Showing 1–50 of 65 results for author: Lin, H

Three-dimensional imaging of hadrons with hard exclusive reactions: advances in experiment, theory, phenomenology, and lattice QCD

Authors: M. Boër, A. Camsonne, M. Constantinou, H. S. Jo, K. Joo, K. Semenov-Tian-Shansky, H. -D. Son, P. Sznajder, C. Van Hulse, J. Wagner, A. Afanasev, J. S. Alvarado, S. Bhattacharya, D. Biswas, Xu Cao, H. -M. Choi, K. Cichy, N. Crnković, W. Hamdi, M. Hoballah, G. M. Huber, P. T. P. Hutauruk, A. Jentsch, C. -R. Ji, H. -Ch. Kim , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) have emerged as a powerful framework for exploring the internal structure of hadrons in terms of their partonic constituents. Over the past three decades, the field has witnessed significant theoretical and experimental advancements. The interpretation of GPDs in impact parameter space offers a vivid three-dimensional visualization of hadron structure, corre… ▽ More Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) have emerged as a powerful framework for exploring the internal structure of hadrons in terms of their partonic constituents. Over the past three decades, the field has witnessed significant theoretical and experimental advancements. The interpretation of GPDs in impact parameter space offers a vivid three-dimensional visualization of hadron structure, correlating longitudinal momentum and transverse spatial distributions, thereby enabling tomographic imaging of hadrons. Furthermore, the link between GPDs and the matrix elements of the QCD energy-momentum tensor provides access to fundamental properties of hadrons, including spin decomposition and internal pressure distributions. Notably, recent analyses of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) data have enabled the empirical extraction of the quark pressure profile inside the proton. This white paper presents an overview of recent developments in GPD theory and phenomenology, as well as progress in lattice QCD studies. It outlines the prospects for advancing our understanding of hadron structure through the next generation of dedicated experiments, including the extension of the Jefferson Lab 12~GeV program (and its potential 22~GeV upgrade), J-PARC, COMPASS/AMBER, LHC ultra-peripheral collisions, and the future electron-ion colliders EIC and EicC. △ Less

Submitted 30 December, 2025; v1 submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 113 pages, 68 figures, white paper of the workshops "3D Structure of the Nucleon via Generalized Parton Distributions'', Incheon, Republic of Korea, June 25-28, 2024, and "Towards improved hadron tomography with hard exclusive reactions'', ECT*-Trento, Italy, August 5-9, 2024

Search for Double Beta Decays of $^{134}$Xe with EXO-200 Phase II

Authors: S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, A. Dolgolenko, M. J. Dolinski, J. Echevers, B. Eckert , et al. (80 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: EXO-200 was a leading double beta decay experiment consisting of a single-phase, enriched liquid xenon time projection chamber filled with an admixture of 80.672% $^{136}$Xe and 19.098% $^{134}$Xe. The detector operated at WIPP between 2010 and 2018 and was designed to search for double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe. Data was acquired in two phases separated by a period of detector upgrades. We report… ▽ More EXO-200 was a leading double beta decay experiment consisting of a single-phase, enriched liquid xenon time projection chamber filled with an admixture of 80.672% $^{136}$Xe and 19.098% $^{134}$Xe. The detector operated at WIPP between 2010 and 2018 and was designed to search for double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe. Data was acquired in two phases separated by a period of detector upgrades. We report on the search for $0νββ$ and $2νββ$ decay of $^{134}$Xe with Phase II EXO-200 data, with median 90% C.L. exclusion sensitivity $T_{1/2}^{0ν} \geq 3.7\times 10^{23}$ yr and $T_{1/2}^{2ν} \geq 2.6 \times 10^{21}$ yr, respectively. No statistically significant signal is observed for either decay mode. We set a world-leading lower limit on the half-life of the neutrinoless decay mode of $^{134}$Xe of $T_{1/2}^{0ν} \geq 8.7\times10^{23}$ (90% C.L.) and the second strongest constraint on the two-neutrino decay of $T_{1/2}^{2ν} \geq 2.9\times10^{21}$ (90% C.L.), a 3-fold improvement over the EXO-200 Phase I measurement. New constraints are also set for the $2νββ$ and $0νββ$ decays of $^{134}$Xe to the lowest excited state of $^{134}$Ba. △ Less

Submitted 17 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 2 figures

Fundamental impossibility of a superradiant neutrino laser

Authors: Yu-Kun Lu, Hanzhen Lin, Wolfgang Ketterle

Abstract: Here we address the fundamental question whether an idealized system of $N$ atoms will show collective behavior and superradiance when it emits fermions instead of photons. We show that the maximum emission is $\propto N$ and not $\propto N^2$ which proves the absence of superradiance and shows that the recent proposal to realize a superradiant neutrino laser is impossible. This can be understood… ▽ More Here we address the fundamental question whether an idealized system of $N$ atoms will show collective behavior and superradiance when it emits fermions instead of photons. We show that the maximum emission is $\propto N$ and not $\propto N^2$ which proves the absence of superradiance and shows that the recent proposal to realize a superradiant neutrino laser is impossible. This can be understood as either destructive interference of fermionic transition amplitudes, or Pauli blockade by collective excitations with fermionic nature. On the other hand, states with low excitation can show collective behavior. We derive the exact solution of the fermionic Dicke problem and analyze the decay dynamics in various regimes. △ Less

Submitted 24 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Can Bose-Einstein condensates enhance radioactive decay?

Authors: Hanzhen Lin, Yukun Lu, Wolfgang Ketterle

Abstract: This paper lays out the principles of how Bose-Einstein condensates can modify radioactive decay. We highlight the challenges of many modes and short coherence times due to the $\approx$ MeV energies of the emitted radiation. Recent proposals for gamma ray and neutrino lasers claim that using a Bose-Einstein condensate as a source would solve these issues. We show that this is not the case, and th… ▽ More This paper lays out the principles of how Bose-Einstein condensates can modify radioactive decay. We highlight the challenges of many modes and short coherence times due to the $\approx$ MeV energies of the emitted radiation. Recent proposals for gamma ray and neutrino lasers claim that using a Bose-Einstein condensate as a source would solve these issues. We show that this is not the case, and the proposed experiments would have a gain of only $10^{-20}$ or smaller. We also analyze proposals for gamma ray lasers based on stimulated annihilation of positronium Bose-Einstein condensates. △ Less

Submitted 31 October, 2025; v1 submitted 24 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Updated reference

White Paper on Software Infrastructure for Advanced Nuclear Physics Computing

Authors: P. M. Jacobs, A. Boehnlein, B. Sawatzky, J. Carlson, I. Cloet, M. Diefenthaler, R. G. Edwards, K. Godbey, W. R. Hix, K. Orginos, T. Papenbrock, M. Ploskon, C. Ratti, R. Soltz, T. Wenaus, L. Andreoli, J. Brodsky, D. Brown, A. Bulgac, G. D. Chung, S. J. Coleman, J. Detwiler, A. Dubey, R. Ehlers, S. Gandolfi , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This White Paper documents the discussion and consensus conclusions of the workshop "Software Infrastructure for Advanced Nuclear Physics Computing" (SANPC 24), which was held at Jefferson Lab on June 20-22, 2024. The workshop brought together members of the US Nuclear Physics community with data scientists and funding agency representatives, to discuss the challenges and opportunities in advanced… ▽ More This White Paper documents the discussion and consensus conclusions of the workshop "Software Infrastructure for Advanced Nuclear Physics Computing" (SANPC 24), which was held at Jefferson Lab on June 20-22, 2024. The workshop brought together members of the US Nuclear Physics community with data scientists and funding agency representatives, to discuss the challenges and opportunities in advanced computing for Nuclear Physics in the coming decade. Opportunities for sustainable support and growth are identified, within the context of existing and currently planned DOE and NSF programs. △ Less

Submitted 21 April, 2025; v1 submitted 1 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Final version

Nuclear Recoil Identification in a Scientific Charge-Coupled Device

Authors: K. J. McGuire, A. E. Chavarria, N. Castello-Mor, S. Lee, B. Kilminster, R. Vilar, A. Alvarez, J. Jung, J. Cuevas-Zepeda, C. De Dominicis, R. Gaïor, L. Iddir, A. Letessier-Selvon, H. Lin, S. Munagavalasa, D. Norcini, S. Paul, P. Privitera, R. Smida, M. Traina, R. Yajur, J-P. Zopounidis

Abstract: Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are a leading technology in direct dark matter searches because of their eV-scale energy threshold and high spatial resolution. The sensitivity of future CCD experiments could be enhanced by distinguishing nuclear recoil signals from electronic recoil backgrounds in the CCD silicon target. We present a technique for event-by-event identification of nuclear recoils bas… ▽ More Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are a leading technology in direct dark matter searches because of their eV-scale energy threshold and high spatial resolution. The sensitivity of future CCD experiments could be enhanced by distinguishing nuclear recoil signals from electronic recoil backgrounds in the CCD silicon target. We present a technique for event-by-event identification of nuclear recoils based on the spatial correlation between the primary ionization event and the lattice defect left behind by the recoiling atom, later identified as a localized excess of leakage current under thermal stimulation. By irradiating a CCD with an $^{241}$Am$^{9}$Be neutron source, we demonstrate $>93\%$ identification efficiency for nuclear recoils with energies $>150$ keV, where the ionization events were confirmed to be nuclear recoils from topology. The technique remains fully efficient down to 90 keV, decreasing to 50$\%$ at 8 keV, and reaching ($6\pm2$)$\%$ at 1.5--3.5 keV. Irradiation with a $^{24}$Na $γ$-ray source shows no evidence of defect generation by electronic recoils, with the fraction of electronic recoils with energies $<85$ keV that are spatially correlated with defects $<0.1$$\%$. △ Less

Submitted 11 August, 2024; v1 submitted 14 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: 9 pages, 7 figures

Strong Interaction Physics at the Luminosity Frontier with 22 GeV Electrons at Jefferson Lab

