Showing 1–50 of 90 results for author: Nakamura, K

Elliptic flow of $π^0$ mesons in Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV and U$+$U at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV

Authors: PHENIX Collaboration, N. J. Abdulameer, U. Acharya, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, D. Anderson, S. Antsupov, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, B. Bannier, E. Bannikov, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann , et al. (359 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The second-order azimuthal anisotropy coefficients ($v_2$) of neutral $π$ mesons ($π^0$) have been measured as a function of the transverse momentum ($p_T$) and centrality of Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$~GeV and U$+$U at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The analysis used experimental data collected by the PHENIX experiment at midrapidity… ▽ More The second-order azimuthal anisotropy coefficients ($v_2$) of neutral $π$ mesons ($π^0$) have been measured as a function of the transverse momentum ($p_T$) and centrality of Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$~GeV and U$+$U at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The analysis used experimental data collected by the PHENIX experiment at midrapidity $|η|<0.35$ over a broad $p_T$ range up to $\approx10$~GeV/$c$, and the obtained results are compared with previous PHENIX measurements in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$~GeV. In all three collision systems, the $π^0$~$v_2$ values follow the scaling with the second-order participant eccentricity and the cube root of the number of participating nucleons ($\varepsilon_2 N_{\rm part}^{1/3}$) up to $\approx4$~GeV/$c$. Furthermore, the behavior of the azimuthal-dependent $π^0$ nuclear-modification factors and associated fractional parton-energy losses are evaluated from measured nonzero $v_2$ values of $π^0$ at $p_T>5$ GeV/$c$ and found to be approximately the same for similar values of $N_{\rm part}^{1/3}$ in these collision systems. These findings demonstrate that the mechanism of $π^0$ $v_2$ generation exhibits a high degree of universality across different initial geometries of heavy-ion collisions. △ Less

Submitted 3 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 325 authors from 74 institutions, 14 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables. v1 is version submitted to Physical Review C. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Transverse single-spin asymmetry of forward $η$ mesons in $p^{\uparrow}+ p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV

Authors: PHENIX Collaboration, N. J. Abdulameer, U. Acharya, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, D. Anderson, S. Antsupov, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, B. Bannier, E. Bannikov, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann , et al. (359 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Utilizing the 2012 transversely polarized proton data from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the forward $η$-meson transverse single-spin asymmetry ($A_N$) was measured for $p^{\uparrow}+p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV as a function of Feynman-x ($x_F$) for $0.2<|x_F|<0.8$ and transverse momentum ($p_T$) for $1.0<p_T<5.0$ GeV/$c$. Large asymmetries at posit… ▽ More Utilizing the 2012 transversely polarized proton data from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the forward $η$-meson transverse single-spin asymmetry ($A_N$) was measured for $p^{\uparrow}+p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV as a function of Feynman-x ($x_F$) for $0.2<|x_F|<0.8$ and transverse momentum ($p_T$) for $1.0<p_T<5.0$ GeV/$c$. Large asymmetries at positive $x_F$ are observed ($\left<A_N\right>=0.086 \pm 0.019$), agreeing well with previous measurements of $π^{0}$ and $η$ $A_N$, but with reach to higher $x_F$ and $p_T$. The contribution of initial-state spin-momentum correlations to the asymmetry, as calculated in the collinear twist-3 framework, appears insufficient to describe the data and suggests a significant impact on the asymmetry from fragmentation. △ Less

Submitted 16 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 383 authors from 74 institutions, 11 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables. v1 is version submitted to Physical Review D. The numerical values for data shown in Figs. 3 and 4 are given in Table I and for data shown in Fig. 5 are given in Table II. All values in the plots associated with this article will be stored in HEPData at https://www.hepdata.net/record/TBD

Measurement of the branching ratio of $\mathrm{^{16}N}$, $\mathrm{^{15}C}$, $\mathrm{^{12}B}$, and $\mathrm{^{13}B}$ isotopes through the nuclear muon capture reaction in the Super-Kamiokande detector

Authors: Y. Maekawa, K. Abe, S. Abe, Y. Asaoka, M. Harada, Y. Hayato, K. Hiraide, K. Hosokawa, K. Ieki, M. Ikeda, J. Kameda, Y. Kanemura, Y. Kataoka, S. Miki, S. Mine, M. Miura, S. Moriyama, M. Nakahata, S. Nakayama, Y. Noguchi, G. Pronost, K. Sato, H. Sekiya, K. Shimizu, R. Shinoda , et al. (243 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Super-Kamiokande detector has measured solar neutrinos for more than $25$ years. The sensitivity for solar neutrino measurement is limited by the uncertainties of energy scale and background modeling. Decays of unstable isotopes with relatively long half-lives through nuclear muon capture, such as $\mathrm{^{16}N}$, $\mathrm{^{15}C}$, $\mathrm{^{12}B}$ and $\mathrm{^{13}B}$, are detected as ba… ▽ More The Super-Kamiokande detector has measured solar neutrinos for more than $25$ years. The sensitivity for solar neutrino measurement is limited by the uncertainties of energy scale and background modeling. Decays of unstable isotopes with relatively long half-lives through nuclear muon capture, such as $\mathrm{^{16}N}$, $\mathrm{^{15}C}$, $\mathrm{^{12}B}$ and $\mathrm{^{13}B}$, are detected as background events for solar neutrino observations. In this study, we developed a method to form a pair of stopping muon and decay candidate events and evaluated the production rates of such unstable isotopes. We then measured their branching ratios considering both their production rates and the estimated number of nuclear muon capture processes as $Br(\mathrm{^{16}N})=(9.0 \pm 0.1)\%$, $Br(\mathrm{^{15}C})=(0.6\pm0.1)\%$, $Br(\mathrm{^{12}B})=(0.98 \pm 0.18)\%$, $Br(\mathrm{^{13}B})=(0.14 \pm 0.12)\%$, respectively. The result for $\mathrm{^{16}N}$ has world-leading precision at present and the results for $\mathrm{^{15}C}$, $\mathrm{^{12}B}$, and $\mathrm{^{13}B}$ are the first branching ratio measurements for those isotopes. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2025; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 28 pages, 34 figures, accepted for Phys. Rev. C

In-situ high voltage generation with Cockcroft-Walton multiplier for xenon gas time projection chamber

Authors: Shinichi Akiyama, Junya Hikida, Masashi Yoshida, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Sei Ban, Masanori Hirose, Atsuko K. Ichikawa, Yoshihisa Iwashita, Tatsuya Kikawa, Yasuhiro Nakajima, Kiseki D. Nakamura, Tsuyoshi Nakaya, Shuhei Obara, Ken Sakashita, Hiroyuki Sekiya, Bungo Sugashima, Soki Urano, Sota Hatsumi, Sota Kobayashi, Hayato Sasaki

Abstract: We have newly developed a Cockcroft-Walton (CW) multiplier that can be used in a gas time projection chamber (TPC). A TPC requires a high voltage to form an electric field that drifts ionization electrons. Supplying the high voltage from outside the pressure vessel requires a dedicated high-voltage feedthrough. An alternative approach is to generate the high voltage inside the pressure vessel with… ▽ More We have newly developed a Cockcroft-Walton (CW) multiplier that can be used in a gas time projection chamber (TPC). A TPC requires a high voltage to form an electric field that drifts ionization electrons. Supplying the high voltage from outside the pressure vessel requires a dedicated high-voltage feedthrough. An alternative approach is to generate the high voltage inside the pressure vessel with a relatively low voltage introduced from outside. A CW multiplier can convert a low AC voltage input to a high DC voltage output, making it suitable for this purpose. We have integrated a CW multiplier into the AXEL (A Xenon ElectroLuminescence detector), a high pressure xenon gas TPC to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe. It uses silicon photomultipliers to detect the ionization electrons through elecrtoluminescence, making it strong against electronic noise. Operation of the CW multiplier was successfully demonstrated; the TPC was operated for 40 days at 6.8 bar, and an energy resolution as high as (0.67 $\pm$ 0.08) % (FWHM) at 2615 keV was obtained. △ Less

Submitted 7 May, 2025; v1 submitted 14 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 24 figures, preprint for PTEP submission, resubmitted

Journal ref: Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Volume 2025 Issue 5, 053H03

Measurement of inclusive jet cross section and substructure in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV

Authors: PHENIX Collaboration, N. J. Abdulameer, U. Acharya, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, V. Andrieux, S. Antsupov, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, E. Bannikov, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe , et al. (422 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The jet cross-section and jet-substructure observables in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV were measured by the PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Jets are reconstructed from charged-particle tracks and electromagnetic-calorimeter clusters using the anti-$k_{t}$ algorithm with a jet radius $R=0.3$ for jets with transverse momentum within $8.0<p_T<40.0$ Ge… ▽ More The jet cross-section and jet-substructure observables in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV were measured by the PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Jets are reconstructed from charged-particle tracks and electromagnetic-calorimeter clusters using the anti-$k_{t}$ algorithm with a jet radius $R=0.3$ for jets with transverse momentum within $8.0<p_T<40.0$ GeV/$c$ and pseudorapidity $|η|<0.15$. Measurements include the jet cross section, as well as distributions of SoftDrop-groomed momentum fraction ($z_g$), charged-particle transverse momentum with respect to jet axis ($j_T$), and radial distributions of charged particles within jets ($r$). Also meaureed was the distribution of $ξ=-ln(z)$, where $z$ is the fraction of the jet momentum carried by the charged particle. The measurements are compared to theoretical next-to and next-to-next-to-leading-order calculatios, PYTHIA event generator, and to other existing experimental results. Indicated from these meaurements is a lower particle multiplicity in jets at RHIC energies when compared to models. Also noted are implications for future jet measurements with sPHENIX at RHIC as well as at the future Electron-Ion Collider. △ Less

Submitted 15 June, 2025; v1 submitted 20 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 446 authors from 77 institutions, 13 pages, 8 figures. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review D. The data that support the findings of this article are not publicly available. The values in the plots associated with this article are stored in HEPData at https://www.hepdata.net/record/158374

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 111, 112008 (2025)

Centrality dependence of Lévy-stable two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV Au$+$Au collisions

Authors: PHENIX Collaboration, N. J. Abdulameer, U. Acharya, A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, H. Al-Ta'ani, J. Alexander, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, B. Bassalleck, S. Bathe , et al. (377 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PHENIX experiment measured the centrality dependence of two-pion Bose-Einstein correlation functions in $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$~GeV Au$+$Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The data are well represented by Lévy-stable source distributions. The extracted source parameters are the correlation-strength parameter $λ$, the Lévy index of stability… ▽ More The PHENIX experiment measured the centrality dependence of two-pion Bose-Einstein correlation functions in $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$~GeV Au$+$Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The data are well represented by Lévy-stable source distributions. The extracted source parameters are the correlation-strength parameter $λ$, the Lévy index of stability $α$, and the Lévy-scale parameter $R$ as a function of transverse mass $m_T$ and centrality. The $λ(m_T)$ parameter is constant at larger values of $m_T$, but decreases as $m_T$ decreases. The Lévy scale parameter $R(m_T)$ decreases with $m_T$ and exhibits proportionality to the length scale of the nuclear overlap region. The Lévy exponent $α(m_T)$ is independent of $m_T$ within uncertainties in each investigated centrality bin, but shows a clear centrality dependence. At all centralities, the Lévy exponent $α$ is significantly different from that of Gaussian ($α=2$) or Cauchy ($α=1$) source distributions. Comparisons to the predictions of Monte-Carlo simulations of resonance-decay chains show that in all but the most peripheral centrality class (50%-60%), the obtained results are inconsistent with the measurements, unless a significant reduction of the in-medium mass of the $η'$ meson is included. In each centrality class, the best value of the in-medium $η'$ mass is compared to the mass of the $η$ meson, as well as to several theoretical predictions that consider restoration of $U_A(1)$ symmetry in hot hadronic matter. △ Less

