Showing 1–46 of 46 results for author: Christy, C

A JWST/MIRI Study of Dust in a Sample of Normal Type IIP Core Collapse Supernovae

Authors: Bhagya M. Subrayan, David J. Sand, Olivia Culbert, Jennifer E. Andrews, Jeniveve Pearson, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Saurabh W. Jha, Stefano Valenti, K. Azalee Bostroem, Conor L. Ransome, Aravind P. Ravi, Aysha Aamer, Moira Andrews, Emma R. Beasor, Collin Christy, Yize Dong, Noah Franz, Emily Hoang, Brian Hsu, Jacob Jencson, Lindsey A. Kwok, M. J. Lundquist, Darshana Mehta, Nicolas Meza Retamal, Manisha Shrestha , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are invoked as major dust producers in the early Universe, yet the amount of dust they form, the timescale over which it grows, and the physical conditions that regulate the yield remain uncertain. We present a detailed JWST/MIRI mid-infrared (MIR) imaging census of 11 nearby Type IIP CCSNe spanning $\sim$1-7 yr after explosion, investigating dust emission across t… ▽ More Core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are invoked as major dust producers in the early Universe, yet the amount of dust they form, the timescale over which it grows, and the physical conditions that regulate the yield remain uncertain. We present a detailed JWST/MIRI mid-infrared (MIR) imaging census of 11 nearby Type IIP CCSNe spanning $\sim$1-7 yr after explosion, investigating dust emission across the different phases of their evolution. The spectral energy distributions show a coherent evolution from hot ($\sim$1500 K), 5-8 $μ$m emission at $\sim$400 d to prominent 10 and 18 $μ$m emission features at later epochs ($\sim$600-2500 d). The cool dust temperatures range from $\sim120$ to $250$ K and dust masses from $\sim10^{-4}$ to $10^{-2} M_{\odot}$. The current sample shows no statistically significant correlation between measured dust mass and peak luminosity, plateau duration, or explosion energy. SNe with early high ionization features, indicative of confined CSM, are often among the dust-rich objects in the sample. The measured 1-7 yr dust yields are insufficient to account for dust in typical $z > 6$ galaxies, but support a role for CCSNe as producers of seed dust for subsequent grain growth. △ Less

Submitted 17 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ. Comments are welcome

No Evidence for Nearby Circumstellar Material in the Type Ia Supernova 2025rbs

Authors: Aravind P. Ravi, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Stefano Valenti, Saurabh W. Jha, Jennifer Andrews, David J. Sand, Benjamin J. Fulton, William D. Vacca, Melissa L. Graham, Alexei V. Filippenko, Noah Franz, Jeniveve Pearson, Moira Andrews, K. Azalee Bostroem, Collin Christy, Yize Dong, Sebastian Gomez, Daichi Hiramatsu, Emily Hoang, D. Andrew Howell, Brian Hsu, Daryl Janzen, Lindsey A. Kwok, Michael J. Lundquist, Darshana Mehta , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a high-resolution spectral time series of the Type Ia supernova (SN) 2025rbs discovered in the nearby galaxy NGC 7331. The Automated Planet Finder (APF) at Lick Observatory and the MAROON-X/IGRINS-2 at Gemini North were used to obtain echelle spectra between -5 and 15 days with respect to the epoch of maximum light. Several unsaturated NaID absorption components along the line of sight… ▽ More We present a high-resolution spectral time series of the Type Ia supernova (SN) 2025rbs discovered in the nearby galaxy NGC 7331. The Automated Planet Finder (APF) at Lick Observatory and the MAROON-X/IGRINS-2 at Gemini North were used to obtain echelle spectra between -5 and 15 days with respect to the epoch of maximum light. Several unsaturated NaID absorption components along the line of sight are identified, but there is no evidence of time variance in any of them. We measure the equivalent width of the observed diffuse interstellar band around 5780 A and constrain the extinction along the line of sight to SN 2025rbs as $A_V = 0.64\,\pm\,0.32$ mag, corresponding to a moderate reddening of $E(B-V) = 0.21\,\pm\,0.10$ mag (assuming $R_\mathrm{V}$ = 3.1). The observed Ca II H & K interstellar absorption roughly traces NaID in velocity space, suggesting a common origin. Quantitative comparisons between the column densities of Na and Ca gas in these host clouds ($N_{NaID}$ / $N_{Ca II}$ of order unity) argue against their origin in the Galactic halo gas and instead support absorption due to the interstellar gas of NGC 7331. Time invariance of all the observed absorption features suggests a lack of nearby circumstellar material ($\lesssim$ 10$^{16}$ cm) around the progenitor system of SN 2025rbs. This supports a progenitor scenario for SN 2025rbs with minimal ambient circumstellar gas, consistent with a double-degenerate CO white dwarf binary system. △ Less

Submitted 13 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ, 16 pages, 11 figures

JWST Spectroscopy of Type Ia Supernova 2025rbs from Maximum Light to the Nebular Phase

Authors: Lindsey A. Kwok, Stéphane Blondin, Adam A. Miller, Saurabh W. Jha, Willem B. Hoogendam, Cameron M. Pfeffer, Eyouel Z. Abate, Jennifer E. Andrews, Moira Andrews, Chris Ashall, Katie Auchettl, K. Azalee Bostroem, Thomas G. Brink, Fionntan P. Callan, Collin T. Christy, Joseph R. Farah, Alexei V. Filippenko, Andreas Flörs, Ryan J. Foley, Eli Gendreau-Distler, Or Graur, Jason T. Hinkle, D. Andrew Howell, David O. Jones, Rinon Kageyama , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present JWST observations of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2025rbs ($D=$14.5 Mpc) at +1, +23, and +84 days after B-band maximum, spanning peak light through a wavelength-dependent transition toward the nebular phase. Combined with ground-based optical and near-infrared (NIR) data, our panchromatic spectra (0.4-14 $μ$m) include the first maximum-light mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum and the earliest… ▽ More We present JWST observations of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2025rbs ($D=$14.5 Mpc) at +1, +23, and +84 days after B-band maximum, spanning peak light through a wavelength-dependent transition toward the nebular phase. Combined with ground-based optical and near-infrared (NIR) data, our panchromatic spectra (0.4-14 $μ$m) include the first maximum-light mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum and the earliest MIR spectroscopic sequence of an SN Ia to date. At peak light, the MIR spectrum exhibits a continuum with permitted and forbidden features, including Si II, Ni II, and early-emerging [Ni III-IV] and [Ar II-III]. By +23 days the MIR is dominated by forbidden lines with a weak continuum, and by +84 days it is fully nebular, whereas the optical/NIR spectra remain transitional. The nebular spectrum reveals strongly stratified ejecta, with stable Ni concentrated at the lowest velocities, radioactive Co at intermediate velocities but absent within ~2000 km s$^{-1}$, and Ar occupying an outer shell. We detect small-scale substructure in [Ca IV] 3.21 $μ$m with fractional amplitudes of a few percent and a characteristic velocity scale of ~800 km s$^{-1}$, which may reflect compositional structure, ionization variations, or both. Radiative-transfer calculations substantially underpredict these MIR Mg II features despite approximately reproducing the NIR Mg II 1.0927 $μ$m line, suggesting that the relative strengths of these transitions are sensitive to the treatment of Mg ionization and excitation. These observations demonstrate that MIR spectroscopy beginning near maximum light simultaneously probes the emerging inner ejecta and rapidly fading outer burning products, providing new constraints for explosion and radiative-transfer models. △ Less

Submitted 11 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 23 pages, 8 figures, submitted to AAS Journals

One year of broadband radio monitoring of the enigmatic transient GRB 250702B reveals the evolution of the relativistic jet

Authors: A. J. Goodwin, James C. A. Miller-Jones, Itai Sfaradi, Andrew Mummery, Raffaella Margutti, Tanmoy Laskar, K. D. Alexander, Yuhan Yao, Arvind Balasubramanian, G. C. Anupama, Edo Berger, Varun Bhalerao, Yvette Cendes, Ryan Chornock, C. T. Christy, D. Eappachen, Tarraneh Eftekhari, Miguel Pérez-Torres, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz, D. K. Sahu, Sjoert van Velzen

Abstract: We present an extensive radio monitoring campaign of the unique extragalactic transient GRB 250702B, with observations spanning 0.65-233 GHz from 6-356 d (observer frame) post-discovery. The radio emission shows a smoothly evolving peaked synchrotron spectrum consistent with an adiabatic shock expanding into a stratified ambient medium ($n_e\propto R^{-k}$; $k= 1.5-2$). We detect significant varia… ▽ More We present an extensive radio monitoring campaign of the unique extragalactic transient GRB 250702B, with observations spanning 0.65-233 GHz from 6-356 d (observer frame) post-discovery. The radio emission shows a smoothly evolving peaked synchrotron spectrum consistent with an adiabatic shock expanding into a stratified ambient medium ($n_e\propto R^{-k}$; $k= 1.5-2$). We detect significant variability in the low frequency ($\leq3$ GHz) light curves which we interpret as interstellar scintillation, placing an approximate bound on the blast wave image size of $1.2\times10^{16}\lesssim R_{\perp} \lesssim 5\times10^{17}$ cm. The temporal evolution of the flux density and critical synchrotron frequencies suggest the shock that powers the radio emission is potentially a wide-angle $θ_j\gtrsim15$ deg, low Lorentz factor ($Γ\lesssim10$) jet, or a narrow $θ_j\lesssim2$ deg highly relativistic jet. A narrow jet is expected for a stellar-mass black hole engine, such as a helium star merger, and the beaming-corrected kinetic energy in this scenario is consistent with the known distribution for long GRBs ($E_K\sim10^{51}$ erg). The wide-angle jet scenario would instead require a progenitor involving prolonged accretion. We derive and show an intermediate or stellar-mass black hole tidal disruption event are viable possibilities. The beaming-corrected kinetic energy in this scenario is on the low end of the known distribution for relativistic SMBH TDEs ($E_K\sim10^{50}$ erg). We disfavour an SMBH TDE due to lack of compatibility with the observed timescales. The detection of a jet shut off within the next year would favour a WD-IMBH TDE due to the shorter theoretical duration of super-Eddington accretion than the main-sequence TDE channels. △ Less

Submitted 4 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 29 pages, 15 figures, submitted to MNRAS. All data in Table D1 available in machine readable format upon request. Comments welcome

Revealing the Structure and Magnetization of GRB Jets with ALMA Polarization Observations

Authors: Tanmoy Laskar, Collin T. Christy, Noah Franz, Gavin Farley, Kate D. Alexander, Jonathan Granot, Ramandeep Gill, Tarraneh Eftekhari, Shiho Kobayashi, Hendrik van Eerten, Raffaella Margutti, Edo Berger

Abstract: We present a systematic study of the currently available ALMA millimeter polarimetric sample of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows. Our sample comprises 24 observations (20 new) of 11 long-duration GRBs spanning $\approx0.1$-87 days after the burst. We detect significant linear polarization in 8 observations across 6 events, with polarization degrees ranging from $Π_L\approx0.6\%$ to $2.4\%$. For th… ▽ More We present a systematic study of the currently available ALMA millimeter polarimetric sample of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows. Our sample comprises 24 observations (20 new) of 11 long-duration GRBs spanning $\approx0.1$-87 days after the burst. We detect significant linear polarization in 8 observations across 6 events, with polarization degrees ranging from $Π_L\approx0.6\%$ to $2.4\%$. For the remaining observations, we place deep upper limits (median $Π_L\lesssim1\%$). Multi-epoch observations reveal diverse polarization evolution. GRB 190114C yields the best-sampled $Π_L$ for a radio afterglow to date, with early evolution favoring patchy magnetic fields in the reverse shock (RS) and later polarization broadly consistent with forward-shock (FS) models. GRB 220921A exhibits a rapid rise in polarization from $Π_L\lesssim0.4\%$ to $2.4\%$ over 1.9-6.8 days, inconsistent with toroidal RS magnetic-field models but broadly consistent with several FS random-field models. GRB 221009A yields the highest-significance polarization detections in the sample ($Π_L\approx1.4$-$1.6\%$), yet neither existing FS nor RS polarization models reproduce both the observed polarization evolution and the viewing geometry inferred from broadband afterglow modeling, with the exception of patchy fields in the RS. Deep upper limits for GRB 171205A rule out RS toroidal-field models for the published off-axis geometry, while a strong, single-epoch detection of GRB 190829A, if RS-dominated, requires a nearly on-axis geometry for toroidal-field configurations. Interpreting the observations within a patchy-field framework implies magnetic-field coherence scales of order $θ_B\sim10^{-3}$-$10^{-2}$ rad. These observations demonstrate the diagnostic power of radio/mm polarimetry for probing the magnetic-field structure, emission region, and viewing geometry of relativistic GRB jets. △ Less

Submitted 22 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ, comments welcome

Triple radio flares from tidal disruption events: jet-wind collisions and the discovery of a third radio flare from AT2020vwl

Authors: Andrew Mummery, Adelle Goodwin, Colin Christy, Kate Alexander, Noah Franz