Authors: A. Accardi, P. Achenbach, D. Adhikari, A. Afanasev, C. S. Akondi, N. Akopov, M. Albaladejo, H. Albataineh, M. Albrecht, B. Almeida-Zamora, M. Amaryan, D. Androić, W. Armstrong, D. S. Armstrong, M. Arratia, J. Arrington, A. Asaturyan, A. Austregesilo, H. Avagyan, T. Averett, C. Ayerbe Gayoso, A. Bacchetta, A. B. Balantekin, N. Baltzell, L. Barion , et al. (419 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This document presents the initial scientific case for upgrading the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) to 22 GeV. It is the result of a community effort, incorporating insights from a series of workshops conducted between March 2022 and April 2023. With a track record of over 25 years in delivering the world's most intense and precise multi-GeV electron… ▽ More This document presents the initial scientific case for upgrading the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) to 22 GeV. It is the result of a community effort, incorporating insights from a series of workshops conducted between March 2022 and April 2023. With a track record of over 25 years in delivering the world's most intense and precise multi-GeV electron beams, CEBAF's potential for a higher energy upgrade presents a unique opportunity for an innovative nuclear physics program, which seamlessly integrates a rich historical background with a promising future. The proposed physics program encompass a diverse range of investigations centered around the nonperturbative dynamics inherent in hadron structure and the exploration of strongly interacting systems. It builds upon the exceptional capabilities of CEBAF in high-luminosity operations, the availability of existing or planned Hall equipment, and recent advancements in accelerator technology. The proposed program cover various scientific topics, including Hadron Spectroscopy, Partonic Structure and Spin, Hadronization and Transverse Momentum, Spatial Structure, Mechanical Properties, Form Factors and Emergent Hadron Mass, Hadron-Quark Transition, and Nuclear Dynamics at Extreme Conditions, as well as QCD Confinement and Fundamental Symmetries. Each topic highlights the key measurements achievable at a 22 GeV CEBAF accelerator. Furthermore, this document outlines the significant physics outcomes and unique aspects of these programs that distinguish them from other existing or planned facilities. In summary, this document provides an exciting rationale for the energy upgrade of CEBAF to 22 GeV, outlining the transformative scientific potential that lies within reach, and the remarkable opportunities it offers for advancing our understanding of hadron physics and related fundamental phenomena. △ Less

Submitted 24 August, 2023; v1 submitted 13 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: Updates to the list of authors; Preprint number changed from theory to experiment; Updates to sections 4 and 6, including additional figures

Report number: JLAB-PHY-23-3840

Fundamental Symmetries, Neutrons, and Neutrinos (FSNN): Whitepaper for the 2023 NSAC Long Range Plan

Authors: B. Acharya, C. Adams, A. A. Aleksandrova, K. Alfonso, P. An, S. Baeßler, A. B. Balantekin, P. S. Barbeau, F. Bellini, V. Bellini, R. S. Beminiwattha, J. C. Bernauer, T. Bhattacharya, M. Bishof, A. E. Bolotnikov, P. A. Breur, M. Brodeur, J. P. Brodsky, L. J. Broussard, T. Brunner, D. P. Burdette, J. Caylor, M. Chiu, V. Cirigliano, J. A. Clark , et al. (154 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This whitepaper presents the research priorities decided on by attendees of the 2022 Town Meeting for Fundamental Symmetries, Neutrons and Neutrinos, which took place December 13-15, 2022 in Chapel Hill, NC, as part of the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) 2023 Long Range Planning process. A total of 275 scientists registered for the meeting. The whitepaper makes a number of explicit recom… ▽ More This whitepaper presents the research priorities decided on by attendees of the 2022 Town Meeting for Fundamental Symmetries, Neutrons and Neutrinos, which took place December 13-15, 2022 in Chapel Hill, NC, as part of the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) 2023 Long Range Planning process. A total of 275 scientists registered for the meeting. The whitepaper makes a number of explicit recommendations and justifies them in detail. △ Less

Submitted 6 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

The Present and Future of QCD

Authors: P. Achenbach, D. Adhikari, A. Afanasev, F. Afzal, C. A. Aidala, A. Al-bataineh, D. K. Almaalol, M. Amaryan, D. Androić, W. R. Armstrong, M. Arratia, J. Arrington, A. Asaturyan, E. C. Aschenauer, H. Atac, H. Avakian, T. Averett, C. Ayerbe Gayoso, X. Bai, K. N. Barish, N. Barnea, G. Basar, M. Battaglieri, A. A. Baty, I. Bautista , et al. (378 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This White Paper presents the community inputs and scientific conclusions from the Hot and Cold QCD Town Meeting that took place September 23-25, 2022 at MIT, as part of the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) 2023 Long Range Planning process. A total of 424 physicists registered for the meeting. The meeting highlighted progress in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) nuclear physics since the 2015… ▽ More This White Paper presents the community inputs and scientific conclusions from the Hot and Cold QCD Town Meeting that took place September 23-25, 2022 at MIT, as part of the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) 2023 Long Range Planning process. A total of 424 physicists registered for the meeting. The meeting highlighted progress in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) nuclear physics since the 2015 LRP (LRP15) and identified key questions and plausible paths to obtaining answers to those questions, defining priorities for our research over the coming decade. In defining the priority of outstanding physics opportunities for the future, both prospects for the short (~ 5 years) and longer term (5-10 years and beyond) are identified together with the facilities, personnel and other resources needed to maximize the discovery potential and maintain United States leadership in QCD physics worldwide. This White Paper is organized as follows: In the Executive Summary, we detail the Recommendations and Initiatives that were presented and discussed at the Town Meeting, and their supporting rationales. Section 2 highlights major progress and accomplishments of the past seven years. It is followed, in Section 3, by an overview of the physics opportunities for the immediate future, and in relation with the next QCD frontier: the EIC. Section 4 provides an overview of the physics motivations and goals associated with the EIC. Section 5 is devoted to the workforce development and support of diversity, equity and inclusion. This is followed by a dedicated section on computing in Section 6. Section 7 describes the national need for nuclear data science and the relevance to QCD research. △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: QCD Town Meeting White Paper, as submitted to 2023 NSAC LRP committee on Feb. 28, 2023

Journal ref: Nucl.Phys.A 1047 (2024) 122874

Search for Two-neutrino Double-Beta Decay of $^{136}\rm Xe$ to the $0^+_1$ excited state of $^{136}\rm Ba$ with the Complete EXO-200 Dataset

Authors: EXO-200 Collaboration, :, S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling , et al. (83 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A new search for two-neutrino double-beta ($2νββ$) decay of $^{136}\rm Xe$ to the $0^+_1$ excited state of $^{136}\rm Ba$ is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset. A deep learning-based convolutional neural network is used to discriminate signal from background events. Signal detection efficiency is increased relative to previous searches by EXO-200 by more than a factor of two. With the additio… ▽ More A new search for two-neutrino double-beta ($2νββ$) decay of $^{136}\rm Xe$ to the $0^+_1$ excited state of $^{136}\rm Ba$ is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset. A deep learning-based convolutional neural network is used to discriminate signal from background events. Signal detection efficiency is increased relative to previous searches by EXO-200 by more than a factor of two. With the addition of the Phase II dataset taken with an upgraded detector, the median 90$\%$ confidence level half-life sensitivity of $2νββ$ decay to the $0^+_1$ state of $^{136}\rm Ba$ is $2.9 \times 10^{24}~\rm yr$ using a total $^{136}\rm Xe$ exposure of $234.1~\rm kg~yr$. No statistically significant evidence for $2νββ$ decay to the $0^+_1$ state is observed, leading to a lower limit of $T^{2ν}_{1/2}(0^+ \rightarrow 0^+_1) > 1.4\times10^{24}~\rm yr$ at 90$\%$ confidence level, improved by 70$\%$ relative to the current world's best constraint. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2023; v1 submitted 2 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 9 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables

Journal ref: Chinese Physics C, Volume 47, Number 10, 2023

Quantum Information Science and Technology for Nuclear Physics. Input into U.S. Long-Range Planning, 2023

Authors: Douglas Beck, Joseph Carlson, Zohreh Davoudi, Joseph Formaggio, Sofia Quaglioni, Martin Savage, Joao Barata, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Michael Bishof, Ian Cloet, Andrea Delgado, Michael DeMarco, Caleb Fink, Adrien Florio, Marianne Francois, Dorota Grabowska, Shannon Hoogerheide, Mengyao Huang, Kazuki Ikeda, Marc Illa, Kyungseon Joo, Dmitri Kharzeev, Karol Kowalski, Wai Kin Lai, Kyle Leach , et al. (76 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In preparation for the 2023 NSAC Long Range Plan (LRP), members of the Nuclear Science community gathered to discuss the current state of, and plans for further leveraging opportunities in, QIST in NP research at the Quantum Information Science for U.S. Nuclear Physics Long Range Planning workshop, held in Santa Fe, New Mexico on January 31 - February 1, 2023. The workshop included 45 in-person pa… ▽ More In preparation for the 2023 NSAC Long Range Plan (LRP), members of the Nuclear Science community gathered to discuss the current state of, and plans for further leveraging opportunities in, QIST in NP research at the Quantum Information Science for U.S. Nuclear Physics Long Range Planning workshop, held in Santa Fe, New Mexico on January 31 - February 1, 2023. The workshop included 45 in-person participants and 53 remote attendees. The outcome of the workshop identified strategic plans and requirements for the next 5-10 years to advance quantum sensing and quantum simulations within NP, and to develop a diverse quantum-ready workforce. The plans include resolutions endorsed by the participants to address the compelling scientific opportunities at the intersections of NP and QIST. These endorsements are aligned with similar affirmations by the LRP Computational Nuclear Physics and AI/ML Workshop, the Nuclear Structure, Reactions, and Astrophysics LRP Town Hall, and the Fundamental Symmetries, Neutrons, and Neutrinos LRP Town Hall communities. △ Less

Submitted 28 February, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: A white paper for the 2023 nuclear physics long-range planning activity, emerging from the workshop "Quantum Information Science for U.S. Nuclear Physics Long Range Planning'', held in Santa Fe, New Mexico on January 31 - February 1, 2023. 26 pages with 7 figures

The Future of US Particle Physics -- The Snowmass 2021 Energy Frontier Report

Authors: Meenakshi Narain, Laura Reina, Alessandro Tricoli, Michael Begel, Alberto Belloni, Tulika Bose, Antonio Boveia, Sally Dawson, Caterina Doglioni, Ayres Freitas, James Hirschauer, Stefan Hoeche, Yen-Jie Lee, Huey-Wen Lin, Elliot Lipeles, Zhen Liu, Patrick Meade, Swagato Mukherjee, Pavel Nadolsky, Isobel Ojalvo, Simone Pagan Griso, Christophe Royon, Michael Schmitt, Reinhard Schwienhorst, Nausheen Shah , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This report, as part of the 2021 Snowmass Process, summarizes the current status of collider physics at the Energy Frontier, the broad and exciting future prospects identified for the Energy Frontier, the challenges and needs of future experiments, and indicates high priority research areas. This report, as part of the 2021 Snowmass Process, summarizes the current status of collider physics at the Energy Frontier, the broad and exciting future prospects identified for the Energy Frontier, the challenges and needs of future experiments, and indicates high priority research areas. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2023; v1 submitted 20 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 128 pages, 41 figures, 17 tables, contribution to Snowmass 2021