Submitted 20 December, 2024; v1 submitted 11 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 401 authors from 75 institutions, 23 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables. v2 is version accepted for publication by Physical Review C. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys.Rev.C 110 (2024) 6, 064909

Identified charged-hadron production in $p$$+$Al, $^3$He$+$Au, and Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV and in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV

Authors: PHENIX Collaboration, N. J. Abdulameer, U. Acharya, A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, V. Andrieux, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis , et al. (456 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PHENIX experiment has performed a systematic study of identified charged-hadron ($π^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $p$, $\bar{p}$) production at midrapidity in $p$$+$Al, $^3$He$+$Au, Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV and U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV. Identified charged-hadron invariant transverse-momentum ($p_T$) and transverse-mass ($m_T$) spectra are presented and interprete… ▽ More The PHENIX experiment has performed a systematic study of identified charged-hadron ($π^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $p$, $\bar{p}$) production at midrapidity in $p$$+$Al, $^3$He$+$Au, Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV and U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV. Identified charged-hadron invariant transverse-momentum ($p_T$) and transverse-mass ($m_T$) spectra are presented and interpreted in terms of radially expanding thermalized systems. The particle ratios of $K/π$ and $p/π$ have been measured in different centrality ranges of large (Cu$+$Au, U$+$U) and small ($p$$+$Al, $^3$He$+$Au) collision systems. The values of $K/π$ ratios measured in all considered collision systems were found to be consistent with those measured in $p$$+$$p$ collisions. However the values of $p/π$ ratios measured in large collision systems reach the values of $\approx0.6$, which is $\approx2$ times larger than in $p$$+$$p$ collisions. These results can be qualitatively understood in terms of the baryon enhancement expected from hadronization by recombination. Identified charged-hadron nuclear-modification factors ($R_{AB}$) are also presented. Enhancement of proton $R_{AB}$ values over meson $R_{AB}$ values was observed in central $^3$He$+$Au, Cu$+$Au, and U$+$U collisions. The proton $R_{AB}$ values measured in $p$$+$Al collision system were found to be consistent with $R_{AB}$ values of $φ$, $π^\pm$, $K^\pm$, and $π^0$ mesons, which may indicate that the size of the system produced in $p$$+$Al collisions is too small for recombination to cause a noticeable increase in proton production. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; v1 submitted 14 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 480 authors from 78 institutions, 18 pages, 6 tables, 16 figures. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review C. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 109, 054910 (2024)

High-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber with scalable design and its performance at around the Q value of $^{136}$Xe double-beta decay

Authors: Masashi Yoshida, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Shinichi Akiyama, Sei Ban, Junya Hikida, Masanori Hirose, Atsuko K. Ichikawa, Yoshihisa Iwashita, Yukimasa Kashino, Tatsuya Kikawa, Akihiro Minamino, Kentaro Miuchi, Yasuhiro Nakajima, Kiseki D. Nakamura, Tsuyoshi Nakaya, Shuhei Obara, Ken Sakashita, Hiroyuki Sekiya, Hibiki Shinagawa, Bungo Sugashima, Soki Urano

Abstract: We have been developing a high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber (TPC) to search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay of $^{136}$Xe. The unique feature of this TPC is in the detection part of ionization electrons, called ELCC. ELCC is composed of multiple units, and one unit covers 48.5 $\mathrm{cm}^2$. A 180 L size prototype detector with 12 units, 672 channels, of ELCC was constr… ▽ More We have been developing a high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber (TPC) to search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay of $^{136}$Xe. The unique feature of this TPC is in the detection part of ionization electrons, called ELCC. ELCC is composed of multiple units, and one unit covers 48.5 $\mathrm{cm}^2$. A 180 L size prototype detector with 12 units, 672 channels, of ELCC was constructed and operated with 7.6 bar natural xenon gas to evaluate the performance of the detector at around the Q value of $^{136}$Xe $0νββ$. The obtained FWHM energy resolution is (0.73 $\pm$ 0.11) % at 1836 keV. This corresponds to (0.60 $\pm$ 0.03) % to (0.70 $\pm$ 0.21) % of energy resolution at the Q value of $^{136}Xe$ $0νββ$. This result shows the scalability of the AXEL detector with ELCC while maintaining high energy resolution. Factors determining the energy resolution were quantitatively evaluated and the result indicates further improvement is feasible. Reconstructed track images show distinctive structures at the endpoint of electron tracks, which will be an important feature to distinguish $0νββ$ signals from gamma-ray backgrounds. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2023; v1 submitted 30 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: 33 pages, 24 figures, preprint accepted by PTEP

Journal ref: Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Volume 2024 Issue 1, 013H01

Search for astrophysical electron antineutrinos in Super-Kamiokande with 0.01wt% gadolinium-loaded water

Authors: M. Harada, K. Abe, C. Bronner, Y. Hayato, K. Hiraide, K. Hosokawa, K. Ieki, M. Ikeda, J. Kameda, Y. Kanemura, R. Kaneshima, Y. Kashiwagi, Y. Kataoka, S. Miki, S. Mine, M. Miura, S. Moriyama, Y. Nakano, M. Nakahata, S. Nakayama, Y. Noguchi, K. Okamoto, K. Sato, H. Sekiya, H. Shiba , et al. (216 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first search result for the flux of astrophysical electron antineutrinos for energies O(10) MeV in the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande (SK) detector. In June 2020, gadolinium was introduced to the ultra-pure water of the SK detector in order to detect neutrons more efficiently. In this new experimental phase, SK-Gd, we can search for electron antineutrinos via inverse beta decay w… ▽ More We report the first search result for the flux of astrophysical electron antineutrinos for energies O(10) MeV in the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande (SK) detector. In June 2020, gadolinium was introduced to the ultra-pure water of the SK detector in order to detect neutrons more efficiently. In this new experimental phase, SK-Gd, we can search for electron antineutrinos via inverse beta decay with efficient background rejection and higher signal efficiency thanks to the high efficiency of the neutron tagging technique. In this paper, we report the result for the initial stage of SK-Gd with a $22.5\times552$ $\rm kton\cdot day$ exposure at 0.01% Gd mass concentration. No significant excess over the expected background in the observed events is found for the neutrino energies below 31.3 MeV. Thus, the flux upper limits are placed at the 90% confidence level. The limits and sensitivities are already comparable with the previous SK result with pure-water ($22.5 \times 2970 \rm kton\cdot day$) owing to the enhanced neutron tagging. △ Less

Submitted 30 May, 2023; v1 submitted 8 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Measurement of cosmic-ray muon spallation products in a xenon-loaded liquid scintillator with KamLAND

Authors: KamLAND-Zen Collaboration, :, S. Abe, S. Asami, M. Eizuka, S. Futagi, A. Gando, Y. Gando, T. Gima, A. Goto, T. Hachiya, K. Hata, K. Hosokawa, K. Ichimura, S. Ieki, H. Ikeda, K. Inoue, K. Ishidoshiro, Y. Kamei, N. Kawada, Y. Kishimoto, M. Koga, M. Kurasawa, T. Mitsui, H. Miyake , et al. (42 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Cosmic-ray muons produce various radioisotopes when passing through material. These spallation products can be backgrounds for rare event searches such as in solar neutrino, double-beta decay, and dark matter search experiments. The KamLAND-Zen experiment searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 745kg of xenon dissolved in liquid scintillator. The experiment includes dead-time-free electroni… ▽ More Cosmic-ray muons produce various radioisotopes when passing through material. These spallation products can be backgrounds for rare event searches such as in solar neutrino, double-beta decay, and dark matter search experiments. The KamLAND-Zen experiment searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 745kg of xenon dissolved in liquid scintillator. The experiment includes dead-time-free electronics with a high efficiency for detecting muon-induced neutrons. The production yields of different radioisotopes are measured with a combination of delayed coincidence techniques, newly developed muon reconstruction and xenon spallation identification methods. The observed xenon spallation products are consistent with results from the FLUKA and Geant4 simulation codes. △ Less

Submitted 23 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Charge-dependent anisotropic flow in high-energy heavy-ion collisions from relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamic expansion

Authors: Kouki Nakamura, Takahiro Miyoshi, Chiho Nonaka, Hiroyuki R. Takahashi

Abstract: We have investigated the charge-dependent anisotropic flow in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, using relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamics (RRMHD). We consider the optical Glauber model as an initial model of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and the solution of the Maxwell equations with source term of the charged particles in two colliding nuclei as initial electromagnetic fields. The RRMHD s… ▽ More We have investigated the charge-dependent anisotropic flow in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, using relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamics (RRMHD). We consider the optical Glauber model as an initial model of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and the solution of the Maxwell equations with source term of the charged particles in two colliding nuclei as initial electromagnetic fields. The RRMHD simulation is performed with these initial conditions in Au-Au and Cu-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 200$ GeV. We have calculated the charge-odd contribution to the directed flow $Δv_1$ and elliptic flow $Δv_2$ in both collisions based on electric charge distributions as a consequence of RRMHD. Our results show that the $Δv_1$ and $Δv_2$ are approximately proportional to the electrical conductivity ($σ$) of the medium. In the $σ=0.023~\mathrm{fm}^{-1}$ case, our result of $Δv_1$ is consistent with STAR data in Au-Au collisions. Furthermore, in Cu-Au collisions, $Δv_1$ has a non-zero value at $η= 0$. We conclude that the charge-dependent anisotropic flow is a good probe to extract the electrical conductivity of the QGP medium in high-energy heavy-ion experiments. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: 10 pages, 9 figures

Relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamics code for high-energy heavy-ion collisions

Authors: Kouki Nakamura, Takahiro Miyoshi, Chiho Nonaka, Hiroyuki R. Takahashi

Abstract: We construct a relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamic (RRMHD) numerical simulation code for high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We split the system of differential equations into two parts, a non-stiff and a stiff part. For the non-stiff part, we evaluate the numerical flux using HLL approximated Riemann solver and execute the time integration by the second-order of Runge-Kutta algorithm. For t… ▽ More We construct a relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamic (RRMHD) numerical simulation code for high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We split the system of differential equations into two parts, a non-stiff and a stiff part. For the non-stiff part, we evaluate the numerical flux using HLL approximated Riemann solver and execute the time integration by the second-order of Runge-Kutta algorithm. For the stiff part, which appears in Ampere's law, we integrate the equations using semi-analytic solutions of the electric field. We employ the generalized Lagrange multiplier method to ensure the divergence-free constraint for the magnetic field and Gauss's law. We confirm that our code reproduces well the results of standard RRMHD tests in the Cartesian coordinates. In the Milne coordinates, the code with high conductivity is validated against relativistic ideal MHD tests. We also verify the semi-analytic solutions of the accelerating longitudinal expansion of relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamics in high-energy heavy-ion collisions in a comparison with our numerical result. Our numerical code reproduces these solutions. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 16 pages, 14 figures

Directed flow in relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamic expansion for symmetric and asymmetric collision systems