Abstract: Radio flares from tidal disruption events (TDEs) are observed on two distinct timescales: prompt (around the time of optical peak) and delayed (hundreds to thousands of days after optical peak). A recent framework put forward to explain this diversity suggests that super-Eddington winds produce prompt flares while jets launched during a disk state transition at low accretion rates produce delayed… ▽ More Radio flares from tidal disruption events (TDEs) are observed on two distinct timescales: prompt (around the time of optical peak) and delayed (hundreds to thousands of days after optical peak). A recent framework put forward to explain this diversity suggests that super-Eddington winds produce prompt flares while jets launched during a disk state transition at low accretion rates produce delayed flares. A unique observational prediction of this framework is that individual sources showing both types of flares may be expected to show a third flare. This third flare will occur when the (faster) jet catches up with the (slower) wind. The observational appearance of the third flare depends on the system parameters. As the two shock fronts collide the (brighter) jet encounters a change in density, modifying its synchrotron-self-absorption frequency and observed flux. Here we discuss the observational appearance of such a scenario, and then show, in new long-term monitoring radio observations of the TDE AT2020vwl, the discovery of a third radio flare. This flare is coincident with the time at which forward modeling of the first two flares in a wind-jet framework predicts a collision between the two shock fronts. We make predictions for the long-term radio evolution of two other TDEs showing double radio flares: ASASSN-15oi (which may show a weak flare or flattening of the lightcurve) and AT2024tvd (which is predicted to imminently undergo a third flare). △ Less

Submitted 16 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 20 pages plus Appendices, 8 Figures. First two authors contributed equally. Comments welcome

The Radio Properties of Extreme Coronal Line Emitters: Constraints on the Sub-parsec Environment

Authors: Noah Franz, Kate D. Alexander, Collin T. Christy, Tanmoy Laskar, Stefanie Komossa, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz, Jean Somalwar, Edo Berger, Ryan Chornock, Fabio De Colle, Gavin Farley, Megan Newsome, B. Ashley VanderLey

Abstract: A tiny fraction ($\ll1\%$) of galaxies display luminous, high-ionization metal emission lines, which may be persistent or variable. These extreme coronal lines (ECLs) are produced when soft X-ray photons intercept dense gas ($n\gtrsim10^{6-7}~{\rm cm^{-3}}$). The high X-ray flux required implicates intense nuclear activity, likely originating from tidal disruption events (TDEs) and active galactic… ▽ More A tiny fraction ($\ll1\%$) of galaxies display luminous, high-ionization metal emission lines, which may be persistent or variable. These extreme coronal lines (ECLs) are produced when soft X-ray photons intercept dense gas ($n\gtrsim10^{6-7}~{\rm cm^{-3}}$). The high X-ray flux required implicates intense nuclear activity, likely originating from tidal disruption events (TDEs) and active galactic nuclei (AGN). As ECLs are rarely seen even within these classes, their production may also require specific environmental conditions, but the details remain unclear (e.g., the geometry and volume filling factor of the ECL-producing gas). Here, we present the radio properties of a population of $27$ low-redshift ($z<0.3$) ECL emitting galaxies (ECLEs), providing a unique and previously unexplored probe of the properties of the circumnuclear medium (CNM; $\lesssim1$ pc from the black hole) in these systems. We find that $\sim 50\%$ of ECLEs produce radio synchrotron emission with luminosity and evolution consistent with TDEs and/or AGN. Radio spectral modeling of four ECLEs reveals that the ECL-producing region is (1) clumpy with a low volume filling factor ($10^{-5}\lesssim f_{V}\lesssim10^{-2}$) and (2) likely distinct from the radio emitting region (implying, e.g., a clumpy toroidal geometry). For time-variable ECLEs, these are some of the first observational constraints on the CNM geometry in formerly quiescent galactic nuclei. The unique nature of ECLEs makes them an excellent high-energy laboratory to connect the physics of accretion, photoionization, and feedback in galactic nuclei, thus motivating continued multi-wavelength monitoring. △ Less

Submitted 10 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 24 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to ApJ. Comments welcome

Radio Observations of the Unusual Tidal Disruption Event AT 2022wtn: a Fast and Highly Energetic Outflow

Authors: Gavin Farley, Tanmoy Laskar, Noah Franz, Collin T. Christy, Coleman Rohde, A. J. Goodwin, Kate D. Alexander, Edo Berger, Yvette Cendes, Ryan Chornock, Tarraneh Eftekhari, Walter W. Golay, Wenbin Lu, Raffaella Margutti

Abstract: We present multi-epoch, multi-frequency radio observations of the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT 2022wtn, obtained with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), spanning 97-866 days after optical detection. The peak radio flux density increases until 300 days post optical discovery, flattens out for several hundred days, then begins to decrease at 534… ▽ More We present multi-epoch, multi-frequency radio observations of the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT 2022wtn, obtained with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), spanning 97-866 days after optical detection. The peak radio flux density increases until 300 days post optical discovery, flattens out for several hundred days, then begins to decrease at 534 days. Utilizing an updated equipartition analysis framework, we estimate several physical parameters of the event and the surrounding medium. We model AT 2022wtn with two different geometries: a spherical and a conical emitting region. The spherical outflow model gives an expansion velocity of $v\approx0.21c$ and a kinetic energy of $\sim3.8\times10^{49}$ erg, and the conical outflow model yields a higher energy ($\sim1.8\times10^{50}$) and velocity ($v\approx0.41c$) than the spherical case. After ruling out the possibility of a relativistic jet, we consider several potential origins for sub-relativistic outflow regions in TDEs including unbound debris streams, collisionally-induced outflows, an accretion-driven wind, and an outflow from an accretion disk state transition, and find only an accretion disk state transition outflow to be consistent with the high energy and velocity found in our equipartition results. AT 2022wtn is a uniquely powerful non-relativistic radio-emitting TDE, and joins a growing population that display a diverse range of outflow properties. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 20 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables

A Self-Consistent Framework for Synchrotron Equipartition Analysis

Authors: Coleman Rohde, Tanmoy Laskar, Noah Franz, Gavin Farley, Collin Christy, Kate D. Alexander

Abstract: Determining the energy, size, and velocity of synchrotron-emitting outflows is essential for testing models of their formation and evolution, but these quantities are often poorly constrained by observations alone. Equipartition analysis, therefore, provides a widely used framework for estimating these properties. Prior works have developed refinements to account for additional physical effects an… ▽ More Determining the energy, size, and velocity of synchrotron-emitting outflows is essential for testing models of their formation and evolution, but these quantities are often poorly constrained by observations alone. Equipartition analysis, therefore, provides a widely used framework for estimating these properties. Prior works have developed refinements to account for additional physical effects and other sources of energy (e.g., self-absorption, hot protons, and deviations from strict equipartition); however, these corrections are typically applied independently of one another, resulting in internal inconsistencies. In this work, we derive a self-consistent equipartition framework that accounts for the interdependence of various correction factors for Newtonian outflows and on- and off-axis relativistic jets. We implement our framework in an easy-to-use, publicly available code and apply it to study the tidal disruption events ASASSN-19bt and AT2019dsg, fast X-ray transient EP240414a, and active galactic nucleus J0231-0433. The interdependence of the corrections can increase energy estimates by a factor of ~5, suggesting that the energies of other synchrotron sources may be similarly underestimated in the literature. These results indicate that simultaneously incorporating these correction factors is essential for determining accurate outflow properties and constraining launch mechanisms. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 19 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables

Evidence for Asymmetric Ejecta and Circumstellar Material in SN 2023ixf Inferred from Extensive Nebular-phase Observations

Authors: Brian Hsu, Nathan Smith, K. Azalee Bostroem, Jeniveve Pearson, David J. Sand, Lindsey A. Kwok, Jennifer E. Andrews, Bhagya M. Subrayan, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Manisha Shrestha, Conor Ransome, Moira Andrews, Collin T. Christy, Yize Dong, Joseph Farah, Alexei V. Filippenko, Noah Franz, Jared A. Goldberg, Estefania Padilla Gonzalez, Claudia P. Gutiérrez, Emily Hoang, D. Andrew Howell, Saurabh W. Jha, Réka Kőnyves-Tóth, Michael Lundquist , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present extensive optical and near-infrared (NIR) observations of the nearby Type II supernova (SN II) 2023ixf in the nebular phase from +89 days to +749 days after explosion, supplemented with NIR and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy from the James Webb Space Telescope. The H$α$ emission profile shows complex evolution, with the emergence of high-velocity components consistent with the outer ej… ▽ More We present extensive optical and near-infrared (NIR) observations of the nearby Type II supernova (SN II) 2023ixf in the nebular phase from +89 days to +749 days after explosion, supplemented with NIR and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy from the James Webb Space Telescope. The H$α$ emission profile shows complex evolution, with the emergence of high-velocity components consistent with the outer ejecta interacting with extended, low-density circumstellar material (CSM). We find that the H$α$ profile at an intermediate epoch (around +375 d) can be reconstructed by scaling an earlier decay-powered component and a later-phase shock-powered component, which revealed an additional intermediate-width component. This is consistent with the ejecta crashing into the initially aspherical dense CSM that has been swept-up by the forward shock. In the NIR, we find double-peaked emission from Mg I $1.504\ {\rm μm}$, Na I $2.206\ {\rm μm}$, and [Ni I] $3.12\ {\rm μm}$ between +200 d and +374 d, consistent with an asymmetric distribution of Ni-rich material that heats the ejecta inhomogeneously. We posit a disk-like CSM geometry and an ejecta geometry in which at least two large Ni-rich plumes lead to the observed line-profile diversity. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 36 pages, 15 figures, submitted to ApJ

JWST observations of SN 2024abup: First Detection of CO in a broad-lined Type Ic Supernova and Constraints on r-process Nucleosynthesis

Authors: Manisha Shrestha, Lindsey A. Kwok, David J. Sand, Stan Bartmentloo, Collin Christy, Anders Jerkstrand, K. Azalee Bostroem, Jennifer E. Andrews, Kate D. Alexander, Yize Dong, Carl E. Fields, Emily Hoang, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Brian Hsu, Daryl Janzen, Saurabh W. Jha, Joel Johansson, Jeniveve Pearson, M. J. Lundquist, Darshana Mehta, Aidan Martas, Maryam Modjaz, Bernhard Müller, Conor L. Ransome, Aravind P. Ravi , et al. (20 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: SN 2024abup is a nearby broad-lined Type Ic supernova (SN Ic-bl) in NGC 0681 at a distance of 23.3 \pm 1.6 Mpc. As energetic explosions of massive stars, SNe Ic-bl are considered a plausible site for rapid-neutron capture nucleosynthesis (r-process) and chemical enrichment from short-lived progenitors. They may also contribute to dust production in the early Universe. We present JWST near- to mid-… ▽ More SN 2024abup is a nearby broad-lined Type Ic supernova (SN Ic-bl) in NGC 0681 at a distance of 23.3 \pm 1.6 Mpc. As energetic explosions of massive stars, SNe Ic-bl are considered a plausible site for rapid-neutron capture nucleosynthesis (r-process) and chemical enrichment from short-lived progenitors. They may also contribute to dust production in the early Universe. We present JWST near- to mid-infrared (NIR+MIR) observations (1-14 micron) of SN Ic-bl 2024abup at +41 days after the V band maximum (+54 days after explosion), the first-ever JWST+MIR observation of a SN Ic-bl along with radio and optical data. Using the spectral synthesis code SUMO, we identify the observed broad IR line features in SN 2024abup and find significant contributions from C, O, Mg, and carbon monoxide (CO) -- the earliest detection of molecules in a core-collapse SN so far. The spectrum shows continuum emission at wavelengths greater than 1.5 micron, which could be explained by dust -- preexisting, newly formed, or a combination-heated by the SN. We do not find compelling evidence for infrared signatures of r-process elements, though our search is hampered by the presence of many broad and blended features from the non-r-process elements. These new observations indicate that SNe Ic-bl could be a contributor to early-universe dust production, and suggest that if r-process elements are produced, revealing their presence from spectra requires very high-quality data and models to disentangle blends. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 23 pages, 13 figures, submitted to ApJL

Old and Bright: The Remarkable Radio Brightening of the Engine-driven SN 2012au Several Years After Explosion Signals the Birth of a PWN

Authors: Eli Wiston, Raffaella Margutti, A. J. Nayana, Brian D. Metzger, Kohta Murase, Dan Milisavljevic, Itai Sfaradi, Ryan Chornock, Deanne L. Coppejans, Joe Bright, Garrett K. Keating, Giacomo Terreran, Mattias Lazda, Maria R. Drout, Michael Stroh, Lauren Rhodes, Ben Margalit, Jonathan Granot, Fabio De Colle, Michael Bietenholz, Daichi Tsuna, Samantha Wu, Tanmoy Laskar, Edo Berger, Daniel Patnaude , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results from an extensive broad-band (radio to X-rays) observing campaign of the engine-driven Type Ib SN 2012au in the first 13 years of evolution. The early-time ($δt\leq{190}$ d) radio and X-ray evolution is well-described by conventional models of a forward shock interacting with a wind-like circumstellar medium ($ρ_{\rm{CSM}}\propto{r}^{-2}$). However, starting at… ▽ More We present the results from an extensive broad-band (radio to X-rays) observing campaign of the engine-driven Type Ib SN 2012au in the first 13 years of evolution. The early-time ($δt\leq{190}$ d) radio and X-ray evolution is well-described by conventional models of a forward shock interacting with a wind-like circumstellar medium ($ρ_{\rm{CSM}}\propto{r}^{-2}$). However, starting at $δ{t}\approx{6.7}$ yr, we detect a significant radio re-brightening. This late-time emission is dominated by a luminous component characterized by a broad and rapidly evolving spectral peak and a shallow optically thin spectral slope, $F_ν\proptoν^{-0.31\pm0.02}$. These properties imply a compact emitting region ($R\lesssim{10}^{16}$ cm) expanding at a remarkably slow velocity ($\lesssim{500}$ km/s) into a high-density environment ($\geq{10}^4 \rm{cm}^{-3}$), accompanied by a hard electron power-law index $p\approx{1.6}$. No soft or hard X-ray emission is detected at any epoch, indicating that high-energy radiation is either strongly absorbed or intrinsically absent. In the context of aspherical shock-CSM interaction models, these observations imply extreme properties of the CSM (geometry, density, total mass) that lack clear astrophysical motivation. Instead, we show that the emergence of radiation from a newborn Pulsar Wind Nebula (PWN) naturally explains the radio spectral evolution and high-energy limits, where the emission is governed by the adiabatic expansion of a relic pair plasma. We conclude that SN 2012au represents the most compelling candidate for a young, newborn PWN discovered to date, a scenario that can be directly tested with pending Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 39 pages, 20 figures, 4 tables, Submitted to ApJ