Evidence of Antineutrinos from Distant Reactors using Pure Water at SNO+

Authors: SNO+ Collaboration, :, A. Allega, M. R. Anderson, S. Andringa, J. Antunes, M. Askins, D. J. Auty, A. Bacon, N. Barros, F. Barao, R. Bayes, E. W. Beier, T. S. Bezerra, A. Bialek, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher, E. Caden, E. J. Callaghan, S. Cheng, M. Chen, B. Cleveland, D. Cookman, J. Corning, M. A. Cox , et al. (92 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of reactor antineutrinos in a Cherenkov detector. The nearest nuclear reactors are located 240~km away in Ontario, Canada. This analysis uses events with energies lower than in any previous analysis with a large water Cherenkov detector. Two analytical methods are used to distinguish reactor antineutrinos from background events in 190 days of data… ▽ More The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of reactor antineutrinos in a Cherenkov detector. The nearest nuclear reactors are located 240~km away in Ontario, Canada. This analysis uses events with energies lower than in any previous analysis with a large water Cherenkov detector. Two analytical methods are used to distinguish reactor antineutrinos from background events in 190 days of data and yield consistent evidence for antineutrinos with a combined significance of 3.5$σ$. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2023; v1 submitted 25 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: v2: add missing author, add link to supplemental material v3: minor updates to match PRL publication

Journal ref: Phys.Rev.Lett. 130 (2023) 9, 091801

Precision QCD, Hadronic Structure & Forward QCD, Heavy Ions: Report of Energy Frontier Topical Groups 5, 6, 7 submitted to Snowmass 2021

Authors: M. Begel, S. Hoeche, M. Schmitt, H. -W. Lin, P. M. Nadolsky, C. Royon, Y-J. Lee, S. Mukherjee, C. Baldenegro, J. Campbell, G. Chachamis, F. G. Celiberto, A. M. Cooper-Sarkar, D. d'Enterria, M. Diefenthaler, M. Fucilla, M. V. Garzelli, M. Guzzi, M. Hentschinski, T. J. Hobbs, J. Huston, J. Isaacson, S. R. Klein, F. Kling, P. Kotko , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This report was prepared on behalf of three Energy Frontier Topical Groups of the Snowmass 2021 Community Planning Exercise. It summarizes the status and implications of studies of strong interactions in high-energy experiments and QCD theory. We emphasize the rich landscape and broad impact of these studies in the decade ahead. Hadronic interactions play a central role in the high-luminosity Larg… ▽ More This report was prepared on behalf of three Energy Frontier Topical Groups of the Snowmass 2021 Community Planning Exercise. It summarizes the status and implications of studies of strong interactions in high-energy experiments and QCD theory. We emphasize the rich landscape and broad impact of these studies in the decade ahead. Hadronic interactions play a central role in the high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) physics program, and strong synergies exist between the (HL-)LHC and planned or proposed experiments at the U.S. Electron-Ion Collider, CERN forward physics experiments, high-intensity facilities, and future TeV-range lepton and hadron colliders. Prospects for precision determinations of the strong coupling and a variety of nonperturbative distribution and fragmentation functions are examined. We also review the potential of envisioned tests of new dynamical regimes of QCD in high-energy and high-density scattering processes with nucleon, ion, and photon initial states. The important role of the high-energy heavy-ion program in studies of nuclear structure and the nuclear medium, and its connections with QCD involving nucleons are summarized. We address ongoing and future theoretical advancements in multi-loop QCD computations, lattice QCD, jet substructure, and event generators. Cross-cutting connections between experimental measurements, theoretical predictions, large-scale data analysis, and high-performance computing are emphasized. △ Less

Submitted 19 November, 2022; v1 submitted 29 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 95 pages (bibliography 30 pages), 28 figures; v.2: minor changes, authors and references added

Report number: FERMILAB-CONF-22-733-SCD-T, SMU-HEP-22-06

Search for MeV Electron Recoils from Dark Matter in EXO-200

Authors: EXO-200 Collaboration, :, S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling , et al. (83 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a search for electron-recoil signatures from the charged-current absorption of fermionic dark matter using the EXO-200 detector. We report an average electron recoil background rate of $6.8 \times 10^{-4}\, \mathrm{cts}\,\mathrm{kg}^{-1}\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\mathrm{keV}^{-1}$ above $4\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and find no statistically significant excess over our background projection. Using a total… ▽ More We present a search for electron-recoil signatures from the charged-current absorption of fermionic dark matter using the EXO-200 detector. We report an average electron recoil background rate of $6.8 \times 10^{-4}\, \mathrm{cts}\,\mathrm{kg}^{-1}\mathrm{yr}^{-1}\mathrm{keV}^{-1}$ above $4\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and find no statistically significant excess over our background projection. Using a total ${}^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$ exposure of $234.1\,\mathrm{kg}\,\mathrm{yr}$ we exclude new parameter space for the charged-current absorption cross-section for dark matter masses between $m_χ= 2.6\,\mathrm{MeV} - 11.6\,\mathrm{MeV}$ with a minimum of $6\times 10^{-51}\,\mathrm{cm}^2$ at $8.3\,\mathrm{MeV}$ at the $90\%$ confidence level. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2023; v1 submitted 2 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, 1 table

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 107, 012007 (2023)

Impact of fragment formation on shear viscosity in the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition region

Authors: X. G. Den, P. Danielewicz, Y. G. Ma, H. Lin, Y. X. Zhang

Abstract: Within the improved quantum molecular dynamic (ImQMD) model we follow the evolution of nuclear matter for planar Couette flow in a periodic box. We focus on the region of liquid-gas phase transition and extract the shear viscosity coefficient from the local stress tensor, directly following viscosity definition. By switching on and off the mean field and thus inducing the phase transition, we are… ▽ More Within the improved quantum molecular dynamic (ImQMD) model we follow the evolution of nuclear matter for planar Couette flow in a periodic box. We focus on the region of liquid-gas phase transition and extract the shear viscosity coefficient from the local stress tensor, directly following viscosity definition. By switching on and off the mean field and thus inducing the phase transition, we are able to observe the impact of clumping in the phase-transition region onto the viscosity. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: 10 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables; Physical Review C, in press

Journal ref: Physical Review C 105, 064613 (2022); Editors' Suggestion

Snowmass 2021 White Paper: Electron Ion Collider for High Energy Physics

Authors: R. Abdul Khalek, U. D'Alesio, M. Arratia, A. Bacchetta, M. Battaglieri, M. Begel, M. Boglione, R. Boughezal, R. Boussarie, G. Bozzi, S. V. Chekanov, F. G. Celiberto, G. Chirilli, T. Cridge, R. Cruz-Torres, R. Corliss, C. Cotton, H. Davoudiasl, A. Deshpande, X. Dong, A. Emmert, S. Fazio, S. Forte, Y. Furletova, C. Gal , et al. (83 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is a particle accelerator facility planned for construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, New York by the United States Department of Energy. EIC will provide capabilities of colliding beams of polarized electrons with polarized beams of proton and light ions. EIC will be one of the largest and most sophisticated new accelerator facilities worldwide,… ▽ More Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is a particle accelerator facility planned for construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, New York by the United States Department of Energy. EIC will provide capabilities of colliding beams of polarized electrons with polarized beams of proton and light ions. EIC will be one of the largest and most sophisticated new accelerator facilities worldwide, and the only new large-scale accelerator facility planned for construction in the United States in the next few decades. The versatility, resolving power and intensity of EIC will present many new opportunities to address some of the crucial and fundamental open scientific questions in particle physics. This document provides an overview of the science case of EIC from the perspective of the high energy physics community. △ Less

Submitted 17 October, 2022; v1 submitted 24 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Submitted to the Proceedings of the US Community Study on the Future of Particle Physics (Snowmass 2021)

Bubble Chamber Detectors with Light Nuclear Targets: A Snowmass 2021 White Paper

Authors: Luis Alvarez-Ruso, Joshua L. Barrow, Leo Bellantoni, Minerba Betancourt, Alan Bross, Linda Cremonesi, Eric Dahl, Kirsty Duffy, Steven Dytman, Laura Fields, Tsutomu Fukuda, Mikhail Gorchtein, Richard J. Hill, Alex Himmel, Thomas Junk, Dustin Keller, Huey-Wen Lin, Xianguo Lu, Kendall Mahn, Aaron S. Meyer, Jorge G. Morfin, Jonathan Paley, Vishvas Pandey, Gil Paz, Roberto Petti , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Neutrino cross sections are a critical ingredient in experiments that depend on neutrino scattering to reconstruct event kinematics and infer neutrino characteristics, like NOvA and T2K. An opportunity exists to reduce the 5-10% broad uncertainty on neutrino cross sections by producing more measurements of neutrino scattering from light nuclear targets at the relevant energies. Bubble chambers wit… ▽ More Neutrino cross sections are a critical ingredient in experiments that depend on neutrino scattering to reconstruct event kinematics and infer neutrino characteristics, like NOvA and T2K. An opportunity exists to reduce the 5-10% broad uncertainty on neutrino cross sections by producing more measurements of neutrino scattering from light nuclear targets at the relevant energies. Bubble chambers with light nuclear targets would be ideal for these measurements but the most recent device designed for use with an accelerator neutrino source is at least fifty years old. A new bubble chamber with light nuclear targets could be designed by observing how the technology has progressed for use in dark matter experiments and producing smaller modular devices that use more efficient cooling systems. A smaller modular device could also be designed for deployment to all functioning neutrino beams, but an investigation of the proper operating characteristics is necessary to adapt newer detectors to the structure of contemporary neutrino beams. △ Less

Submitted 21 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Search for Majoron-emitting modes of $^{136}$Xe double beta decay with the complete EXO-200 dataset

