$ 10$^{20}$cm$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$, for the associated and intervening samples, respectively. Statistical analysis also reveals that associated systems tend to be hosted by red ($g-r>$0.7) galaxies at lower redshifts, whereas galaxies hosting intervening HI absorption are typically found at higher redshifts and are of a bluer ($g-r\leqslant$0.7) type. A noticeable difference is observed in the positions of foregrounds, backgrounds of intervening systems, and high-redshift and low-redshift associated systems on the WISE color-color diagram. All identified foreground sources in our sample have W1-W2 magnitudes below 0.8, suggesting no Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). In contrast, backgrounds of intervening systems tend to have W1-W2 magnitudes above 0.8, indicating AGN presence. For associated absorption, most low-redshift ($z\leqslant$0.5) systems show W1-W2 values below 0.8, while higher-redshift associated absorption ($z>$0.5) displays a broader range of W1-W2 values. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2025; v1 submitted 19 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 33 pages, 41 figures, 5 tables

The Nature of the High-energy Gamma-Ray Radiation Associated with the High-redshift Blazar B3 1343+451

Authors: Fan Wu, Wen Hu, Benzhong Dai

Abstract: High-redshift blazars are the most powerful extragalactic astrophysical sources ever detected in the high-energy gamma-ray band. In this study, we present a temporal and spectral analysis of the high-redshift blazar B3 1343+451 based on 14 years of Fermi-LAT observations, spanning from 2008 August 4 to 2022 June 6 (MJD 54686-59733). We extract a seven-day binned $γ$-ray light curve in the energy r… ▽ More High-redshift blazars are the most powerful extragalactic astrophysical sources ever detected in the high-energy gamma-ray band. In this study, we present a temporal and spectral analysis of the high-redshift blazar B3 1343+451 based on 14 years of Fermi-LAT observations, spanning from 2008 August 4 to 2022 June 6 (MJD 54686-59733). We extract a seven-day binned $γ$-ray light curve in the energy range 0.1--500 GeV and identify seven outburst periods with a peak flux of $>4.32\times10^{-7} \rm ph \cdot cm^{-2} \cdot s^{-1}$. The highest seven day flux (above 100 MeV) reaches $(8.06\pm0.56)\times10^{-7} \rm erg \ cm^{-2} \ s^{-1}$ on MJD = 56,177.16, which is 10 times higher than the flux in the quiescent period. To understand the properties of distant blazar jets, we employ a standard one-zone leptonic scenario and model the multiwavelength spectral energy distributions of one quiescent and seven flaring periods. We find that the $γ$-ray spectrum is better reproduced if we assume that the dissipation region of the jet, $R_{\rm diss}$, is located within the molecular torus, where infrared emission is the dominant external photon field. We infer that the jets in higher-redshift blazars have larger power and kinetic energy, where the kinetic energy is significantly greater than the radiation power, and the jet production efficiency suggests that we need to lower the accretion efficiency. These results imply that B3 1343+451 may have a standard thin disk surrounding its massive black hole, and the jets of B3 1343+451 may not be fully explained by the Blandford--Payne process. △ Less

Submitted 5 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures.Accepted for publication in APJ

CONCERTO: Instrument model of Fourier transform spectroscopy, white-noise components