VLA Observations Confirm AT 2023mfm as an Off-nuclear Tidal Disruption Event

Authors: Wenkai Li, Collin T. Christy, Kate D. Alexander, Itai Sfaradi, Xinya Huang, Ning Jiang, Tanmoy Laskar, Andrew Mummery, Noah Franz, Adelle J. Goodwin, Walter W. Golay, Raffaella Margutti, Ryan Chornock, Jiazheng Zhu, Sjoert van Velzen, Yvette Cendes, Wenbin Lu, Jimmy Lynch

Abstract: We report new radio observations of the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT 2023mfm, which we identified as a high-confidence candidate in a systematic search for off-nuclear TDEs. High-resolution NSF Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array C-band (6 GHz) imaging resolves two radio sources: one consistent with the host-galaxy nucleus and one offset by $0.651\pm0.036^{\prime\prime}$ ($1.06\pm0.06$ kpc), consis… ▽ More We report new radio observations of the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT 2023mfm, which we identified as a high-confidence candidate in a systematic search for off-nuclear TDEs. High-resolution NSF Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array C-band (6 GHz) imaging resolves two radio sources: one consistent with the host-galaxy nucleus and one offset by $0.651\pm0.036^{\prime\prime}$ ($1.06\pm0.06$ kpc), consistent with the Zwicky Transient Facility and Pan-STARRS1 positions of AT 2023mfm. These observations confirm the off-nuclear nature of AT 2023mfm, demonstrating the power of high-resolution radio imaging to validate off-nuclear TDE candidates and reveal hidden off-nuclear massive black holes. △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2026; v1 submitted 4 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure, published in RNAAS

Journal ref: Res. Notes AAS 10 (2026) 153

Early Multiwavelength Observations of AT 2026fgk: The Luminous Afterglow to Sub-luminous GRB 260310A, Identified Independently of a Gamma-ray Trigger

Authors: K. -R. Hinds, A. Y. Q. Ho, Y. Wagh, R. Jayaraman, D. A. Perley, G. Waratkar, A. Bochenek, B. P. Gompertz, C. Fremling, J. Rastinejad, N. Sarin, G. Schroeder, R. A. Perley, G. P. Srinivasaragavan, K. Ackley, T. Ahumada, M. F. Aller, I. Andreoni, A. Aryan, S. Belkin, E. C. Bellm, S. Ben-Ami, T. de Boer, M. Bremer, R. P. Breton , et al. (81 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The origins of sub-luminous ($L_\mathrm{γ,\mathrm{iso}} < 10^{49.5}$\,erg\,s$^{-1}$) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) associated with broad-lined Type~Ic supernovae (Ic-BL SNe) are poorly understood, in part due to the low discovery rate and faint afterglows. Here we present the identification of the optical afterglow of Fermi-GBM-detected GRB\,260310A (AT\,2026fgk) as a rapidly rising ($>1\,$mag\,d… ▽ More The origins of sub-luminous ($L_\mathrm{γ,\mathrm{iso}} < 10^{49.5}$\,erg\,s$^{-1}$) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) associated with broad-lined Type~Ic supernovae (Ic-BL SNe) are poorly understood, in part due to the low discovery rate and faint afterglows. Here we present the identification of the optical afterglow of Fermi-GBM-detected GRB\,260310A (AT\,2026fgk) as a rapidly rising ($>1\,$mag\,d$^{-1}$), red ($g-r=0.4$\,mag) transient using the Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observatory, Large Array Survey Telescope, and Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) data streams. We present multiwavelength follow-up observations from the first 50\,days, which reveal that GRB 260310A/AT\,2026fgk was sub-luminous ($L_\mathrm{γ,iso}=10^{48.8}\,$erg\,s$^{-1}$); it was the most nearby ($z=0.153$) afterglow identified blindly by an optical survey; and that it is one of the brightest afterglows ever observed at X-ray, optical, and radio (cm to mm) wavelengths. We spectroscopically confirm an underlying Ic-BL SN with properties typical of GRB-SNe ($M_\mathrm{ej}\approx3\,M_\odot$, $E_{\rm K}\approx 10^{52}\,$erg). With basic modeling of the afterglow, including the long optical rise ($\approx10^{3}\,$s), we infer either a low initial Lorentz factor ($Γ_0\approx40$) or a slightly off-axis viewing angle ($\lesssim3^\circ$). The host galaxy's mass and star formation rate are similar to the hosts of other sub-luminous GRBs. ZTF's flux-limited survey gives a volumetric rate of AT\,2026fgk-like events of $0.30^{+1.37}_{-0.29}\,$Gpc\,$^{-3}$\,yr$^{-1}$, which is consistent with the on-axis, high luminosity ($L_{\rm γ,iso}>10^{49.5}$\,erg\,s$^{-1}$) long-GRB rate. The similarity in the rates strongly constrains the prevalence of low-$Γ_0$ bursts and the beaming of the initial relativistic material in GRBs. △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

A 14-year-old Mystery: The Peculiar Case of the Engine-driven SN 2012ap

Authors: Itai Sfaradi, Raffaella Margutti, Ryan Chornock, A. J. Nayana, Eli Wiston, Fabio De Colle, Tracy E. Clarke, Wendy M. Peters, Paz Beniamini, Wenbin Lu, Rodolfo Barniol Duran, Michael Bietenholz, Collin T. Christy, Deanne L. Coppejans, Maria R. Drout, Dina Ibrahimzade, Michal J. Michalowski, Dan Milisavljevic, Conor M. B. Omand, Yihan Wang, Kate D. Alexander, Carles Badenes, Joe Bright, Jonathan Granot, Erica Hammerstein , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present late-time ($δt > 3000$ d) optical (Keck), X-ray (Chandra and NuSTAR), and radio (VLA, ALMA, and the uGMRT) observations of the Type Ic-BL SN 2012ap. Previous studies of this SN suggested that it stands out as a key example of a weak engine-driven explosion due to the lack of gamma-ray burst detection and a mildly relativistic ejecta. Recently, radio sky surveys revealed the rebrightenin… ▽ More We present late-time ($δt > 3000$ d) optical (Keck), X-ray (Chandra and NuSTAR), and radio (VLA, ALMA, and the uGMRT) observations of the Type Ic-BL SN 2012ap. Previous studies of this SN suggested that it stands out as a key example of a weak engine-driven explosion due to the lack of gamma-ray burst detection and a mildly relativistic ejecta. Recently, radio sky surveys revealed the rebrightening of the radio emission from this SN, highlighting the possibilities of a density enhancement at large radii or the existence of an off-axis relativistic jet. While the late-time optical spectra does not exhibit the broad emission lines seen in other interacting SNe, our analysis of the broadband radio and X-ray emission implies that both scenarios are plausible. If a density enhancement is responsible for the radio rebrightening, it has to result from a change in the mass-loss rate and/or wind velocity, possibly due to the transition of the progenitor from a red supergiant to a Wolf-Rayet star. If the late-time radio component is a result of an off-axis relativistic jet, we find that an energetic narrow jet viewed at $θ_{\rm obs} \geq 80^{\circ}$ is needed. In this scenario, SN 2012ap is not a result of a weak engine-driven explosion, and, instead, it is similar to other GRBs. However, radio rebrightenings of Type Ic-BL SNe are not enough on their own to determine the existence of off-axis jets and our planned VLBA observation will help reveal the true nature of this SN. △ Less

Submitted 15 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 24 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables; Submitted to ApJ

The Eye of Sauron in SN 2025ngs: a Short-plateau Cousin of SN 1998S with Evidence for a Ring-like Circumstellar Medium

Authors: Conor L. Ransome, David J. Sand, K. Azalee Bostroem, Aravind P. Ravi, Bhagya M. Subrayan, Jennifer E. Andrews, Zachary G. Lane, Yize Dong, Anya Nugent, Stefano Valenti, Jeniveve Pearson, Manisha Shrestha, Samaporn Tinyanont, Brian Hsu, Moira Andrews, Dominik Banhidi, Imre Barna Biro, Collin Christy, Istvan Csanyi, Joseph Farah, Noah Franz, Emily T. Hoang, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, D. Andrew Howell, Daryl Janzen , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Interacting supernovae probe the twilight years of massive stars, exhibiting signatures of interaction between the supernova ejecta and surrounding material expelled from the progenitor. We present the peculiar interacting supernova, SN\,2025ngs in NGC5961 (37.8 Mpc). This transient toes the line between strongly interacting supernovae (type IIn) and type IIP supernovae. SN 2025ngs presents photom… ▽ More Interacting supernovae probe the twilight years of massive stars, exhibiting signatures of interaction between the supernova ejecta and surrounding material expelled from the progenitor. We present the peculiar interacting supernova, SN\,2025ngs in NGC5961 (37.8 Mpc). This transient toes the line between strongly interacting supernovae (type IIn) and type IIP supernovae. SN 2025ngs presents photometrically as a short-plateau supernova, with a plateau duration, t$_{\mathrm{PT}}^{}\approx70$ days. Interaction features subside within a week post-explosion, consistent with the growing number of flash supernovae, giving way to a short period where a typical IIP spectrum is exhibited. Towards the drop off the plateau, interaction features re-emerge, exhibiting complex H$α$ profiles throughout the rest of the transient evolution. We compare with models of early spectra, finding the abundances generally consistent with a supergiant progenitor with a high mass-loss rate (10$^{-3}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$). Early, high-resolution spectra reveal a double-horned H$α$ profile, providing strong evidence for shock interaction with a proximate disk-like circumstellar medium. Spectroscopically, SN 2025ngs closely resembles the luminous SN 1998S, despite photometric differences, with SN 2025ngs having a relatively modest peak magnitude of $M_\mathrm{V}=-17.9$ mag, adding another member to the surprisingly diverse 98S-like group. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 32 pages, 19 figures. Submitted to ApJ

First Detection of Faraday Rotation in a Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow: Low Polarization and High Rotation Measure in GRB 260310A Reveal Jet Magnetic Structure and Environment

Authors: Collin T. Christy, Tanmoy Laskar, Kate D. Alexander, Noah Franz, Jonathan Granot, Ryan Chornock, Raffaella Margutti, Ramandeep Gill, Jeniveve Pearson, Edo Berger, Wen-fai Fong, Coleman Rohde, Patricia Schady

Abstract: We report the detection of linear polarization in the radio afterglow of GRB 260310A, representing the first centimeter-wavelength polarization detection of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow and the first measurement of Faraday rotation in a GRB environment. We detect linearly polarized emission across $11-25$ GHz, with a polarization fraction decreasing monotonically from $(3.18 \pm 0.18)\%$ at 2… ▽ More We report the detection of linear polarization in the radio afterglow of GRB 260310A, representing the first centimeter-wavelength polarization detection of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow and the first measurement of Faraday rotation in a GRB environment. We detect linearly polarized emission across $11-25$ GHz, with a polarization fraction decreasing monotonically from $(3.18 \pm 0.18)\%$ at 25 GHz to $(0.69 \pm 0.22)\%$ at 11 GHz. Interpreting the radio data as emission from a reverse shock in a structured, relativistic jet, the observed depolarization toward lower frequencies is consistent with suppression by synchrotron self-absorption, while the low observed polarization at high frequencies relative to the theoretical maximum suggests a patchy magnetic field in the jet with a coherence scale, $θ_{\rm B}\approx10^{-2}$ rad. We identify a frequency-dependent rotation of the polarization angle consistent with Faraday rotation, with a rotation measure of ${\rm RM} = -(8300 \pm 90)~\rm{rad/m^2}$ at the GRB redshift. The magnitude of the rotation measure is consistent with propagation through a dense, magnetized environment, such as a progenitor HII region. These findings demonstrate that GRB afterglows exhibit measurable linear polarization at centimeter wavelengths, and that their polarimetric properties probe both intrinsic jet magnetization and the surrounding medium. Future multi-frequency polarimetric monitoring over timescales of days to weeks will enable detailed studies of the evolution of magnetic field structure and provide new constraints on the role of magnetic fields in GRB afterglows. △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Submitted to ApJL, 19 pages, 7 figures, comments welcome

Search For a Counterpart to the Subsolar Mass Gravitational Wave Candidate S251112cm