Authors: S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling, A. Dolgolenko, M. J. Dolinski , et al. (81 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A search for Majoron-emitting modes of the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset. This dataset consists of a total $^{136}$Xe exposure of 234.1 kg$\cdot$yr, and includes data with detector upgrades that have improved the energy threshold relative to previous searches. A lower limit of T$_{1/2}^{\rm{^{136}Xe}}>$4.3$\cdot$10$^{24}$ yr at 90\% C.L. on… ▽ More A search for Majoron-emitting modes of the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset. This dataset consists of a total $^{136}$Xe exposure of 234.1 kg$\cdot$yr, and includes data with detector upgrades that have improved the energy threshold relative to previous searches. A lower limit of T$_{1/2}^{\rm{^{136}Xe}}>$4.3$\cdot$10$^{24}$ yr at 90\% C.L. on the half-life of the spectral index $n=1$ Majoron decay was obtained, a factor of 3.6 more stringent than the previous limit from EXO-200, corresponding to a constraint on the Majoron-neutrino coupling constant of $|\langle g_{ee}^{M}\rangle|$$<(0.4$-$0.9)\cdot10^{-5}$. The lower threshold and the additional data taken resulted in a factor 8.4 improvement for the $n=7$ mode compared to the previous EXO search. This search provides the most stringent limits to-date on the Majoron-emitting decays of $^{136}$Xe with spectral indices $n=1,2,3,$ and 7. △ Less

Submitted 17 November, 2021; v1 submitted 3 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

The EXO-200 detector, part II: Auxiliary Systems

Authors: N. Ackerman, J. Albert, M. Auger, D. J. Auty, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, L. Bartoszek, E. Baussan, V. Belov, C. Benitez-Medina, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, R. Conley, S. Cook, M. Coon, W. Craddock, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels, L. Darroch , et al. (135 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass of 110 kg of 80.6%-enriched liquid xenon in an ultra-low background time projection chamber with ionization and scintillation detection and readout. This paper describes the design and performance of the various support systems necessary for detector op… ▽ More The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass of 110 kg of 80.6%-enriched liquid xenon in an ultra-low background time projection chamber with ionization and scintillation detection and readout. This paper describes the design and performance of the various support systems necessary for detector operation, including cryogenics, xenon handling, and controls. Novel features of the system were driven by the need to protect the thin-walled detector chamber containing the liquid xenon, to achieve high chemical purity of the Xe, and to maintain thermal uniformity across the detector. △ Less

Submitted 22 October, 2021; v1 submitted 13 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: Manuscript updated in response to JINST reviewer comments

Optical calibration of the SNO+ detector in the water phase with deployed sources

Authors: SNO+ Collaboration, :, M. R. Anderson, S. Andringa, M. Askins, D. J. Auty, F. Barão, N. Barros, R. Bayes, E. W. Beier, A. Bialek, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher, M. Boulay, E. Caden, E. J. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, M. Chen, O. Chkvorets, B. Cleveland, D. Cookman, J. Corning, M. A. Cox, C. Deluce, M. M. Depatie , et al. (98 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: SNO+ is a large-scale liquid scintillator experiment with the primary goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay, and is located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector acquired data for two years as a pure water Cherenkov detector, starting in May 2017. During this period, the optical properties of the detector were measured in situ using a deployed light… ▽ More SNO+ is a large-scale liquid scintillator experiment with the primary goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay, and is located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector acquired data for two years as a pure water Cherenkov detector, starting in May 2017. During this period, the optical properties of the detector were measured in situ using a deployed light diffusing sphere, with the goal of improving the detector model and the energy response systematic uncertainties. The measured parameters included the water attenuation coefficients, effective attenuation coefficients for the acrylic vessel, and the angular response of the photomultiplier tubes and their surrounding light concentrators, all across different wavelengths. The calibrated detector model was validated using a deployed tagged gamma source, which showed a 0.6% variation in energy scale across the primary target volume. △ Less

Submitted 4 October, 2021; v1 submitted 7 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: Accepted by JINST (30 pages, 19 figures)

Journal ref: JINST 16 (2021) P10021

The SNO+ Experiment

Authors: SNO+ Collaboration, :, V. Albanese, R. Alves, M. R. Anderson, S. Andringa, L. Anselmo, E. Arushanova, S. Asahi, M. Askins, D. J. Auty, A. R. Back, S. Back, F. Barão, Z. Barnard, A. Barr, N. Barros, D. Bartlett, R. Bayes, C. Beaudoin, E. W. Beier, G. Berardi, A. Bialek, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher , et al. (229 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The SNO+ experiment is located 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Canada. A low background search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay will be conducted using 780 tonnes of liquid scintillator loaded with 3.9 tonnes of natural tellurium, corresponding to 1.3 tonnes of $^{130}$Te. This paper provides a general overview of the SNO+ experiment, including detector design, construction of pr… ▽ More The SNO+ experiment is located 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Canada. A low background search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay will be conducted using 780 tonnes of liquid scintillator loaded with 3.9 tonnes of natural tellurium, corresponding to 1.3 tonnes of $^{130}$Te. This paper provides a general overview of the SNO+ experiment, including detector design, construction of process plants, commissioning efforts, electronics upgrades, data acquisition systems, and calibration techniques. The SNO+ collaboration is reusing the acrylic vessel, PMT array, and electronics of the SNO detector, having made a number of experimental upgrades and essential adaptations for use with the liquid scintillator. With low backgrounds and a low energy threshold, the SNO+ collaboration will also pursue a rich physics program beyond the search for $0νββ$ decay, including studies of geo- and reactor antineutrinos, supernova and solar neutrinos, and exotic physics such as the search for invisible nucleon decay. The SNO+ approach to the search for $0νββ$ decay is scalable: a future phase with high $^{130}$Te-loading is envisioned to probe an effective Majorana mass in the inverted mass ordering region. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2021; v1 submitted 23 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: 61 pages, 23 figures, 4 tables

Journal ref: The SNO+ collaboration, 2021 JINST 16 P08059

Revealing the structure of light pseudoscalar mesons at the Electron-Ion Collider

Authors: John Arrington, Carlos Ayerbe Gayoso, Patrick C Barry, Vladimir Berdnikov, Daniele Binosi, Lei Chang, Markus Diefenthaler, Minghui Ding, Rolf Ent, Tobias Frederico, Yulia Furletova, Tim J Hobbs, Tanja Horn, Garth M Huber, Stephen JD Kay, Cynthia Keppel, Huy-Wen Lin, Cedric Mezrag, Rachel Montgomery, Ian L Pegg, Khepani Raya, Paul Reimer, David G Richards, Craig D Roberts, Jose Rodriguez-Quintero , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: How the bulk of the Universe's visible mass emerges and how it is manifest in the existence and properties of hadrons are profound questions that probe into the heart of strongly interacting matter. Paradoxically, the lightest pseudoscalar mesons appear to be the key to the further understanding of the emergent mass and structure mechanisms. These mesons, namely the pion and kaon, are the Nambu-Go… ▽ More How the bulk of the Universe's visible mass emerges and how it is manifest in the existence and properties of hadrons are profound questions that probe into the heart of strongly interacting matter. Paradoxically, the lightest pseudoscalar mesons appear to be the key to the further understanding of the emergent mass and structure mechanisms. These mesons, namely the pion and kaon, are the Nambu-Goldstone boson modes of QCD. Unravelling their partonic structure and the interplay between emergent and Higgs-boson mass mechanisms is a common goal of three interdependent approaches -- continuum QCD phenomenology, lattice-regularised QCD, and the global analysis of parton distributions -- linked to experimental measurements of hadron structure. Experimentally, the foreseen electron-ion collider will enable a revolution in our ability to study pion and kaon structure, accessed by scattering from the "meson cloud" of the proton through the Sullivan process. With the goal of enabling a suite of measurements that can address these questions, we examine key reactions to identify the critical detector system requirements needed to map tagged pion and kaon cross sections over a wide range of kinematics. The excellent prospects for extracting pion structure function and form factor data are shown, and similar prospects for kaon structure are discussed in the context of a worldwide programme. Successful completion of the programme outlined herein will deliver deep, far-reaching insights into the emergence of pions and kaons, their properties, and their role as QCD's Goldstone boson modes. △ Less

Submitted 23 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021.

Comments: 73 pages, 27 figures

Isovector parton distribution functions of the proton on a superfine lattice

Authors: Zhouyou Fan, Xiang Gao, Ruizi Li, Huey-Wen Lin, Nikhil Karthik, Swagato Mukherjee, Peter Petreczky, Sergey Syritsyn, Yi-Bo Yang, Rui Zhang

Abstract: We study isovector unpolarized and helicity parton distribution functions (PDF) of the proton within the framework of Large Momentum Effective Theory. We use a gauge ensemble, generated by the MILC Collaboration, with a superfine lattice spacing of $0.042$ fm and a pion mass of $310$ MeV, enabling us to simultaneously reach sub-fermi spatial separations and larger nucleon momenta. We compare the s… ▽ More We study isovector unpolarized and helicity parton distribution functions (PDF) of the proton within the framework of Large Momentum Effective Theory. We use a gauge ensemble, generated by the MILC Collaboration, with a superfine lattice spacing of $0.042$ fm and a pion mass of $310$ MeV, enabling us to simultaneously reach sub-fermi spatial separations and larger nucleon momenta. We compare the spatial dependence of quasi-PDF matrix elements in different renormalization schemes with the corresponding results of the global fits, obtained using 1-loop perturbative matching. We present determinations of the first four moments of the unpolarized and helicity PDFs of proton from the Ioffe-time dependence of the isovector matrix elements, obtained by employing a ratio-based renormalization scheme. △ Less

Submitted 15 October, 2020; v1 submitted 25 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 28 pages, 34 figures. Accepted version for PRD

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 102, 074504 (2020)

Probing Nucleons and Nuclei in High Energy Collisions

Authors: Christine A. Aidala, Elke Aschenauer, Fatma Aslan, Alessandro Bacchetta, Ian Balitsky, Sanjin Benic, Shohini Bhattacharya, Mariaelena Boglione, Matthias Burkardt, Justin Cammarota, Giovanni A. Chirilli, Christopher Cocuzza, Aurore Courtoy, Daniel de Florian, Pasquale Di Nezza, Adrian Dumitru, Sara Fucini, Kenji Fukushima, Yulia Furletova, Leonard Gamberg, Oscar Garcia-Montero, François Gelis, Vadim Guzey, Yoshitaka Hatta, Francesco Hautmann , et al. (65 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This volume is a collection of contributions for the 7-week program "Probing Nucleons and Nuclei in High Energy Collisions" that was held at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Seattle, WA, USA, from October 1 until November 16, 2018. The program was dedicated to the physics of the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), the world's first polarized electron-nucleon (ep) and electron-nucleus (eA) collider to… ▽ More This volume is a collection of contributions for the 7-week program "Probing Nucleons and Nuclei in High Energy Collisions" that was held at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Seattle, WA, USA, from October 1 until November 16, 2018. The program was dedicated to the physics of the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), the world's first polarized electron-nucleon (ep) and electron-nucleus (eA) collider to be constructed in the USA. These proceedings are organized by chapters, corresponding to the weeks of the program: Week I, Generalized parton distributions; Week II, Transverse spin and TMDs; Week III, Longitudinal spin; Week IV, Symposium week; Weeks V & VI, eA collisions; Week VII, pA and AA collisions. We hope these proceedings will be useful to readers as a compilation of EIC-related science at the end of the second decade of the XXI century. △ Less