Authors: Alessandro Fasano, Peter Ade, Manuel Aravena, Emilio Barria, Alexandre Beelen, Alain Benoit, Matthieu Béthermin, Julien Bounmy, Olivier Bourrion, Guillaume Bres, Martino Calvo, Andrea Catalano, Carlos De Breuck, François-Xavier Désert, Cédric Dubois, Carlos Durán, Thomas Fenouillet, Jose Garcia, Gregory Garde, Johannes Goupy, Christophe Hoarau, Wenkai Hu, Guilaine Lagache, Jean-Charles Lambert, Florence Levy-Bertrand , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Modern astrophysics relies on intricate instrument setups to meet the demands of sensitivity, sky coverage, and multi-channel observations. An example is the CONCERTO project, employing advanced technology like kinetic inductance detectors and a Martin-Puplett interferometer. This instrument, installed at the APEX telescope atop the Chajnantor plateau, began commissioning observations in April 202… ▽ More Modern astrophysics relies on intricate instrument setups to meet the demands of sensitivity, sky coverage, and multi-channel observations. An example is the CONCERTO project, employing advanced technology like kinetic inductance detectors and a Martin-Puplett interferometer. This instrument, installed at the APEX telescope atop the Chajnantor plateau, began commissioning observations in April 2021. Following a successful commissioning phase that concluded in June 2021, CONCERTO was offered to the scientific community for observations, with a final observing run in December 2022. CONCERTO boasts an 18.5 arcmin field of view and a spectral resolution down to 1.45 GHz in the 130-310 GHz electromagnetic band. We developed a comprehensive instrument model of CONCERTO inspired by Fourier transform spectrometry principles to optimize performance and address systematic errors. This model integrates instrument noises, subsystem characteristics, and celestial signals, leveraging both physical data and simulations. Our methodology involves delineating simulation components, executing on-sky simulations, and comparing results with real observations. The resulting instrument model is pivotal, enabling a precise error correction and enhancing the reliability of astrophysical insights obtained from observational data. In this work, we focus on the description of three white-noise noise components included in the instrument model that characterize the white-noise level: the photon, the generation-recombination, and the amplifier noises. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 8 pages, 1 figure, Proceeding of the SPIE conference Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy XII, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024

Integrated Study of X-ray Spectrum and Time Lags for HBL Mrk 421 within the Framework of the Multiple-Zone Leptonic Model

Authors: Wen Hu, Jia-Lai Kang, Zhen-Yi Cai, Jun-Xian Wang, Zhen-Bo Su, Guang-Cheng Xiao

Abstract: We present the timing analysis of 10 archived \XMM observations with an exposure of $>40$ ks of Markarian 421. Mrk 421 is the brightest high-frequency-peaked BL Lac object (HBL) emitting in X-rays produced by electrons accelerated in the innermost regions of a relativistic jet pointing toward us. For each observation, we construct averaged X-ray spectra in 0.5--10 keV band, as well as 100 s binned… ▽ More We present the timing analysis of 10 archived \XMM observations with an exposure of $>40$ ks of Markarian 421. Mrk 421 is the brightest high-frequency-peaked BL Lac object (HBL) emitting in X-rays produced by electrons accelerated in the innermost regions of a relativistic jet pointing toward us. For each observation, we construct averaged X-ray spectra in 0.5--10 keV band, as well as 100 s binned light curves (LCs) in various subbands. During these observations, the source exhibited various intensity states differing by close to an order of magnitude in flux, with the fractional variability amplitude increasing with energy through the X-ray band. Bayesian power spectral density analysis reveals that the X-ray variability can be characterized by a colored noise, with an index ranging from $\sim-1.9$ to $-3.0$. Moreover, both the standard cross-correlation function and cross-spectral methods indicate that the amount of time lags increases with the energy difference between two compared LCs. A time-dependent two-zone jet model is developed to extract physical information from the X-ray emission of Mrk 421. In the model, we assume that the jet emission mostly comprises a quasi-stationary component and a highly variable one. Our results show that the two-zone model can simultaneously provide a satisfactory description for both the X-ray spectra and time lags observed in different epochs, with the model parameters constrained in a fully acceptable interval. We suggest that shocks within the jets may be the primary energy dissipation process responsible for triggering the rapid variability, although magnetic reconnection cannot be excluded. △ Less

Submitted 23 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 33 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables; Accepted for publication in ApJ supplement series

