Showing 1–35 of 35 results for author: Dixon, S

An Agnostic Approach to Building Empirical Type Ia Supernova Light Curves: Evidence for Intrinsic Chromatic Flux Variation Using Nearby Supernova Factory Data

Authors: Jared Hand, A. G. Kim, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, S. Bongard, K. Boone, C. Buton, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, R. Gupta, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, Mitchell Karmen, M. Kowalski, D. Küsters, P. -F. Léget, F. Mondon, J. Nordin, R. Pain, E. Pecontal , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a new empirical Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) model with three chromatic flux variation templates: one phase dependent and two phase independent. No underlying dust extinction model or patterns of intrinsic variability are assumed. Implemented with Stan and trained using spectrally binned Nearby Supernova Factory spectrophotometry, we examine this model's 2D, phase-independent flux variatio… ▽ More We present a new empirical Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) model with three chromatic flux variation templates: one phase dependent and two phase independent. No underlying dust extinction model or patterns of intrinsic variability are assumed. Implemented with Stan and trained using spectrally binned Nearby Supernova Factory spectrophotometry, we examine this model's 2D, phase-independent flux variation space using two motivated basis representations. In both, the first phase-independent template captures variation that appears dust-like, while the second captures a combination of effectively intrinsic variability and second-order dust-like effects. We find that approximately 13% of the modeled phase-independent flux variance is not dust-like. Previous empirical SN Ia models either assume an effective dust extinction recipe in their architecture, or only allow for a single mode of phase-independent variation. The presented results demonstrate such an approach may be insufficient, because it could "leak" noticeable intrinsic variation into phase-independent templates. △ Less

Submitted 10 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Journal ref: ApJ 982 110 (2025)

An Orbital Solution for WASP-12 b: Updated Ephemeris and Evidence for Decay Leveraging Citizen Science Data

Authors: Avinash S. Nediyedath, Martin J. Fowler, A. Norris, Shivaraj R. Maidur, Kyle A. Pearson, S. Dixon, P. Lewin, Andre O. Kovacs, A. Odasso, K. Davis, M. Primm, P. Das, Bryan E. Martin, D. Lalla

Abstract: NASA Citizen Scientists have used Exoplanet Transit Interpretation Code (EXOTIC) to reduce 40 sets of time-series images of WASP-12 taken by privately owned telescopes and a 6-inch telescope operated by the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian MicroObservatory (MOBs). Of these sets, 24 result in clean transit light curves of WASP-12 b which are included in the NASA Exoplanet Watch websi… ▽ More NASA Citizen Scientists have used Exoplanet Transit Interpretation Code (EXOTIC) to reduce 40 sets of time-series images of WASP-12 taken by privately owned telescopes and a 6-inch telescope operated by the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian MicroObservatory (MOBs). Of these sets, 24 result in clean transit light curves of WASP-12 b which are included in the NASA Exoplanet Watch website. We use priors from the NASA Exoplanet Archive to calculate the ephemeris of the planet and combine it with ETD (Exoplanet Transit Database), ExoClock, and TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) observations. Combining these datasets gives an updated ephemeris for the WASP-12 b system of 2454508.97923 +/- 0.000051 BJDTDB with an orbital period of 1.09141935 +/- 2.16e-08 days which can be used to inform the efficient scheduling of future space telescope observations. The orbital decay of the planet was found to be -6.89e-10 +/- 4.01e-11 days/epoch. These results show the benefits of long-term observations by amateur astronomers that citizen scientists can analyze to augment the field of Exoplanet research. △ Less

Submitted 10 November, 2023; v1 submitted 30 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: https://app.aavso.org/jaavso/article/3901/

Journal ref: JAAVSO Volume 51 number 2 (2023)

Automated Speckle Interferometry of Known Binaries

Authors: Nick Hardy, Leon Bewersdorff, David Rowe, Russell Genet, Rick Wasson, James Armstrong, Scott Dixon, Mark Harris, Tom Smith, Rachel Freed, Paul McCudden, S. Stephen Rajkumar Inbanathan, Marie Davis, Christopher Giavarini, Ronald Snyder, Roger Wholly, Maaike Calvin, Sumner Cotton, Julia Carter, Mario Terrazas, Shane Christopher R., Arun Kumar A., Sithara Naskath H., Mariam Ronald Rabin A

Abstract: Astronomers have been measuring the separations and position angles between the two components of binary stars since William Herschel began his observations in 1781. In 1970, Anton Labeyrie pioneered a method, speckle interferometry, that overcomes the usual resolution limits induced by atmospheric turbulence by taking hundreds or thousands of short exposures and reducing them in Fourier space. Ou… ▽ More Astronomers have been measuring the separations and position angles between the two components of binary stars since William Herschel began his observations in 1781. In 1970, Anton Labeyrie pioneered a method, speckle interferometry, that overcomes the usual resolution limits induced by atmospheric turbulence by taking hundreds or thousands of short exposures and reducing them in Fourier space. Our 2022 automation of speckle interferometry allowed us to use a fully robotic 1.0-meter PlaneWave Instruments telescope, located at the El Sauce Observatory in the Atacama Desert of Chile, to obtain observations of many known binaries with established orbits. The long-term objective of these observations is to establish the precision, accuracy, and limitations of this telescope's automated speckle interferometry measurements. This paper provides an early overview of the Known Binaries Project and provide example results on a small-separation (0.27") binary, WDS 12274-2843 B 228. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Bump Morphology of the CMAGIC Diagram

Authors: L. Aldoroty, L. Wang, P. Hoeflich, J. Yang, N. Suntzeff, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, S. Bongard, K. Boone, C. Buton, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, R. Gupta, B. Hayden, Mitchell Karmen, A. G. Kim, M. Kowalski, D. Küsters, P. -F. Léget, F. Mondon , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We apply the color-magnitude intercept calibration method (CMAGIC) to the Nearby Supernova Factory SNe Ia spectrophotometric dataset. The currently existing CMAGIC parameters are the slope and intercept of a straight line fit to the first linear region in the color-magnitude diagram, which occurs over a span of approximately 30 days after maximum brightness. We define a new parameter, $ω_{XY}$, th… ▽ More We apply the color-magnitude intercept calibration method (CMAGIC) to the Nearby Supernova Factory SNe Ia spectrophotometric dataset. The currently existing CMAGIC parameters are the slope and intercept of a straight line fit to the first linear region in the color-magnitude diagram, which occurs over a span of approximately 30 days after maximum brightness. We define a new parameter, $ω_{XY}$, the size of the ``bump'' feature near maximum brightness for arbitrary filters $X$ and $Y$. We find a significant correlation between the slope of the first linear region, $β_{XY, 1}$, in the CMAGIC diagram and $ω_{XY}$. These results may be used to our advantage, as they are less affected by extinction than parameters defined as a function of time. Additionally, $ω_{XY}$ is computed independently of templates. We find that current empirical templates are successful at reproducing the features described in this work, particularly SALT3, which correctly exhibits the negative correlation between slope and bump size seen in our data. In 1-D simulations, we show that the correlation between the size of the bump feature and $β_{XY, 1}$ can be understood as a result of chemical mixing due to large-scale Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. △ Less

Submitted 22 June, 2023; v1 submitted 13 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 19 pages, 9 figures

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal, 948:10 (15pp), 2023 May 1

A Probabilistic Autoencoder for Type Ia Supernovae Spectral Time Series

Authors: George Stein, Uros Seljak, Vanessa Bohm, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, S. Bongard, K. Boone, C. Buton, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, R. Gupta, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, M. Karmen, A. G. Kim, M. Kowalski, D. Kusters, P. F. Leget, F. Mondon, J. Nordin , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We construct a physically-parameterized probabilistic autoencoder (PAE) to learn the intrinsic diversity of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from a sparse set of spectral time series. The PAE is a two-stage generative model, composed of an Auto-Encoder (AE) which is interpreted probabilistically after training using a Normalizing Flow (NF). We demonstrate that the PAE learns a low-dimensional latent sp… ▽ More We construct a physically-parameterized probabilistic autoencoder (PAE) to learn the intrinsic diversity of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from a sparse set of spectral time series. The PAE is a two-stage generative model, composed of an Auto-Encoder (AE) which is interpreted probabilistically after training using a Normalizing Flow (NF). We demonstrate that the PAE learns a low-dimensional latent space that captures the nonlinear range of features that exists within the population, and can accurately model the spectral evolution of SNe Ia across the full range of wavelength and observation times directly from the data. By introducing a correlation penalty term and multi-stage training setup alongside our physically-parameterized network we show that intrinsic and extrinsic modes of variability can be separated during training, removing the need for the additional models to perform magnitude standardization. We then use our PAE in a number of downstream tasks on SNe Ia for increasingly precise cosmological analyses, including automatic detection of SN outliers, the generation of samples consistent with the data distribution, and solving the inverse problem in the presence of noisy and incomplete data to constrain cosmological distance measurements. We find that the optimal number of intrinsic model parameters appears to be three, in line with previous studies, and show that we can standardize our test sample of SNe Ia with an RMS of $0.091 \pm 0.010$ mag, which corresponds to $0.074 \pm 0.010$ mag if peculiar velocity contributions are removed. Trained models and codes are released at \href{https://github.com/georgestein/suPAErnova}{github.com/georgestein/suPAErnova} △ Less