Authors: Kouki Nakamura, Takahiro Miyoshi, Chiho Nonaka, Hiroyuki R. Takahashi

Abstract: We construct a dynamical model for high-energy heavy-ion collision based on the relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamic framework. Using our newly developed (3+1)-dimensional relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamics code, we investigate magneto-hydrodynamic expansion in symmetric and asymmetric collision systems as a first application to high-energy heavy-ion collisions. As a realistic ini… ▽ More We construct a dynamical model for high-energy heavy-ion collision based on the relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamic framework. Using our newly developed (3+1)-dimensional relativistic resistive magneto-hydrodynamics code, we investigate magneto-hydrodynamic expansion in symmetric and asymmetric collision systems as a first application to high-energy heavy-ion collisions. As a realistic initial condition for electromagnetic fields, we consider the solutions of the Maxwell equations with the source term of point charged particles moving in the direction of the beam axis, including finite constant electrical conductivity of the medium. We evaluate the directed flow in the symmetric and asymmetric collisions at RHIC energy. We find a significant effect of finite electrical conductivity on the directed flow in the asymmetric collision system. We confirm that a certain amount of energy transfer by dissipation associated with Ohmic conduction occurs in the asymmetric collision system because of asymmetry of the electric field produced by two different colliding nuclei. Because this energy transfer makes the pressure gradient of the medium flatter, the growth of directed flow decreases. △ Less

Submitted 1 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 13 pages, 20 figures

Measurement of $φ$-meson production in Cu$+$Au at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV and U$+$U at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV

Authors: N. J. Abdulameer, U. Acharya, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, M. Alibordi, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann, S. Baumgart, A. Bazilevsky , et al. (387 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PHENIX experiment reports systematic measurements at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider of $φ$-meson production in asymmetric Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=200 GeV and in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=193 GeV. Measurements were performed via the $φ\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}$ decay channel at midrapidity $|η|<0.35$. Features of $φ$-meson production measured in Cu$+$Cu, Cu$+$Au,… ▽ More The PHENIX experiment reports systematic measurements at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider of $φ$-meson production in asymmetric Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=200 GeV and in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=193 GeV. Measurements were performed via the $φ\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}$ decay channel at midrapidity $|η|<0.35$. Features of $φ$-meson production measured in Cu$+$Cu, Cu$+$Au, Au$+$Au, and U$+$U collisions were found to not depend on the collision geometry, which was expected because the yields are averaged over the azimuthal angle and follow the expected scaling with nuclear-overlap size. The elliptic flow of the $φ$ meson in Cu$+$Au, Au$+$Au, and U$+$U collisions scales with second-order-participant eccentricity and the length scale of the nuclear-overlap region (estimated with the number of participating nucleons). At moderate $p_T$, $φ$-meson production measured in Cu$+$Au and U$+$U collisions is consistent with coalescence-model predictions, whereas at high $p_T$ the production is in agreement with expectations for in-medium energy loss of parent partons prior to their fragmentation. The elliptic flow for $φ$ mesons measured in Cu$+$Au and U$+$U collisions is well described by a (2+1)D viscous-hydrodynamic model with specific-shear viscosity $η/s=1/4π$. △ Less

Submitted 13 January, 2023; v1 submitted 21 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 412 authors from 76 institutions, 16 pages, 12 figures, 9 tables, 2012 data. v2 is version accepted for publication by Physical Review C. HEPdata for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 107, 014907 (2023)

Low-$p_T$ direct-photon production in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=39$ and 62.4 GeV

Authors: N. J. Abdulameer, U. Acharya, A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, H. Al-Ta'ani, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, B. Bassalleck, S. Bathe , et al. (409 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The measurement of direct photons from Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=39$ and 62.4 GeV in the transverse-momentum range $0.4<p_T<3$ Gev/$c$ is presented by the PHENIX collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. A significant direct-photon yield is observed in both collision systems. A universal scaling is observed when the direct-photon $p_T$ spectra for different center-of-mass… ▽ More The measurement of direct photons from Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=39$ and 62.4 GeV in the transverse-momentum range $0.4<p_T<3$ Gev/$c$ is presented by the PHENIX collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. A significant direct-photon yield is observed in both collision systems. A universal scaling is observed when the direct-photon $p_T$ spectra for different center-of-mass energies and for different centrality selections at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=62.4$ GeV is scaled with $(dN_{\rm ch}/dη)^α$ for $α=1.21{\pm}0.04$. This scaling also holds true for direct-photon spectra from Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV measured earlier by PHENIX, as well as the spectra from Pb$+$Pb at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=2760$ GeV published by ALICE. The scaling power $α$ seems to be independent of $p_T$, center of mass energy, and collision centrality. The spectra from different collision energies have a similar shape up to $p_T$ of 2 GeV/$c$. The spectra have a local inverse slope $T_{\rm eff}$ increasing with $p_T$ of $0.174\pm0.018$ GeV/$c$ in the range $0.4<p_T<1.3$ GeV/$c$ and increasing to $0.289\pm0.024$ GeV/$c$ for $0.9<p_T<2.1$ GeV/$c$. The observed similarity of low-$p_T$ direct-photon production from $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}= 39$ to 2760 GeV suggests a common source of direct photons for the different collision energies and event centrality selections, and suggests a comparable space-time evolution of direct-photon emission. △ Less

Submitted 24 February, 2023; v1 submitted 23 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 434 authors from 78 institutions, 19 pages, 16 figures, 4 tables. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review C as an Editor's Suggestion. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 107, 024914 (2023)

Systematic study of nuclear effects in $p$$+$Al, $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV using $π^0$ production

Authors: U. A. Acharya, A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, V. Andrieux, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, G. Baksay, L. Baksay, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish , et al. (529 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PHENIX collaboration presents a systematic study of $π^0$ production from $p$$+$$p$, $p$$+$Al, $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. Measurements were performed with different centrality selections as well as the total inelastic, 0%--100%, selection for all collision systems. For 0%--100% collisions, the nuclear modification factors, $R_{xA}$, are cons… ▽ More The PHENIX collaboration presents a systematic study of $π^0$ production from $p$$+$$p$, $p$$+$Al, $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. Measurements were performed with different centrality selections as well as the total inelastic, 0%--100%, selection for all collision systems. For 0%--100% collisions, the nuclear modification factors, $R_{xA}$, are consistent with unity for $p_T$ above 8 GeV/$c$, but exhibit an enhancement in peripheral collisions and a suppression in central collisions. The enhancement and suppression characteristics are similar for all systems for the same centrality class. It is shown that for high-$p_T$-$π^0$ production, the nucleons in the $d$ and $^3$He interact mostly independently with the Au nucleus and that the counter intuitive centrality dependence is likely due to a physical correlation between multiplicity and the presence of a hard scattering process. These observations disfavor models where parton energy loss has a significant contribution to nuclear modifications in small systems. Nuclear modifications at lower $p_T$ resemble the Cronin effect -- an increase followed by a peak in central or inelastic collisions and a plateau in peripheral collisions. The peak height has a characteristic ordering by system size as $p$$+$Au $>$ $d$$+$Au $>$ $^{3}$He$+$Au $>$ $p$$+$Al. For collisions with Au ions, current calculations based on initial state cold nuclear matter effects result in the opposite order, suggesting the presence of other contributions to nuclear modifications, in particular at lower $p_T$. △ Less

Submitted 6 June, 2022; v1 submitted 10 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 554 authors from 81 institutions, 21 pages, 13 figures, and 3 tables. Data from 2008, 2014, and 2015. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 105, 064902 (2022)

The nylon balloon for xenon loaded liquid scintillator in KamLAND-Zen 800 neutrinoless double-beta decay search experiment

Authors: KamLAND-Zen collaboration, :, Y. Gando, A. Gando, T. Hachiya, S. Hayashida, K. Hosokawa, H. Ikeda, T. Mitsui, T. Nakada, S. Obara, H. Ozaki, J. Shirai, K. Ueshima, H. Watanabe, S. Abe, K. Hata, A. Hayashi, Y. Honda, S. Ieki, K. Inoue, K. Ishidoshiro, S. Ishikawa, Y. Kamei, K. Kamizawa , et al. (49 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The KamLAND-Zen 800 experiment is searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe by using $^{136}$Xe-loaded liquid scintillator. The liquid scintillator is enclosed inside a balloon made of thin, transparent, low-radioactivity film that we call Inner Balloon (IB). The IB, apart from guaranteeing the liquid containment, also allows to minimize the background from cosmogenic muon-spa… ▽ More The KamLAND-Zen 800 experiment is searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe by using $^{136}$Xe-loaded liquid scintillator. The liquid scintillator is enclosed inside a balloon made of thin, transparent, low-radioactivity film that we call Inner Balloon (IB). The IB, apart from guaranteeing the liquid containment, also allows to minimize the background from cosmogenic muon-spallation products and $^{8}$B solar neutrinos. Indeed these events could contribute to the total counts in the region of interest around the Q-value of the double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe. In this paper, we present an overview of the IB and describe the various steps of its commissioning minimizing the radioactive contaminations, from the material selection, to the fabrication of the balloon and its installation inside the KamLAND detector. Finally, we show the impact of the IB on the KamLAND background as measured by the KamLAND detector itself. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2021; v1 submitted 21 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: 23 pages, 16 figures, to be submitted to JINST

Journal ref: 2021 JINST 16 P08023

Production of $π^0$ and $η$ mesons in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=192$ GeV

Authors: U. Acharya, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann, S. Baumgart, A. Bazilevsky, M. Beaumier, R. Belmont, A. Berdnikov , et al. (378 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider measured $π^0$ and $η$ mesons at midrapidity in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=192$ GeV in a wide transverse momentum range. Measurements were performed in the $π^0(η)\rightarrowγγ$ decay modes. A strong suppression of $π^0$ and $η$ meson production at high transverse momentum was observed in central U$+$U collisions relative to b… ▽ More The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider measured $π^0$ and $η$ mesons at midrapidity in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=192$ GeV in a wide transverse momentum range. Measurements were performed in the $π^0(η)\rightarrowγγ$ decay modes. A strong suppression of $π^0$ and $η$ meson production at high transverse momentum was observed in central U$+$U collisions relative to binary scaled $p$$+$$p$ results. Yields of $π^0$ and $η$ mesons measured in U$+$U collisions show similar suppression pattern to the ones measured in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV for similar numbers of participant nucleons. The $η$/$π^0$ ratios do not show dependence on centrality or transverse momentum, and are consistent with previously measured values in hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus, nucleus-nucleus, and $e^+e^-$ collisions. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2020; v1 submitted 29 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 403 authors from 72 institutions, 13 pages, 6 figures, 7 tables, 2012 data. v2 is version accepted by Physical Review C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 102, 064905 (2020)

Measurement of jet-medium interactions via direct photon-hadron correlations in Au$+$Au and $d$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV

Authors: U. Acharya, A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, H. Al-Ta'ani, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, G. Baksay, L. Baksay, B. Bannier , et al. (553 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present direct photon-hadron correlations in 200 GeV/A Au$+$Au, $d$$+$Au and $p$$+$$p$ collisions, for direct photon $p_T$ from 5--12 GeV/$c$, collected by the PHENIX Collaboration in the years from 2006 to 2011. We observe no significant modification of jet fragmentation in $d$$+$Au collisions, indicating that cold nuclear matter effects are small or absent. Hadrons carrying a large fraction o… ▽ More We present direct photon-hadron correlations in 200 GeV/A Au$+$Au, $d$$+$Au and $p$$+$$p$ collisions, for direct photon $p_T$ from 5--12 GeV/$c$, collected by the PHENIX Collaboration in the years from 2006 to 2011. We observe no significant modification of jet fragmentation in $d$$+$Au collisions, indicating that cold nuclear matter effects are small or absent. Hadrons carrying a large fraction of the quark's momentum are suppressed in Au$+$Au compared to $p$$+$$p$ and $d$$+$Au. As the momentum fraction decreases, the yield of hadrons in Au$+$Au increases to an excess over the yield in $p$$+$$p$ collisions. The excess is at large angles and at low hadron $p_T$ and is most pronounced for hadrons associated with lower momentum direct photons. Comparison to theoretical calculations suggests that the hadron excess arises from medium response to energy deposited by jets. △ Less