Authors: Nicholas Vieira, Noah Franz, Bhagya Subrayan, Charles D. Kilpatrick, David J. Sand, Wen-fai Fong, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Kate D. Alexander, K. Azalee Bostroem, Jillian Rastinejad, Kerry Paterson, Manisha Shrestha, Phillip Noel, P. Darc, Jeniveve Pearson, Aysha Aamer, A. Souza Santos, Luidhy Santana-Silva, Clecio R. Bom, Regis Cartier, Hemanth Bommireddy, Ósmar Rodríguez, Jennifer E. Andrews, Conor Ransome, Vasileios Paschalidis , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The recent candidate gravitational-wave (GW) alert from a compact object merger involving at least one subsolar mass (SSM) object has prompted questions about their origins. S251112cm is reported by LIGO/Virgo with a false alarm rate of 1 per 6.2 years, nearby luminosity distance $93 \pm 27$ Mpc, and probability of containing a SSM object of 100%. Such a system, if astrophysical, likely did not in… ▽ More The recent candidate gravitational-wave (GW) alert from a compact object merger involving at least one subsolar mass (SSM) object has prompted questions about their origins. S251112cm is reported by LIGO/Virgo with a false alarm rate of 1 per 6.2 years, nearby luminosity distance $93 \pm 27$ Mpc, and probability of containing a SSM object of 100%. Such a system, if astrophysical, likely did not involve the supersolar neutron stars or black holes invoked to explain kilonovae. One must then also invoke hitherto unobserved and speculative models to produce SSM mergers which may have electromagnetic (EM) counterparts. We introduce a framework which vets and scores candidate counterparts to SSM GW events to inform follow-up in search of any among the zoo of potential EM transients: kilonovae, kilonovae-within-supernovae, super-kilonovae, or AGN flares from binary black hole mergers. We use a suite of telescopes to perform tiling, galaxy-targeted observations, and photometric/spectroscopic follow-up of promising candidates. In near-real time, we ingest candidates reported by the community, including some of the first observations reported by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. We vet and score a total of 456 candidates, including 67 from Rubin, but find no likely counterpart. We nonetheless highlight candidates which demonstrate the ability of our framework to distinguish between different transient types and describe strategies to maximize the chances of detecting a counterpart to the next SSM event. Our framework will be implemented in the forthcoming Multimessenger Tool for Rapid Object Vetting and Examination (TROVE). △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2026; v1 submitted 17 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 20 pages, 8 figures in body; accepted to ApJ

A multiwavelength view of the nearby Calcium-Strong Transient SN 2025coe in the X-Ray, Near-Infrared, and Radio Wavebands

Authors: Sahana Kumar, Raphael Baer-Way, Aravind P. Ravi, Maryam Modjaz, Poonam Chandra, Stefano Valenti, Lindsey A. Kwok, Samaporn Tinyanont, Ryan J. Foley, D. Andrew Howell, Daichi Hiramatsu, Jennifer E. Andrews, K. Azalee Bostroem, Collin Christy, Noah Franz, Brian Hsu, Jeniveve Pearson, David J. Sand, Manisha Shrestha, Nathan Smith, Bhagya Subrayan

Abstract: Calcium-strong transients (CaSTs) are a subclass of faint and rapidly evolving supernovae (SNe) that exhibit strong calcium features and notably weak oxygen features. The small but growing population of CaSTs exhibits some aspects similar to thermonuclear supernovae but others similar to massive star core-collapse events, leading to intriguing questions on their physical origins. SN~2025coe is one… ▽ More Calcium-strong transients (CaSTs) are a subclass of faint and rapidly evolving supernovae (SNe) that exhibit strong calcium features and notably weak oxygen features. The small but growing population of CaSTs exhibits some aspects similar to thermonuclear supernovae but others similar to massive star core-collapse events, leading to intriguing questions on their physical origins. SN~2025coe is one of the nearest CaSTs discovered to date, and our coordinated multi-wavelength observations obtained days to weeks post-explosion reveal new insights on these enigmatic transients. With the most robust NIR spectroscopic time-series of a CaST collected to date, SN 2025coe shows spectral signatures characteristic of Type Ib SNe (i.e. He-rich stripped-envelope SNe). SN~2025coe is the third X-ray detected CaST and our analysis of \textit{Swift} X-ray data suggest interaction with 0.12 $\pm\,0.11\ M_{\odot}$ of circumstellar material (CSM) extending to at least $2 \times 10^{15} $cm ($\sim 30,000\ R_{\odot}$, while our analysis of the 1--240 GHz radio non-detections gives an outer radius of that CSM of at most $\sim 5\times 10^{15}$ cm. This inferred nearby high-density CSM extending out to $(3.5 \pm 1.5) \times10^{15}$ cm is similar to that seen in the other two X-ray detected CaSTs, and its presence suggests that either intensive mass-loss from a massive star or some exotic pre-supernova mass ejection may be a common feature of this subclass. Our work also expands upon recent studies on the optical properties of SN 2025coe and explores our current understanding of different progenitor systems that could possibly produce CaSTs. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2026; v1 submitted 26 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: submitted to ApJ on Jan 26, 2026 accepted for publication May 14, 2026

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal, July 2026, Volume 1005, Issue 1, id.98

SN 2023zcu: A Type IIP SN with Early Flash Features

Authors: Monalisa Dubey, Kuntal Misra, Géza Csörnyei, Raya Dastidar, D. Andrew Howell, David J. Sand, Stefano Valenti, WeiKang Zheng, Alexei V. Filippenko, Saurabh Jha, Jesper Sollerman, Peter Brown, Kate D. Alexander, Moira Andrews, Jennifer Andrews, Dre Betz, Emma Born, Kate Bostow, K. Azalee Bostroem, Sea'n J. Brennan, Thomas G. Brink, Collin Christy, Elma Chuang, Yize Dong, Naveen Dukiya , et al. (29 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a detailed photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the Type IIP supernova SN~2023zcu, which exploded in the galaxy NGC~2139 (redshift $z$ = 0.006). SN~2023zcu exhibits a well-sampled light curve covering the rise, plateau, and nebular phases. It has an optically thick phase of $100.6 \pm 0.6$ d with a magnitude drop of $\sim$1.7 mag in the {\em V} band during the transition between th… ▽ More We present a detailed photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the Type IIP supernova SN~2023zcu, which exploded in the galaxy NGC~2139 (redshift $z$ = 0.006). SN~2023zcu exhibits a well-sampled light curve covering the rise, plateau, and nebular phases. It has an optically thick phase of $100.6 \pm 0.6$ d with a magnitude drop of $\sim$1.7 mag in the {\em V} band during the transition between the plateau and the nebular phases. Weak emission features in the early-time spectra indicate a low-level interaction between circumstellar material (CSM) and the SN ejecta. The spectral evolution is well sampled and exhibits a prominent P-Cygni profile of H$α$, a defining characteristic of Type IIP SNe. Signatures of metal-line formation (e.g., \ion{Fe}{2}, \ion{Ca}{2} near-infrared triplet) are also evident in the spectra as the SN evolves. Spectral modeling with the radiative-transfer code \texttt{TARDIS} during the early photospheric phase (8.7--35.5 d since explosion) yields photospheric temperatures decreasing from $\sim$9,000 to $\sim$6,000 K and expansion velocities declining from $\sim$10,000 to $\sim$5,400 km s$^{-1}$. A tailored expanding photosphere method (EPM) fit based on the \texttt{TARDIS} models provides a distance estimate of $27.8 \pm 2.0$ Mpc. Nebular-phase spectra and bolometric light-curve modeling suggest a progenitor mass in the range 12--15 M$_\odot$. This thorough analysis helps to constrain progenitor properties and explosion parameters, thereby strengthening our understanding of Type IIP SNe. △ Less

Submitted 21 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 24 pages, 17 figures, 7 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

SN 2024abfl: A Flat-Plateau, Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernova with Early CSM Interaction

Authors: Madison Gerard, Jennifer E. Andrews, Geoffrey C. Clayton, David J. Sand, K. Azalee Bostroem, Jeniveve Pearson, Raya Dastidar, Aravind P. Ravi, Conor L. Ransome, Bhagya Subrayan, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Brian Hsu, Yize Dong, Manisha Shrestha, Stefano Valenti, Nathan Smith, Daryl Janzen, M. J. Lundquist, Nicolas Meza, Saurabh W. Jha, Kate D. Alexander, Collin Christy, Noah Franz, Lindsey A. Kwok, Moira Andrews , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2024abfl, a low-luminosity Type IIP supernova (LLSN) discovered shortly after explosion. The transient reached a peak absolute magnitude of $M_V = -14.9$ and exhibited an extended, flat plateau lasting $\sim$125 days. From the late-time bolometric light curve, we estimate a $^{56}$Ni mass of $\sim0.01~M_\odot$, consistent with other LLSNe… ▽ More We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2024abfl, a low-luminosity Type IIP supernova (LLSN) discovered shortly after explosion. The transient reached a peak absolute magnitude of $M_V = -14.9$ and exhibited an extended, flat plateau lasting $\sim$125 days. From the late-time bolometric light curve, we estimate a $^{56}$Ni mass of $\sim0.01~M_\odot$, consistent with other LLSNe. Analytical shock-cooling models fail to reproduce the rapid early rise, indicating that circumstellar material (CSM) interaction contributed to the initial emission. The spectroscopic evolution is typical of LLSNe, with relatively narrow metal lines and low expansion velocities ($\lesssim 3000$ km s$^{-1}$) that decline slowly over time. We detect a broad ``ledge'' feature around 4600 Åwithin three days of explosion, which we interpret as a blend of high-ionization shock-accelerated CSM lines. Multi-peaked H$α$ profiles develop during the plateau phase, consistent with complex ejecta-CSM interactions. As one of the best-observed examples of LLSNe, SN 2024abfl exhibits a weak explosion and signatures of nearby CSM, offering new insights into progenitor properties, pre-explosion mass loss, and the diversity of LLSNe. △ Less

Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: Will be submitted to ApJ during AAS. Comments can be sent to maddiekgerard@gmail.com and jennifer.andrews@noirlab.edu

The Double-Peaked Calcium-Strong SN 2025coe: Progenitor Constraints from Early Interaction and Ejecta Asymmetries

Authors: Aravind P. Ravi, Sahana Kumar, Raphael Baer-Way, Stefano Valenti, Maryam Modjaz, Bart F. A. van Baal, Anders Jerkstrand, Yize Dong, Lindsey A. Kwok, Jeniveve Pearson, David J. Sand, Daichi Hiramatsu, Alexei V. Filippenko, Jennifer Andrews, Moira Andrews, Prasiddha Arunachalam, K. Azalee Bostroem, Thomas G. Brink, Collin Christy, Liyang Chen, Kyle W. Davis, Ali Esamdin, Joseph Farah, Ryan J. Foley, Emily Hoang , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Supernova (SN) 2025coe at a distance of $\sim$25 Mpc is the second-closest calcium-strong (CaST) transient. It was discovered at a large projected offset of $\sim$34 kpc from its potential host galaxy NGC 3277. Multiband photometry of SN 2025coe indicates the presence of two peaks at day $\sim$2 and day $\sim$11 after explosion. Modeling the bolometric light curve, we find that the first peak can… ▽ More Supernova (SN) 2025coe at a distance of $\sim$25 Mpc is the second-closest calcium-strong (CaST) transient. It was discovered at a large projected offset of $\sim$34 kpc from its potential host galaxy NGC 3277. Multiband photometry of SN 2025coe indicates the presence of two peaks at day $\sim$2 and day $\sim$11 after explosion. Modeling the bolometric light curve, we find that the first peak can be reproduced either by shock cooling of a compact envelope ($R_\mathrm{env}$ $\approx $6-40 $R_{\odot}$; $M_\mathrm{env}$ $\approx $0.1-0.2 $M_{\odot}$) or by interaction with close-in circumstellar material (CSM; $R_{\mathrm{CSM}} \lesssim 6 \times10^{14}$ cm), or a combination of both. The second peak is dominated by radioactive decay of $^{56}$Ni ($M_{\mathrm{ej}} \approx $0.4-0.5 $M_{\odot}$; $M_{^{56}\mathrm{Ni}} \approx 1.4 \times 10^{-2}$ $M_{\odot}$). SN 2025coe rapidly evolves from the photospheric phase dominated by He I P-Cygni profiles to nebular phase spectra dominated by strong [Ca II] $λλ$7291, 7323 and weak [O I] $λλ$6300, 6364 emission lines. Simultaneous line profile modeling of [Ca II] and [O I] at nebular phases shows that an asymmetric core-collapse explosion of a low-mass ($\lesssim$3.3 $M_{\odot}$) He-core progenitor can explain the observed line profiles. Alternatively, lack of local star formation at the site of the SN explosion combined with a low ejecta mass is also consistent with a thermonuclear explosion due to a low-mass hybrid He-C/O white dwarf + C/O white dwarf merger. △ Less

Submitted 6 April, 2026; v1 submitted 1 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 28 pages, 17 figures, 3 tables; Accepted for publication in ApJ

SN 2024iss: A Double-peaked Type IIb Supernova with Evidence of Circumstellar Interaction