Submitted 11 May, 2020; v1 submitted 25 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: Electron Ion Collider, INT 18-3 Program. Published by World Scientific. Duplicates content of arXiv:1912.10965, arXiv:1912.10724, arXiv:1910.03006, arXiv:1910.07982, arXiv:1912.13397, arXiv:1910.01979, arXiv:2001.07862, arXiv:2001.03700, arXiv:1910.01030, arXiv:1910.01273, arXiv:1912.13020, arXiv:1910.06003, arXiv:2001.03655, arXiv:1909.12591, arXiv:1909.09809, arXiv:1910.04806, arXiv:2001.05978

Measurement of neutron-proton capture in the SNO+ water phase

Authors: The SNO+ Collaboration, :, M. R. Anderson, S. Andringa, M. Askins, D. J. Auty, N. Barros, F. Barão, R. Bayes, E. W. Beier, A. Bialek, S. D. Biller, E. Blucher, R. Bonventre, M. Boulay, E. Caden, E. J. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, D. Chauhan, M. Chen, O. Chkvorets, B. Cleveland, M. A. Cox, M. M. Depatie, J. Dittmer , et al. (108 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The SNO+ experiment collected data as a low-threshold water Cherenkov detector from September 2017 to July 2019. Measurements of the 2.2-MeV $γ$ produced by neutron capture on hydrogen have been made using an Am-Be calibration source, for which a large fraction of emitted neutrons are produced simultaneously with a 4.4-MeV $γ$. Analysis of the delayed coincidence between the 4.4-MeV $γ$ and the 2.… ▽ More The SNO+ experiment collected data as a low-threshold water Cherenkov detector from September 2017 to July 2019. Measurements of the 2.2-MeV $γ$ produced by neutron capture on hydrogen have been made using an Am-Be calibration source, for which a large fraction of emitted neutrons are produced simultaneously with a 4.4-MeV $γ$. Analysis of the delayed coincidence between the 4.4-MeV $γ$ and the 2.2-MeV capture $γ$ revealed a neutron detection efficiency that is centered around 50% and varies at the level of 1% across the inner region of the detector, which to our knowledge is the highest efficiency achieved among pure water Cherenkov detectors. In addition, the neutron capture time constant was measured and converted to a thermal neutron-proton capture cross section of $336.3^{+1.2}_{-1.5}$ mb. △ Less

Submitted 13 July, 2020; v1 submitted 24 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 102, 014002 (2020)

Measurement of the Spectral Shape of the beta-decay of 137Xe to the Ground State of 137Cs in EXO-200 and Comparison with Theory

Authors: S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling, A. Dolgolenko, M. J. Dolinski , et al. (83 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on a comparison between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured spectra of the first-forbidden non-unique $β$-decay transition $^{137}\textrm{Xe}(7/2^-)\to\,^{137}\textrm{Cs}(7/2^+)$. The experimental data were acquired by the EXO-200 experiment during a deployment of an AmBe neutron source. The ultra-low background environment of EXO-200, together with dedicated source d… ▽ More We report on a comparison between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured spectra of the first-forbidden non-unique $β$-decay transition $^{137}\textrm{Xe}(7/2^-)\to\,^{137}\textrm{Cs}(7/2^+)$. The experimental data were acquired by the EXO-200 experiment during a deployment of an AmBe neutron source. The ultra-low background environment of EXO-200, together with dedicated source deployment and analysis procedures, allowed for collection of a pure sample of the decays, with an estimated signal-to-background ratio of more than 99-to-1 in the energy range from 1075 to 4175 keV. In addition to providing a rare and accurate measurement of the first-forbidden non-unique $β$-decay shape, this work constitutes a novel test of the calculated electron spectral shapes in the context of the reactor antineutrino anomaly and spectral bump. △ Less

Submitted 7 May, 2020; v1 submitted 31 January, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: Version as accepted by PRL

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 232502 (2020)

Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode

Authors: O. Njoya, T. Tsang, M. Tarka, W. Fairbank, K. S. Kumar, T. Rao, T. Wager, S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. J. Arnquist, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, J. P. Brodsky, E. Brown, T. Brunner, E. Caden, G. F. Cao, L. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Chana, S. A. Charlebois , et al. (131 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Measurements of electron drift properties in liquid and gaseous xenon are reported. The electrons are generated by the photoelectric effect in a semi-transparent gold photocathode driven in transmission mode with a pulsed ultraviolet laser. The charges drift and diffuse in a small chamber at various electric fields and a fixed drift distance of 2.0 cm. At an electric field of 0.5 kV/cm, the measur… ▽ More Measurements of electron drift properties in liquid and gaseous xenon are reported. The electrons are generated by the photoelectric effect in a semi-transparent gold photocathode driven in transmission mode with a pulsed ultraviolet laser. The charges drift and diffuse in a small chamber at various electric fields and a fixed drift distance of 2.0 cm. At an electric field of 0.5 kV/cm, the measured drift velocities and corresponding temperature coefficients respectively are $1.97 \pm 0.04$ mm/$μ$s and $(-0.69\pm0.05)$\%/K for liquid xenon, and $1.42 \pm 0.03$ mm/$μ$s and $(+0.11\pm0.01)$\%/K for gaseous xenon at 1.5 bar. In addition, we measure longitudinal diffusion coefficients of $25.7 \pm 4.6$ cm$^2$/s and $149 \pm 23$ cm$^2$/s, for liquid and gas, respectively. The quantum efficiency of the gold photocathode is studied at the photon energy of 4.73 eV in liquid and gaseous xenon, and vacuum. These charge transport properties and the behavior of photocathodes in a xenon environment are important in designing and calibrating future large scale noble liquid detectors. △ Less

Submitted 24 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019.

Spinodal Instability at the Onset of Collective Expansion in Nuclear Collisions

Authors: Pawel Danielewicz, Hao Lin, Jirina R. Stone, Yoritaka Iwata

Abstract: Using transport theory to model central Au + Au collisions in the energy region of 20 - 110 MeV/u, at impact parameters b <= 5 fm, we predict a measurable impact of spinoidal instability as the collective expansion sets in with energy. Two transport models are employed, the pBUU model, solving a Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation, and the Brownian Motion (BM) model, solving a set of Langevin equ… ▽ More Using transport theory to model central Au + Au collisions in the energy region of 20 - 110 MeV/u, at impact parameters b <= 5 fm, we predict a measurable impact of spinoidal instability as the collective expansion sets in with energy. Two transport models are employed, the pBUU model, solving a Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation, and the Brownian Motion (BM) model, solving a set of Langevin equations to describe the motion of individual nucleons in a noisy nuclear medium. We find without ambiguity, for the first time, that a combination of delayed equilibration, onset of collective expansion and the spinodal instability produces a pair of transient ring structures, made of the projectile and target remnants, with spectator nucleons predicted to end in the entities reminiscent of stones in jewelry, on the rings. The ring structures, calculated in the configuration space and mapped onto the velocity space, could be detected in experimental collective flow data. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2020; v1 submitted 23 October, 2019; originally announced October 2019.

Comments: 9 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Lett. B 811, 135957 (2020)

Pion and Kaon Structure at the Electron-Ion Collider

Authors: Arlene C. Aguilar, Zafir Ahmed, Christine Aidala, Salina Ali, Vincent Andrieux, John Arrington, Adnan Bashir, Vladimir Berdnikov, Daniele Binosi, Lei Chang, Chen Chen, Muyang Chen, João Pacheco B. C. de Melo, Markus Diefenthaler, Minghui Ding, Rolf Ent, Tobias Frederico, Fei Gao, Ralf W. Gothe, Mohammad Hattawy, Timothy J. Hobbs, Tanja Horn, Garth M. Huber, Shaoyang Jia, Cynthia Keppel , et al. (26 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Understanding the origin and dynamics of hadron structure and in turn that of atomic nuclei is a central goal of nuclear physics. This challenge entails the questions of how does the roughly 1 GeV mass-scale that characterizes atomic nuclei appear; why does it have the observed value; and, enigmatically, why are the composite Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) abnormally l… ▽ More Understanding the origin and dynamics of hadron structure and in turn that of atomic nuclei is a central goal of nuclear physics. This challenge entails the questions of how does the roughly 1 GeV mass-scale that characterizes atomic nuclei appear; why does it have the observed value; and, enigmatically, why are the composite Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) abnormally light in comparison? In this perspective, we provide an analysis of the mass budget of the pion and proton in QCD; discuss the special role of the kaon, which lies near the boundary between dominance of strong and Higgs mass-generation mechanisms; and explain the need for a coherent effort in QCD phenomenology and continuum calculations, in exa-scale computing as provided by lattice QCD, and in experiments to make progress in understanding the origins of hadron masses and the distribution of that mass within them. We compare the unique capabilities foreseen at the electron-ion collider (EIC) with those at the hadron-electron ring accelerator (HERA), the only previous electron-proton collider; and describe five key experimental measurements, enabled by the EIC and aimed at delivering fundamental insights that will generate concrete answers to the questions of how mass and structure arise in the pion and kaon, the Standard Model's NG modes, whose surprisingly low mass is critical to the evolution of our Universe. △ Less

Submitted 16 September, 2019; v1 submitted 18 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Comments: 16 pages, 12 figures, to appear in the European Physical Journal A - "Hadrons and Nuclei"