Submitted 19 November, 2020; v1 submitted 28 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 578 authors from 80 institutions, 11 pages, 7 figures, data from 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 102, 054910 (2020)

Design and performance of a high-pressure xenon gas TPC as a prototype for a large-scale neutrinoless double-beta decay search

Authors: S. Ban, M. Hirose, A. K. Ichikawa, Y. Iwashita, T. Kikawa, A. Minamino, K. Miuchi, T. Nakadaira, Y. Nakajima, K. D. Nakamura, K. Z. Nakamura, T. Nakaya, S. Obara, K. Sakashita, H. Sekiya, B. Sugashima, S. Tanaka, K. Ueshima, M. Yoshida

Abstract: A high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber, with a unique cellular readout structure based on electroluminescence, has been developed for a large-scale neutrinoless double-beta decay search. In order to evaluate the detector performance and validate its design, a 180~L size prototype is being constructed and its commissioning with partial detector has been performed. The obtained energy res… ▽ More A high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber, with a unique cellular readout structure based on electroluminescence, has been developed for a large-scale neutrinoless double-beta decay search. In order to evaluate the detector performance and validate its design, a 180~L size prototype is being constructed and its commissioning with partial detector has been performed. The obtained energy resolution at 4.0~bar is 1.73 $\pm$ 0.07% (FWHM) at 511 keV. The energy resolution at the $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double-beta decay Q-value is estimated to be between 0.79 and 1.52% (FWHM) by extrapolation. Reconstructed event topologies show patterns peculiar to track end-point which can be used to distinguish $0νββ$ signals from gamma-ray backgrounds. △ Less

Submitted 19 February, 2020; v1 submitted 9 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020.

Comments: 24 pages, 25 figures, 1 table. Preprint paper for PTEP

Journal ref: Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Volume 2020 Issue 3, 033H01

Front-end-Electronics for the SiPM-readout gaseous TPC for neutrinoless double beta decay search

Authors: K. Z. Nakamura, S. Ban, A. K. Ichikawa, M. Ikeno, K. D. Nakamura, T. Nakaya, S. Obara, S. Tanaka, T. Uchida, M. Yoshida

Abstract: We have developed a dedicated front-end-electronics board for a high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber for a neutrinoless double-beta decay search. The ionization signal is readout by detecting electroluminescence photons with SiPM's. The board readout the signal from 56~SiPM's through the DC-coupling and record the waveforms at 5 MS/s with a wide dynamic range up to 7,000 photons/200 ns.… ▽ More We have developed a dedicated front-end-electronics board for a high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber for a neutrinoless double-beta decay search. The ionization signal is readout by detecting electroluminescence photons with SiPM's. The board readout the signal from 56~SiPM's through the DC-coupling and record the waveforms at 5 MS/s with a wide dynamic range up to 7,000 photons/200 ns. The SiPM bias voltages are provided by the board and can be adjusted for each SiPM. In order to calibrate and monitor the SiPM gain, additional auxiliary ADC measures 1 photon-equivalent dark current. The obtained performance satisfies the requirement for a neutrinoless double-beta decay search. △ Less

Submitted 6 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020.

Comments: 10 pages, 14 figures, This is a submitted version of conference record of IEEE NSS/MIC 2019

Journal ref: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (Volume: 67, Issue: 7, July 2020)

Energy of the $^{229}$Th Nuclear Clock Isomer Determined by Absolute $γ$-ray Energy Difference

Authors: A. Yamaguchi, H. Muramatsu, T. Hayashi, N. Yuasa, K. Nakamura, M. Takimoto, H. Haba, K. Konashi, M. Watanabe, H. Kikunaga, K. Maehata, N. Y. Yamasaki, K. Mitsuda

Abstract: The low-lying isomeric state of $^{229}$Th provides unique opportunities for high-resolution laser spectroscopy of the atomic nucleus. We determine the energy of this isomeric state by taking the absolute energy difference between the excitation energy required to populate the 29.2-keV state from the ground-state and the energy emitted in its decay to the isomeric excited state. A transition-edge… ▽ More The low-lying isomeric state of $^{229}$Th provides unique opportunities for high-resolution laser spectroscopy of the atomic nucleus. We determine the energy of this isomeric state by taking the absolute energy difference between the excitation energy required to populate the 29.2-keV state from the ground-state and the energy emitted in its decay to the isomeric excited state. A transition-edge sensor microcalorimeter was used to measure the absolute energy of the 29.2-keV $γ$-ray. Together with the cross-band transition energy (29.2 keV$\to$ground) and the branching ratio of the 29.2-keV state measured in a recent study, the isomer energy was determined to be 8.30$\pm$0.92 eV. Our result is in agreement with latest measurements based on different experimental techniques, which further confirms that the isomeric state of $^{229}$Th is in the laser-accessible vacuum ultraviolet range. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 222501 (2019)

Measurement of the muon neutrino charged-current single $π^+$ production on hydrocarbon using the T2K off-axis near detector ND280

Authors: K. Abe, R. Akutsu, A. Ali, C. Alt, J. Amey, C. Andreopoulos, L. Anthony, M. Antonova, S. Aoki, A. Ariga, Y. Ashida, E. T. Atkin, Y. Awataguchi, Y. Azuma, S. Ban, M. Barbi, G. J. Barker, G. Barr, C. Barry, M. Batkiewicz-Kwasniak, A. Beloshapkin, F. Bench, V. Berardi, S. Berkman, R. M. Berner , et al. (356 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the measurements of single and double differential cross section of muon neutrino charged-current interactions on carbon with a single positively charged pion in the final state at the T2K off-axis near detector using $5.56\times10^{20}$ protons on target. The analysis uses data control samples for the background subtraction and the cross section signal, defined as a single negatively ch… ▽ More We report the measurements of single and double differential cross section of muon neutrino charged-current interactions on carbon with a single positively charged pion in the final state at the T2K off-axis near detector using $5.56\times10^{20}$ protons on target. The analysis uses data control samples for the background subtraction and the cross section signal, defined as a single negatively charged muon and a single positively charged pion exiting from the target nucleus, is extracted using an unfolding method. The model dependent cross section, integrated over the T2K off-axis neutrino beam spectrum peaking at $0.6$~GeV, is measured to be $σ= (11.76 \pm 0.44 \text{(stat)} \pm 2.39 \text{(syst)}) \times 10^{-40} \text{cm}^2$~$\text{nucleon}^{-1}$. Various differential cross sections are measured, including the first measurement of the Adler angles for single charged pion production in neutrino interactions with heavy nuclei target. △ Less

Submitted 17 September, 2019; v1 submitted 9 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 101, 012007 (2020)

Beam-energy and centrality dependence of direct-photon emission from ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Authors: A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, A. Al-Jamel, H. Al-Ta'ani, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, L. Aphecetche, Y. Aramaki, R. Armendariz, S. H. Aronson, J. Asai, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun , et al. (648 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PHENIX collaboration presents first measurements of low-momentum ($0.4<p_T<3$ GeV/$c$) direct-photon yields from Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=39 and 62.4 GeV. For both beam energies the direct-photon yields are substantially enhanced with respect to expectations from prompt processes, similar to the yields observed in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=200. Analyzing the phot… ▽ More The PHENIX collaboration presents first measurements of low-momentum ($0.4<p_T<3$ GeV/$c$) direct-photon yields from Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=39 and 62.4 GeV. For both beam energies the direct-photon yields are substantially enhanced with respect to expectations from prompt processes, similar to the yields observed in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=200. Analyzing the photon yield as a function of the experimental observable $dN_{\rm ch}/dη$ reveals that the low-momentum ($>$1\,GeV/$c$) direct-photon yield $dN_γ^{\rm dir}/dη$ is a smooth function of $dN_{\rm ch}/dη$ and can be well described as proportional to $(dN_{\rm ch}/dη)^α$ with $α{\approx}1.25$. This scaling behavior holds for a wide range of beam energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider, for centrality selected samples, as well as for different, $A$$+$$A$ collision systems. At a given beam energy the scaling also holds for high $p_T$ ($>5$\,GeV/$c$) but when results from different collision energies are compared, an additional $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$-dependent multiplicative factor is needed to describe the integrated-direct-photon yield. △ Less

Submitted 5 June, 2019; v1 submitted 10 May, 2018; originally announced May 2018.

Comments: 673 authors from 82 institutions, 10 pages, 4 figures. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 022301 (2019)

Measurement of emission angle anisotropy via long-range angular correlations with high $p_T$ hadrons in $d$$+$Au and $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV

Authors: A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, A. Bagoly, M. Bai, G. Baksay, L. Baksay, K. N. Barish, B. Bassalleck, A. T. Basye, S. Bathe, V. Baublis , et al. (449 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present measurements of two-particle angular correlations between high-transverse-momentum ($2<p_T<11$ GeV/$c$) $π^0$ observed at midrapidity ($|η|<0.35$) and particles produced either at forward ($3.1<η<3.9$) or backward ($-3.7<η<-3.1$) rapidity in $d$$+$Au and $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. The azimuthal angle correlations for particle pairs with this large rapidity gap i… ▽ More We present measurements of two-particle angular correlations between high-transverse-momentum ($2<p_T<11$ GeV/$c$) $π^0$ observed at midrapidity ($|η|<0.35$) and particles produced either at forward ($3.1<η<3.9$) or backward ($-3.7<η<-3.1$) rapidity in $d$$+$Au and $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. The azimuthal angle correlations for particle pairs with this large rapidity gap in the Au-going direction exhibit a ridge-like structure that persists up to $p_T{\approx}6$ GeV/$c$ and which strongly depends on collision centrality, which is a similar characteristic to the hydrodynamical particle flow in A+A collisions. The ridge-like structure is absent in the $d$-going direction as well as in $p$$+$$p$ collisions, in the transverse-momentum range studied. The results indicate that the ridge-like structure is shifted in the Au-going direction toward more central collisions, similar to the charged-particle pseudorapidity distributions. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2018; v1 submitted 24 November, 2017; originally announced November 2017.

Comments: 474 authors, 18 pages, 13 figures, 1 table. v2 is version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 98, 014912 (2018)

Lévy-stable two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV Au$+$Au collisions

Authors: A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, H. Al-Ta'ani, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, A. Bagoly, M. Bai, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, B. Bassalleck, S. Bathe, V. Baublis , et al. (422 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a detailed measurement of charged two-pion correlation functions in 0%-30% centrality $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV Au$+$Au collisions by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The data are well described by Bose-Einstein correlation functions stemming from Lévy-stable source distributions. Using a fine transverse momentum binning, we extract the correlation strength… ▽ More We present a detailed measurement of charged two-pion correlation functions in 0%-30% centrality $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV Au$+$Au collisions by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The data are well described by Bose-Einstein correlation functions stemming from Lévy-stable source distributions. Using a fine transverse momentum binning, we extract the correlation strength parameter $λ$, the Lévy index of stability $α$ and the Lévy length scale parameter $R$ as a function of average transverse mass of the pair $m_T$. We find that the positively and the negatively charged pion pairs yield consistent results, and their correlation functions are represented, within uncertainties, by the same Lévy-stable source functions. The $λ(m_T)$ measurements indicate a decrease of the strength of the correlations at low $m_T$. The Lévy length scale parameter $R(m_T)$ decreases with increasing $m_T$, following a hydrodynamically predicted type of scaling behavior. The values of the Lévy index of stability $α$ are found to be significantly lower than the Gaussian case of $α=2$, but also significantly larger than the conjectured value that may characterize the critical point of a second-order quark-hadron phase transition. △ Less

Submitted 15 September, 2023; v1 submitted 17 September, 2017; originally announced September 2017.