Authors: Liyang Chen, Xiaofeng Wang, Qinyu Wu, Moira Andrews, Joseph Farah, Paolo Ochner, Andrea Reguitti, Thomas G. Brink, Jujia Zhang, Cuiying Song, Jialian Liu, Alexei V. Filippenko, David J. Sand, Irene Albanese, Kate D. Alexander, Jennifer Andrews, K. Azalee Bostroem, Yongzhi Cai, Collin Christy, Ali Esamdin, Andrea Farina, Noah Franz, D. Andrew Howell, Brian Hsu, Maokai Hu , et al. (32 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray observations of supernova (SN) 2024iss, a Type IIb SN that shows a prominent double-peaked light curve. We modeled the first peak with a semianalytical shock-cooling model and the X-ray emission with a free-free model. We compare the envelope radius and mass-loss rate with other Type IIb SNe to explore the relationships between the progenitor envelope and… ▽ More We present optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray observations of supernova (SN) 2024iss, a Type IIb SN that shows a prominent double-peaked light curve. We modeled the first peak with a semianalytical shock-cooling model and the X-ray emission with a free-free model. We compare the envelope radius and mass-loss rate with other Type IIb SNe to explore the relationships between the progenitor envelope and the circumstellar material (CSM). The shock-cooling peak in the $V$-band light curve reached $M_V = -17.33\pm 0.26$mag, while the $^{56}$Ni-powered second peak attained $M_V = -17.43\pm 0.26$mag. Early spectra show an photospheric velocity of $\sim19,400\,km\,s^{-1}$ at 3.82days from the H$α$ P~Cygni profile. The Balmer lines persist at least +87 days after the explosion, characterizing hydrogen-rich ejecta. Modeling the first light-curve peak suggests an extended envelope with a mass of $0.11\pm0.04\,M_{\odot}$ and a radius of $244\pm43~R_{\odot}$. Fitting the second light-curve peak with an Arnett-like model indicates a typical $^{56}$Ni mass of $ 0.117\pm0.013~M_{\odot}$ and a relatively low ejecta mass of $1.272\pm0.343\,M_{\odot}$. X-ray observations reveal bright thermal bremsstrahlung emission and indicate a mass-loss rate of $1.6\times10^{-5}\ M_{\odot} \ \rm{yr}^{-1}$. SN 2024iss occupies a transitional position between the two subclasses of extended (eIIb) and compact (cIIb) Type IIb SNe. Its envelope radius and pre-explosion mass-loss rate appear to be correlated as theoretically predicted. The observational properties of SN 2024iss are compatible with a binary interaction scenario being the dominant mechanism for envelope stripping. Furthermore, the low column density of neutral hydrogen suggests a compact CSM with an outer radius of $\lesssim1.3\times10^{14}$ cm, indicating that the progenitor star experienced eruptive mass loss within $\sim4\,yr$ of its terminal explosion. △ Less

Submitted 27 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 24 pages, 14 figures, submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 710, A33 (2026)

Optimizing Kilonova Searches: A Case Study of the Type IIb SN 2025ulz in the Localization Volume of the Low-Significance Gravitational Wave Event S250818k

Authors: Noah Franz, Bhagya Subrayan, Charles D. Kilpatrick, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, David J. Sand, Kate D. Alexander, Wen-fai Fong, Collin T. Christy, Jeniveve Pearson, Tanmoy Laskar, Brian Hsu, Jillian Rastinejad, Michael J. Lundquist, Edo Berger, K. Azalee Bostroem, Clecio R. Bom, Phelipe Darc, Mark Gurwell, Shelbi Hostler Schimpf, Garrett K. Keating, Phillip Noel, Conor Ransome, Ramprasad Rao, Luidhy Santana-Silva, A. Souza Santos , et al. (32 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Kilonovae, the ultraviolet/optical/infrared counterparts to binary neutron star mergers, are an exceptionally rare class of transients. Optical follow-up campaigns are plagued by contaminating transients, which may mimic kilonovae, but do not receive sufficient observations to measure the full photometric evolution. In this work, we present an analysis of the multi-wavelength dataset of supernova… ▽ More Kilonovae, the ultraviolet/optical/infrared counterparts to binary neutron star mergers, are an exceptionally rare class of transients. Optical follow-up campaigns are plagued by contaminating transients, which may mimic kilonovae, but do not receive sufficient observations to measure the full photometric evolution. In this work, we present an analysis of the multi-wavelength dataset of supernova (SN) 2025ulz, a proposed kilonova candidate following the low-significance detection of gravitational waves originating from the potential binary neutron star merger S250818k. Despite an early rapid decline in brightness, our multi-wavelength observations of SN 2025ulz reveal that it is a type IIb supernova. As part of this analysis, we demonstrate the capabilities of a novel quantitative scoring algorithm to determine the likelihood that a transient candidate is a kilonova, based primarily on its 3D location and light curve evolution. We also apply our scoring algorithm to other transient candidates in the localization volume of S250818k and find that, at all times after the discovery of SN 2025ulz, there are $\geq 4$ candidates with a score comparable to SN 2025ulz, indicating that the kilonova search may have benefited from the additional follow-up of other candidates. During future kilonova searches, this type of scoring algorithm will be useful to rule out contaminating transients in real time, optimizing the use of valuable telescope resources. △ Less

Submitted 25 October, 2025; v1 submitted 19 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Accepted to ApJL. 37 pages, 12 figures

The 6 year radio lightcurve of the tidal disruption event AT2019azh

Authors: Matthew Burn, Adelle J. Goodwin, Gemma E. Anderson, James C. A. Miller-Jones, Yvette Cendes, Collin T. Christy, Wenbin Lu, Sjoert van Velzen

Abstract: Analysis of radio emission from tidal disruption events allows for detailed constraints on the properties of ejected outflows and the host environment surrounding the black hole. However, the late-time radio behaviour of tidal disruption events is not well-studied due to a lack of observations. In this work we present long-term radio monitoring observations of the tidal disruption event AT2019azh… ▽ More Analysis of radio emission from tidal disruption events allows for detailed constraints on the properties of ejected outflows and the host environment surrounding the black hole. However, the late-time radio behaviour of tidal disruption events is not well-studied due to a lack of observations. In this work we present long-term radio monitoring observations of the tidal disruption event AT2019azh spanning 1167-2159 days post disruption. We fit a physically motivated synchrotron model to the radio spectra at each epoch, and model the decay of the light curve under the assumption that the outflow transitions into the non-relativistic Sedov-Taylor regime at late times. Through this modelling we obtain strong constraints on the density profile of the circumnuclear medium, finding an unusually flat density profile proportional to $r^{0.24^{+0.11}_{-0.15}}$. Overall we find that unlike some tidal disruption events, AT2019azh does not show late time re-brightening up to 6 years post-disruption. The Sedov-Taylor light curve decay model provides a good fit to the data, motivating the assumption that the outflow was produced by a single ejection of material close to the time of stellar disruption. From forward modelling the evolution of the radio light curve decay we predict that the radio afterglow from AT2019azh should be detectable for decades at its current rate of evolution. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Dichotomy in Long-Lived Radio Emission from Tidal Disruption Events AT 2020zso and AT 2021sdu: Multi-Component Outflows vs. Host Contamination

Authors: Collin T. Christy, Kate D. Alexander, Tanmoy Laskar, Noah Franz, Adelle J. Goodwin, Jeniveve Pearson, Edo Berger, Yvette Cendes, Ryan Chornock, Deanne Coppejans, Tarraneh Eftekhari, Raffaella Margutti, James C. A. Miller-Jones, Melanie Krips, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz, David J. Sand, Richard Saxton, Manisha Shrestha, Sjoert van Velzen

Abstract: We present a detailed radio study of the tidal disruption events (TDEs) AT 2020zso and AT 2021sdu. Both exhibit transient radio emission beginning shortly after optical discovery and persisting for several years. For AT 2020zso, we identify two distinct radio flares. The first arises soon after the optical peak, reaching a maximum $\sim1$ year post-discovery before fading. The second flare appears… ▽ More We present a detailed radio study of the tidal disruption events (TDEs) AT 2020zso and AT 2021sdu. Both exhibit transient radio emission beginning shortly after optical discovery and persisting for several years. For AT 2020zso, we identify two distinct radio flares. The first arises soon after the optical peak, reaching a maximum $\sim1$ year post-discovery before fading. The second flare appears $\sim800$ days after discovery and results in the brief presence of two distinct components in the radio spectra, providing strong evidence for physically separate outflows. Both flares are consistent with non-relativistic outflows, with velocities $v\approx0.1-0.2c$ and energies $E\sim10^{49}$ erg, propagating through a Bondi-like circumnuclear medium. Our analysis supports a scenario in which the first outflow is accretion-driven, launched while the TDE disk is accreting at a relatively high Eddington fraction, whereas the second outflow is associated with a transition to an advection-dominated accretion flow. In contrast, the radio emission from AT 2021sdu is best explained by a slower ($v\approx0.03c$), less energetic outflow ($E\sim10^{48}$ erg), combined with diffuse, non-variable host emission that becomes dominant $\sim500$ days after discovery. Assuming free expansion, we infer an outflow launch date preceding the optical discovery date. This suggests that the outflow may originate from either the unbound stellar debris ejected during disruption or, alternatively, from a decelerating outflow. Our findings demonstrate the diversity of outflow properties in TDEs and highlight the observational challenges of interpreting late-time radio variability in the presence of host galaxy contamination. △ Less

Submitted 17 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 26 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables. Submitted to ApJ

The Open mulTiwavelength Transient Event Repository (OTTER): Infrastructure Release and Tidal Disruption Event Catalog

Authors: Noah Franz, Kate D Alexander, Sebastian Gomez, Collin T Christy, Tanmoy Laskar, Sjoert van Velzen, Nicholas Earl, Suvi Gezari, Mitchell Karmen, Raffaella Margutti, Jeniveve Pearson, V. Ashley Villar, Ann I Zabludoff

Abstract: Multiwavelength analyses of astrophysical transients are essential for understanding the physics of these events. To make such analyses more efficient and effective, we present the Open mulTiwavelength Transient Event Repository (OTTER), a publicly available catalog of published transient event metadata and photometry. Unlike previous efforts, our data schema is optimized for the storage of multiw… ▽ More Multiwavelength analyses of astrophysical transients are essential for understanding the physics of these events. To make such analyses more efficient and effective, we present the Open mulTiwavelength Transient Event Repository (OTTER), a publicly available catalog of published transient event metadata and photometry. Unlike previous efforts, our data schema is optimized for the storage of multiwavelength photometric datasets spanning the entire electromagnetic spectrum from multiple published sources. Open source software, including an application programming interface (API) and web application, are available for viewing, accessing, and analyzing the dataset. For the initial release of OTTER, we present the largest ever photometric archive of tidal disruption event (TDE) candidates, including $\gtrsim 118,000$ observations of 240 TDE candidates spanning from radio to X-ray wavelengths. We demonstrate the power of this infrastructure through four example analyses of the TDE population. We plan to maintain this dataset as more TDE candidates are proposed in the future and encourage other users to contribute by uploading newly published data via our web application. The infrastructure was built with the goal of archiving additional transient data (supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, fast blue optical transients, fast radio bursts, etc.) in the future. The web application is available at https://otter.idies.jhu.edu and the API documentation is available at https://astro-otter.readthedocs.io. △ Less

Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 5 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Accepted to ApJ. The OTTER web interface is available at https://otter.idies.jhu.edu and the API documentation (including example python notebooks demonstrating usage) is available at https://astro-otter.readthedocs.io. Please submit any feedback as issues on GitHub at https://github.com/astro-otter/otter/issues/new/choose

The Most Luminous Known Fast Blue Optical Transient AT 2024wpp: Unprecedented Evolution and Properties in the X-rays and Radio

Authors: A. J. Nayana, Raffaella Margutti, Eli Wiston, Tanmoy Laskar, Giulia Migliori, Ryan Chornock, Timothy J. Galvin, Natalie LeBaron, Aprajita Hajela, Collin T. Christy, Itai Sfaradi, Daichi Tsuna, Olivia Aspegren, Fabio De Colle, Brian D. Metzger, Wenbin Lu, Paz Beniamini, Daniel Kasen, Edo Berger, Brian W. Grefenstette, Kate D. Alexander, G. C. Anupama, Deanne L. Coppejans, Luigi F. Cruz, David R DeBoer , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present X-ray (0.3--79 keV) and radio (0.25--203 GHz) observations of the most luminous Fast Blue Optical Transient (LFBOT) AT\,2024wpp at $z=0.0868$, spanning 2--280 days after first light. AT 2024wpp shows luminous ($L_{\rm X} \approx 1.5 \times 10^{43}\, \rm erg\,s^{-1}$), variable X-ray emission with a Compton hump peaking at $δt \approx 50$ days. The X-ray spectrum evolves from a soft (… ▽ More We present X-ray (0.3--79 keV) and radio (0.25--203 GHz) observations of the most luminous Fast Blue Optical Transient (LFBOT) AT\,2024wpp at $z=0.0868$, spanning 2--280 days after first light. AT 2024wpp shows luminous ($L_{\rm X} \approx 1.5 \times 10^{43}\, \rm erg\,s^{-1}$), variable X-ray emission with a Compton hump peaking at $δt \approx 50$ days. The X-ray spectrum evolves from a soft ($F_ν \propto ν^{-0.6}$) to an extremely hard state ($F_ν \propto ν^{1.26}$) accompanied by a re-brightening at $δt \approx 50$\,days. The X-ray emission properties favor an embedded high-energy source shining through asymmetric expanding ejecta. We detect radio emission peaking at $L_{\rm 9\,GHz} \approx 1.7 \times 10^{29}\,\rm erg\,s^{-1}\,Hz^{-1}$ at $δt \approx 73$ days. The spectral evolution is unprecedented: the early millimeter fluxes rise nearly an order of magnitude during $δt \approx 17-32$ days followed by a decline in spectral peak fluxes. We model the radio emission as synchrotron radiation from an expanding blast wave interacting with a dense environment ($\dot{M} \sim 10^{-3}\, \rm M_{\odot}\,yr^{-1}$ for $v_{\rm w} = 1000\,\rm km\,s^{-1}$). The inferred outflow velocities increase from $Γβc \approx 0.07\, \rm to\,0.42c$ during $δt \approx 32-73$ days, indicating an accelerating blast-wave. We interpret these observations as a shock propagating through a dense shell of radius $\approx 10^{16}$\,cm, then accelerating into a steep density profile $ρ_{\rm CSM}(r) \propto r^{-3.1}$. All radio-bright LFBOTs exhibit similar circumstellar medium (CSM) density profiles ($ρ_{\rm CSM} \propto r^{-3}$), suggesting similar progenitor processes. The X-ray and radio properties favor a progenitor involving super-Eddington accretion onto a compact object launching mildly-relativistic disk-wind outflows. △ Less