Submitted 15 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 23 pages, 8 Figures, 1 Table. Accepted to ApJ

Evaluating and Optimizing a Slitless Prism for Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope SN Cosmology

Authors: David Rubin, Greg Aldering, Tri L. Astraatmadja, Charlie Baltay, Aleksandar Cikota, Susana E. Deustua, Sam Dixon, Andrew Fruchter, L. Galbany, Rebekah Hounsell, Saul Perlmutter, Ben Rose

Abstract: This work presents a set of studies addressing the use of the low-dispersion slitless prism on Roman for SN spectroscopy as part of the Roman High Latitude Time Domain Survey (HLTDS). We find SN spectral energy distributions including prism data carry more information than imaging alone at fixed total observing time, improving redshift measurements and sub-typing of SNe. The Roman field of view wi… ▽ More This work presents a set of studies addressing the use of the low-dispersion slitless prism on Roman for SN spectroscopy as part of the Roman High Latitude Time Domain Survey (HLTDS). We find SN spectral energy distributions including prism data carry more information than imaging alone at fixed total observing time, improving redshift measurements and sub-typing of SNe. The Roman field of view will typically include ~ 10 SNe Ia at observable redshifts at a range of phases (the multiplexing of host galaxies is much greater as they are always present), building up SN spectral time series without targeted observations. We show that fitting these time series extracts more information than stacking the data over all the phases, resulting in a large improvement in precision for SN Ia subclassification measurements. A prism on Roman thus significantly enhances scientific opportunities for the mission, and is particularly important for the Roman SN cosmology program to provide the systematics-controlled measurement that is a focus of the Roman dark energy mission. Optimizing the prism parameters, we conclude that the blue cutoff should be set as blue as the prism image quality allows (~ 7500A), the red cutoff should be set to ~ 18000A to minimize thermal background, and the two-pixel dispersion should be >~ 70. △ Less

Submitted 21 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ

Uniform Recalibration of Common Spectrophotometry Standard Stars onto the CALSPEC System using the SuperNova Integral Field Spectrograph

Authors: David Rubin, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, S. Bongard, K. Boone, C. Buton, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, R. Gupta, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, A. G. Kim, M. Kowalski, D. Kuesters, P. -F. Leget, F. Mondon, J. Nordin, R. Pain, E. Pecontal, R. Pereira , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We calibrate spectrophotometric optical spectra of 32 stars commonly used as standard stars, referenced to 14 stars already on the HST-based CALSPEC flux system. Observations of CALSPEC and non-CALSPEC stars were obtained with the SuperNova Integral Field Spectrograph over the wavelength range 3300 A to 9400 A as calibration for the Nearby Supernova Factory cosmology experiment. In total, this ana… ▽ More We calibrate spectrophotometric optical spectra of 32 stars commonly used as standard stars, referenced to 14 stars already on the HST-based CALSPEC flux system. Observations of CALSPEC and non-CALSPEC stars were obtained with the SuperNova Integral Field Spectrograph over the wavelength range 3300 A to 9400 A as calibration for the Nearby Supernova Factory cosmology experiment. In total, this analysis used 4289 standard-star spectra taken on photometric nights. As a modern cosmology analysis, all pre-submission methodological decisions were made with the flux scale and external comparison results blinded. The large number of spectra per star allows us to treat the wavelength-by-wavelength calibration for all nights simultaneously with a Bayesian hierarchical model, thereby enabling a consistent treatment of the Type Ia supernova cosmology analysis and the calibration on which it critically relies. We determine the typical per-observation repeatability (median 14 mmag for exposures >~ 5 s), the Maunakea atmospheric transmission distribution (median dispersion of 7 mmag with uncertainty 1 mmag), and the scatter internal to our CALSPEC reference stars (median of 8 mmag). We also check our standards against literature filter photometry, finding generally good agreement over the full 12-magnitude range. Overall, the mean of our system is calibrated to the mean of CALSPEC at the level of ~ 3 mmag. With our large number of observations, careful crosschecks, and 14 reference stars, our results are the best calibration yet achieved with an integral-field spectrograph, and among the best calibrated surveys. △ Less

Submitted 21 June, 2022; v1 submitted 2 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJS

Validation of 13 Hot and Potentially Terrestrial TESS Planets

Authors: Steven Giacalone, Courtney D. Dressing, Christina Hedges, Veselin B. Kostov, Karen A. Collins, Eric L. N. Jensen, Daniel A. Yahalomi, Allyson Bieryla, David R. Ciardi, Steve B. Howell, Jorge Lillo-Box, Khalid Barkaoui, Jennifer G. Winters, Elisabeth Matthews, John H. Livingston, Samuel N. Quinn, Boris S. Safonov, Charles Cadieux, E. Furlan, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Avi M. Mandell, Emily A. Gilbert, Ethan Kruse, Elisa V. Quintana, George R. Ricker , et al. (86 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to probe the atmospheres and surface properties of hot, terrestrial planets via emission spectroscopy. We identify 18 potentially terrestrial planet candidates detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) that would make ideal targets for these observations. These planet candidates cover a broad range of planet radii (… ▽ More The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to probe the atmospheres and surface properties of hot, terrestrial planets via emission spectroscopy. We identify 18 potentially terrestrial planet candidates detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) that would make ideal targets for these observations. These planet candidates cover a broad range of planet radii ($R_{\rm p} \sim 0.6 - 2.0 R_\oplus$) and orbit stars of various magnitudes ($K_s = 5.78 - 10.78$, $V = 8.4 - 15.69$) and effective temperatures ($T_{\rm eff }\sim 3000 - 6000$ K). We use ground-based observations collected through the TESS Follow-up Observing Program (TFOP) and two vetting tools -- DAVE and TRICERATOPS -- to assess the reliabilities of these candidates as planets. We validate 13 planets: TOI-206 b, TOI-500 b, TOI-544 b, TOI-833 b, TOI-1075 b, TOI-1411 b, TOI-1442 b, TOI-1693 b, TOI-1860 b, TOI-2260 b, TOI-2411 b, TOI-2427 b, and TOI-2445 b. Seven of these planets (TOI-206 b, TOI-500 b, TOI-1075 b, TOI-1442 b, TOI-2260 b, TOI-2411 b, and TOI-2445 b) are ultra-short-period planets. TOI-1860 is the youngest ($133 \pm 26$ Myr) solar twin with a known planet to date. TOI-2260 is a young ($321 \pm 96$ Myr) G dwarf that is among the most metal-rich ([Fe/H] = $0.22 \pm 0.06$ dex) stars to host an ultra-short-period planet. With an estimated equilibrium temperature of $\sim 2600$ K, TOI-2260 b is also the fourth hottest known planet with $R_{\rm p} < 2 \, R_\oplus$. △ Less

Submitted 11 February, 2022; v1 submitted 29 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Journal ref: AJ 163 99 (2022)

HiPERCAM: a quintuple-beam, high-speed optical imager on the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio Canarias

Authors: V. S. Dhillon, N. Bezawada, M. Black, S. D. Dixon, T. Gamble, X. Gao, D. M. Henry, P. Kerry, S. P. Littlefair, D. W. Lunney, T. R. Marsh, C. Miller, S. G. Parsons, R. P. Ashley, E. Breedt, A. Brown, M. J. Dyer, M. J. Green, I. Pelisoli, D. I. Sahman, J. Wild, D. J. Ives, L. Mehrgan, J. Stegmeier, C. M. Dubbeldam , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: HiPERCAM is a portable, quintuple-beam optical imager that saw first light on the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) in 2018. The instrument uses re-imaging optics and 4 dichroic beamsplitters to record $u_s g_s r_s i_s z_s$ ($320-1060$ nm) images simultaneously on its five CCD cameras, each of 3.1 arcmin (diagonal) field of view. The detectors in HiPERCAM are frame-transfer devices cooled ther… ▽ More HiPERCAM is a portable, quintuple-beam optical imager that saw first light on the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) in 2018. The instrument uses re-imaging optics and 4 dichroic beamsplitters to record $u_s g_s r_s i_s z_s$ ($320-1060$ nm) images simultaneously on its five CCD cameras, each of 3.1 arcmin (diagonal) field of view. The detectors in HiPERCAM are frame-transfer devices cooled thermo-electrically to 183 K, thereby allowing both long-exposure, deep imaging of faint targets, as well as high-speed (over 1000 windowed frames per second) imaging of rapidly varying targets. A comparison-star pick-off system in the telescope focal plane increases the effective field of view to 6.7 arcmin for differential photometry. Combining HiPERCAM with the world's largest optical telescope enables the detection of astronomical sources to $g_s \sim 23$ in 1 s and $g_s \sim 28$ in 1 h. In this paper we describe the scientific motivation behind HiPERCAM, present its design, report on its measured performance, and outline some planned enhancements. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 18 pages, 12 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