Comments: 448 authors, 25 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables, 2010 data. v3 is version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C with some Table II numbers and Fig. 5 updated to match publication. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 97, 064911 (2018)

Cross section and transverse single-spin asymmetry of muons from open heavy-flavor decays in polarized $p$+$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV

Authors: C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, C. Ayuso, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, A. Bagoly, M. Bai, X. Bai, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann, S. Baumgart, A. Bazilevsky, M. Beaumier , et al. (412 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The cross section and transverse single-spin asymmetries of $μ^{-}$ and $μ^{+}$ from open heavy-flavor decays in polarized $p$+$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV were measured by the PHENIX experiment during 2012 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Because heavy-flavor production is dominated by gluon-gluon interactions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV, these measurements offer a unique opportunity to… ▽ More The cross section and transverse single-spin asymmetries of $μ^{-}$ and $μ^{+}$ from open heavy-flavor decays in polarized $p$+$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV were measured by the PHENIX experiment during 2012 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Because heavy-flavor production is dominated by gluon-gluon interactions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV, these measurements offer a unique opportunity to obtain information on the trigluon correlation functions. The measurements are performed at forward and backward rapidity ($1.4<|y|<2.0$) over the transverse momentum range of $1.25<p_T<7$ GeV/$c$ for the cross section and $1.25<p_T<5$ GeV/$c$ for the asymmetry measurements. The obtained cross section is compared to a fixed-order-plus-next-to-leading-log perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics calculation. The asymmetry results are consistent with zero within uncertainties, and a model calculation based on twist-3 three-gluon correlations agrees with the data. △ Less

Submitted 18 April, 2017; v1 submitted 27 March, 2017; originally announced March 2017.

Comments: 437 authors, 15 pages, 9 figures, 7 tables, 2015 data. v2 is version accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. D. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 95, 112001 (2017)

Establishment of Imaging Spectroscopy of Nuclear Gamma-Rays based on Geometrical Optics

Authors: Toru Tanimori, Yoshitaka Mizumura, Atsushi Takada, Shohei Miyamoto, Taito Takemura, Tetsuro Kishimoto, Shotaro Komura, Hidetoshi Kubo, Shunsuke Kurosawa, Yoshihiro Matsuoka, Kentaro Miuchi, Tetsuya Mizumoto, Yuma Nakamasu, Kiseki Nakamura, Joseph D. Parker, Tatsuya Sawano, Shinya Sonoda, Dai Tomono, Kei Yoshikawa

Abstract: Since the discovery of nuclear gamma-rays, its imaging has been limited to pseudo imaging, such as Compton Camera (CC) and coded mask. Pseudo imaging does not keep physical information (intensity, or brightness in Optics) along a ray, and thus is capable of no more than qualitative imaging of bright objects. To attain quantitative imaging, cameras that realize geometrical optics is essential, whic… ▽ More Since the discovery of nuclear gamma-rays, its imaging has been limited to pseudo imaging, such as Compton Camera (CC) and coded mask. Pseudo imaging does not keep physical information (intensity, or brightness in Optics) along a ray, and thus is capable of no more than qualitative imaging of bright objects. To attain quantitative imaging, cameras that realize geometrical optics is essential, which would be, for nuclear MeV gammas, only possible via complete reconstruction of the Compton process. Recently we have revealed that "Electron Tracking Compton Camera" (ETCC) provides a well-defined Point Spread Function (PSF). The information of an incoming gamma is kept along a ray with the PSF and that is equivalent to geometrical optics. Here we present an imaging-spectroscopic measurement with the ETCC. Our results highlight the intrinsic difficulty with CCs in performing accurate imaging, and show that the ETCC surmounts this problem. The imaging capability also helps the ETCC suppress the noise level dramatically by ~3 orders of magnitude without a shielding structure. Furthermore, full reconstruction of Compton process with the ETCC provides spectra free of Compton edges. These results mark the first proper imaging of nuclear gammas based on the genuine geometrical optics. △ Less

Submitted 5 February, 2017; originally announced February 2017.

Comments: 22 pages, 8 figures

Journal ref: Scientific Reports 7, 41511 (2017)

B-meson production at forward and backward rapidity in $p$+$p$ and Cu+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=200 GeV

Authors: C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, V. Andrieux, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, C. Ayuso, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, A. Bagoly, M. Bai, X. Bai, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann, S. Baumgart , et al. (436 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The fraction of $J/ψ$ mesons which come from B-meson decay, $\textrm{F}_{B{\rightarrow}J/ψ}$, is measured for J/$ψ$ rapidity \mbox{$1.2<|y|<2.2$} and $p_T>0$ in $p$+$p$ and Cu+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=200 GeV with the PHENIX detector. The extracted fraction is $\textrm{F}_{B{\rightarrow}J/ψ}$ = 0.025 $\pm$ 0.006(stat) $\pm$ 0.010(syst) for $p$+$p$ collisions. For Cu+Au collisions,… ▽ More The fraction of $J/ψ$ mesons which come from B-meson decay, $\textrm{F}_{B{\rightarrow}J/ψ}$, is measured for J/$ψ$ rapidity \mbox{$1.2<|y|<2.2$} and $p_T>0$ in $p$+$p$ and Cu+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=200 GeV with the PHENIX detector. The extracted fraction is $\textrm{F}_{B{\rightarrow}J/ψ}$ = 0.025 $\pm$ 0.006(stat) $\pm$ 0.010(syst) for $p$+$p$ collisions. For Cu+Au collisions, $\textrm{F}_{B{\rightarrow}J/ψ}$ is 0.094 $\pm$ 0.028(stat) $\pm$ 0.037(syst) in the Au-going direction ($-2.2<y<-1.2$) and 0.089 $\pm$ 0.026(stat) $\pm$ 0.040(syst) in the Cu-going direction ($1.2<y<2.2$). The nuclear modification factor, $R_{\rm CuAu}$, of B mesons in Cu+Au collisions is consistent with binary scaling of measured yields in $p$+$p$ at both forward and backward rapidity. △ Less

Submitted 12 November, 2017; v1 submitted 3 February, 2017; originally announced February 2017.

Comments: 461 authors, 19 pages, 15 figures, 5 tables, 2012,15 data. v2 is version accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 96, 064901 (2017)

Measurements of $B \rightarrow J/ψ$ at forward rapidity in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=510$ GeV

Authors: C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, A. Attila, T. C. Awes, C. Ayuso, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann, S. Baumgart, A. Bazilevsky, M. Beaumier , et al. (406 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first measurement of the fraction of $J/ψ$ mesons coming from $B$-meson decay ($F_{B{\rightarrow}J/ψ}$) in $p$+$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 510 GeV. The measurement is performed using the forward silicon vertex detector and central vertex detector at PHENIX, which provide precise tracking and distance-of-closest-approach determinations, enabling the statistical separation of $J/ψ$ d… ▽ More We report the first measurement of the fraction of $J/ψ$ mesons coming from $B$-meson decay ($F_{B{\rightarrow}J/ψ}$) in $p$+$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 510 GeV. The measurement is performed using the forward silicon vertex detector and central vertex detector at PHENIX, which provide precise tracking and distance-of-closest-approach determinations, enabling the statistical separation of $J/ψ$ due to $B$-meson decays from prompt $J/ψ$. The measured value of $F_{B{\rightarrow}J/ψ}$ is 8.1\%$\pm$2.3\% (stat)$\pm$1.9\% (syst) for $J/ψ$ with transverse momenta $0<p_T<5$ GeV/$c$ and rapidity $1.2<|y|<2.2$. The measured fraction $F_{B{\rightarrow}J/ψ}$ at PHENIX is compared to values measured by other experiments at higher center of mass energies and to fixed-order-next-to-leading-logarithm and color-evaporation-model predictions. The $b\bar{b}$ cross section per unit rapidity ($dσ/dy(pp{\rightarrow}b\bar{b})$) extracted from the obtained $F_{B{\rightarrow}J/ψ}$ and the PHENIX inclusive $J/ψ$ cross section measured at 200 GeV scaled with color-evaporation-model calculations, at the mean $B$ hadron rapidity $y={\pm}1.7$ in 510 GeV $p$$+$$p$ collisions, is $3.63^{+1.92}_{-1.70}μ$b, and it is consistent with the fixed-order-next-to-leading-logarithm calculations. △ Less

Submitted 4 April, 2017; v1 submitted 5 January, 2017; originally announced January 2017.

Comments: 431 authors, 17 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables, 2012 data. v2 is version accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. D. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 95, 092002 (2017)

Nonperturbative-transverse-momentum effects and evolution in dihadron and direct photon-hadron angular correlations in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=510 GeV

Authors: A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, V. Andrieux, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, C. Ayuso, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann , et al. (442 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Dihadron and isolated direct photon-hadron angular correlations are measured in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=510$ GeV. Correlations of charged hadrons of $0.7<p_T<10$ GeV/$c$ with $π^0$ mesons of $4<p_T<15$ GeV/$c$ or isolated direct photons of $7<p_T<15$ GeV/$c$ are used to study nonperturbative effects generated by initial-state partonic transverse momentum and final-state transverse moment… ▽ More Dihadron and isolated direct photon-hadron angular correlations are measured in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=510$ GeV. Correlations of charged hadrons of $0.7<p_T<10$ GeV/$c$ with $π^0$ mesons of $4<p_T<15$ GeV/$c$ or isolated direct photons of $7<p_T<15$ GeV/$c$ are used to study nonperturbative effects generated by initial-state partonic transverse momentum and final-state transverse momentum from fragmentation. The nonperturbative behavior is characterized by measuring the out-of-plane transverse momentum component $p_{\rm out}$ perpendicular to the axis of the trigger particle, which is the high-$p_T$ direct photon or $π^0$. Nonperturbative evolution effects are extracted from Gaussian fits to the away-side inclusive-charged-hadron yields for different trigger-particle transverse momenta ($p_T^{\rm trig}$). The Gaussian widths and root mean square of $p_{\rm out}$ are reported as a function of the interaction hard scale $p_T^{\rm trig}$ to investigate possible transverse-momentum-dependent evolution differences between the $π^0$-h$^\pm$ and direct photon-h$^\pm$ correlations and factorization breaking effects. The widths are found to decrease with $p_T^{\rm trig}$, which indicates that the Collins-Soper-Sterman soft factor is not driving the evolution with the hard scale in nearly back-to-back dihadron and direct photon-hadron production in $p$$+$$p$ collisions. This behavior is in contrast to Drell-Yan and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering measurements. △ Less

Submitted 18 February, 2017; v1 submitted 15 September, 2016; originally announced September 2016.