Report number: NJU-INP 001/19

Simulation of charge readout with segmented tiles in nEXO

Authors: Z. Li, W. R. Cen, A. Robinson, D. C. Moore, L. J. Wen, A. Odian, S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. J. Arnquist, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, J. P. Brodsky, E. Brown, T. Brunner, E. Caden, G. F. Cao, L. Cao, C. Chambers, B. Chana, S. A. Charlebois, M. Chiu, B. Cleveland , et al. (128 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: nEXO is a proposed experiment to search for the neutrino-less double beta decay ($0νββ$) of $^{136}$Xe in a tonne-scale liquid xenon time projection chamber (TPC). The nEXO TPC will be equipped with charge collection tiles to form the anode. In this work, the charge reconstruction performance of this anode design is studied with a dedicated simulation package. A multi-variate method and a deep neu… ▽ More nEXO is a proposed experiment to search for the neutrino-less double beta decay ($0νββ$) of $^{136}$Xe in a tonne-scale liquid xenon time projection chamber (TPC). The nEXO TPC will be equipped with charge collection tiles to form the anode. In this work, the charge reconstruction performance of this anode design is studied with a dedicated simulation package. A multi-variate method and a deep neural network are developed to distinguish simulated $0νββ$ signals from backgrounds arising from trace levels of natural radioactivity in the detector materials. These simulations indicate that the nEXO TPC with charge-collection tiles shows promising capability to discriminate the $0νββ$ signal from backgrounds. The estimated half-life sensitivity for $0νββ$ decay is improved by $\sim$20$~(32)\%$ with the multi-variate~(deep neural network) methods considered here, relative to the sensitivity estimated in the nEXO pre-conceptual design report. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2019; v1 submitted 17 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Journal ref: JINST 14 (2019) no.09, P09020

Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay with the Complete EXO-200 Dataset

Authors: G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, M. Danilov, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling, A. Dolgolenko, M. J. Dolinski , et al. (77 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0νββ$) in $^{136}$Xe is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset using a deep neural network to discriminate between $0νββ$ and background events. Relative to previous analyses, the signal detection efficiency has been raised from 80.8% to 96.4$\pm$3.0% and the energy resolution of the detector at the Q-value of $^{136}$Xe $0νββ$ has been improved from… ▽ More A search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0νββ$) in $^{136}$Xe is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset using a deep neural network to discriminate between $0νββ$ and background events. Relative to previous analyses, the signal detection efficiency has been raised from 80.8% to 96.4$\pm$3.0% and the energy resolution of the detector at the Q-value of $^{136}$Xe $0νββ$ has been improved from $σ/E=1.23\%$ to $1.15\pm0.02\%$ with the upgraded detector. Accounting for the new data, the median 90% confidence level $0νββ$ half-life sensitivity for this analysis is $5.0 \cdot 10^{25}$ yr with a total $^{136}$Xe exposure of 234.1 kg$\cdot$yr. No statistically significant evidence for $0νββ$ is observed, leading to a lower limit on the $0νββ$ half-life of $3.5\cdot10^{25}$ yr at the 90% confidence level. △ Less

Submitted 18 October, 2019; v1 submitted 6 June, 2019; originally announced June 2019.

Comments: v1, 7 pages, 5 figures; v2, fix references; v3, update to accepted version

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 161802 (2019)

Lattice QCD and Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering

Authors: Andreas S. Kronfeld, David G. Richards, William Detmold, Rajan Gupta, Huey-Wen Lin, Keh-Fei Liu, Aaron S. Meyer, Raza Sufian, Sergey Syritsin

Abstract: This document is one of a series of whitepapers from the USQCD collaboration. Here, we discuss opportunities for lattice QCD in neutrino-oscillation physics, which inevitably entails nucleon and nuclear structure. In addition to discussing pertinent lattice-QCD calculations of nucleon and nuclear matrix elements, the interplay with models of nuclei is discussed. This program of lattice- QCD calcul… ▽ More This document is one of a series of whitepapers from the USQCD collaboration. Here, we discuss opportunities for lattice QCD in neutrino-oscillation physics, which inevitably entails nucleon and nuclear structure. In addition to discussing pertinent lattice-QCD calculations of nucleon and nuclear matrix elements, the interplay with models of nuclei is discussed. This program of lattice- QCD calculations is relevant to current and upcoming neutrino experiments, becoming increasingly important on the timescale of LBNF/DUNE and HyperK. △ Less

Submitted 22 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019.

Comments: 33 pp. One of seven whitepapers from the USQCD Collaboration

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-19-172-T

Quantum 3: Learning QCD through Intuitive Play

Authors: Tristan Özkan, Huey-Wen Lin

Abstract: There is a nationwide drive to get more girls into physics and coding, and some educators believe gaming could be a way to get girls interested in coding and STEM topics. This project, sponsored by NSF, is to create a QCD game that will raise public interest in QCD, especially among K-12 girls, and increase interest in coding among girls. Through the immersive framework of interactive gameplay, th… ▽ More There is a nationwide drive to get more girls into physics and coding, and some educators believe gaming could be a way to get girls interested in coding and STEM topics. This project, sponsored by NSF, is to create a QCD game that will raise public interest in QCD, especially among K-12 girls, and increase interest in coding among girls. Through the immersive framework of interactive gameplay, this QCD phone game will allow the public to peek into the QCD research world. The game design will fall into the "Match 3" genre, which typically attracts a higher ratio of female players. The game will be implemented initially as a phone app, and the gameplay would require learning simple QCD rules to progress. By leveraging the willingness of players to engage with the rules of an entertaining game, they are able to easily learn a few principles of physics. The game is now available to download from the Google Play store (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gellab.quantum3) and the Apple Appstore (https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/quantum-3/id1406630529)! We formed a development team of MSU undergraduate students to make the game and provided them with a QCD curriculum. The game will be tested at MSU outreach activities, as well as among local K-12 girls through school activities, and feedback will be used to improve the design. The final game can be easily distributed through various app stores and impact will be measured through a follow-up survey. If such a new direction works to attract more girls to coding and physics, one should develop more games to engage more girls in STEM. △ Less

Submitted 16 March, 2019; v1 submitted 31 December, 2018; originally announced January 2019.

Comments: 6 pages, 6 figures

Report number: MSUHEP-19-002

Nucleon Transversity Distribution at the Physical Pion Mass from Lattice QCD

Authors: Yu-Sheng Liu, Jiunn-Wei Chen, Luchang Jin, Ruizi Li, Huey-Wen Lin, Yi-Bo Yang, Jian-Hui Zhang, Yong Zhao

Abstract: We report a state-of-the-art lattice calculation of the isovector quark transversity distribution of the proton at the physical pion mass. Within the framework of large-momentum effective theory (LaMET), we compute the transversity quasi-distributions using clover valence fermions on 2+1+1-flavor (up/down, strange, charm) HISQ-lattice configurations with boosted proton momenta as large as 3.0~GeV.… ▽ More We report a state-of-the-art lattice calculation of the isovector quark transversity distribution of the proton at the physical pion mass. Within the framework of large-momentum effective theory (LaMET), we compute the transversity quasi-distributions using clover valence fermions on 2+1+1-flavor (up/down, strange, charm) HISQ-lattice configurations with boosted proton momenta as large as 3.0~GeV. The relevant lattice matrix elements are nonperturbatively renormalized in regularization-independent momentum-subtraction (RI/MOM) scheme and systematically matched to the physical transversity distribution. With high statistics, large proton momenta and meticulous control of excited-state contamination, we provide the best theoretical prediction for the large-$x$ isovector quark transversity distribution, with better precision than the most recent global analyses of experimental data. Our result also shows that the sea quark asymmetry in the proton transversity distribution is consistent with zero, which has been assumed in all current global analyses. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018.

Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures

Report number: MSUHEP-18-019,MIT-CTP/5033

Proton Isovector Helicity Distribution on the Lattice at Physical Pion Mass

Authors: Huey-Wen Lin, Jiunn-Wei Chen, Xiangdong Ji, Luchang Jin, Ruizi Li, Yu-Sheng Liu, Yi-Bo Yang, Jian-Hui Zhang, Yong Zhao

Abstract: We present a state-of-the-art calculation of the isovector quark helicity Bjorken-$x$ distribution in the proton using lattice-QCD ensembles at the physical pion mass. We compute quasi-distributions at proton momenta $P_z \in \{2.2, 2.6, 3.0\}$~GeV on the lattice, and match them systematically to the physical parton distribution using large-momentum effective theory (LaMET). We reach an unpreceden… ▽ More We present a state-of-the-art calculation of the isovector quark helicity Bjorken-$x$ distribution in the proton using lattice-QCD ensembles at the physical pion mass. We compute quasi-distributions at proton momenta $P_z \in \{2.2, 2.6, 3.0\}$~GeV on the lattice, and match them systematically to the physical parton distribution using large-momentum effective theory (LaMET). We reach an unprecedented precision through high statistics in simulations, large-momentum proton matrix elements, and control of excited-state contamination. The resulting distribution with combined statistical and systematic errors is in agreement with the latest phenomenological analysis of the spin-dependent experimental data; in particular, $Δ\bar{u}(x)>Δ\bar{d}(x)$. △ Less

Submitted 28 January, 2019; v1 submitted 18 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Report number: MSUHEP-18-013, MIT-CTP/5032

Journal ref: Phys.Rev.Lett. 121 (2018) no.24, 242003

Imaging individual barium atoms in solid xenon for barium tagging in nEXO

Authors: C. Chambers, T. Walton, D. Fairbank, A. Craycraft, D. R. Yahne, J. Todd, A. Iverson, W. Fairbank, A. Alamare, J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. J. Arnquist, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, F. Bourque, J. P. Brodsky, E. Brown, T. Brunner, A. Burenkov, G. F. Cao, L. Cao, W. R. Cen , et al. (126 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The search for neutrinoless double beta decay probes the fundamental properties of neutrinos, including whether or not the neutrino and antineutrino are distinct. Double beta detectors are large and expensive, so background reduction is essential for extracting the highest sensitivity. The identification, or 'tagging', of the $^{136}$Ba daughter atom from double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe provides a… ▽ More The search for neutrinoless double beta decay probes the fundamental properties of neutrinos, including whether or not the neutrino and antineutrino are distinct. Double beta detectors are large and expensive, so background reduction is essential for extracting the highest sensitivity. The identification, or 'tagging', of the $^{136}$Ba daughter atom from double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe provides a technique for eliminating backgrounds in the nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay experiment. The tagging scheme studied in this work utilizes a cryogenic probe to trap the barium atom in solid xenon, where the barium atom is tagged via fluorescence imaging in the solid xenon matrix. Here we demonstrate imaging and counting of individual atoms of barium in solid xenon by scanning a focused laser across a solid xenon matrix deposited on a sapphire window. When the laser sits on an individual atom, the fluorescence persists for $\sim$30~s before dropping abruptly to the background level, a clear confirmation of one-atom imaging. No barium fluorescence persists following evaporation of a barium deposit to a limit of $\leq$0.16\%. This is the first time that single atoms have been imaged in solid noble element. It establishes the basic principle of a barium tagging technique for nEXO. △ Less