CONCERTO at APEX -- On-sky performance in continuum

Authors: W. Hu, A. Beelen, G. Lagache, A. Fasano, A. Lundgren, P. Ade, M. Aravena, E. Barria, A. Benoit, M. Bethermin, J. Bounmy, O. Bourrion, G. Bres, C. De Breuck, M. Calvo, A. Catalano, F. -X. Desert, C. Dubois, C. A Duran, T. Fenouillet, J. Garcia, G. Garde, J. Goupy, C. Hoarau, J. -C. Lambert , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the data-processing algorithms and the performance of CONCERTO (CarbON CII line in post-rEionisation and ReionisaTiOn epoch) in continuum by analysing the data from the commissioning and scientific observations. The beam pattern is characterized by an effective FWHM of 31.9 $\pm$ 0.6" and 34.4 $\pm$ 1.0" for high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) bands. The main beam is slightly elo… ▽ More We present the data-processing algorithms and the performance of CONCERTO (CarbON CII line in post-rEionisation and ReionisaTiOn epoch) in continuum by analysing the data from the commissioning and scientific observations. The beam pattern is characterized by an effective FWHM of 31.9 $\pm$ 0.6" and 34.4 $\pm$ 1.0" for high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) bands. The main beam is slightly elongated with a mean eccentricity of 0.46. Two error beams of $\sim$65" and $\sim$130" are characterized, enabling the estimate of a main beam efficiency of $\sim$0.52. The field of view is accurately reconstructed and presents coherent distortions between the HF and LF arrays. LEKID parameters were robustly determined for 80% of the read tones. Cross-talks between LEKIDs are the first cause of flagging, followed by an excess of eccentricity for $\sim$10% of the LEKIDs, all located in a given region of the field of view. On the 44 scans of Uranus selected for the absolute photometric calibration, 72.5% and 78.2% of the LEKIDs are selected as valid detectors with a probability >70%. By comparing Uranus measurements with a model, we obtain calibration factors of 19.5$\pm$0.6 [Hz/Jy] and 25.6$\pm$0.9 [Hz/Jy] for HF and LF. The point-source continuum measurement uncertainties are 3.0% and 3.4% for HF and LF bands. The RMS of CONCERTO maps is verified to evolve as proportional to the inverse square root of integration time. The measured NEFDs for HF and LF are 115$\pm$2 mJy/beam$\cdot$s$^{1/2}$ and 95$\pm$1 mJy/beam$\cdot$s$^{1/2}$, obtained using CONCERTO data on the COSMOS field for a mean precipitable water vapour and elevation of 0.81 mm and 55.7 deg. CONCERTO demonstrates unique capabilities in fast dual-band spectral mapping with a $\sim$18.5' instantaneous field-of-view. CONCERTO's performance in continuum is perfectly in line with expectations. △ Less

Submitted 21 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 23pages, 22 figures

Journal ref: A&A 689, A20 (2024)

Warm and Fuzzy Dark Matter: Free Streaming of Wave Dark Matter

Authors: Rayne Liu, Wayne Hu, Huangyu Xiao

Abstract: Wave or fuzzy dark matter that is produced with relativistic wavenumbers exhibits free streaming effects analogous to warm or hot particle dark matter with relativistic momenta. Axions produced after inflation provide such a warm or mildly relativistic candidate, where the enhanced suppression and observational bounds are only moderately stronger than that from wave propagation of initially cold a… ▽ More Wave or fuzzy dark matter that is produced with relativistic wavenumbers exhibits free streaming effects analogous to warm or hot particle dark matter with relativistic momenta. Axions produced after inflation provide such a warm or mildly relativistic candidate, where the enhanced suppression and observational bounds are only moderately stronger than that from wave propagation of initially cold axions. More generally, the free streaming damping also impacts isocurvature fluctuations from generation in causally disconnected patches. As coherent spatial fluctuations free stream away they leave incoherent and transient superpositions in their wakes. These multiple wave momentum streams are the wave analogue of particle phase space fluctuations or directional collisionless damping of massive neutrinos or hot dark matter. The observable impact on both adiabatic and isocurvature fluctuations of fuzzy dark matter can differ from their cold dark matter counterparts due to free streaming depending on how warm or hot is their momentum distribution. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2025; v1 submitted 18 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 17 pages, 11 figures. Version accepted in PRD

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0296-T

CLASSY X: Highlighting Differences Between Partial Covering and Semi-Analytic Modeling in the Estimate of Galactic Outflow Properties

Authors: M. Huberty, C. Carr, C. Scarlata, T. Heckman, A. Henry, X. Xu, K. Arellano-Córdoba, D. Berg, S. Charlot, J. Chisholm, S. Gazagnes, M. Hayes, W. Hu, B. James, R. M. Jennings, C. Leitherer, C. L. Martin, M. Mingozzi, E. Skillman, Y. Sugahara