Comments: 467 authors, 20 pages, 15 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. D. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 95, 072002 (2017)

Search for electron antineutrinos associated with gravitational wave events GW150914 and GW151226 using KamLAND

Authors: KamLAND Collaboration, A. Gando, Y. Gando, T. Hachiya, A. Hayashi, S. Hayashida, H. Ikeda, K. Inoue, K. Ishidoshiro, Y. Karino, M. Koga, S. Matsuda, T. Mitsui, K. Nakamura, S. Obara, T. Oura, H. Ozaki, I. Shimizu, Y. Shirahata, J. Shirai, A. Suzuki, T. Takai, K. Tamae, Y. Teraoka, K. Ueshima , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a search for low energy antineutrino events coincident with the gravitational wave events GW150914 and GW151226, and the candidate event LVT151012 using KamLAND, a kiloton-scale antineutrino detector. We find no inverse beta-decay neutrino events within $\pm 500$ seconds of either gravitational wave signal. This non-detection is used to constrain the electron antineutrino fluence and th… ▽ More We present a search for low energy antineutrino events coincident with the gravitational wave events GW150914 and GW151226, and the candidate event LVT151012 using KamLAND, a kiloton-scale antineutrino detector. We find no inverse beta-decay neutrino events within $\pm 500$ seconds of either gravitational wave signal. This non-detection is used to constrain the electron antineutrino fluence and the luminosity of the astrophysical sources. △ Less

Submitted 3 October, 2016; v1 submitted 22 June, 2016; originally announced June 2016.

Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures, as published in ApJL. Updated to replace power law spectrum with Fermi Dirac spectrum

Journal ref: Astrophys.J.829, L34, 2016

Inclusive cross section and double-helicity asymmetry for $π^{0}$ production at midrapidity in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=510$ GeV

Authors: A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann, S. Baumgart, A. Bazilevsky , et al. (388 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: PHENIX measurements are presented for the cross section and double-helicity asymmetry ($A_{LL}$) in inclusive $π^0$ production at midrapidity from $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=510$~GeV from data taken in 2012 and 2013 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The next-to-leading-order perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics theory calculation is in excellent agreement with the presented cross secti… ▽ More PHENIX measurements are presented for the cross section and double-helicity asymmetry ($A_{LL}$) in inclusive $π^0$ production at midrapidity from $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=510$~GeV from data taken in 2012 and 2013 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The next-to-leading-order perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics theory calculation is in excellent agreement with the presented cross section results. The calculation utilized parton-to-pion fragmentation functions from the recent DSS14 global analysis, which prefer a smaller gluon-to-pion fragmentation function. The $π^{0}A_{LL}$ results follow an increasingly positive asymmetry trend with $p_T$ and $\sqrt{s}$ with respect to the predictions and are in excellent agreement with the latest global analysis results. This analysis incorporated earlier results on $π^0$ and jet $A_{LL}$, and suggested a positive contribution of gluon polarization to the spin of the proton $ΔG$ for the gluon momentum fraction range $x>0.05$. The data presented here extend to a currently unexplored region, down to $x\sim0.01$, and thus provide additional constraints on the value of $ΔG$. The results confirm the evidence for nonzero $ΔG$ using a different production channel in a complementary kinematic region. △ Less

Submitted 7 December, 2015; v1 submitted 8 October, 2015; originally announced October 2015.

Comments: 413 authors, 8 pages, 4 figures. v2 is version accepted as PRD Rapid Communication. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 93, 011501 (2016)

Measurements of directed, elliptic, and triangular flow in Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV

Authors: A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann, S. Baumgart, A. Bazilevsky, M. Beaumier , et al. (379 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Measurements of anisotropic flow Fourier coefficients ($v_n$) for inclusive charged particles and identified hadrons $π^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $p$, and $\bar{p}$ produced at midrapidity in Cu+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV are presented. The data were collected in 2012 by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The particle azimuthal distributions with respect… ▽ More Measurements of anisotropic flow Fourier coefficients ($v_n$) for inclusive charged particles and identified hadrons $π^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $p$, and $\bar{p}$ produced at midrapidity in Cu+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV are presented. The data were collected in 2012 by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The particle azimuthal distributions with respect to different order symmetry planes $Ψ_n$, for $n$~=~1, 2, and 3 are studied as a function of transverse momentum $p_T$ over a broad range of collisions centralities. Mass ordering, as expected from hydrodynamic flow, is observed for all three harmonics. The charged-particle results are compared to hydrodynamical and transport model calculations. We also compare these Cu$+$Au results with those in Cu$+$Cu and Au$+$Au collisions at the same $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$, and find that the $v_2$ and $v_3$, as a function of transverse momentum, follow a common scaling with $1/(\varepsilon_n N_{\rm part}^{1/3})$. △ Less

Submitted 22 November, 2016; v1 submitted 25 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 404 authors, 21 pages, 20 figures, 3 tables, 2012 data. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 94, 054910 (2016)

Azimuthally anisotropic emission of low-momentum direct photons in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV

Authors: A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, H. Al-Ta'ani, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, G. Baksay, L. Baksay, N. S. Bandara , et al. (527 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured 2nd and 3rd order Fourier coefficients of the azimuthal distributions of direct photons emitted at midrapidity in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV for various collision centralities. Combining two different analysis techniques, results were obtained in the transverse momentum range of $0.4<p_{T}<4.0$ GeV/$c$.… ▽ More The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured 2nd and 3rd order Fourier coefficients of the azimuthal distributions of direct photons emitted at midrapidity in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV for various collision centralities. Combining two different analysis techniques, results were obtained in the transverse momentum range of $0.4<p_{T}<4.0$ GeV/$c$. At low $p_T$ the second-order coefficients, $v_2$, are similar to the ones observed in hadrons. Third order coefficients, $v_3$, are nonzero and almost independent of centrality. These new results on $v_2$ and $v_3$, combined with previously published results on yields, are compared to model calculations that provide yields and asymmetries in the same framework. Those models are challenged to explain simultaneously the observed large yield and large azimuthal anisotropies. △ Less

Submitted 6 December, 2016; v1 submitted 25 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 552 authors, 15 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, 2007 and 2010 data. v2 is version accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 94, 064901 (2016)

Scaling properties of fractional momentum loss of high-pT hadrons in nucleus-nucleus collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$ from 62.4 GeV to 2.76 TeV

Authors: A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, H. Al-Ta'ani, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, L. Aphecetche, Y. Aramaki, R. Armendariz, S. H. Aronson, J. Asai, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev , et al. (605 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Measurements of the fractional momentum loss ($S_{\rm loss}\equivδp_T/p_T$) of high-transverse-momentum-identified hadrons in heavy ion collisions are presented. Using $π^0$ in Au$+$Au and Cu$+$Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=62.4$ and 200 GeV measured by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and and charged hadrons in Pb$+$Pb collisions measured by the ALICE experiment a… ▽ More Measurements of the fractional momentum loss ($S_{\rm loss}\equivδp_T/p_T$) of high-transverse-momentum-identified hadrons in heavy ion collisions are presented. Using $π^0$ in Au$+$Au and Cu$+$Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=62.4$ and 200 GeV measured by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and and charged hadrons in Pb$+$Pb collisions measured by the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, we studied the scaling properties of $S_{\rm loss}$ as a function of a number of variables: the number of participants, $N_{\rm part}$, the number of quark participants, $N_{\rm qp}$, the charged-particle density, $dN_{\rm ch}/dη$, and the Bjorken energy density times the equilibration time, $\varepsilon_{\rm Bj}τ_{0}$. We find that the $p_T$ where $S_{\rm loss}$ has its maximum, varies both with centrality and collision energy. Above the maximum, $S_{\rm loss}$ tends to follow a power-law function with all four scaling variables. The data at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=200 GeV and 2.76 TeV, for sufficiently high particle densities, have a common scaling of $S_{\rm loss}$ with $dN_{\rm ch}/dη$ and $\varepsilon_{\rm Bj}τ_{0}$, lending insight on the physics of parton energy loss. △ Less

Submitted 22 February, 2016; v1 submitted 22 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 630 authors, 21 pages, 16 figures, 7 tables. v2 is version accepted by Phys. Rev. C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 93, 024911 (2016)

Transverse energy production and charged-particle multiplicity at midrapidity in various systems from $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$ to 200 GeV

Authors: A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, A. Al-Jamel, H. Al-Ta'ani, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, L. Aphecetche, Y. Aramaki, R. Armendariz, S. H. Aronson, J. Asai, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun , et al. (681 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Measurements of midrapidity charged particle multiplicity distributions, $dN_{\rm ch}/dη$, and midrapidity transverse-energy distributions, $dE_T/dη$, are presented for a variety of collision systems and energies. Included are distributions for Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$, 130, 62.4, 39, 27, 19.6, 14.5, and 7.7 GeV, Cu$+$Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ and 62.4 GeV, Cu$+$A… ▽ More Measurements of midrapidity charged particle multiplicity distributions, $dN_{\rm ch}/dη$, and midrapidity transverse-energy distributions, $dE_T/dη$, are presented for a variety of collision systems and energies. Included are distributions for Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$, 130, 62.4, 39, 27, 19.6, 14.5, and 7.7 GeV, Cu$+$Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ and 62.4 GeV, Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV, U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV, $d$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV, $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV, and $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. Centrality-dependent distributions at midrapidity are presented in terms of the number of nucleon participants, $N_{\rm part}$, and the number of constituent quark participants, $N_{q{\rm p}}$. For all $A$$+$$A$ collisions down to $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=7.7$ GeV, it is observed that the midrapidity data are better described by scaling with $N_{q{\rm p}}$ than scaling with $N_{\rm part}$. Also presented are estimates of the Bjorken energy density, $\varepsilon_{\rm BJ}$, and the ratio of $dE_T/dη$ to $dN_{\rm ch}/dη$, the latter of which is seen to be constant as a function of centrality for all systems. △ Less

Submitted 23 February, 2016; v1 submitted 22 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 706 authors, 32 pages, 20 figures, 34 tables, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012 data. v2 is version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 93, 024901 (2016)

$φ$ meson production in the forward/backward rapidity region in Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV

Authors: A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, H. Al-Ta'ani, K. R. Andrews, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, E. Appelt, Y. Aramaki, R. Armendariz, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier , et al. (487 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has measured $φ$ meson production and its nuclear modification in asymmetric Cu$+$Au heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV at both forward Cu-going direction ($1.2<y<2.2$) and backward Au-going direction ($-2.2<y<-1.2$), rapidities. The measurements are performed via the dimuon decay channel and reported as a function of… ▽ More The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has measured $φ$ meson production and its nuclear modification in asymmetric Cu$+$Au heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV at both forward Cu-going direction ($1.2<y<2.2$) and backward Au-going direction ($-2.2<y<-1.2$), rapidities. The measurements are performed via the dimuon decay channel and reported as a function of the number of participating nucleons, rapidity, and transverse momentum. In the most central events, 0\%--20\% centrality, the $φ$ meson yield integrated over $1<p_T<5$ GeV/$c$ prefers a smaller value, which means a larger nuclear modification, in the Cu-going direction compared to the Au-going direction. Additionally, the nuclear-modification factor in Cu$+$Au collisions averaged over all centrality is measured to be similar to the previous PHENIX result in $d$$+$Au collisions for these rapidities. △ Less

Submitted 4 February, 2016; v1 submitted 21 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 512 authors, 15 pages, 11 figures, 8 tables, 2009 and 2012 data. v2 is the version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 93, 024904 (2016)

Forward $J/ψ$ production in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=193 GeV