Submitted 31 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 33 pages, 14 figures, submitted to ApJL

Late-time Hubble Space Telescope Ultraviolet Spectra of SN 2023ixf and SN 2024ggi Show Ongoing Interaction with Circumstellar Material

Authors: K. Azalee Bostroem, Stefano Valenti, David J. Sand, Jeniveve Pearson, Manisha Shrestha, Jennifer E. Andrews, Luc Dessart, W. V. Jacobson-Galan, Brian Hsu, Aravind P. Ravi, Moira Andrews, Collin Christy, Yize Dong, Noah Franz, Joseph Farah, Alexei V. Filippenko, Kiranjyot Gill, Emily T. Hoang, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, D. Andrew Howell, Daryl Janzen, Jacob E. Jencson, Saurabh W. Jha, Lindsey A. Kwok, Michael Lundquist , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present far- and near-ultraviolet (UV) spectra of the Type II supernovae (SNe) SN~2023ixf from days 199 to 722 and SN~2024ggi at days 41 and 232. Both supernovae show broad, blueshifted, and asymmetric UV emission lines with an initial maximum velocity of $\sim9000\,km\,s^{-1}$ and narrow unresolved emission in CIV. We compare the optical and UV emission-line profiles, showing that they evolve… ▽ More We present far- and near-ultraviolet (UV) spectra of the Type II supernovae (SNe) SN~2023ixf from days 199 to 722 and SN~2024ggi at days 41 and 232. Both supernovae show broad, blueshifted, and asymmetric UV emission lines with an initial maximum velocity of $\sim9000\,km\,s^{-1}$ and narrow unresolved emission in CIV. We compare the optical and UV emission-line profiles, showing that they evolve from two distinct velocity profiles to a single profile tracing the UV emission. We interpret this as shock power from interaction with circumstellar material coming to dominate over the radioactive-decay power from the inner ejecta. Comparing our observations to radiative transfer models with injected shock power, we find SN~2024ggi is best matched by $P_{\mathrm{shock, abs}}=1\times10^{41}\,erg\,s^{-1}$ at day 40, SN~2023ixf at day 300 and SN~2024ggi at day 200 are best matched by $P_{\mathrm{shock,abs}}=1\times10^{40}\,erg\,s^{-1}$, and SN~2023ixf at day 600 is best matched by $P_{\mathrm{shock,abs}}=5\times10^{39}\,erg\,s^{-1}$. From these models, we find the mass-loss rate of both supernovae increased just before explosion. For SN~2023ixf our mass-loss rates go from $4\times10^{-5}\,M_{\odot}\,yr^{-1}$ at 600 yr before explosion to $2\times10^{-2}\,M_{\odot}\,yr^{-1}$ at 15 yr prior to explosion. For SN~2024ggi, we find a mass-loss rate of $9\times10^{-5}\,M_{\odot}\,yr^{-1}$ at 150 yr before explosion and $1\times10^{-3}\,M_{\odot}\,yr^{-1}$ at 30 yr before explosion. △ Less

Submitted 15 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ

The First Radio-Bright Off-Nuclear TDE 2024tvd Reveals the Fastest-Evolving Double-Peaked Radio Emission

Authors: Itai Sfaradi, Raffaella Margutti, Ryan Chornock, Kate D. Alexander, Brian D. Metzger, Paz Beniamini, Rodolfo Barniol Duran, Yuhan Yao, Assaf Horesh, Wael Farah, Edo Berger, Nayana A. J., Yvette Cendes, Tarraneh Eftekhari, Rob Fender, Noah Franz, Dave A. Green, Erica Hammerstein, Wenbin Lu, Eli Wiston, Yirmi Bernstein, Joe Bright, Collin T. Christy, Luigi F. Cruz, David R DeBoer , et al. (12 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first multi-epoch broadband radio and millimeter monitoring of an off-nuclear TDE using the VLA, ALMA, ATA, AMI-LA, and the SMA. The off-nuclear TDE 2024tvd exhibits double-peaked radio light curves and the fastest evolving radio emission observed from a TDE to date. With respect to the optical discovery date, the first radio flare rises faster than $F_{\rm ν} \sim t^{9}$ at… ▽ More We present the first multi-epoch broadband radio and millimeter monitoring of an off-nuclear TDE using the VLA, ALMA, ATA, AMI-LA, and the SMA. The off-nuclear TDE 2024tvd exhibits double-peaked radio light curves and the fastest evolving radio emission observed from a TDE to date. With respect to the optical discovery date, the first radio flare rises faster than $F_{\rm ν} \sim t^{9}$ at $Δt = 88-131$ days, and then decays as fast as $F_{\rm ν} \sim t^{-6}$. The emergence of a second radio flare is observed at $Δt \approx 194$ days with an initial fast rise of $F_{\rm ν} \sim t^{18}$, and an optically thin decline of $F_{\rm ν} \sim t ^{-12}$. We interpret these observations in the context of a self-absorbed and free-free absorbed synchrotron spectrum, while accounting for both synchrotron and external inverse-Compton cooling. We find that a single prompt outflow cannot easily explain these observations and it is likely that either there is only one outflow that was launched at $Δt \sim 80$ days, or two distinct outflows, with the second launched at $Δt \sim 170-190$ days. The nature of these outflows, whether sub-, mildly-, or ultra-relativistic, is still unclear, and we explore these different scenarios. Finally, we find a temporal coincidence between the launch time of the first radio-emitting outflow and the onset of a power-law component in the X-ray spectrum, attributed to inverse-Compton scattering of thermal photons. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 29 pages, 10 figures, submitted to ApJL

Continued Rapid Radio Brightening of the Tidal Disruption Event AT2018hyz

Authors: Yvette Cendes, Edo Berger, Paz Beniamini, Ramandeep Gill, Tatsuya Matsumoto, Kate D. Alexander, Michael F. Bietenholz, Aprajita Hajela, Collin T. Christy, Ryan Chornock, Sebastian Gomez, Mark A. Gurwell, Garrett K. Keating, Tanmoy Laskar, Raffaella Margutti, Ramprasad Rao, Natalie Velez, Mark H. Wieringa

Abstract: We present ongoing radio observations of the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2018hyz, which was first detected in the radio at 972 days after disruption, following multiple non-detections from earlier searches. The new observations presented here span approximately 1370-2160 days and 0.88-240 GHz. We find that the light curves continue to rise at all frequencies during this time period, following a… ▽ More We present ongoing radio observations of the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2018hyz, which was first detected in the radio at 972 days after disruption, following multiple non-detections from earlier searches. The new observations presented here span approximately 1370-2160 days and 0.88-240 GHz. We find that the light curves continue to rise at all frequencies during this time period, following a power law of about F ~ t^3 (compared to F_nu ~ t^5.7 at 972-1400 days), and reaching a peak luminosity of L~ 10^40 erg/s, comparable to the luminosity of the relativistic TDE Swift 1644+57 on the same timescale. The multi-frequency data indicate that the peak frequency does not significantly evolve over the 1030-day span of our observations, while the peak flux density increases by an order of magnitude. The observed behavior is consistent with two possible scenarios: (i) a delayed spherical outflow launched about 620 days post-disruption with a velocity of ~0.3c and an energy of ~10^50 erg, and (ii) a highly off-axis (~80-90 deg) relativistic jet with a Lorentz factor of Gamma ~8 and E_K ~ 10^52 erg. Continued radio observations to capture the light curve peak, as well as VLBI observations, could distinguish between these scenarios. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: submitted to the Astrophysical Journal

Optically Overluminous Tidal Disruption Events: Outflow Properties and Implications for Extremely Relativistic Disruptions

Authors: Yuhan Yao, Kate D. Alexander, Wenbin Lu, Jean J. Somalwar, Vikram Ravi, Ryan Chornock, Raffaella Margutti, Daniel A. Perley, James C. A. Miller-Jones, Paz Beniamini, Nayana A. J., Joshua S. Bloom, Collin T. Christy, Matthew J. Graham, Steven L. Groom, Erica Hammerstein, George Helou, Mansi M. Kasliwal, S. R. Kulkarni, Russ R. Laher, Ashish A. Mahabal, Jérémy Neveu, Reed Riddle, Roger Smith, Sjoert van Velzen

Abstract: Recent studies suggest that tidal disruption events (TDEs) with off-axis jets may manifest as optically overluminous events. To search for jet signatures at late times, we conducted radio observations of eight such optically overluminous ($M_{g, \rm peak} < -20.8$ mag) TDEs with the Very Large Array. We detect radio counterparts in four events. The observed radio luminosities (… ▽ More Recent studies suggest that tidal disruption events (TDEs) with off-axis jets may manifest as optically overluminous events. To search for jet signatures at late times, we conducted radio observations of eight such optically overluminous ($M_{g, \rm peak} < -20.8$ mag) TDEs with the Very Large Array. We detect radio counterparts in four events. The observed radio luminosities ($L_{\rm 6 GHz} \sim 10^{38}$--$10^{39}$ erg s$^{-1}$) are two orders of magnitude lower than those of on-axis jetted TDEs, and we find no evidence for off-axis jets within rest-frame time of 3 yrs. Two of them (AT2022hvp and AT2021aeou) exhibit evolving radio emission, consistent with synchrotron emission from non-relativistic outflows launched near the time of first optical light. Two events (AT2020ysg and AT2020qhs) show no statistically significant variability, which can be attributed to either non-relativistic outflows or pre-existing active galactic nuclei. Compared to a control sample of fainter TDEs with $M_{g, \rm peak} > -20.5$ mag observed at similar rest-frame timescales ($t_{\rm rest} ~ 1.5$\,yr), our sample shows systematically more luminous radio emission, suggesting that optically overluminous TDEs may launch more powerful prompt non-relativistic outflows. We speculate that strong general relativistic effects near high-mass black holes ($M_{\rm BH} ~ 10^8\,M_\odot$) may play a key role. These findings motivate further investigation into the nature of relativistic disruptions around massive black holes and the physical conditions necessary for jet formation. △ Less

Submitted 8 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 12 figures, submitted

The Multi-Wavelength Context of Delayed Radio Emission in TDEs: Evidence for Accretion-Driven Outflows

Authors: Kate D. Alexander, Raffaella Margutti, Sebastian Gomez, Michael Stroh, Ryan Chornock, Tanmoy Laskar, Y. Cendes, Edo Berger, Tarraneh Eftekhari, Noah Franz, Aprajita Hajela, B. D. Metzger, Giacomo Terreran, Michael Bietenholz, Collin Christy, Fabio de Colle, S. Komossa, Matt Nicholl, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz, Richard Saxton, Genevieve Schroeder, Peter K. G. Williams, William Wu

Abstract: Recent observations presented in Cendes et al. (2024a) show that optically selected tidal disruption events (TDEs) commonly produce delayed radio emission that can peak years post-disruption. Here, we explore the multi-wavelength properties of a sample of radio-observed optically selected TDEs to shed light on the physical process(es) responsible for the late-rising radio emission. We combine new… ▽ More Recent observations presented in Cendes et al. (2024a) show that optically selected tidal disruption events (TDEs) commonly produce delayed radio emission that can peak years post-disruption. Here, we explore the multi-wavelength properties of a sample of radio-observed optically selected TDEs to shed light on the physical process(es) responsible for the late-rising radio emission. We combine new late-time X-ray observations with archival optical, UV, X-ray, and radio data to conclude that a diversity of accretion-driven outflows may power delayed radio emission in TDEs. Our analysis suggests that some late radio outflows may be launched by a delayed phase of super-Eddington accretion onto the central supermassive black hole (SMBH), while others may result from a state transition to a ``low-hard'' radiatively inefficient accretion flow or the deceleration of an off-axis relativistic jet. We find that TDEs with delayed radio emission are less likely to exhibit helium emission lines at early times ($p=0.002$) and may have larger optical/UV photospheric radii ($p=0.026$) than other TDEs, possibly also indicating that the onset of SMBH accretion is delayed in these systems. Our results have implications for our understanding of state changes in SMBH accretion flows, the circularization timescale for TDE debris, and the prevalence of off-axis jets in TDEs, and motivate systematic, long-term monitoring of these unique transients. The objects in our sample with the brightest radio emission are also detected in the VLA Sky Survey (VLASS), demonstrating that all-sky radio surveys can play an important role in discovering unexpected properties of the TDE population. △ Less