TIC 172900988: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet Detected in One Sector of TESS Data

Authors: Veselin B. Kostov, Brian P. Powell, Jerome A. Orosz, William F. Welsh, William Cochran, Karen A. Collins, Michael Endl, Coel Hellier, David W. Latham, Phillip MacQueen, Joshua Pepper, Billy Quarles, Lalitha Sairam, Guillermo Torres, Robert F. Wilson, Serge Bergeron, Pat Boyce, Allyson Bieryla, Robert Buchheim, Caleb Ben Christiansen, David R. Ciardi, Kevin I. Collins, Dennis M. Conti, Scott Dixon, Pere Guerra , et al. (64 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first discovery of a transiting circumbinary planet detected from a single sector of TESS data. During Sector 21, the planet TIC 172900988b transited the primary star and then 5 days later it transited the secondary star. The binary is itself eclipsing, with a period of P = 19.7 days and an eccentricity of e = 0.45. Archival data from ASAS-SN, Evryscope, KELT, and SuperWASP reveal a… ▽ More We report the first discovery of a transiting circumbinary planet detected from a single sector of TESS data. During Sector 21, the planet TIC 172900988b transited the primary star and then 5 days later it transited the secondary star. The binary is itself eclipsing, with a period of P = 19.7 days and an eccentricity of e = 0.45. Archival data from ASAS-SN, Evryscope, KELT, and SuperWASP reveal a prominent apsidal motion of the binary orbit, caused by the dynamical interactions between the binary and the planet. A comprehensive photodynamical analysis of the TESS, archival and follow-up data yields stellar masses and radii of M1 = 1.2384 +/- 0.0007 MSun and R1 = 1.3827 +/- 0.0016 RSun for the primary and M2 = 1.2019 +/- 0.0007 MSun and R2 = 1.3124 +/- 0.0012 RSun for the secondary. The radius of the planet is R3 = 11.25 +/- 0.44 REarth (1.004 +/- 0.039 RJup). The planet's mass and orbital properties are not uniquely determined - there are six solutions with nearly equal likelihood. Specifically, we find that the planet's mass is in the range of 824 < M3 < 981 MEarth (2.65 < M3 < 3.09 MJup), its orbital period could be 188.8, 190.4, 194.0, 199.0, 200.4, or 204.1 days, and the eccentricity is between 0.02 and 0.09. At a V = 10.141 mag, the system is accessible for high-resolution spectroscopic observations, e.g. Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and transit spectroscopy. △ Less

Submitted 27 August, 2021; v1 submitted 18 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Comments: 57 pages, 30 figures, 25 tables; Accepted AJ

The Twins Embedding of Type Ia Supernovae I: The Diversity of Spectra at Maximum Light

Authors: K. Boone, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, S. Bongard, C. Buton, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, R. Gupta, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, A. G. Kim, M. Kowalski, D. Küsters, P. -F. Léget, F. Mondon, J. Nordin, R. Pain, E. Pecontal, R. Pereira, S. Perlmutter , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We study the spectral diversity of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) at maximum light using high signal-to-noise spectrophotometry of 173 SNe Ia from the Nearby Supernova Factory. We decompose the diversity of these spectra into different extrinsic and intrinsic components, and we construct a nonlinear parameterization of the intrinsic diversity of SNe Ia that preserves pairings of "twin" SNe Ia. We cal… ▽ More We study the spectral diversity of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) at maximum light using high signal-to-noise spectrophotometry of 173 SNe Ia from the Nearby Supernova Factory. We decompose the diversity of these spectra into different extrinsic and intrinsic components, and we construct a nonlinear parameterization of the intrinsic diversity of SNe Ia that preserves pairings of "twin" SNe Ia. We call this parameterization the "Twins Embedding". Our methodology naturally handles highly nonlinear variability in spectra, such as changes in the photosphere expansion velocity, and uses the full spectrum rather than being limited to specific spectral line strengths, ratios or velocities. We find that the time evolution of SNe Ia near maximum light is remarkably similar, with 84.6% of the variance in common to all SNe Ia. After correcting for brightness and color, the intrinsic variability of SNe Ia is mostly restricted to specific spectral lines, and we find intrinsic dispersions as low as ~0.02 mag between 6600 and 7200 A. With a nonlinear three-dimensional model plus one dimension for color, we can explain 89.2% of the intrinsic diversity in our sample of SNe Ia, which includes several different kinds of "peculiar" SNe Ia. A linear model requires seven dimensions to explain a comparable fraction of the intrinsic diversity. We show how a wide range of previously-established indicators of diversity in SNe Ia can be recovered from the Twins Embedding. In a companion article, we discuss how these results an be applied to standardization of SNe Ia for cosmology. △ Less

Submitted 5 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Comments: Accepted to ApJ

The Twins Embedding of Type Ia Supernovae II: Improving Cosmological Distance Estimates

Authors: K. Boone, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, S. Bongard, C. Buton, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, R. Gupta, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, A. G. Kim, M. Kowalski, D. Küsters, P. -F. Léget, F. Mondon, J. Nordin, R. Pain, E. Pecontal, R. Pereira, S. Perlmutter , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We show how spectra of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) at maximum light can be used to improve cosmological distance estimates. In a companion article, we used manifold learning to build a three-dimensional parameterization of the intrinsic diversity of SNe Ia at maximum light that we call the "Twins Embedding". In this article, we discuss how the Twins Embedding can be used to improve the standardiza… ▽ More We show how spectra of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) at maximum light can be used to improve cosmological distance estimates. In a companion article, we used manifold learning to build a three-dimensional parameterization of the intrinsic diversity of SNe Ia at maximum light that we call the "Twins Embedding". In this article, we discuss how the Twins Embedding can be used to improve the standardization of SNe Ia. With a single spectrophotometrically-calibrated spectrum near maximum light, we can standardize our sample of SNe Ia with an RMS of $0.101 \pm 0.007$ mag, which corresponds to $0.084 \pm 0.009$ mag if peculiar velocity contributions are removed and $0.073 \pm 0.008$ mag if a larger reference sample were obtained. Our techniques can standardize the full range of SNe Ia, including those typically labeled as peculiar and often rejected from other analyses. We find that traditional light curve width + color standardization such as SALT2 is not sufficient. The Twins Embedding identifies a subset of SNe Ia including but not limited to 91T-like SNe Ia whose SALT2 distance estimates are biased by $0.229 \pm 0.045$ mag. Standardization using the Twins Embedding also significantly decreases host-galaxy correlations. We recover a host mass step of $0.040 \pm 0.020$ mag compared to $0.092 \pm 0.024$ mag for SALT2 standardization on the same sample of SNe Ia. These biases in traditional standardization methods could significantly impact future cosmology analyses if not properly taken into account. △ Less

Submitted 5 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Comments: Accepted to ApJ

The HST See Change Program: I. Survey Design, Pipeline, and Supernova Discoveries

Authors: Brian Hayden, David Rubin, Kyle Boone, Greg Aldering, Jakob Nordin, Mark Brodwin, Susana Deustua, Sam Dixon, Parker Fagrelius, Andy Fruchter, Peter Eisenhardt, Anthony Gonzalez, Ravi Gupta, Isobel Hook, Chris Lidman, Kyle Luther, Adam Muzzin, Zachary Raha, Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente, Clare Saunders, Caroline Sofiatti, Adam Stanford, Nao Suzuki, Tracy Webb, Steven C. Williams , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The See Change survey was designed to make $z>1$ cosmological measurements by efficiently discovering high-redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and improving cluster mass measurements through weak lensing. This survey observed twelve galaxy clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope spanning the redshift range $z=1.13$ to $1.75$, discovering 57 likely transients and 27 likely SNe Ia at… ▽ More The See Change survey was designed to make $z>1$ cosmological measurements by efficiently discovering high-redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and improving cluster mass measurements through weak lensing. This survey observed twelve galaxy clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope spanning the redshift range $z=1.13$ to $1.75$, discovering 57 likely transients and 27 likely SNe Ia at $z\sim 0.8-2.3$. As in similar previous surveys (Dawson et al. 2009), this proved to be a highly efficient use of HST for SN observations; the See Change survey additionally tested the feasibility of maintaining, or further increasing, the efficiency at yet higher redshifts, where we have less detailed information on the expected cluster masses and star-formation rates. We find that the resulting number of SNe Ia per orbit is a factor of $\sim 8$ higher than for a field search, and 45% of our orbits contained an active SN Ia within 22 rest-frame days of peak, with one of the clusters by itself yielding 6 of the SNe Ia. We present the survey design, pipeline, and SN discoveries. Novel features include fully blinded SN searches, the first random forest candidate classifier for undersampled IR data (with a 50% detection threshold within 0.05 magnitudes of human searchers), real-time forward-modeling photometry of candidates, and semi-automated photometric classifications and follow-up forecasts. We also describe the spectroscopic follow-up, instrumental in measuring host-galaxy redshifts. The cosmology analysis of our sample will be presented in a companion paper. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: ApJ preprint