Abstract: Feedback driven massive outflows play a crucial role in galaxy evolution by regulating star formation and influencing the dynamics of surrounding media. Extracting outflow properties from spectral lines is a notoriously difficult process for a number of reasons, including the possibility that a substantial fraction of the outflow is carried by dense gas in a very narrow range in velocity. This gas… ▽ More Feedback driven massive outflows play a crucial role in galaxy evolution by regulating star formation and influencing the dynamics of surrounding media. Extracting outflow properties from spectral lines is a notoriously difficult process for a number of reasons, including the possibility that a substantial fraction of the outflow is carried by dense gas in a very narrow range in velocity. This gas can hide in spectra with insufficient resolution. Empirically motivated analysis based on the Apparent Optical Depth method, commonly used in the literature, neglects the contribution of this gas, and may therefore underestimate the true gas column density. More complex semi-analytical line transfer (e.g., SALT) models, on the other hand, allow for the presence of this gas by modeling the radial density and velocity of the outflows as power laws. Here we compare the two approaches to quantify the uncertainties in the inferences of outflow properties based on 1-D "down-the-barrel" using the UV spectra of the CLASSY galaxy sample. We find that empirical modeling may significantly underestimate the column densities relative to SALT analysis, particularly in the optically thick regime. We use simulations to show that the main reason for this discrepancy is the presence of large amount of dense material at low velocities, which can be hidden by the finite spectral resolution of the data. The SALT models in turn could over-estimate the column densities if the assumed power laws of the density profiles strong are not a property of actual outflows. △ Less

Submitted 6 August, 2024; v1 submitted 5 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal

Using physics-based simulation towards eliminating empiricism in extraterrestrial terramechanics applications

Authors: Wei Hu, Pei Li, Arno Rogg, Alexander Schepelmann, Colin Creager, Samuel Chandler, Ken Kamrin, Dan Negrut

Abstract: Recently, there has been a surge of international interest in extraterrestrial exploration targeting the Moon, Mars, the moons of Mars, and various asteroids. This contribution discusses how current state-of-the-art Earth-based testing for designing rovers and landers for these missions currently leads to overly optimistic conclusions about the behavior of these devices upon deployment on the targ… ▽ More Recently, there has been a surge of international interest in extraterrestrial exploration targeting the Moon, Mars, the moons of Mars, and various asteroids. This contribution discusses how current state-of-the-art Earth-based testing for designing rovers and landers for these missions currently leads to overly optimistic conclusions about the behavior of these devices upon deployment on the targeted celestial bodies. The key misconception is that gravitational offset is necessary during the \textit{terramechanics} testing of rover and lander prototypes on Earth. The body of evidence supporting our argument is tied to a small number of studies conducted during parabolic flights and insights derived from newly revised scaling laws. We argue that what has prevented the community from fully diagnosing the problem at hand is the absence of effective physics-based models capable of simulating terramechanics under low gravity conditions. We developed such a physics-based simulator and utilized it to gauge the mobility of early prototypes of the Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER), which is slated to depart for the Moon in November 2024. This contribution discusses the results generated by this simulator, how they correlate with physical test results from the NASA-Glenn SLOPE lab, and the fallacy of the gravitational offset in rover and lander testing. The simulator developed is open sourced and made publicly available for unfettered use; it can support principled studies that extend beyond trafficability analysis to provide insights into in-situ resource utilization activities, e.g., digging, bulldozing, and berming in low gravity. △ Less

Submitted 16 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Gravitational Wave Probe of Planck-scale Physics After Inflation