Submitted 9 February, 2026; v1 submitted 15 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 35 pages, 5 figures, 8 tables. Accepted to ApJ; text updated to match accepted version. All data used in this analysis will be made publicly available at https://otter.idies.jhu.edu/ upon article publication

JWST and Ground-based Observations of the Type Iax Supernovae SN 2024pxl and SN 2024vjm: Evidence for Weak Deflagration Explosions

Authors: Lindsey A. Kwok, Mridweeka Singh, Saurabh W. Jha, Stéphane Blondin, Raya Dastidar, Conor Larison, Adam A. Miller, Jennifer E. Andrews, Moira Andrews, G. C. Anupama, Katie Auchettl, Dominik Bánhidi, Barnabas Barna, K. Azalee Bostroem, Thomas G. Brink, Régis Cartier, Ping Chen, Collin T. Christy, David A. Coulter, Sofia Covarrubias, Kyle W. Davis, Connor B. Dickinson, Yize Dong, Joseph R. Farah, Alexei V. Filippenko , et al. (67 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present panchromatic optical $+$ near-infrared (NIR) $+$ mid-infrared (MIR) observations of the intermediate-luminosity Type Iax supernova (SN Iax) 2024pxl and the extremely low-luminosity SN Iax 2024vjm. JWST observations provide unprecedented MIR spectroscopy of SN Iax, spanning from $+$11 to $+$42 days past maximum light. We detect forbidden emission lines in the MIR at these early times whi… ▽ More We present panchromatic optical $+$ near-infrared (NIR) $+$ mid-infrared (MIR) observations of the intermediate-luminosity Type Iax supernova (SN Iax) 2024pxl and the extremely low-luminosity SN Iax 2024vjm. JWST observations provide unprecedented MIR spectroscopy of SN Iax, spanning from $+$11 to $+$42 days past maximum light. We detect forbidden emission lines in the MIR at these early times while the optical and NIR are dominated by permitted lines with an absorption component. Panchromatic spectra at early times can thus simultaneously show nebular and photospheric lines, probing both inner and outer layers of the ejecta. We identify spectral lines not seen before in SN Iax, including [Mg II] 4.76 $μ$m, [Mg II] 9.71 $μ$m, [Ne II] 12.81 $μ$m, and isolated O I 2.76 $μ$m that traces unburned material. Forbidden emission lines of all species are centrally peaked with similar kinematic distributions, indicating that the ejecta are well mixed in both SN 2024pxl and SN 2024vjm, a hallmark of pure deflagration explosion models. Radiative transfer modeling of SN 2024pxl shows good agreement with a weak deflagration of a near-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf, but additional IR flux is needed to match the observations, potentially attributable to a surviving remnant. Similarly, we find SN 2024vjm is also best explained by a weak deflagration model, despite the large difference in luminosity between the two supernovae. Future modeling should push to even weaker explosions and include the contribution of a bound remnant. Our observations demonstrate the diagnostic power of panchromatic spectroscopy for unveiling explosion physics in thermonuclear supernovae. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2025; v1 submitted 5 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 16 figures, 5 tables, published in ApJL

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 989, Issue 2, id.L33, 24 pp., August 2025

Photometry and Spectroscopy of SN 2024pxl: A Luminosity Link Among Type Iax Supernovae

Authors: Mridweeka Singh, Lindsey A. Kwok, Saurabh W. Jha, R. Dastidar, Conor Larison, Alexei V. Filippenko, Jennifer E. Andrews, Moira Andrews, G. C. Anupama, Prasiddha Arunachalam, Katie Auchettl, Dominik BÁnhidi, Barnabas Barna, K. Azalee Bostroem, Thomas G. Brink, RÉgis Cartier, Ping Chen, Collin T. Christy, David A. Coulter, Sofia Covarrubias, Kyle W. Davis, Connor B. Dickinson, Yize Dong, Joseph Farah, Andreas FlÖrs , et al. (68 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present extensive ultraviolet to optical photometric and optical to near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic follow-up observations of the nearby intermediate-luminosity ($M_V = -16.81\pm0.19$~mag) Type Iax supernova (SN) 2024pxl in NGC 6384. SN~2024pxl exhibits a faster light curve than the high-luminosity members of this class, and slower than low-luminosity events. The observationally well-constrai… ▽ More We present extensive ultraviolet to optical photometric and optical to near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic follow-up observations of the nearby intermediate-luminosity ($M_V = -16.81\pm0.19$~mag) Type Iax supernova (SN) 2024pxl in NGC 6384. SN~2024pxl exhibits a faster light curve than the high-luminosity members of this class, and slower than low-luminosity events. The observationally well-constrained rise time of $\sim$11 days and an estimated synthesized $^{56}$Ni mass of 0.03\, M$_\odot$, based on analytical modeling of the integrated spectral energy distribution light curve, are consistent with models of the weak deflagration of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf. Our optical spectral sequence of SN~2024pxl shows weak \ion{Si}{2} lines and spectral evolution similar to other high-luminosity Type Iax SNe, but also a prominent early-time \ion{C}{2} line, like lower-luminosity Type Iax SNe. The late-time optical spectrum of SN~2024pxl closely matches that of SN~2014dt, and its NIR spectral evolution aligns with that of other well-studied, high-luminosity Type Iax SNe. The spectral-line expansion velocities of SN~2024pxl are at the lower end of the Type Iax SN velocity distribution, and the velocity distribution of iron-group elements compared to intermediate-mass elements suggests that the ejecta are mixed on large scales, as expected in pure deflagration models. SN~2024pxl exhibits characteristics intermediate between those of high-luminosity and low-luminosity Type~Iax SNe, further establishing a link across this diverse class. △ Less

Submitted 3 February, 2026; v1 submitted 5 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 22 figures, 9 tables, Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Asymmetries and Circumstellar Interaction in the Type II SN 2024bch

Authors: Jennifer E. Andrews, Manisha Shrestha, K. Azalee Bostroem, Yize Dong, Jeniveve Pearson, M. M. Fausnaugh, David J. Sand, S. Valenti, Aravind P. Ravi, Emily Hoang, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Ilya Ilyin, Daryl Janzen, M. J. Lundquist, Nicolaz Meza, Nathan Smith, Saurabh W. Jha, Moira Andrews, Joseph Farah, Estefania Padilla Gonzalez, D. Andrew Howell, Curtis McCully, Megan Newsome, Craig Pellegrino, Giacomo Terreran , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a comprehensive multi-epoch photometric and spectroscopic study of SN 2024bch, a nearby (19.9 Mpc) Type II supernova (SN) with prominent early high ionization emission lines. Optical spectra from 2.9 days after the estimated explosion reveal narrow lines of H I, He II, C IV, and N IV that disappear by day 6. High cadence photometry from the ground and TESS show that the SN brightened qu… ▽ More We present a comprehensive multi-epoch photometric and spectroscopic study of SN 2024bch, a nearby (19.9 Mpc) Type II supernova (SN) with prominent early high ionization emission lines. Optical spectra from 2.9 days after the estimated explosion reveal narrow lines of H I, He II, C IV, and N IV that disappear by day 6. High cadence photometry from the ground and TESS show that the SN brightened quickly and reached a peak M$_V \sim$ $-$17.8 mag within a week of explosion, and late-time photometry suggests a $^{56}$Ni mass of 0.050 M$_{\odot}$. High-resolution spectra from day 8 and 43 trace the unshocked circumstellar medium (CSM) and indicate a wind velocity of 30--40 km s$^{-1}$, a value consistent with a red supergiant (RSG) progenitor. Comparisons between models and the early spectra suggest a pre-SN mass-loss rate of $\dot{M} \sim 10^{-3}-10^{-2}\ M_\odot\ \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$, which is too high to be explained by quiescent mass loss from RSGs, but is consistent with some recent measurements of similar SNe. Persistent blueshifted H I and [O I] emission lines seen in the optical and NIR spectra could be produced by asymmetries in the SN ejecta, while the multi-component H$α$ may indicate continued interaction with an asymmetric CSM well into the nebular phase. SN 2024bch provides another clue to the complex environments and mass-loss histories around massive stars. △ Less

Submitted 29 January, 2025; v1 submitted 4 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: Accepted in ApJ 2024 Dec 30

A second radio flare from the tidal disruption event AT2020vwl: a delayed outflow ejection?

Authors: A. J. Goodwin, A. Mummery, T. Laskar, K. D. Alexander, G. E. Anderson, M. Bietenholz, C. Bonnerot, C. T. Christy, W. Golay, W. Lu, R. Margutti, J. C. A. Miller-Jones, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, R. Saxton, S. van Velzen

Abstract: We present the discovery of a second radio flare from the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2020vwl via long-term monitoring radio observations. Late-time radio flares from TDEs are being discovered more commonly, with many TDEs showing radio emission 1000s of days after the stellar disruption, but the mechanism that powers these late-time flares is uncertain. Here we present radio spectral observati… ▽ More We present the discovery of a second radio flare from the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2020vwl via long-term monitoring radio observations. Late-time radio flares from TDEs are being discovered more commonly, with many TDEs showing radio emission 1000s of days after the stellar disruption, but the mechanism that powers these late-time flares is uncertain. Here we present radio spectral observations of the first and second radio flares observed from the TDE AT2020vwl. Through detailed radio spectral monitoring, we find evidence for two distinct outflow ejection episodes, or a period of renewed energy injection into the pre-existing outflow. We deduce that the second radio flare is powered by an outflow that is initially slower than the first flare, but carries more energy and accelerates over time. Through modelling the long-term optical and UV emission from the TDE as arising from an accretion disc, we infer that the second radio outflow launch or energy injection episode occurred approximately at the time of peak accretion rate. The fast decay of the second flare precludes environmental changes as an explanation, while the velocity of the outflow is at all times too low to be explained by an off-axis relativistic jet. Future observations that search for any link between the accretion disc properties and late time radio flares from TDEs will aid in understanding what powers the radio outflows in TDEs, and confirm if multiple outflow ejections or energy injection episodes are common. △ Less

Submitted 24 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 19 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJ. Comments welcome

Citizen ASAS-SN Data Release II: Variable Star Classification Using Citizen Science

Authors: O. Kotrach, C. S. Kochanek, C. T. Christy, T. Jayasinghe, K. Z. Stanek, D. M. Rowan, J. L. Prieto, B. J. Shappee

Abstract: We present the second results from Citizen ASAS-SN, a citizen science project for the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) hosted on the Zooniverse platform. Citizen ASAS-SN tasks users with classifying variable stars based on their light curves. We started with 94975 new variable candidates and identified 4432 new variable stars. The users classified the new variables as 841 pulsatin… ▽ More We present the second results from Citizen ASAS-SN, a citizen science project for the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) hosted on the Zooniverse platform. Citizen ASAS-SN tasks users with classifying variable stars based on their light curves. We started with 94975 new variable candidates and identified 4432 new variable stars. The users classified the new variables as 841 pulsating variables, 2995 rotational variables, 350 eclipsing binaries, and 246 unknown variables. We found 68% user agreement for user-classified pulsating variables, 51% for rotational variables, and 77% for eclipsing binaries. We investigate user statistics and compare new variables to known variables. We present a sample of variables flagged as interesting or unusual. △ Less

Submitted 14 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 10 pages, 10 figures

Eight Years of Light from ASASSN-15oi: Towards Understanding the Late-time Evolution of TDEs

Authors: A. Hajela, K. D. Alexander, R. Margutti, R. Chornock, M. Bietenholz, C. T. Christy, M. Stroh, G. Terreran, R. Saxton, S. Komossa, J. S. Bright, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, D. L. Coppejans, J. K. Leung, Y. Cendes, E. Wiston, T. Laskar, A. Horesh, G. Schroeder, Nayana A. J., M. H. Wieringa, N. Velez, E. Berger, P. K. Blanchard, T. Eftekhari , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results from an extensive follow-up campaign of the Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) ASASSN-15oi spanning $δt \sim 10 - 3000$ d, offering an unprecedented window into the multiwavelength properties of a TDE during its first $\approx 8$ years of evolution. ASASSN-15oi is one of the few TDEs with strong detections at X-ray, optical/UV, and radio wavelengths and featured two delayed radio… ▽ More We present the results from an extensive follow-up campaign of the Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) ASASSN-15oi spanning $δt \sim 10 - 3000$ d, offering an unprecedented window into the multiwavelength properties of a TDE during its first $\approx 8$ years of evolution. ASASSN-15oi is one of the few TDEs with strong detections at X-ray, optical/UV, and radio wavelengths and featured two delayed radio flares at $δt \sim 180$ d and $δt \sim 1400$ d. Our observations at $> 1400$ d reveal an absence of thermal X-rays, a late-time variability in the non-thermal X-ray emission, and sharp declines in the non-thermal X-ray and radio emission at $δt \sim 2800$ d and $\sim 3000$ d, respectively. The UV emission shows no significant evolution at $>400$ d and remains above the pre-TDE level. We show that a cooling envelope model can explain the thermal emission consistently across all epochs. We also find that a scenario involving episodic ejection of material due to stream-stream collisions is conducive to explaining the first radio flare. Given the peculiar spectral and temporal evolution of the late-time emission, however, constraining the origins of the second radio flare and the non-thermal X-rays remains challenging. Our study underscores the critical role of long-term, multiwavelength follow-up. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 36 pages, 13 Figures, 8 Tables. Submitted to ApJ