Biases from Non-Simultaneous Regression with Correlated Covariates: A Case Study from Supernova Cosmology

Authors: Samantha Dixon

Abstract: Several Type Ia supernova analyses make use of non-simultaneous regressions between observed supernova and host galaxy properties and supernova luminosity: first the supernova magnitudes are corrected for their light curve shape and color, and then they are separately corrected for their host galaxy masses. This two-step regression methodology does not introduce any biases when there are no correl… ▽ More Several Type Ia supernova analyses make use of non-simultaneous regressions between observed supernova and host galaxy properties and supernova luminosity: first the supernova magnitudes are corrected for their light curve shape and color, and then they are separately corrected for their host galaxy masses. This two-step regression methodology does not introduce any biases when there are no correlations between the variables regressed in each correction step. However, correlations between these covariates will bias estimates of the size of the corrections, as well as estimates of the variance of the final residuals. In this work, we analyze the general case of non-simultaneous regression with correlated covariates to derive the functional forms of these biases. We also simulate this effect on data from the literature to provide corrections to remove these biases from the data sets studied. The biases examined here can be entirely avoided by using simultaneous regression techniques. △ Less

Submitted 16 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 11 pages, 3 tables, accepted for publication in PASP

The SNEMO and SUGAR Companion Datasets

Authors: G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, S. Bongard, K. Boone, C. Buton, N. Chotard, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, H. K. Fakhouri, U. Feindt, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, A. G. Kim, M. Kowalski, D. Kusters, P. -F. Leget, Q. Lin, S. Lombardo, F. Mondon, J. Nordin , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Nearby Supernova Factory has made spectrophotometric observations of Type Ia supernovae since $2004$. This work presents an interim version of the data produced, including $210$ supernovae observed between $2004$ and $2013$. The Nearby Supernova Factory has made spectrophotometric observations of Type Ia supernovae since $2004$. This work presents an interim version of the data produced, including $210$ supernovae observed between $2004$ and $2013$. △ Less

Submitted 17 April, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 5 pages

Utilizing Small Telescopes Operated by Citizen Scientists for Transiting Exoplanet Follow-up

Authors: Robert T. Zellem, Kyle A. Pearson, Ethan Blaser, Martin Fowler, David R. Ciardi, Anya Biferno, Bob Massey, Franck Marchis, Robert Baer, Conley Ball, Mike Chasin, Mike Conley, Scott Dixon, Elizabeth Fletcher, Saneyda Hernandez, Sujay Nair, Quinn Perian, Frank Sienkiewicz, Kalee Tock, Vivek Vijayakumar, Mark R. Swain, Gael M. Roudier, Geoffrey Bryden, Dennis M. Conti, Dolores H. Hill , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Due to the efforts by numerous ground-based surveys and NASA's Kepler and TESS, there will be hundreds, if not thousands, of transiting exoplanets ideal for atmospheric characterization via spectroscopy with large platforms such as JWST and ARIEL. However their next predicted mid-transit time could become so increasingly uncertain over time that significant overhead would be required to ensure the… ▽ More Due to the efforts by numerous ground-based surveys and NASA's Kepler and TESS, there will be hundreds, if not thousands, of transiting exoplanets ideal for atmospheric characterization via spectroscopy with large platforms such as JWST and ARIEL. However their next predicted mid-transit time could become so increasingly uncertain over time that significant overhead would be required to ensure the detection of the entire transit. As a result, follow-up observations to characterize these exoplanetary atmospheres would require less-efficient use of an observatory's time---which is an issue for large platforms where minimizing observing overheads is a necessity. Here we demonstrate the power of citizen scientists operating smaller observatories ($\le$1-m) to keep ephemerides "fresh", defined here as when the 1$σ$ uncertainty in the mid-transit time is less than half the transit duration. We advocate for the creation of a community-wide effort to perform ephemeris maintenance on transiting exoplanets by citizen scientists. Such observations can be conducted with even a 6-inch telescope, which has the potential to save up to $\sim$10,000~days for a 1000-planet survey. Based on a preliminary analysis of 14 transits from a single 6-inch MicroObservatory telescope, we empirically estimate the ability of small telescopes to benefit the community. Observations with a small-telescope network operated by citizen scientists are capable of resolving stellar blends to within 5''/pixel, can follow-up long period transits in short-baseline TESS fields, monitor epoch-to-epoch stellar variability at a precision 0.67\%$\pm$0.12\% for a 11.3 V-mag star, and search for new planets or constrain the masses of known planets with transit timing variations greater than two minutes. △ Less

Submitted 19 May, 2020; v1 submitted 19 March, 2020; originally announced March 2020.

Comments: 26 pages, 15 figures; published in PASP

Journal ref: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, May 2020, Volume 132, Issue 1011, id.054401Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Volume 132, Issue 1011, id.054401

Evidence for Cosmic Acceleration is Robust to Observed Correlations Between Type Ia Supernova Luminosity and Stellar Age

Authors: B. M. Rose, D. Rubin, A. Cikota, S. E. Deustua, S. Dixon, A. Fruchter, D. O. Jones, A. G. Riess, D. M. Scolnic

Abstract: Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) are powerful standardizable candles for constraining cosmological models and provided the first evidence of the accelerated expansion of the universe. Their precision derives from empirical correlations, now measured from $>1000$ SNe Ia, between their luminosities, light-curve shapes, colors and most recently with the stellar mass of their host galaxy. As mass correlate… ▽ More Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) are powerful standardizable candles for constraining cosmological models and provided the first evidence of the accelerated expansion of the universe. Their precision derives from empirical correlations, now measured from $>1000$ SNe Ia, between their luminosities, light-curve shapes, colors and most recently with the stellar mass of their host galaxy. As mass correlates with other galaxy properties, alternative parameters have been investigated to improve SN Ia standardization though none have been shown to significantly alter the determination of cosmological parameters. We re-examine a recent claim, based on 34 SN Ia in nearby passive host galaxies, of a 0.05 mag/Gyr dependence of standardized SN Ia luminosity on host age which if extrapolated to higher redshifts, would be a bias up to 0.25 mag, challenging the inference of dark energy. We reanalyze this sample of hosts using both the original method and a Bayesian hierarchical model and find after a fuller accounting of the uncertainties the significance of a dependence on age to be $\leq2σ$ and $\sim1σ$ after the removal of a single poorly-sampled SN Ia. To test the claim that a trend seen in old stellar populations can be applied to younger ages, we extend our analysis to a larger sample which includes young hosts. We find the residual dependence of host age (after all standardization typically employed for cosmological measurements) to be consistent with zero for 254 SNe Ia from the Pantheon sample, ruling out the large but low significance trend seen in passive hosts. △ Less

Submitted 15 May, 2020; v1 submitted 27 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: 9 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJL

Initial Evaluation of SNEMO2 and SNEMO7 Standardization Derived From Current Light Curves of Type Ia Supernovae

Authors: B. M. Rose, S. Dixon, D. Rubin, R. Hounsell, C. Saunders, S. Deustua, A. Fruchter, L. Galbany, S. Perlmutter, M. Sako