Authors: Weiyu Hu, Kazunori Nakayama, Volodymyr Takhistov, Yong Tang

Abstract: Particle decays are always accompanied by the emission of graviton quanta of gravity through bremsstrahlung processes. However, the corresponding branching ratio is suppressed by the square of the ratio of particle's mass to the Planck scale. The resulting present abundance of gravitational waves (GWs), composed of gravitons, is analogously suppressed. We show that superheavy particles, as heavy a… ▽ More Particle decays are always accompanied by the emission of graviton quanta of gravity through bremsstrahlung processes. However, the corresponding branching ratio is suppressed by the square of the ratio of particle's mass to the Planck scale. The resulting present abundance of gravitational waves (GWs), composed of gravitons, is analogously suppressed. We show that superheavy particles, as heavy as the Planck scale, can be naturally produced during the post-inflationary reheating stage in the early Universe and their decays yield dramatic amounts of GWs over broad frequency range. GW observations could hence directly probe Planck-scale physics, notoriously challenging to explore. △ Less

Submitted 20 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures

Report number: KEK-QUP-2024-0006, TU-1226, KEK-TH-2607, KEK-Cosmo-0341, IPMU24-0007

AT2023lli: A Tidal Disruption Event with Prominent Optical Early Bump and Delayed Episodic X-ray Emission

Authors: Shifeng Huang, Ning Jiang, Jiazheng Zhu, Yibo Wang, Tinggui Wang, Shan-Qin Wang, Wen-Pei Gan, En-Wei Liang, Yu-Jing Qin, Zheyu Lin, Lin-Na Xu, Min-Xuan Cai, Ji-An Jiang, Xu Kong, Jiaxun Li, Long Li, Jian-Guo Wang, Ze-Lin Xu, Yongquan Xue, Ye-Fei Yuan, Jingquan Cheng, Lulu Fan, Jie Gao, Lei Hu, Weida Hu , et al. (20 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: High-cadence, multiwavelength observations have continuously revealed the diversity of tidal disruption events (TDEs), thus greatly advancing our knowledge and understanding of TDEs. In this work, we conducted an intensive optical-UV and X-ray follow-up campaign of TDE AT2023lli, and found a remarkable month-long bump in its UV/optical light curve nearly two months prior to maximum brightness. The… ▽ More High-cadence, multiwavelength observations have continuously revealed the diversity of tidal disruption events (TDEs), thus greatly advancing our knowledge and understanding of TDEs. In this work, we conducted an intensive optical-UV and X-ray follow-up campaign of TDE AT2023lli, and found a remarkable month-long bump in its UV/optical light curve nearly two months prior to maximum brightness. The bump represents the longest separation time from the main peak among known TDEs to date. The main UV/optical outburst declines as $t^{-4.10}$, making it one of the fastest decaying optically selected TDEs. Furthermore, we detected sporadic X-ray emission 30 days after the UV/optical peak, accompanied by a reduction in the period of inactivity. It is proposed that the UV/optical bump could be caused by the self-intersection of the stream debris, whereas the primary peak is generated by the reprocessed emission of the accretion process. In addition, our results suggest that episodic X-ray radiation during the initial phase of decline may be due to the patched obscurer surrounding the accretion disk, a phenomenon associated with the inhomogeneous reprocessing process. The double TDE scenario, in which two stars are disrupted in sequence, is also a possible explanation for producing the observed early bump and main peak. We anticipate that the multicolor light curves of TDEs, especially in the very early stages, and the underlying physics can be better understood in the near future with the assistance of dedicated surveys such as the deep high-cadence survey of the 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST). △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2024; v1 submitted 3 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures,accepted for publication by ApJL

Peering into cosmic reionization: the Ly$α$ visibility evolution from galaxies at $z$ = 4.5-8.5 with JWST