Submitted 12 December, 2018; v1 submitted 27 June, 2018; originally announced June 2018.

nEXO Pre-Conceptual Design Report

Authors: nEXO Collaboration, S. Al Kharusi, A. Alamre, J. B. Albert, M. Alfaris, G. Anton, I. J. Arnquist, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, F. Bourque, J. P. Brodsky, E. Brown, T. Brunner, A. Burenkov, G. F. Cao, L. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, S. A. Charlebois, M. Chiu, B. Cleveland, R. Conley , et al. (149 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The projected performance and detector configuration of nEXO are described in this pre-Conceptual Design Report (pCDR). nEXO is a tonne-scale neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay search in $^{136}$Xe, based on the ultra-low background liquid xenon technology validated by EXO-200. With $\simeq$ 5000 kg of xenon enriched to 90% in the isotope 136, nEXO has a projected half-life sensitivity of app… ▽ More The projected performance and detector configuration of nEXO are described in this pre-Conceptual Design Report (pCDR). nEXO is a tonne-scale neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay search in $^{136}$Xe, based on the ultra-low background liquid xenon technology validated by EXO-200. With $\simeq$ 5000 kg of xenon enriched to 90% in the isotope 136, nEXO has a projected half-life sensitivity of approximately $10^{28}$ years. This represents an improvement in sensitivity of about two orders of magnitude with respect to current results. Based on the experience gained from EXO-200 and the effectiveness of xenon purification techniques, we expect the background to be dominated by external sources of radiation. The sensitivity increase is, therefore, entirely derived from the increase of active mass in a monolithic and homogeneous detector, along with some technical advances perfected in the course of a dedicated R&D program. Hence the risk which is inherent to the construction of a large, ultra-low background detector is reduced, as the intrinsic radioactive contamination requirements are generally not beyond those demonstrated with the present generation $0νββ$ decay experiments. Indeed, most of the required materials have been already assayed or reasonable estimates of their properties are at hand. The details described herein represent the base design of the detector configuration as of early 2018. Where potential design improvements are possible, alternatives are discussed. This design for nEXO presents a compelling path towards a next generation search for $0νββ$, with a substantial possibility to discover physics beyond the Standard Model. △ Less

Submitted 13 August, 2018; v1 submitted 28 May, 2018; originally announced May 2018.

Comments: 182 pages, minor revisions

Deep Neural Networks for Energy and Position Reconstruction in EXO-200

Authors: S. Delaquis, M. J. Jewell, I. Ostrovskiy, M. Weber, T. Ziegler, J. Dalmasson, L. J. Kaufman, T. Richards, J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, R. Bayerlein, D. Beck, V. Belov, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels , et al. (69 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We apply deep neural networks (DNN) to data from the EXO-200 experiment. In the studied cases, the DNN is able to reconstruct the relevant parameters - total energy and position - directly from raw digitized waveforms, with minimal exceptions. For the first time, the developed algorithms are evaluated on real detector calibration data. The accuracy of reconstruction either reaches or exceeds what… ▽ More We apply deep neural networks (DNN) to data from the EXO-200 experiment. In the studied cases, the DNN is able to reconstruct the relevant parameters - total energy and position - directly from raw digitized waveforms, with minimal exceptions. For the first time, the developed algorithms are evaluated on real detector calibration data. The accuracy of reconstruction either reaches or exceeds what was achieved by the conventional approaches developed by EXO-200 over the course of the experiment. Most existing DNN approaches to event reconstruction and classification in particle physics are trained on Monte Carlo simulated events. Such algorithms are inherently limited by the accuracy of the simulation. We describe a unique approach that, in an experiment such as EXO-200, allows to successfully perform certain reconstruction and analysis tasks by training the network on waveforms from experimental data, either reducing or eliminating the reliance on the Monte Carlo. △ Less

Submitted 30 August, 2018; v1 submitted 25 April, 2018; originally announced April 2018.

Comments: Accepted version. 33 pages, 28 figures

Journal ref: 2018 JINST 13 P08023

First direct lattice-QCD calculation of the $x$-dependence of the pion parton distribution function

Authors: Jian-Hui Zhang, Jiunn-Wei Chen, Luchang Jin, Huey-Wen Lin, Andreas Schäfer, Yong Zhao

Abstract: We present the first direct lattice-QCD calculation of the Bjorken-$x$ dependence of the valence quark distribution of the pion. Using large-momentum effective theory (LaMET), we calculate the boosted pion state with long Wilson link operators. After implementing the one-loop matching and meson mass corrections, our result at $m_π\approx 310$ MeV is in agreement with those extracted from experimen… ▽ More We present the first direct lattice-QCD calculation of the Bjorken-$x$ dependence of the valence quark distribution of the pion. Using large-momentum effective theory (LaMET), we calculate the boosted pion state with long Wilson link operators. After implementing the one-loop matching and meson mass corrections, our result at $m_π\approx 310$ MeV is in agreement with those extracted from experimental data as well as from Dyson-Schwinger equation in small $x$ region, but a sizeable discrepancy in the large $x$ region. This discrepancy provides a nice opportunity to systematically study and disentangle the artifacts in the LaMET approach, which will eventually help to discern various existing analyses in the literature. △ Less

Submitted 31 July, 2019; v1 submitted 4 April, 2018; originally announced April 2018.

Comments: 9 pages, 7 figures, version accepted by PRD

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 100, 034505 (2019)

Lattice Calculation of Parton Distribution Function from LaMET at Physical Pion Mass with Large Nucleon Momentum

Authors: Jiunn-Wei Chen, Luchang Jin, Huey-Wen Lin, Yu-Sheng Liu, Yi-Bo Yang, Jian-Hui Zhang, Yong Zhao

Abstract: We present a lattice-QCD calculation of the unpolarized isovector parton distribution function (PDF) using ensembles at the physical pion mass with large proton boost momenta $P_z \in \{2.2,2.6,3.0\}$~GeV within the framework of large-momentum effective theory (LaMET). In contrast to our previous physical-pion PDF result, we increase the statistics significantly, double the boost momentum, increas… ▽ More We present a lattice-QCD calculation of the unpolarized isovector parton distribution function (PDF) using ensembles at the physical pion mass with large proton boost momenta $P_z \in \{2.2,2.6,3.0\}$~GeV within the framework of large-momentum effective theory (LaMET). In contrast to our previous physical-pion PDF result, we increase the statistics significantly, double the boost momentum, increase the investment in excited-state contamination systematics, and switch to $γ_t$ operator to avoid mixing with scalar matrix elements. We use four source-sink separations in our analysis to control the systematics associated with excited-state contamination. The one-loop LaMET matching corresponding to the new operator is calculated and applied to our lattice data. We detail the systematics that affect PDF calculations, providing guidelines to improve the precision of future lattice PDF calculations. We find our final parton distribution to be in reasonable agreement with the PDF provided by the latest phenomenological analysis. △ Less

Submitted 18 May, 2018; v1 submitted 12 March, 2018; originally announced March 2018.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Report number: MSUHEP-18-003, MIT-CTP/4991

Search for nucleon decays with EXO-200

Authors: J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, R. Bayerlein, D. Beck, V. Belov, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels, M. Danilov, S. J. Daugherty, J. Daughhetee, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, T. Didberidze , et al. (70 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A search for instability of nucleons bound in $^{136}$Xe nuclei is reported with 223 kg$\cdot$yr exposure of $^{136}$Xe in the EXO-200 experiment. Lifetime limits of 3.3$\times 10^{23}$ and 1.9$\times 10^{23}$ yrs are established for nucleon decay to $^{133}$Sb and $^{133}$Te, respectively. These are the most stringent to date, exceeding the prior decay limits by a factor of 9 and 7, respectively. A search for instability of nucleons bound in $^{136}$Xe nuclei is reported with 223 kg$\cdot$yr exposure of $^{136}$Xe in the EXO-200 experiment. Lifetime limits of 3.3$\times 10^{23}$ and 1.9$\times 10^{23}$ yrs are established for nucleon decay to $^{133}$Sb and $^{133}$Te, respectively. These are the most stringent to date, exceeding the prior decay limits by a factor of 9 and 7, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 11 April, 2018; v1 submitted 20 October, 2017; originally announced October 2017.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 97, 072007 (2018)

Sensitivity and discovery potential of the proposed nEXO experiment to neutrinoless double beta decay

Authors: nEXO Collaboration, J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. J. Arnquist, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, F. Bourque, J. P. Brodsky, E. Brown, T. Brunner, A. Burenkov, G. F. Cao, L. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, S. A. Charlebois, M. Chiu, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, M. Côté, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, J. Dalmasson , et al. (121 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The next-generation Enriched Xenon Observatory (nEXO) is a proposed experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay in $^{136}$Xe with a target half-life sensitivity of approximately $10^{28}$ years using $5\times10^3$ kg of isotopically enriched liquid-xenon in a time projection chamber. This improvement of two orders of magnitude in sensitivity over current limits is obtained by… ▽ More The next-generation Enriched Xenon Observatory (nEXO) is a proposed experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay in $^{136}$Xe with a target half-life sensitivity of approximately $10^{28}$ years using $5\times10^3$ kg of isotopically enriched liquid-xenon in a time projection chamber. This improvement of two orders of magnitude in sensitivity over current limits is obtained by a significant increase of the $^{136}$Xe mass, the monolithic and homogeneous configuration of the active medium, and the multi-parameter measurements of the interactions enabled by the time projection chamber. The detector concept and anticipated performance are presented based upon demonstrated realizable background rates. △ Less

Submitted 19 October, 2018; v1 submitted 13 October, 2017; originally announced October 2017.