Authors: A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, C. Baumann, S. Baumgart, A. Bazilevsky, M. Beaumier , et al. (379 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The invariant yields for $J/ψ$ production at forward rapidity $(1.2<|y|<2.2)$ in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=193 GeV have been measured as a function of collision centrality. The invariant yields and nuclear-modification factor $R_{AA}$ are presented and compared with those from Au$+$Au collisions in the same rapidity range. Additionally, the direct ratio of the invariant yields from U… ▽ More The invariant yields for $J/ψ$ production at forward rapidity $(1.2<|y|<2.2)$ in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=193 GeV have been measured as a function of collision centrality. The invariant yields and nuclear-modification factor $R_{AA}$ are presented and compared with those from Au$+$Au collisions in the same rapidity range. Additionally, the direct ratio of the invariant yields from U$+$U and Au$+$Au collisions within the same centrality class is presented, and used to investigate the role of $c\bar{c}$ coalescence. Two different parameterizations of the deformed Woods-Saxon distribution were used in Glauber calculations to determine the values of the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions in each centrality class, $N_{\rm coll}$, and these were found to give significantly different $N_{\rm coll}$ values. Results using $N_{\rm coll}$ values from both deformed Woods-Saxon distributions are presented. The measured ratios show that the $J/ψ$ suppression, relative to binary collision scaling, is similar in U$+$U and Au$+$Au for peripheral and midcentral collisions, but that $J/ψ$ show less suppression for the most central U$+$U collisions. The results are consistent with a picture in which, for central collisions, increase in the $J/ψ$ yield due to $c\bar{c}$ coalescence becomes more important than the decrease in yield due to increased energy density. For midcentral collisions, the conclusions about the balance between $c\bar{c}$ coalescence and suppression depend on which deformed Woods-Saxon distribution is used to determine $N_{\rm coll}$. △ Less

Submitted 25 April, 2016; v1 submitted 17 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 404 authors, 13 pages, 9 figures, and 6 tables. V2 is version accepted by Phys. Rev. C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 93, 034903 (2016)

Dielectron production in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV

Authors: A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, H. Al-Ta'ani, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, B. Bassalleck, S. Bathe , et al. (422 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present measurements of $e^+e^-$ production at midrapidity in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV. The invariant yield is studied within the PHENIX detector acceptance over a wide range of mass ($m_{ee} <$ 5 GeV/$c^2$) and pair transverse momentum ($p_T$ $<$ 5 GeV/$c$), for minimum bias and for five centrality classes. The \ee yield is compared to the expectations from known sour… ▽ More We present measurements of $e^+e^-$ production at midrapidity in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV. The invariant yield is studied within the PHENIX detector acceptance over a wide range of mass ($m_{ee} <$ 5 GeV/$c^2$) and pair transverse momentum ($p_T$ $<$ 5 GeV/$c$), for minimum bias and for five centrality classes. The \ee yield is compared to the expectations from known sources. In the low-mass region ($m_{ee}=0.30$--0.76 GeV/$c^2$) there is an enhancement that increases with centrality and is distributed over the entire pair \pt range measured. It is significantly smaller than previously reported by the PHENIX experiment and amounts to $2.3\pm0.4({\rm stat})\pm0.4({\rm syst})\pm0.2^{\rm model}$ or to $1.7\pm0.3({\rm stat})\pm0.3({\rm syst})\pm0.2^{\rm model}$ for minimum bias collisions when the open-heavy-flavor contribution is calculated with {\sc pythia} or {\sc mc@nlo}, respectively. The inclusive mass and $p_T$ distributions as well as the centrality dependence are well reproduced by model calculations where the enhancement mainly originates from the melting of the $ρ$ meson resonance as the system approaches chiral symmetry restoration. In the intermediate-mass region ($m_{ee}$ = 1.2--2.8 GeV/$c^2$), the data hint at a significant contribution in addition to the yield from the semileptonic decays of heavy-flavor mesons. △ Less

Submitted 7 December, 2015; v1 submitted 15 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 447 authors, 38 pages, 38 figures, 9 tables, 2010 data. v2 is Phys. Rev. C accepted version. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Single electron yields from semileptonic charm and bottom hadron decays in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV

Authors: A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, B. Bassalleck, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, S. Baumgart, A. Bazilevsky , et al. (407 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured open heavy-flavor production in minimum bias Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV via the yields of electrons from semileptonic decays of charm and bottom hadrons. Previous heavy-flavor electron measurements indicated substantial modification in the momentum distribution of the parent heavy quarks due to the q… ▽ More The PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured open heavy-flavor production in minimum bias Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV via the yields of electrons from semileptonic decays of charm and bottom hadrons. Previous heavy-flavor electron measurements indicated substantial modification in the momentum distribution of the parent heavy quarks due to the quark-gluon plasma created in these collisions. For the first time, using the PHENIX silicon vertex detector to measure precision displaced tracking, the relative contributions from charm and bottom hadrons to these electrons as a function of transverse momentum are measured in Au$+$Au collisions. We compare the fraction of electrons from bottom hadrons to previously published results extracted from electron-hadron correlations in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV and find the fractions to be similar within the large uncertainties on both measurements for $p_T>4$ GeV/$c$. We use the bottom electron fractions in Au$+$Au and $p$$+$$p$ along with the previously measured heavy flavor electron $R_{AA}$ to calculate the $R_{AA}$ for electrons from charm and bottom hadron decays separately. We find that electrons from bottom hadron decays are less suppressed than those from charm for the region $3<p_T<4$ GeV/$c$. △ Less

Submitted 25 April, 2016; v1 submitted 15 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 432 authors, 33 pages, 23 figures, 2 tables, 2011 data. v2 is version accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 93, 034904 (2016)

Centrality-dependent modification of jet-production rates in deuteron-gold collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV

Authors: A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, G. Baksay, L. Baksay, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, B. Bassalleck, A. T. Basye , et al. (459 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Jet production rates are measured in $p$$+$$p$ and $d$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV recorded in 2008 with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Jets are reconstructed using the $R=0.3$ anti-$k_{t}$ algorithm from energy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeter and charged tracks in multi-wire proportional chambers, and the jet transverse momentum ($p_T$) spec… ▽ More Jet production rates are measured in $p$$+$$p$ and $d$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV recorded in 2008 with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Jets are reconstructed using the $R=0.3$ anti-$k_{t}$ algorithm from energy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeter and charged tracks in multi-wire proportional chambers, and the jet transverse momentum ($p_T$) spectra are corrected for the detector response. Spectra are reported for jets with $12<p_T<50$ GeV/$c$, within a pseudorapidity acceptance of $\left|η\right|<0.3$. The nuclear-modification factor ($R_{d{\rm Au}}$) values for 0\%--100\% $d$$+$Au events are found to be consistent with unity, constraining the role of initial state effects on jet production. However, the centrality-selected $R_{d{\rm Au}}$ values and central-to-peripheral ratios ($R_{\rm CP}$) show large, $p_T$-dependent deviations from unity, which challenge the conventional models that relate hard-process rates and soft-particle production in collisions involving nuclei. △ Less

Submitted 26 February, 2016; v1 submitted 15 September, 2015; originally announced September 2015.

Comments: 484 authors, 9 pages, 2 figures, 2008 data. v2 is version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 122301 (2016)

A performance study of an electron-tracking Compton camera with a compact system for environmental gamma-ray observation

Authors: Tetsuya Mizumoto, Dai Tomono, Atsushi Takada, Toru Tanimori, Shotaro Komura, Hidetoshi Kubo, Yoshihiro Matsuoka, Yoshitaka Mizumura, Kiseki Nakamura, Shogo Nakamura, Makoto Oda, Joseph D. Parker, Tatsuya Sawano, Naoto Bando, Akira Nabetani

Abstract: An electron-tracking Compton camera (ETCC) is a detector that can determine the arrival direction and energy of incident sub-MeV/MeV gamma-ray events on an event-by-event basis. It is a hybrid detector consisting of a gaseous time projection chamber (TPC), that is the Compton-scattering target and the tracker of recoil electrons, and a position-sensitive scintillation camera that absorbs of the sc… ▽ More An electron-tracking Compton camera (ETCC) is a detector that can determine the arrival direction and energy of incident sub-MeV/MeV gamma-ray events on an event-by-event basis. It is a hybrid detector consisting of a gaseous time projection chamber (TPC), that is the Compton-scattering target and the tracker of recoil electrons, and a position-sensitive scintillation camera that absorbs of the scattered gamma rays, to measure gamma rays in the environment from contaminated soil. To measure of environmental gamma rays from soil contaminated with radioactive cesium (Cs), we developed a portable battery-powered ETCC system with a compact readout circuit and data-acquisition system for the SMILE-II experiment. We checked the gamma-ray imaging ability and ETCC performance in the laboratory by using several gamma-ray point sources. The performance test indicates that the field of view (FoV) of the detector is about 1$\;$sr and that the detection efficiency and angular resolution for 662$\;$keV gamma rays from the center of the FoV is $(9.31 \pm 0.95) \times 10^{^-5}$ and $5.9^{\circ} \pm 0.6^{\circ}$, respectively. Furthermore, the ETCC can detect 0.15$\;μ\rm{Sv/h}$ from a $^{137}$Cs gamma-ray source with a significance of 5$σ$ in 13 min in the laboratory. In this paper, we report the specifications of the ETCC and the results of the performance tests. Furthermore, we discuss its potential use for environmental gamma-ray measurements. △ Less

Submitted 6 August, 2015; originally announced August 2015.

Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures, proceeding of the 10th International Conference on Position Sensitive Detectors (PSD10)

Journal ref: JINST 10 (2015) C06003

New readout and data-acquisition system in an electron-tracking Compton camera for MeV gamma-ray astronomy (SMILE-II)

Authors: Tetsuya Mizumoto, Yoshihiro Matsuoka, Yoshitaka Mizumura, Toru Tanimori, Hidetoshi Kubo, Atsushi Takada, Satoru Iwaki, Tatsuya Sawano, Kiseki Nakamura, Shotaro Komura, Shogo Nakamura, Tetsuro Kishimoto, Makoto Oda, Shohei Miyamoto, Taito Takemura, Joseph D. Parker, Dai Tomono, Shinya Sonoda, Kentaro Miuchi, Shunsuke Kurosawa

Abstract: For MeV gamma-ray astronomy, we have developed an electron-tracking Compton camera (ETCC) as a MeV gamma-ray telescope capable of rejecting the radiation background and attaining the high sensitivity of near 1 mCrab in space. Our ETCC comprises a gaseous time-projection chamber (TPC) with a micro pattern gas detector for tracking recoil electrons and a position-sensitive scintillation camera for d… ▽ More For MeV gamma-ray astronomy, we have developed an electron-tracking Compton camera (ETCC) as a MeV gamma-ray telescope capable of rejecting the radiation background and attaining the high sensitivity of near 1 mCrab in space. Our ETCC comprises a gaseous time-projection chamber (TPC) with a micro pattern gas detector for tracking recoil electrons and a position-sensitive scintillation camera for detecting scattered gamma rays. After the success of a first balloon experiment in 2006 with a small ETCC (using a 10$\times$10$\times$15 cm$^3$ TPC) for measuring diffuse cosmic and atmospheric sub-MeV gamma rays (Sub-MeV gamma-ray Imaging Loaded-on-balloon Experiment I; SMILE-I), a (30 cm)$^{3}$ medium-sized ETCC was developed to measure MeV gamma-ray spectra from celestial sources, such as the Crab Nebula, with single-day balloon flights (SMILE-II). To achieve this goal, a 100-times-larger detection area compared with that of SMILE-I is required without changing the weight or power consumption of the detector system. In addition, the event rate is also expected to dramatically increase during observation. Here, we describe both the concept and the performance of the new data-acquisition system with this (30 cm)$^{3}$ ETCC to manage 100 times more data while satisfying the severe restrictions regarding the weight and power consumption imposed by a balloon-borne observation. In particular, to improve the detection efficiency of the fine tracks in the TPC from $\sim$10\% to $\sim$100\%, we introduce a new data-handling algorithm in the TPC. Therefore, for efficient management of such large amounts of data, we developed a data-acquisition system with parallel data flow. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2015; v1 submitted 5 August, 2015; originally announced August 2015.