Abstract: To determine if the SuperNova Empirical Model (SNEMO) can improve Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) standardization of several currently available photometric data sets, we perform an initial test, comparing results with the much-used SALT2 approach. We fit the SNEMO light-curve parameters and pass them to the Bayesian hierarchical model UNITY1.2 to estimate the Tripp-like standardization coefficients, in… ▽ More To determine if the SuperNova Empirical Model (SNEMO) can improve Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) standardization of several currently available photometric data sets, we perform an initial test, comparing results with the much-used SALT2 approach. We fit the SNEMO light-curve parameters and pass them to the Bayesian hierarchical model UNITY1.2 to estimate the Tripp-like standardization coefficients, including a host mass term as a proxy for redshift dependent astrophysical systematics. We find that, among the existing large data sets, only the Carnegie Supernova Project data set consistently provides the signal-to-noise and time sampling necessary to constrain the additional five parameters that SNEMO7 incorporates beyond SALT2. This is an important consideration for future SN Ia surveys like LSST and WFIRST. Although the SNEMO7 parameters are poorly constrained by most of the other available data sets of light curves, we find that the SNEMO2 parameters are just as well-constrained as the SALT2 parameters. In addition, SNEMO2 and SALT2 have comparable unexplained intrinsic scatter when fitting the same data. When looking at the total scatter, SNEMO7 reduces the Hubble-Lemaitre diagram RMS from 0.148~mag to 0.141~mag. It is not then, the SNEMO methodology, but the interplay of data quality and the increased number of degrees of freedom that is behind these reduced constraints. With this in mind, we recommend further investigation into the data required to use SNEMO7 and the possibility of fitting the poorer photometry data with intermediate SNEMO-like models with three to six components. △ Less

Submitted 20 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

Comments: 19 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables, in review with ApJ

SUGAR: An improved empirical model of Type Ia Supernovae based on spectral features

Authors: P. -F. Léget, E. Gangler, F. Mondon, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, K. Barbary, S. Bongard, K. Boone, C. Buton, N. Chotard, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, P. Fagrelius, U. Feindt, D. Fouchez, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, A. Kim, M. Kowalski, D. Kuesters, S. Lombardo, Q. Lin , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) are widely used to measure the expansion of the Universe. Improving distance measurements of SNe Ia is one technique to better constrain the acceleration of expansion and determine its physical nature. This document develops a new SNe Ia spectral energy distribution (SED) model, called the SUpernova Generator And Reconstructor (SUGAR), which improves the spectral descri… ▽ More Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) are widely used to measure the expansion of the Universe. Improving distance measurements of SNe Ia is one technique to better constrain the acceleration of expansion and determine its physical nature. This document develops a new SNe Ia spectral energy distribution (SED) model, called the SUpernova Generator And Reconstructor (SUGAR), which improves the spectral description of SNe Ia, and consequently could improve the distance measurements. This model is constructed from SNe Ia spectral properties and spectrophotometric data from The Nearby Supernova Factory collaboration. In a first step, a PCA-like method is used on spectral features measured at maximum light, which allows us to extract the intrinsic properties of SNe Ia. Next, the intrinsic properties are used to extract the average extinction curve. Third, an interpolation using Gaussian Processes facilitates using data taken at different epochs during the lifetime of a SN Ia and then projecting the data on a fixed time grid. Finally, the three steps are combined to build the SED model as a function of time and wavelength. This is the SUGAR model. The main advancement in SUGAR is the addition of two additional parameters to characterize SNe Ia variability. The first is tied to the properties of SNe Ia ejecta velocity, the second is correlated with their calcium lines. The addition of these parameters, as well as the high quality the Nearby Supernova Factory data, makes SUGAR an accurate and efficient model for describing the spectra of normal SNe Ia as they brighten and fade. The performance of this model makes it an excellent SED model for experiments like ZTF, LSST or WFIRST. △ Less

Submitted 24 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019.

Comments: 25 pages, 27 figures

Journal ref: A&A 636, A46 (2020)

SN 2012dn from early to late times: 09dc-like supernovae reassessed

Authors: S. Taubenberger, A. Floers, C. Vogl, M. Kromer, J. Spyromilio, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, S. Bongard, K. Boone, C. Buton, N. Chotard, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, D. Fouchez, C. Fransson, E. Gangler, R. R. Gupta, S. Hachinger, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, A. G. Kim, M. Kowalski, P. -F. Leget , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: As a candidate 'super-Chandrasekhar' or 09dc-like Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), SN 2012dn shares many characteristics with other members of this remarkable class of objects but lacks their extraordinary luminosity. Here, we present and discuss the most comprehensive optical data set of this SN to date, comprised of a densely sampled series of early-time spectra obtained within the Nearby Supernova Fa… ▽ More As a candidate 'super-Chandrasekhar' or 09dc-like Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), SN 2012dn shares many characteristics with other members of this remarkable class of objects but lacks their extraordinary luminosity. Here, we present and discuss the most comprehensive optical data set of this SN to date, comprised of a densely sampled series of early-time spectra obtained within the Nearby Supernova Factory project, plus photometry and spectroscopy obtained at the VLT about 1 yr after the explosion. The light curves, colour curves, spectral time series and ejecta velocities of SN 2012dn are compared with those of other 09dc-like and normal SNe Ia, the overall variety within the class of 09dc-like SNe Ia is discussed, and new criteria for 09dc-likeness are proposed. Particular attention is directed to additional insight that the late-phase data provide. The nebular spectra show forbidden lines of oxygen and calcium, elements that are usually not seen in late-time spectra of SNe Ia, while the ionisation state of the emitting iron plasma is low, pointing to low ejecta temperatures and high densities. The optical light curves are characterised by an enhanced fading starting ~60 d after maximum and very low luminosities in the nebular phase, which is most readily explained by unusually early formation of clumpy dust in the ejecta. Taken together, these effects suggest a strongly perturbed ejecta density profile, which might lend support to the idea that 09dc-like characteristics arise from a brief episode of interaction with a hydrogen-deficient envelope during the first hours or days after the explosion. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2019; v1 submitted 15 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Comments: 16 pages, 11 figures, MNRAS in press, missing line added in Table 1

SNEMO: Improved Empirical Models for Type Ia Supernovae

Authors: C. Saunders, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, K. Barbary, D. Baugh, K. Boone, S. Bongard, C. Buton, J. Chen, N. Chotard, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, P. Fagrelius, H. K. Fakhouri, U. Feindt, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, B. Hayden, P. -F. Léget, W. Hillebrandt, A. G. Kim, M. Kowalski, D. Küsters , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Type Ia supernova cosmology depends on the ability to fit and standardize observations of supernova magnitudes with an empirical model. We present here a series of new models of Type Ia Supernova spectral time series that capture a greater amount of supernova diversity than possible with the models that are currently customary. These are entitled SuperNova Empirical MOdels (\textsc{SNEMO}\footnote… ▽ More Type Ia supernova cosmology depends on the ability to fit and standardize observations of supernova magnitudes with an empirical model. We present here a series of new models of Type Ia Supernova spectral time series that capture a greater amount of supernova diversity than possible with the models that are currently customary. These are entitled SuperNova Empirical MOdels (\textsc{SNEMO}\footnote{https://snfactory.lbl.gov/snemo}). The models are constructed using spectrophotometric time series from $172$ individual supernovae from the Nearby Supernova Factory, comprising more than $2000$ spectra. Using the available observations, Gaussian Processes are used to predict a full spectral time series for each supernova. A matrix is constructed from the spectral time series of all the supernovae, and Expectation Maximization Factor Analysis is used to calculate the principal components of the data. K-fold cross-validation then determines the selection of model parameters and accounts for color variation in the data. Based on this process, the final models are trained on supernovae that have been dereddened using the Fitzpatrick and Massa extinction relation. Three final models are presented here: \textsc{SNEMO2}, a two-component model for comparison with current Type~Ia models; \textsc{SNEMO7}, a seven component model chosen for standardizing supernova magnitudes which results in a total dispersion of $0.100$~mag for a validation set of supernovae, of which $0.087$~mag is unexplained (a total dispersion of $0.113$~mag with unexplained dispersion of $0.097$~mag is found for the total set of training and validation supernovae); and \textsc{SNEMO15}, a comprehensive $15$ component model that maximizes the amount of spectral time series behavior captured. △ Less

Submitted 22 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018.