The Peculiar Radio Evolution of the Tidal Disruption Event ASASSN-19bt

Authors: Collin T. Christy, Kate D. Alexander, Yvette Cendes, Ryan Chornock, Tanmoy Laskar, Raffaella Margutti, Edo Berger, Michael Bietenholz, Deanne Coppejans, Fabio De Colle, Tarraneh Eftekhari, Thomas W. -S. Holoien, Tatsuya Matsumoto, James C. A. Miller-Jones, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz, Richard Saxton, Sjoert van Velzen, Mark Wieringa

Abstract: We present detailed radio observations of the tidal disruption event (TDE) ASASSN-19bt/AT2019ahk, obtained with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), and the MeerKAT radio telescopes, spanning 40 to 1464 days after the onset of the optical flare. We find that ASASSN-19bt displays unusual radio evolution compared to other TDEs, as the… ▽ More We present detailed radio observations of the tidal disruption event (TDE) ASASSN-19bt/AT2019ahk, obtained with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), and the MeerKAT radio telescopes, spanning 40 to 1464 days after the onset of the optical flare. We find that ASASSN-19bt displays unusual radio evolution compared to other TDEs, as the peak brightness of its radio emission increases rapidly until 457 days post-optical discovery and then plateaus. Using a generalized approach to standard equipartition techniques, we estimate the energy and corresponding physical parameters for two possible emission geometries: a non-relativistic spherical outflow and a relativistic outflow observed from an arbitrary viewing angle. We find that the non-relativistic solution implies a continuous energy rise in the outflow from $E\sim10^{46}$ erg to $E\sim10^{49}$ erg with $β\approx 0.05$, while the off-axis relativistic jet solution instead suggests $E\approx10^{52}$ erg with $Γ\sim10$ erg at late times in the maximally off-axis case. We find that neither model provides a holistic explanation for the origin and evolution of the radio emission, emphasizing the need for more complex models. ASASSN-19bt joins the population of TDEs that display unusual radio emission at late times. Conducting long-term radio observations of these TDEs, especially during the later phases, will be crucial for understanding how these types of radio emission in TDEs are produced. △ Less

Submitted 18 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 25 pages. Submitted to ApJ

Seven Classes of Rotational Variables From a Study of 50,000 Spotted Stars with ASAS-SN, Gaia, and APOGEE

Authors: Anya Phillips, C. S. Kochanek, Tharindu Jayasinghe, Lyra Cao, Collin T. Christy, D. M. Rowan, Marc Pinsonneault

Abstract: We examine the properties of $\sim50,000$ rotational variables from the ASAS-SN survey using distances, stellar properties, and probes of binarity from $\textit{Gaia}$ DR3 and the SDSS APOGEE survey. They have high amplitudes and span a broader period range than previously studied $\textit{Kepler}$ rotators. We find they divide into three groups of main sequence stars (MS1, MS2s, MS2b) and four of… ▽ More We examine the properties of $\sim50,000$ rotational variables from the ASAS-SN survey using distances, stellar properties, and probes of binarity from $\textit{Gaia}$ DR3 and the SDSS APOGEE survey. They have high amplitudes and span a broader period range than previously studied $\textit{Kepler}$ rotators. We find they divide into three groups of main sequence stars (MS1, MS2s, MS2b) and four of giants (G1/3, G2, G4s, and G4b). MS1 stars are slowly rotating (10-30 days), likely single stars with a limited range of temperatures. MS2s stars are more rapidly rotating (days) single stars spanning the lower main sequence up to the Kraft break. There is a clear period gap (or minimum) between MS1 and MS2s, similar to that seen for lower temperatures in the $\textit{Kepler}$ samples. MS2b stars are tidally locked binaries with periods of days. G1/3 stars are heavily spotted, tidally locked RS CVn with periods of tens of days. G2 stars are less luminous, heavily spotted, tidally locked sub-subgiants with periods of $\sim10$ days. G4s stars have intermediate luminosities to G1/3 and G2, slow rotation periods (approaching 100 days) and are almost certainly all merger remnants. G4b stars have similar rotation periods and luminosities to G4s, but consist of sub-synchronously rotating binaries. We see no difference in indicators for the presence of very wide binary companions between any of these groups and control samples of photometric twin stars built for each group. △ Less

Submitted 16 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: 15 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables, submitted to MNRAS

The Radio to GeV Afterglow of GRB 221009A

Authors: Tanmoy Laskar, Kate D. Alexander, Raffaella Margutti, Tarraneh Eftekhari, Ryan Chornock, Edo Berger, Yvette Cendes, Anne Duerr, Daniel A. Perley, Maria Edvige Ravasio, Ryo Yamazaki, Eliot H. Ayache, Thomas Barclay, Rodolfo Barniol Duran, Shivani Bhandari, Daniel Brethauer, Collin T. Christy, Deanne L. Coppejans, Paul Duffell, Wen-fai Fong, Andreja Gomboc, Cristiano Guidorzi, Jamie A. Kennea, Shiho Kobayashi, Andrew Levan , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: GRB 221009A ($z=0.151$) is one of the closest known long $γ$-ray bursts (GRBs). Its extreme brightness across all electromagnetic wavelengths provides an unprecedented opportunity to study a member of this still-mysterious class of transients in exquisite detail. We present multi-wavelength observations of this extraordinary event, spanning 15 orders of magnitude in photon energy from radio to… ▽ More GRB 221009A ($z=0.151$) is one of the closest known long $γ$-ray bursts (GRBs). Its extreme brightness across all electromagnetic wavelengths provides an unprecedented opportunity to study a member of this still-mysterious class of transients in exquisite detail. We present multi-wavelength observations of this extraordinary event, spanning 15 orders of magnitude in photon energy from radio to $γ$-rays. We find that the data can be partially explained by a forward shock (FS) from a highly-collimated relativistic jet interacting with a low-density wind-like medium. Under this model, the jet's beaming-corrected kinetic energy ($E_K \sim 4\times10^{50}$ erg) is typical for the GRB population. The radio and mm data provide strong limiting constraints on the FS model, but require the presence of an additional emission component. From equipartition arguments, we find that the radio emission is likely produced by a small amount of mass ($\lesssim6\times10^{-7} M_\odot$) moving relativistically ($Γ\gtrsim9$) with a large kinetic energy ($\gtrsim10^{49}$ erg). However, the temporal evolution of this component does not follow prescriptions for synchrotron radiation from a single power-law distribution of electrons (e.g. in a reverse shock or two-component jet), or a thermal electron population, perhaps suggesting that one of the standard assumptions of afterglow theory is violated. GRB 221009A will likely remain detectable with radio telescopes for years to come, providing a valuable opportunity to track the full lifecycle of a powerful relativistic jet. △ Less

Submitted 22 February, 2023; v1 submitted 8 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters

The ASAS-SN Catalog of Variable Stars X: Discovery of 116,000 New Variable Stars Using g-band Photometry

Authors: C. T. Christy, T. Jayasinghe, K. Z. Stanek, C. S. Kochanek, T. A. Thompson, B. J. Shappee, T. W. -S. Holoien, J. L. Prieto, Subo Dong, W. Giles

Abstract: The All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) is the first optical survey to monitor the entire sky, currently with a cadence of $\lesssim 24$ hours down to $g \lesssim 18.5$ mag. ASAS-SN has routinely operated since 2013, collecting $\sim$ 2,000 to over 7,500 epochs of $V$ and $g-$band observations per field to date. This work illustrates the first analysis of ASAS-SN's newer, deeper, hig… ▽ More The All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) is the first optical survey to monitor the entire sky, currently with a cadence of $\lesssim 24$ hours down to $g \lesssim 18.5$ mag. ASAS-SN has routinely operated since 2013, collecting $\sim$ 2,000 to over 7,500 epochs of $V$ and $g-$band observations per field to date. This work illustrates the first analysis of ASAS-SN's newer, deeper, higher cadence $g-$band data. From an input source list of ${\sim}55$ million isolated sources with $g<18$~mag, we identified $1.5\times10^6$ variable star candidates using a random forest classifier trained on features derived from $\textit{Gaia}$, 2MASS, and AllWISE. Using ASAS-SN $g-$band light curves, and an updated random forest classifier augmented with data from Citizen ASAS-SN, we classified the candidate variables into 8 broad variability types. We present a catalog of ${\sim}116,000$ new variable stars with high classification probabilities, including ${\sim}111,000$ periodic variables and ${\sim}5,000$ irregular variables. We also recovered ${\sim}263,000$ known variable stars. △ Less

Submitted 4 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: 18 pages, 21 figures, 1 table. Submitted to MNRAS. The g-band catalog of variables and their light curves are available here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1gxcIokRsw1eyPmbPZ0-C8blfRGItSOAu

Citizen ASAS-SN Data Release I: Variable Star Classification Using Citizen Science

Authors: C. T. Christy, T. Jayasinghe, K. Z. Stanek, C. S. Kochanek, Z. Way, J. L. Prieto, B. J. Shappee, T. W. -S. Holoien, T. A. Thompson, A. Schneider

Abstract: We present the first results from Citizen ASAS-SN, a citizen science project for the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) hosted on the Zooniverse platform. Citizen ASAS-SN utilizes the newer, deeper, higher cadence ASAS-SN $g$-band data and tasks volunteers to classify periodic variable star candidates based on their phased light curves. We started from 40,640 new variable candidates… ▽ More We present the first results from Citizen ASAS-SN, a citizen science project for the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) hosted on the Zooniverse platform. Citizen ASAS-SN utilizes the newer, deeper, higher cadence ASAS-SN $g$-band data and tasks volunteers to classify periodic variable star candidates based on their phased light curves. We started from 40,640 new variable candidates from an input list of ${\sim} 7.4$ million stars with $δ< -60^\circ$ and the volunteers identified 10,420 new discoveries which they classified as 4,234 pulsating variables, 3,132 rotational variables, 2,923 eclipsing binaries, and 131 variables flagged as Unknown. They classified known variable stars with an accuracy of 89% for pulsating variables, 81% for eclipsing binaries, and 49% for rotational variables. We examine user performance, agreement between users, and compare the citizen science classifications with our machine learning classifier updated for the $g$-band light curves. In general, user activity correlates with higher classification accuracy and higher user agreement. We used the user's "Junk" classifications to develop an effective machine learning classifier to separate real from false variables, and there is a clear path for using this "Junk" training set to significantly improve our primary machine learning classifier. We also illustrate the value of Citizen ASAS-SN for identifying unusual variables with several examples. △ Less

Submitted 3 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 19 pages, 20 figures, 4 tables. Submitted to MNRAS. The DR1 catalog and light curves are available here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1sLyJuOTAdEfccSOVkBIhb9YlK6JfOFXl?usp=sharing

Citizen ASAS-SN: Citizen Science with The All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN)

Authors: C. T. Christy, T. Jayasinghe, K. Z. Stanek, C. S. Kochanek, Z. Way, J. L. Prieto, B. J. Shappee, T. W. -S. Holoien, T. A. Thompson

Abstract: We present "Citizen ASAS-SN", a citizen science project hosted on the Zooniverse platform which utilizes data from the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN). Volunteers are presented with ASAS-SN $g$-band light curves of variable star candidates. The classification workflow allows volunteers to classify these sources into major variable groups, while also allowing for the identificatio… ▽ More We present "Citizen ASAS-SN", a citizen science project hosted on the Zooniverse platform which utilizes data from the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN). Volunteers are presented with ASAS-SN $g$-band light curves of variable star candidates. The classification workflow allows volunteers to classify these sources into major variable groups, while also allowing for the identification of unique variable stars for additional follow-up. △ Less

Submitted 2 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: Published in RNAAS, announcing the public release of Citizen ASAS-SN on the Zooniverse (https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/tharinduj/citizen-asas-sn)

Hypernuclear Spectroscopy using the (e,e'K+) Reaction

Authors: L. Yuan, M. Sarsour, T. Miyoshi, Z. Zhu, A. Ahmindouch, D. Androic, T. Angelescu, R. Asaturyan, S. Avery, O. K. Baker, I. Betovic, H. Breuer, R. Carlini, J. Cha, R. Chrien M. Christy, L. Cole, S. Danagoulian, D. Dehnhard, M. Elaasar, A. Empl, R. Ent, H. Fenker, Y. Fujii, M. Furic, L. Gan , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A pioneering experiment in Lambda hypernuclear spectroscopy, undertaken at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jlab), was recently reported. The experiment used the high- precision, continuous electron beam at Jlab, and a special arrangement of spectrometer magnets to measure the spectrum from {nat}C and 7Li targets using the (e,e' K+)reaction. The 12B hypernuclear spectrum was p… ▽ More A pioneering experiment in Lambda hypernuclear spectroscopy, undertaken at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jlab), was recently reported. The experiment used the high- precision, continuous electron beam at Jlab, and a special arrangement of spectrometer magnets to measure the spectrum from {nat}C and 7Li targets using the (e,e' K+)reaction. The 12B hypernuclear spectrum was previously published. This experiment is now reported in more detail, with improved results for the 12B hypernuclear spectrum. In addition, unpublished results of the 7He hypernuclear spectrum are also shown. This later spectrum indicates the need for a more detailed few-body calculation of the hypernucleus and the reaction process. The success of this experiment demonstrates that the (e,e'K+) reaction can be effectively used as a high resolution tool to study hypernuclear spectra, ant its use should be vigorously pursued. △ Less

Submitted 10 August, 2004; originally announced August 2004.

Comments: 24 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: Phys.Rev.C73:044607,2006