Authors: L. Napolitano, L. Pentericci, P. Santini, A. Calabrò, S. Mascia, M. Llerena, M. Castellano, M. Dickinson, S. L. Finkelstein, R. Amorin, P. Arrabal Haro, M. Bagley, R. Bhatawdekar, N. J. Cleri, K. Davis, J. P. Gardner, E. Gawiser, M. Giavalisco, N. Hathi, W. Hu, I. Jung, J. S. Kartaltepe, A. M. Koekemoer, E. Merlin, B. Mobasher , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The resonant scattering interaction between Ly$α$ photons and neutral hydrogen implies that a partially neutral IGM can significantly impact the detectability of Ly$α$ emission in galaxies. The redshift evolution of the Ly$α$ equivalent width distribution of galaxies thus offers a key probe of the degree of ionization during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). Previous in-depth investigations at $z$… ▽ More The resonant scattering interaction between Ly$α$ photons and neutral hydrogen implies that a partially neutral IGM can significantly impact the detectability of Ly$α$ emission in galaxies. The redshift evolution of the Ly$α$ equivalent width distribution of galaxies thus offers a key probe of the degree of ionization during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). Previous in-depth investigations at $z$ $\geq$ 7 were limited by ground-based instrument capabilities. We present an extensive study of Ly$α$ emission from galaxies at 4 < $z$ < 8.5, observed from the CEERS and JADES surveys in the JWST NIRSpec/PRISM configuration. The sample consists of 235 galaxies, among which we identify 65 as Ly$α$ emitters. We first measure Ly$α$ escape fractions from Balmer lines, and explore the correlations with the inferred galaxies' physical properties, which are similar to those found at lower redshift. We also investigate the possible connection between the escape of Ly$α$ photons and the inferred escape fractions of LyC photons obtained from indirect indicators. We then analyze the redshift evolution of the Ly$α$ emitter fraction, finding lower average values at $z$ = 5 and 6 compared to ground-based observations. At $z$ = 7 we find a very large difference in Ly$α$ visibility between the EGS and GOODS-South fields, possibly due to the presence of early reionized regions in the EGS. Such large variance is also expected in the Cosmic Dawn II radiation-hydrodynamical simulation. Our findings suggest a scenario in which the ending phase of the EoR is characterized by $\sim$ 1 pMpc ionized bubbles around a high fraction of moderately bright galaxies. Finally, we characterize such two ionized regions found in the EGS at $z$ = 7.18 and $z$ = 7.49 by estimating the radius of the ionized bubble that each of the spectroscopically-confirmed members could have created. △ Less

Submitted 17 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: Submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 688, A106 (2024)

A lack of LAEs within 5Mpc of a luminous quasar in an overdensity at z=6.9: potential evidence of quasar negative feedback at protocluster scales

Authors: Trystan S. Lambert, R. J. Assef, C. Mazzucchelli, E. Bañados, M. Aravena, F. Barrientos, J. González-López, W. Hu, L. Infante, S. Malhotra, C. Moya-Sierralta, J. Rhoads, F. Valdes, J. Wang, I. G. B. Wold, Z. Zheng

Abstract: High-redshift quasars are thought to live in the densest regions of space which should be made evident by an overdensity of galaxies around them. However, campaigns to identify these overdensities through the search of Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) and Lyman $α$ emitters (LAEs) have had mixed results. These may be explained by either the small field of view of some of the experiments, the broad reds… ▽ More High-redshift quasars are thought to live in the densest regions of space which should be made evident by an overdensity of galaxies around them. However, campaigns to identify these overdensities through the search of Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) and Lyman $α$ emitters (LAEs) have had mixed results. These may be explained by either the small field of view of some of the experiments, the broad redshift ranges targeted by LBG searches, and by the inherent large uncertainty of quasar redshifts estimated from UV emission lines, which makes it difficult to place the Ly-$α$ emission line within a narrowband filter. Here we present a three square degree search ($\sim 1000$ pMpc) for LAEs around the $z=6.9$ quasar VIKJ2348-3054 using the Dark Energy CAMera (DECam), housed on the 4m Blanco telescope, finding 38 LAEs. The systemic redshift of VIK J2348--3054 is known from ALMA [CII] observations and place the Ly-$α$ emission line of companions within the NB964 narrowband of DECam. This is the largest field of view LAE search around a $z>6$ quasar conducted to date. We find that this field is $\sim$ 10 times more overdense when compared to the Chandra Deep-Field South, observed previously with the same instrumental setup as well as several combined blank fields. This is strong evidence that VIKJ2348-3054 resides in an overdensity of LAEs over several Mpc. Surprisingly, we find a lack of LAEs within 5 physical Mpc of the quasar and take this to most likely be evidence of the quasar suppressing star formation in its immediate vicinity. This result highlights the importance of performing overdensity searches over large areas to properly assess the density of those regions of the Universe. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2024; v1 submitted 9 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: Accepted to A&A. 17 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: A&A 689, A331 (2024)