Comments: 51 page, 19 figures, accepted in ApJ

First light with HiPERCAM on the GTC

Authors: Vikram Dhillon, Simon Dixon, Trevor Gamble, Paul Kerry, Stuart Littlefair, Steven Parsons, Thomas Marsh, Naidu Bezawada, Martin Black, Xiaofeng Gao, David Henry, David Lunney, Christopher Miller, Marc Dubbeldam, Timothy Morris, James Osborn, Richard Wilson, Jorge Casares, Teo Munoz-Darias, Enric Palle, Pablo Rodriguez-Gil, Tariq Shahbaz, Antonio de Ugarte Postigo

Abstract: HiPERCAM is a quintuple-beam imager that saw first light on the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope (WHT) in October 2017 and on the 10.4m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) in February 2018. The instrument uses re-imaging optics and 4 dichroic beamsplitters to record ugriz (300-1000nm) images simultaneously on its five CCD cameras. The detectors in HiPERCAM are frame-transfer devices cooled thermo-electr… ▽ More HiPERCAM is a quintuple-beam imager that saw first light on the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope (WHT) in October 2017 and on the 10.4m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) in February 2018. The instrument uses re-imaging optics and 4 dichroic beamsplitters to record ugriz (300-1000nm) images simultaneously on its five CCD cameras. The detectors in HiPERCAM are frame-transfer devices cooled thermo-electrically to -90degC, thereby allowing both long-exposure, deep imaging of faint targets, as well as high-speed (over 1000 windowed frames per second) imaging of rapidly varying targets. In this paper, we report on the as-built design of HiPERCAM, its first-light performance on the GTC, and some of the planned future enhancements. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 11 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Austin (10-15 June 2018)

Strong Dependence of Type Ia Supernova Standardization on the Local Specific Star Formation Rate

Authors: M. Rigault, V. Brinnel, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, K. Barbary, S. Bongard, K. Boone, C. Buton, M. Childress, N. Chotard, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, P. Fagrelius, U. Feindt, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, D. A. Howell, A. Kim, M. Kowalski, D. Kuesters , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: As part of an on-going effort to identify, understand and correct for astrophysics biases in the standardization of Type Ia supernovae (SNIa) for cosmology, we have statistically classified a large sample of nearby SNeIa into those located in predominantly younger or older environments. This classification is based on the specific star formation rate measured within a projected distance of 1kpc fr… ▽ More As part of an on-going effort to identify, understand and correct for astrophysics biases in the standardization of Type Ia supernovae (SNIa) for cosmology, we have statistically classified a large sample of nearby SNeIa into those located in predominantly younger or older environments. This classification is based on the specific star formation rate measured within a projected distance of 1kpc from each SN location (LsSFR). This is an important refinement compared to using the local star formation rate directly as it provides a normalization for relative numbers of available SN progenitors and is more robust against extinction by dust. We find that the SNeIa in predominantly younger environments are DY=0.163\pm0.029 mag (5.7 sigma) fainter than those in predominantly older environments after conventional light-curve standardization. This is the strongest standardized SN Ia brightness systematic connected to host-galaxy environment measured to date. The well-established step in standardized brightnesses between SNeIa in hosts with lower or higher total stellar masses is smaller at DM=0.119\pm0.032 mag (4.5 sigma), for the same set of SNeIa. When fit simultaneously, the environment age offset remains very significant, with DY=0.129\pm0.032 mag (4.0 sigma), while the global stellar mass step is reduced to DM=0.064\pm0.029 mag (2.2 sigma). Thus, approximately 70% of the variance from the stellar mass step is due to an underlying dependence on environment-based progenitor age. Standardization using only the SNeIa in younger environments reduces the total dispersion from 0.142\pm0.008 mag to 0.120\pm0.010 mag. We show that as environment ages evolve with redshift a strong bias on measurement of the dark energy equation of state parameters can develop. Fortunately, data to measure and correct for this effect is likely to be available for many next-generation experiments. [abstract shorten] △ Less

Submitted 19 December, 2020; v1 submitted 11 June, 2018; originally announced June 2018.

Comments: Published in Astronomy and Astrophysics Rigault et al. 2020, A&A, 644, A176 | arxiv Rigault et al. 2018

Journal ref: A&A 644, A176 (2020)

Correcting for peculiar velocities of Type Ia Supernovae in clusters of galaxies

Authors: P. -F. Léget, M. V. Pruzhinskaya, A. Ciulli, E. Gangler, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, K. Barbary, S. Bongard, K. Boone, C. Buton, M. Childress, N. Chotard, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, P. Fagrelius, U. Feindt, D. Fouchez, P. Gris, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, D. A. Howell, A. Kim , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) are widely used to measure the expansion of the Universe. To perform such measurements the luminosity and cosmological redshift ($z$) of the SNe Ia have to be determined. The uncertainty on $z$ includes an unknown peculiar velocity, which can be very large for SNe Ia in the virialized cores of massive clusters. We determine which SNe Ia exploded in galaxy clusters. We t… ▽ More Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) are widely used to measure the expansion of the Universe. To perform such measurements the luminosity and cosmological redshift ($z$) of the SNe Ia have to be determined. The uncertainty on $z$ includes an unknown peculiar velocity, which can be very large for SNe Ia in the virialized cores of massive clusters. We determine which SNe Ia exploded in galaxy clusters. We then study how the correction for peculiar velocities of host galaxies inside the clusters improves the Hubble residuals. Using 145 SNe Ia from the Nearby Supernova Factory we found 11 candidates for membership in clusters. To estimate the redshift of a cluster we applied the bi-weight technique. Then, we use the galaxy cluster redshift instead of the host galaxy redshift to construct the Hubble diagram. For SNe Ia inside galaxy clusters the dispersion around the Hubble diagram when peculiar velocities are taken into account is smaller in comparison with a case without peculiar velocity correction, with a $wRMS=0.130\pm0.038$ mag instead of $wRMS=0.137\pm0.036$ mag. The significance of this improvement is 3.58 $σ$. If we remove the very nearby Virgo cluster member SN2006X ($z<0.01$) from the analysis, the significance decreases to 1.34 $σ$. The peculiar velocity correction is found to be highest for the SNe Ia hosted by blue spiral galaxies, with high local specific star formation rate and smaller stellar mass, seemingly counter to what might be expected given the heavy concentration of old, massive elliptical galaxies in clusters. As expected, the Hubble residuals of SNe Ia associated with massive galaxy clusters improve when the cluster redshift is taken as the cosmological redshift of the SN. This fact has to be taken into account in future cosmological analyses in order to achieve higher accuracy for cosmological redshift measurements. Here we provide an approach to do so. △ Less

Submitted 10 April, 2018; originally announced April 2018.

Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 615, A162 (2018)

A Binary Offset Effect in CCD Readout and Its Impact on Astronomical Data

Authors: K. Boone, G. Aldering, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, R. S. Domagalski, E. Gangler, E. Pecontal, S. Perlmutter

Abstract: We have discovered an anomalous behavior of CCD readout electronics that affects their use in many astronomical applications. An offset in the digitization of the CCD output voltage that depends on the binary encoding of one pixel is added to pixels that are read out one, two and/or three pixels later. One result of this effect is the introduction of a differential offset in the background when co… ▽ More We have discovered an anomalous behavior of CCD readout electronics that affects their use in many astronomical applications. An offset in the digitization of the CCD output voltage that depends on the binary encoding of one pixel is added to pixels that are read out one, two and/or three pixels later. One result of this effect is the introduction of a differential offset in the background when comparing regions with and without flux from science targets. Conventional data reduction methods do not correct for this offset. We find this effect in 16 of 22 instruments investigated, covering a variety of telescopes and many different front-end electronics systems. The affected instruments include LRIS and DEIMOS on the Keck telescopes, WFC3-UVIS and STIS on HST, MegaCam on CFHT, SNIFS on the UH88 telescope, GMOS on the Gemini telescopes, HSC on Subaru, and FORS on VLT. The amplitude of the introduced offset is up to 4.5 ADU per pixel, and it is not directly proportional to the measured ADU level. We have developed a model that can be used to detect this "binary offset effect" in data and correct for it. Understanding how data are affected and applying a correction for the effect is essential for precise astronomical measurements. △ Less

Submitted 19 February, 2018; originally announced February 2018.

Comments: 22 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in PASP

Understanding Type Ia supernovae through their U-band spectra

Authors: J. Nordin, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, C. Aragon, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, K. Barbary, S. Bongard, K. Boone, V. Brinnel, C. Buton, M. Childress, N. Chotard, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, P. Fagrelius, U. Feindt, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, A. Kim, M. Kowalski, D. Kuesters, P. -F. Leget , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Context. Observations of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) can be used to derive accurate cosmological distances through empirical standardization techniques. Despite this success neither the progenitors of SNe Ia nor the explosion process are fully understood. The U-band region has been less well observed for nearby SNe, due to technical challenges, but is the most readily accessible band for high-reds… ▽ More Context. Observations of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) can be used to derive accurate cosmological distances through empirical standardization techniques. Despite this success neither the progenitors of SNe Ia nor the explosion process are fully understood. The U-band region has been less well observed for nearby SNe, due to technical challenges, but is the most readily accessible band for high-redshift SNe. Aims. Using spectrophotometry from the Nearby Supernova Factory, we study the origin and extent of U-band spectroscopic variations in SNe Ia and explore consequences for their standardization and the potential for providing new insights into the explosion process. Methods. We divide the U-band spectrum into four wavelength regions λ(uNi), λ(uTi), λ(uSi) and λ(uCa). Two of these span the Ca H&K λλ 3934, 3969 complex. We employ spectral synthesis using SYNAPPS to associate the two bluer regions with Ni/Co and Ti. Results. (1) The flux of the uTi feature is an extremely sensitive temperature/luminosity indicator, standardizing the SN peak luminosity to 0.116 $\pm$ 0.011 mag RMS. A traditional SALT2.4 fit on the same sample yields a 0.135 mag RMS. Standardization using uTi also reduces the difference in corrected magnitude between SNe originating from different host galaxy environments. (2) Early U-band spectra can be used to probe the Ni+Co distribution in the ejecta, thus offering a rare window into the source of lightcurve power. (3) The uCa flux further improves standardization, yielding a 0.086 $\pm$ 0.010 mag RMS without the need to include an additional intrinsic dispersion to reach χ$^2$/dof $\sim$ 1. This reduction in RMS is partially driven by an improved standardization of Shallow Silicon and 91T-like SNe. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2018; originally announced January 2018.