Comments: v2 as published

Report number: LLNL-JRNL-737682

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 97, 065503 (2018)

Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay with the Upgraded EXO-200 Detector

Authors: J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, R. Bayerlein, D. Beck, V. Belov, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels, M. Danilov, S. J. Daugherty, J. Daughhetee, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, T. Didberidze , et al. (68 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Results from a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay $0νββ$ of $^{136}$Xe are presented using the first year of data taken with the upgraded EXO-200 detector. Relative to previous searches by EXO-200, the energy resolution of the detector has been improved to $σ/E$=1.23%, the electric field in the drift region has been raised by 50%, and a system to suppress radon in the volume between the cry… ▽ More Results from a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay $0νββ$ of $^{136}$Xe are presented using the first year of data taken with the upgraded EXO-200 detector. Relative to previous searches by EXO-200, the energy resolution of the detector has been improved to $σ/E$=1.23%, the electric field in the drift region has been raised by 50%, and a system to suppress radon in the volume between the cryostat and lead shielding has been implemented. In addition, analysis techniques that improve topological discrimination between $0νββ$ and background events have been developed. Incorporating these hardware and analysis improvements, the median 90% confidence level $0νββ$ half-life sensitivity after combining with the full data set acquired before the upgrade has increased 2-fold to $3.7 \times 10^{25}$ yr. No statistically significant evidence for $0νββ$ is observed, leading to a lower limit on the $0νββ$ half-life of $1.8\times10^{25}$ yr at the 90% confidence level. △ Less

Submitted 26 February, 2018; v1 submitted 27 July, 2017; originally announced July 2017.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures, final version submitted to PRL

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 072701 (2018)

Searches for Double Beta Decay of $^{134}$Xe with EXO-200

Authors: EXO-200 Collaboration, :, J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, R. Bayerlein, D. Beck, V. Belov, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels, M. Danilov, S. J. Daugherty, J. Daughhetee, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian , et al. (69 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Searches for double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe were performed with EXO-200, a single-phase liquid xenon detector designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe. Using an exposure of $29.6\text{ kg}\!\cdot\!\text{yr}$, the lower limits of $\text{T}_{1/2}^{2νβ\!β}>8.7\cdot10^{20}\text{ yr}$ and $\text{T}_{1/2}^{0νβ\!β}>1.1\cdot10^{23}\text{ yr}$ at 90% confidence level were derive… ▽ More Searches for double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe were performed with EXO-200, a single-phase liquid xenon detector designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe. Using an exposure of $29.6\text{ kg}\!\cdot\!\text{yr}$, the lower limits of $\text{T}_{1/2}^{2νβ\!β}>8.7\cdot10^{20}\text{ yr}$ and $\text{T}_{1/2}^{0νβ\!β}>1.1\cdot10^{23}\text{ yr}$ at 90% confidence level were derived, with corresponding half-life sensitivities of $1.2\cdot10^{21}\text{ yr}$ and $1.9\cdot10^{23}\text{ yr}$. These limits exceed those in the literature for $^{134}$Xe, improving by factors of nearly $10^{5}$ and 2 for the two antineutrino and neutrinoless modes, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 6 November, 2017; v1 submitted 17 April, 2017; originally announced April 2017.

Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 96, 092001 (2017)

Trace radioactive impurities in final construction materials for EXO-200

Authors: D. S. Leonard, D. Auty, T. Didberidze, R. Gornea, P. Grinberg, R. MacLellan, B. Methven, A. Piepke, J. -L. Vuilleumier, J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, R. Bayerlein, D. Beck, V. Belov, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, W. Cree , et al. (76 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report results from a systematic measurement campaign conducted to identify low radioactivity materials for the construction of the EXO-200 double beta decay experiment. Partial results from this campaign have already been reported in a 2008 paper by the EXO collaboration. Here we release the remaining data, collected since 2007, to the public. The data reported were obtained using a variety of… ▽ More We report results from a systematic measurement campaign conducted to identify low radioactivity materials for the construction of the EXO-200 double beta decay experiment. Partial results from this campaign have already been reported in a 2008 paper by the EXO collaboration. Here we release the remaining data, collected since 2007, to the public. The data reported were obtained using a variety of analytic techniques. The measurement sensitivities are among the best in the field. Construction of the EXO-200 detector has been concluded, and Phase-I data was taken from 2011 to 2014. The detector's extremely low background implicitly verifies the measurements and the analysis assumptions made during construction and reported in this paper. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2017; originally announced March 2017.

Comments: 28 pages, 5 figures

PandaX-III: Searching for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay with High Pressure $^{136}$Xe Gas Time Projection Chambers

Authors: Xun Chen, Changbo Fu, Javier Galan, Karl Giboni, Franco Giuliani, Linghui Gu, Ke Han, Xiangdong Ji, Heng Lin, Jianglai Liu, Kaixiang Ni, Hiroki Kusano, Xiangxiang Ren, Shaobo Wang, Yong Yang, Dan Zhang, Tao Zhang, Li Zhao, Xiangming Sun, Shouyang Hu, Siyu Jian, Xinglong Li, Xiaomei Li, Hao Liang, Huanqiao Zhang , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Searching for the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) is now regarded as the topmost promising technique to explore the nature of neutrinos after the discovery of neutrino masses in oscillation experiments. PandaX-III (Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment III) will search for the NLDBD of $^{136}$Xe at the China Jin Ping underground Laboratory (CJPL). In the first phase of the experiment… ▽ More Searching for the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) is now regarded as the topmost promising technique to explore the nature of neutrinos after the discovery of neutrino masses in oscillation experiments. PandaX-III (Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment III) will search for the NLDBD of $^{136}$Xe at the China Jin Ping underground Laboratory (CJPL). In the first phase of the experiment, a high pressure gas Time Projection Chamber (TPC) will contain 200 kg, 90% $^{136}$Xe enriched gas operated at 10 bar. Fine pitch micro-pattern gas detector (Microbulk Micromegas) will be used at both ends of the TPC for the charge readout with a cathode in the middle. Charge signals can be used to reconstruct tracks of NLDBD events and provide good energy and spatial resolution. The detector will be immersed in a large water tank to ensure $\sim$5 m of water shielding in all directions. The second phase, a ton-scale experiment, will consist of five TPCs in the same water tank, with improved energy resolution and better control over backgrounds. △ Less

Submitted 27 October, 2016; v1 submitted 27 October, 2016; originally announced October 2016.

An Optimal Energy Estimator to Reduce Correlated Noise for the EXO-200 Light Readout

Authors: EXO-200 Collaboration, :, C. G. Davis, C. Hall, J. B. Albert, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, A. Burenkov, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, M. Danilov, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, T. Didberidze , et al. (63 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The energy resolution of the EXO-200 detector is limited by electronics noise in the measurement of the scintillation response. Here we present a new technique to extract optimal scintillation energy measurements for signals split across multiple channels in the presence of correlated noise. The implementation of these techniques improves the energy resolution of the detector at the neutrinoless d… ▽ More The energy resolution of the EXO-200 detector is limited by electronics noise in the measurement of the scintillation response. Here we present a new technique to extract optimal scintillation energy measurements for signals split across multiple channels in the presence of correlated noise. The implementation of these techniques improves the energy resolution of the detector at the neutrinoless double beta decay Q-value from $\left[1.9641\pm 0.0039\right]\%$ to $\left[1.5820\pm 0.0044\right]\%$. △ Less

Submitted 22 March, 2017; v1 submitted 20 May, 2016; originally announced May 2016.

Comments: 21 pages, 8 figures, 1 table

Journal ref: JINST 11 P07015 (2016)

First Search for Lorentz and CPT Violation in Double Beta Decay with EXO-200

Authors: EXO-200 Collaboration, :, J. B. Albert, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, A. Burenkov, G. F. Cao, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, M. Danilov, S. J. Daugherty, C. G. Davis, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. S. Díaz, T. Didberidze, J. Dilling , et al. (65 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A search for Lorentz- and CPT-violating signals in the double beta decay spectrum of $^{136}$Xe has been performed using an exposure of 100 kg$\cdot$yr with the EXO-200 detector. No significant evidence of the spectral modification due to isotropic Lorentz-violation was found, and a two-sided limit of… ▽ More A search for Lorentz- and CPT-violating signals in the double beta decay spectrum of $^{136}$Xe has been performed using an exposure of 100 kg$\cdot$yr with the EXO-200 detector. No significant evidence of the spectral modification due to isotropic Lorentz-violation was found, and a two-sided limit of $-2.65 \times 10^{-5 } \; \textrm{GeV} < \mathring{a}^{(3)}_{\text{of}} < 7.60 \times 10^{-6} \; \textrm{GeV}$ (90% C.L.) is placed on the relevant coefficient within the Standard-Model Extension (SME). This is the first experimental study of the effect of the SME-defined oscillation-free and momentum-independent neutrino coupling operator on the double beta decay process. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2016; v1 submitted 27 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016.

Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 93, 072001 (2016)

Cosmogenic Backgrounds to 0νββ in EXO-200

Authors: EXO-200 Collaboration, :, J. B. Albert, D. J. Auty, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, A. Burenkov, G. F. Cao, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, M. Danilov, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, T. Didberidze, J. Dilling, A. Dolgolenko , et al. (63 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: As neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments become more sensitive and intrinsic radioactivity in detector materials is reduced, previously minor contributions to the background must be understood and eliminated. With this in mind, cosmogenic backgrounds have been studied with the EXO-200 experiment. Using the EXO-200 TPC, the muon flux (through a flat horizontal surface) underground at the Waste… ▽ More As neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments become more sensitive and intrinsic radioactivity in detector materials is reduced, previously minor contributions to the background must be understood and eliminated. With this in mind, cosmogenic backgrounds have been studied with the EXO-200 experiment. Using the EXO-200 TPC, the muon flux (through a flat horizontal surface) underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) has been measured to be Φ = 4.07 $\pm$ 0.14 (sys) $\pm$ 0.03 (stat) $\times$ $10^{-7}$cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, with a vertical intensity of $I_{v}$ = 2.97$^{+0.14}_{-0.13}$ (sys) $\pm$ 0.02 (stat) $\times$ $10^{-7}$cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ sr$^{-1}$. Simulations of muon-induced backgrounds identified several potential cosmogenic radionuclides, though only 137Xe is a significant background for the 136Xe 0νββ search with EXO-200. Muon-induced neutron backgrounds were measured using γ-rays from neutron capture on the detector materials. This provided a measurement of 137Xe yield, and a test of the accuracy of the neutron production and transport simulations. The independently measured rates of 136Xe neutron capture and of 137Xe decay agree within uncertainties. Geant4 and FLUKA simulations were performed to estimate neutron capture rates, and these estimates agreed to within ~40% or better with measurements. The ability to identify 136Xe(n,γ) events will allow for rejection of 137Xe backgrounds in future 0νββ analyses. △ Less

Submitted 16 April, 2016; v1 submitted 21 December, 2015; originally announced December 2015.

Comments: Published in JCAP, 29 pages, 13 figures