Comments: 11 pages, 24 figures

Journal ref: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A 800 (2015) 40-50

Measurements of elliptic and triangular flow in high-multiplicity $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV

Authors: A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, H. Al-Ta'ani, K. R. Andrews, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, L. Aphecetche, E. Appelt, Y. Aramaki, R. Armendariz, S. H. Aronson, J. Asai, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes , et al. (605 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first measurement of elliptic ($v_2$) and triangular ($v_3$) flow in high-multiplicity $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. Two-particle correlations, where the particles have a large separation in pseudorapidity, are compared in $^{3}$He$+$Au and in $p$$+$$p$ collisions and indicate that collective effects dominate the second and third Fourier components for the… ▽ More We present the first measurement of elliptic ($v_2$) and triangular ($v_3$) flow in high-multiplicity $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. Two-particle correlations, where the particles have a large separation in pseudorapidity, are compared in $^{3}$He$+$Au and in $p$$+$$p$ collisions and indicate that collective effects dominate the second and third Fourier components for the correlations observed in the $^{3}$He$+$Au system. The collective behavior is quantified in terms of elliptic $v_2$ and triangular $v_3$ anisotropy coefficients measured with respect to their corresponding event planes. The $v_2$ values are comparable to those previously measured in $d$$+$Au collisions at the same nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy. Comparison with various theoretical predictions are made, including to models where the hot spots created by the impact of the three $^{3}$He nucleons on the Au nucleus expand hydrodynamically to generate the triangular flow. The agreement of these models with data may indicate the formation of low-viscosity quark-gluon plasma even in these small collision systems. △ Less

Submitted 24 August, 2015; v1 submitted 22 July, 2015; originally announced July 2015.

Comments: 630 authors, 9 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. v2 is the version accepted for publication by Physical Review Letters. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 142301 (2015)

An Electron-Tracking Compton Telescope for a Survey of the Deep Universe by MeV gamma-rays

Authors: T. Tanimori, H. Kubo, A. Takada, S. Iwaki, S. Komura, S. Kurosawa, Y. Matsuoka, K. Miuchi, S. Miyamoto, T. Mizumoto, Y. Mizumura, K. Nakamura, S. Nakamura, M. Oda, J. D. Parker, T. Sawano, S. Sonoda, T. Takemura, D. Tomono, K. Ueno

Abstract: Photon imaging for MeV gammas has serious difficulties due to huge backgrounds and unclearness in images, which are originated from incompleteness in determining the physical parameters of Compton scattering in detection, e.g., lack of the directional information of the recoil electrons. The recent major mission/instrument in the MeV band, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory/COMPTEL, which was Compton C… ▽ More Photon imaging for MeV gammas has serious difficulties due to huge backgrounds and unclearness in images, which are originated from incompleteness in determining the physical parameters of Compton scattering in detection, e.g., lack of the directional information of the recoil electrons. The recent major mission/instrument in the MeV band, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory/COMPTEL, which was Compton Camera (CC), detected mere $\sim30$ persistent sources. It is in stark contrast with $\sim$2000 sources in the GeV band. Here we report the performance of an Electron-Tracking Compton Camera (ETCC), and prove that it has a good potential to break through this stagnation in MeV gamma-ray astronomy. The ETCC provides all the parameters of Compton-scattering by measuring 3-D recoil electron tracks; then the Scatter Plane Deviation (SPD) lost in CCs is recovered. The energy loss rate (dE/dx), which CCs cannot measure, is also obtained, and is found to be indeed helpful to reduce the background under conditions similar to space. Accordingly the significance in gamma detection is improved severalfold. On the other hand, SPD is essential to determine the point-spread function (PSF) quantitatively. The SPD resolution is improved close to the theoretical limit for multiple scattering of recoil electrons. With such a well-determined PSF, we demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to provide reliable sensitivity in Compton imaging without utilizing an optimization algorithm. As such, this study highlights the fundamental weak-points of CCs. In contrast we demonstrate the possibility of ETCC reaching the sensitivity below $1\times10^{-12}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ at 1 MeV. △ Less

Submitted 4 August, 2015; v1 submitted 14 July, 2015; originally announced July 2015.

Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures, Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal

Journal ref: ApJ, 810 (2015), 28

$φ$ meson production in $d$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV

Authors: PHENIX Collaboration, A. Adare, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, M. Alfred, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, G. Baksay, L. Baksay, N. S. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, B. Bassalleck , et al. (460 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PHENIX experiment has measured $φ$ meson production in $d$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV using the dimuon and dielectron decay channels. The $φ$ meson is measured in the forward (backward) $d$-going (Au-going) direction, $1.2<y<2.2$ ($-2.2<y<-1.2$) in the transverse-momentum ($p_T$) range from 1--7 GeV/$c$, and at midrapidity $|y|<0.35$ in the $p_T$ range below 7 GeV/$c$. The… ▽ More The PHENIX experiment has measured $φ$ meson production in $d$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV using the dimuon and dielectron decay channels. The $φ$ meson is measured in the forward (backward) $d$-going (Au-going) direction, $1.2<y<2.2$ ($-2.2<y<-1.2$) in the transverse-momentum ($p_T$) range from 1--7 GeV/$c$, and at midrapidity $|y|<0.35$ in the $p_T$ range below 7 GeV/$c$. The $φ$ meson invariant yields and nuclear-modification factors as a function of $p_T$, rapidity, and centrality are reported. An enhancement of $φ$ meson production is observed in the Au-going direction, while suppression is seen in the $d$-going direction, and no modification is observed at midrapidity relative to the yield in $p$$+$$p$ collisions scaled by the number of binary collisions. Similar behavior was previously observed for inclusive charged hadrons and open heavy flavor indicating similar cold-nuclear-matter effects. △ Less

Submitted 21 September, 2015; v1 submitted 26 June, 2015; originally announced June 2015.

Comments: 484 authors, 16 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables. v1 is the version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C. Data tables for the points plotted in the figures are given in the paper itself

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 92, 044909 (2015)

Measurement of higher cumulants of net-charge multiplicity distributions in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=7.7-200$ GeV

Authors: A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, H. Al-Bataineh, J. Alexander, H. Al-Ta'ani, A. Angerami, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, Y. Aramaki, H. Asano, E. C. Aschenauer, E. T. Atomssa, R. Averbeck, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, G. Baksay, L. Baksay, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish , et al. (487 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the measurement of cumulants ($C_n, n=1\ldots4$) of the net-charge distributions measured within pseudorapidity ($|η|<0.35$) in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=7.7-200$ GeV with the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The ratios of cumulants (e.g. $C_1/C_2$, $C_3/C_1$) of the net-charge distributions, which can be related to volume independent susceptibility… ▽ More We report the measurement of cumulants ($C_n, n=1\ldots4$) of the net-charge distributions measured within pseudorapidity ($|η|<0.35$) in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=7.7-200$ GeV with the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The ratios of cumulants (e.g. $C_1/C_2$, $C_3/C_1$) of the net-charge distributions, which can be related to volume independent susceptibility ratios, are studied as a function of centrality and energy. These quantities are important to understand the quantum-chromodynamics phase diagram and possible existence of a critical end point. The measured values are very well described by expectation from negative binomial distributions. We do not observe any nonmonotonic behavior in the ratios of the cumulants as a function of collision energy. The measured values of $C_1/C_2 = μ/σ^2$ and $C_3/C_1 = Sσ^3/μ$ can be directly compared to lattice quantum-chromodynamics calculations and thus allow extraction of both the chemical freeze-out temperature and the baryon chemical potential at each center-of-mass energy. △ Less

Submitted 24 January, 2016; v1 submitted 25 June, 2015; originally announced June 2015.

Comments: 512 authors, 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. v2 is version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C as a Rapid Communication. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 93, 011901 (2016)

An Upgrade Proposal from the PHENIX Collaboration

Authors: A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala, N. N. Ajitanand, Y. Akiba, R. Akimoto, J. Alexander, K. Aoki, N. Apadula, H. Asano, E. T. Atomssa, T. C. Awes, B. Azmoun, V. Babintsev, M. Bai, X. Bai, N. Bandara, B. Bannier, K. N. Barish, O. Baron, B. Bassalleck, S. Bathe, V. Baublis, S. Baumgart, A. Bazilevsky , et al. (451 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this document the PHENIX collaboration proposes a major upgrade to the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. This upgrade, sPHENIX, enables an extremely rich jet and beauty quarkonia physics program addressing fundamental questions about the nature of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (QGP), discovered experimentally at RHIC to be a perfect fluid. The startling dynamics… ▽ More In this document the PHENIX collaboration proposes a major upgrade to the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. This upgrade, sPHENIX, enables an extremely rich jet and beauty quarkonia physics program addressing fundamental questions about the nature of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (QGP), discovered experimentally at RHIC to be a perfect fluid. The startling dynamics of the QGP on fluid-like length scales is an emergent property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), seemingly implicit in the Lagrangian but stubbornly hidden from view. QCD is an asymptotically free theory, but how QCD manifests as a strongly coupled fluid with specific shear viscosity near $T_C$, as low as allowed by the uncertainty principle, is as fundamental an issue as that of how confinement itself arises. △ Less

Submitted 25 January, 2015; originally announced January 2015.

Comments: 476 authors, 237 pages, lists of figures and tables, 219 references

Measurement of the $ν_μ$ CCQE cross section on carbon with the ND280 detector at T2K

Authors: T2K Collaboration, K. Abe, J. Adam, H. Aihara, T. Akiri, C. Andreopoulos, S. Aoki, A. Ariga, S. Assylbekov, D. Autiero, M. Barbi, G. J. Barker, G. Barr, M. Bass, M. Batkiewicz, F. Bay, V. Berardi, B. E. Berger, S. Berkman, S. Bhadra, F. d. M. Blaszczyk, A. Blondel, C. Bojechko, S. Bolognesi, S. Bordoni , et al. (320 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Charged-Current Quasi-Elastic (CCQE) interaction, $ν_{l} + n \rightarrow l^{-} + p$, is the dominant CC process at $E_ν\sim 1$ GeV and contributes to the signal in accelerator-based long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments operating at intermediate neutrino energies. This paper reports a measurement by the T2K experiment of the $ν_μ$ CCQE cross section on a carbon target with the off-axi… ▽ More The Charged-Current Quasi-Elastic (CCQE) interaction, $ν_{l} + n \rightarrow l^{-} + p$, is the dominant CC process at $E_ν\sim 1$ GeV and contributes to the signal in accelerator-based long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments operating at intermediate neutrino energies. This paper reports a measurement by the T2K experiment of the $ν_μ$ CCQE cross section on a carbon target with the off-axis detector based on the observed distribution of muon momentum ($p_μ$) and angle with respect to the incident neutrino beam ($θ_μ$). The flux-integrated CCQE cross section was measured to be $(0.83 \pm 0.12) \times 10^{-38}\textrm{ cm}^{2}$ in good agreement with NEUT MC value of ${0.88 \times 10^{-38}} \textrm{ cm}^{2}$. The energy dependence of the CCQE cross section is also reported. The axial mass, $M_A^{QE}$, of the dipole axial form factor was extracted assuming the Smith-Moniz CCQE model with a relativistic Fermi gas nuclear model. Using the absolute (shape-only) $p_μcosθ_μ$ distribution, the effective $M_A^{QE}$ parameter was measured to be ${1.26^{+0.21}_{-0.18} \textrm{ GeV}/c^{2}}$ (${1.43^{+0.28}_{-0.22} \textrm{ GeV}/c^{2}}$). △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2015; v1 submitted 23 November, 2014; originally announced November 2014.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 92, 112003 2015