Comments: 19 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 614, A71 (2018)

SCALA: In-situ calibration for Integral Field Spectrographs

Authors: S. Lombardo, D. Küsters, M. Kowalski, G. Aldering, P. Antilogus, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, K. Barbary, D. Baugh, S. Bongard, K. Boone, C. Buton, J. Chen, N. Chotard, Y. Copin, S. Dixon, P. Fagrelius, U. Feindt, D. Fouchez, E. Gangler, B. Hayden, W. Hillebrandt, A. Hoffmann, A. G. Kim, P. -F. Leget , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The scientific yield of current and future optical surveys is increasingly limited by systematic uncertainties in the flux calibration. This is the case for Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) cosmology programs, where an improved calibration directly translates into improved cosmological constraints. Current methodology rests on models of stars. Here we aim to obtain flux calibration that is traceable to s… ▽ More The scientific yield of current and future optical surveys is increasingly limited by systematic uncertainties in the flux calibration. This is the case for Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) cosmology programs, where an improved calibration directly translates into improved cosmological constraints. Current methodology rests on models of stars. Here we aim to obtain flux calibration that is traceable to state-of-the-art detector-based calibration. We present the SNIFS Calibration Apparatus (SCALA), a color (relative) flux calibration system developed for the SuperNova Integral Field Spectrograph (SNIFS), operating at the University of Hawaii 2.2 m (UH 88) telescope. By comparing the color trend of the illumination generated by SCALA during two commissioning runs, and to previous laboratory measurements, we show that we can determine the light emitted by SCALA with a long-term repeatability better than 1%. We describe the calibration procedure necessary to control for system aging. We present measurements of the SNIFS throughput as estimated by SCALA observations. The SCALA calibration unit is now fully deployed at the UH\,88 telescope, and with it color-calibration between 4000 Å and 9000 Å is stable at the percent level over a one-year baseline. △ Less

Submitted 11 August, 2017; originally announced August 2017.

Comments: 17 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication by A&A in 8 of August 2017

Journal ref: A&A 607, A113 (2017)

The Discovery of a Gravitationally Lensed Supernova Ia at Redshift 2.22

Authors: David Rubin, Brian Hayden, Xiaosheng Huang, Greg Aldering, Rahman Amanullah, Kyle Barbary, Kyle Boone, Mark Brodwin, Susana E. Deustua, Sam Dixon, Peter Eisenhardt, Andrew S. Fruchter, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Ariel Goobar, Ravi R. Gupta, Isobel Hook, M. James Jee, Alex G. Kim, Marek Kowalski, Chris E. Lidman, Eric Linder, Kyle Luther, Jakob Nordin, Reynald Pain, Saul Perlmutter , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery and measurements of a gravitationally lensed supernova (SN) behind the galaxy cluster MOO J1014+0038. Based on multi-band Hubble Space Telescope and Very Large Telescope (VLT) photometry of the supernova, and VLT spectroscopy of the host galaxy, we find a 97.5% probability that this SN is a SN Ia, and a 2.5% chance of a CC SN. Our typing algorithm combines the shape and co… ▽ More We present the discovery and measurements of a gravitationally lensed supernova (SN) behind the galaxy cluster MOO J1014+0038. Based on multi-band Hubble Space Telescope and Very Large Telescope (VLT) photometry of the supernova, and VLT spectroscopy of the host galaxy, we find a 97.5% probability that this SN is a SN Ia, and a 2.5% chance of a CC SN. Our typing algorithm combines the shape and color of the light curve with the expected rates of each SN type in the host galaxy. With a redshift of 2.2216, this is the highest redshift SN Ia discovered with a spectroscopic host-galaxy redshift. A further distinguishing feature is that the lensing cluster, at redshift 1.23, is the most distant to date to have an amplified SN. The SN lies in the middle of the color and light-curve shape distributions found at lower redshift, disfavoring strong evolution to z = 2.22. We estimate an amplification due to gravitational lensing of 2.8+0.6-0.5 (1.10 +- 0.23 mag)---compatible with the value estimated from the weak-lensing-derived mass and the mass-concentration relation from LambdaCDM simulations---making it the most amplified SN Ia discovered behind a galaxy cluster. △ Less

Submitted 1 May, 2018; v1 submitted 14 July, 2017; originally announced July 2017.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

HiPERCAM: A high-speed, quintuple-beam CCD camera for the study of rapid variability in the Universe

Authors: V. S. Dhillon, T. R. Marsh, N. Bezawada, M. Black, S. Dixon, T. Gamble, D. Henry, P. Kerry, S. P. Littlefair, D. W. Lunney, T. Morris, J. Osborn, R. W. Wilson

Abstract: HiPERCAM is a high-speed camera for the study of rapid variability in the Universe. The project is funded by a 3.5MEuro European Research Council Advanced Grant. HiPERCAM builds on the success of our previous instrument, ULTRACAM, with very significant improvements in performance thanks to the use of the latest technologies. HiPERCAM will use 4 dichroic beamsplitters to image simultaneously in 5 o… ▽ More HiPERCAM is a high-speed camera for the study of rapid variability in the Universe. The project is funded by a 3.5MEuro European Research Council Advanced Grant. HiPERCAM builds on the success of our previous instrument, ULTRACAM, with very significant improvements in performance thanks to the use of the latest technologies. HiPERCAM will use 4 dichroic beamsplitters to image simultaneously in 5 optical channels covering the u'g'r'i'z' bands. Frame rates of over 1000 per second will be achievable using an ESO CCD controller (NGC), with every frame GPS timestamped. The detectors are custom-made, frame-transfer CCDs from e2v, with 4 low-noise (2.5e-) outputs, mounted in small thermoelectrically-cooled heads operated at 180 K, resulting in virtually no dark current. The two reddest CCDs will be deep-depletion devices with anti-etaloning, providing high quantum efficiencies across the red part of the spectrum with no fringing. The instrument will also incorporate scintillation noise correction via the conjugate-plane photometry technique. The opto-mechanical chassis will make use of additive manufacturing techniques in metal to make a light-weight, rigid and temperature-invariant structure. First light is expected on the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope on La Palma in 2017 (on which the field of view will be 10' with a 0.3"/pixel scale), with subsequent use planned on the 10.4m Gran Telescopio Canarias on La Palma (on which the field of view will be 4' with a 0.11"/pixel scale) and the 3.5m New Technology Telescope in Chile. △ Less

Submitted 29 June, 2016; originally announced June 2016.

Comments: 9 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Edinburgh (26 June - 1 July, 2016)

The DAMIC dark matter experiment

Authors: A. Aguilar-Arevalo, D. Amidei, X. Bertou, D. Bole, M. Butner, G. Cancelo, A. Castañeda Vázquez, A. E. Chavarria, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, S. Dixon, J. C. D'Olivo, J. Estrada, G. Fernandez Moroni, K. P. Hernández Torres, F. Izraelevitch, A. Kavner, B. Kilminster, I. Lawson, J. Liao, M. López, J. Molina, G. Moreno-Granados, J. Pena, P. Privitera, Y. Sarkis , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The DAMIC (Dark Matter in CCDs) experiment uses high resistivity, scientific grade CCDs to search for dark matter. The CCD's low electronic noise allows an unprecedently low energy threshold of a few tens of eV that make it possible to detect silicon recoils resulting from interactions of low mass WIMPs. In addition the CCD's high spatial resolution and the excellent energy response results in ver… ▽ More The DAMIC (Dark Matter in CCDs) experiment uses high resistivity, scientific grade CCDs to search for dark matter. The CCD's low electronic noise allows an unprecedently low energy threshold of a few tens of eV that make it possible to detect silicon recoils resulting from interactions of low mass WIMPs. In addition the CCD's high spatial resolution and the excellent energy response results in very effective background identification techniques. The experiment has a unique sensitivity to dark matter particles with masses below 10 GeV/c$^2$. Previous results have demonstrated the potential of this technology, motivating the construction of DAMIC100, a 100 grams silicon target detector currently being installed at SNOLAB. In this contribution, the mode of operation and unique imaging capabilities of the CCDs, and how they may be exploited to characterize and suppress backgrounds will be discussed, as well as physics results after one year of data taking. △ Less

Submitted 7 October, 2015; originally announced October 2015.

Comments: Presented at the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2015), The Hague, The Netherlands

Status of the DAMIC direct dark matter search experiment

Authors: DAMIC Collaboration, A. Aguilar-Arevalo, D. Amidei, X. Bertou, D. Boule, M. Butner, G. Cancelo, A. Castañeda Vázquez, A. E. Chavarría, J. R. T. de Melo Neto, S. Dixon, J. C. D'Olivo, J. Estrada, G. Fernandez Moroni, K. P. Hernández Torres, F. Izraelevitch, A. Kavner, B. Kilminster, I. Lawson, J. Liao, M. López, J. Molina, G. Moreno-Granados, J. Pena, P. Privitera , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The DAMIC experiment uses fully depleted, high resistivity CCDs to search for dark matter particles. With an energy threshold $\sim$50 eV$_{ee}$, and excellent energy and spatial resolutions, the DAMIC CCDs are well-suited to identify and suppress radioactive backgrounds, having an unrivaled sensitivity to WIMPs with masses $<$6 GeV/$c^2$. Early results motivated the construction of a 100 g detect… ▽ More The DAMIC experiment uses fully depleted, high resistivity CCDs to search for dark matter particles. With an energy threshold $\sim$50 eV$_{ee}$, and excellent energy and spatial resolutions, the DAMIC CCDs are well-suited to identify and suppress radioactive backgrounds, having an unrivaled sensitivity to WIMPs with masses $<$6 GeV/$c^2$. Early results motivated the construction of a 100 g detector, DAMIC100, currently being installed at SNOLAB. This contribution discusses the installation progress, new calibration efforts near the threshold, a preliminary result with 2014 data, and the prospects for physics results after one year of data taking. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2015; v1 submitted 30 September, 2015; originally announced October 2015.

Comments: Talk presented CIPANP2015. 9 pages, PDFLaTeX, 11 PDF figures, econfmacros LaTeX file

Report number: CIPANP2015-Aguilar-Arevalo

Measurement of radioactive contamination in the high-resistivity silicon CCDs of the DAMIC experiment

Authors: A. Aguilar-Arevalo, D. Amidei, X. Bertou, D. Bole, M. Butner, G. Cancelo, A. Castañeda Vázquez, A. E. Chavarria, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, S. Dixon, J. C. D'Olivo, J. Estrada, G. Fernandez Moroni, K. P. Hernández Torres, F. Izraelevitch, A. Kavner, B. Kilminster, I. Lawson, J. Liao, M. López, J. Molina, G. Moreno-Granados, J. Pena, P. Privitera, Y. Sarkis , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present measurements of radioactive contamination in the high-resistivity silicon charge-coupled devices (CCDs) used by the DAMIC experiment to search for dark matter particles. Novel analysis methods, which exploit the unique spatial resolution of CCDs, were developed to identify $α$ and $β$ particles. Uranium and thorium contamination in the CCD bulk was measured through $α$ spectroscopy, wit… ▽ More We present measurements of radioactive contamination in the high-resistivity silicon charge-coupled devices (CCDs) used by the DAMIC experiment to search for dark matter particles. Novel analysis methods, which exploit the unique spatial resolution of CCDs, were developed to identify $α$ and $β$ particles. Uranium and thorium contamination in the CCD bulk was measured through $α$ spectroscopy, with an upper limit on the $^{238}$U ($^{232}$Th) decay rate of 5 (15) kg$^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$ at 95% CL. We also searched for pairs of spatially correlated electron tracks separated in time by up to tens of days, as expected from $^{32}$Si-$^{32}$P or $^{210}$Pb-$^{210}$Bi sequences of $β$ decays. The decay rate of $^{32}$Si was found to be $80^{+110}_{-65}$ kg$^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$ (95% CI). An upper limit of $\sim$35 kg$^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$ (95% CL) on the $^{210}$Pb decay rate was obtained independently by $α$ spectroscopy and the $β$ decay sequence search. These levels of radioactive contamination are sufficiently low for the successful operation of CCDs in the forthcoming 100 g DAMIC detector. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2015; v1 submitted 8 June, 2015; originally announced June 2015.

Comments: 18 pages, 20 figures

Journal ref: JINST 10 (2015) P08014

How Well Do We Know the Orbits of the Outer Planets?

Authors: Gary L. Page, John F. Wallin, David S. Dixon

Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of astrometric determination of the orbital elements of the outer planets, in particular by assessing the ability of astrometric observations to detect perturbations of the sort expected from the Pioneer effect or other small perturbations to gravity. We also show that while using simplified models of the dynamics can lead to some insights, one must be careful t… ▽ More This paper deals with the problem of astrometric determination of the orbital elements of the outer planets, in particular by assessing the ability of astrometric observations to detect perturbations of the sort expected from the Pioneer effect or other small perturbations to gravity. We also show that while using simplified models of the dynamics can lead to some insights, one must be careful to not over-simplify the issues involved lest one be misled by the analysis onto false paths. Specifically, we show that the current ephemeris of Pluto does not preclude the existence of the Pioneer effect. We show that the orbit of Pluto is simply not well enough characterized at present to make such an assertion. A number of misunderstandings related to these topics have now propagated through the literature and have been used as a basis for drawing conclusions about the dynamics of the solar system. Thus, the objective of this paper is to address these issues. Finally, we offer some comments dealing with the complex topic of model selection and comparison. △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2009; originally announced May 2009.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the ApJ

Journal ref: Astrophys.J.697:1226-1241,2009

Testing Gravity in the Outer Solar System: Results from Trans-Neptunian Objects

Authors: John F. Wallin, David S. Dixon, Gary L. Page

Abstract: The inverse square law of gravity is poorly probed by experimental tests at distances of ~ 10 AUs. Recent analysis of the trajectory of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft have shown an unmodeled acceleration directed toward the Sun which was not explained by any obvious spacecraft systematics, and occurred when at distances greater than 20 AUs from the Sun. If this acceleration represents a depart… ▽ More The inverse square law of gravity is poorly probed by experimental tests at distances of ~ 10 AUs. Recent analysis of the trajectory of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft have shown an unmodeled acceleration directed toward the Sun which was not explained by any obvious spacecraft systematics, and occurred when at distances greater than 20 AUs from the Sun. If this acceleration represents a departure from Newtonian gravity or is indicative of an additional mass distribution in the outer solar system, it should be detectable in the orbits of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs). To place limits on deviations from Newtonian gravity, we have selected a well observed sample of TNOs found orbiting between 20 and 100 AU from the Sun. By examining their orbits with modified orbital fitting software, we place tight limits on the perturbations of gravity that could exist in this region of the solar system. △ Less

Submitted 23 May, 2007; originally announced May 2007.

Comments: 20 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, uses AASTex v5.x macros

Journal ref: Astrophys.J.666:1296-1302,2007

Can Minor Planets be Used to Assess Gravity in the Outer Solar System?

Authors: Gary L. Page, David S. Dixon, John F. Wallin

Abstract: The twin Pioneer spacecraft have been tracked for over thirty years as they headed out of the solar system. After passing 20 AU from the Sun, both exhibited a systematic error in their trajectories that can be interpreted as a constant acceleration towards the Sun. This Pioneer Effect is most likely explained by spacecraft systematics, but there have been no convincing arguments that that is the… ▽ More The twin Pioneer spacecraft have been tracked for over thirty years as they headed out of the solar system. After passing 20 AU from the Sun, both exhibited a systematic error in their trajectories that can be interpreted as a constant acceleration towards the Sun. This Pioneer Effect is most likely explained by spacecraft systematics, but there have been no convincing arguments that that is the case. The alternative is that the Pioneer Effect represents a real phenomenon and perhaps new physics. What is lacking is a means of measuring the effect, its variation, its potential anisotropies, and its region of influence. We show that minor planets provide an observational vehicle for investigating the gravitational field in the outer solar system, and that a sustained observation campaign against properly chosen minor planets could confirm or refute the existence of the Pioneer Effect. Additionally, even if the Pioneer Effect does not represent a new physical phenomenon, minor planets can be used to probe the gravitational field in the outer Solar System and since there are very few intermediate range tests of gravity at the multiple AU distance scale, this is a worthwhile endeavor in its own right. △ Less

Submitted 2 January, 2006; v1 submitted 17 April, 2005; originally announced April 2005.

Comments: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal