Showing 1–50 of 164 results for author: Rose, M

A dataset of article processing charges from 14 scholarly publishers, 2019-2025

Authors: Lisa Matthias, Diego Chavarro, Eric Schares, Juan Pablo Alperin, Margaret Rose, Molly Frost, Flavia Camargo, Jonas Höfting, Leigh-Ann Butler, Nina Schönfelder, Stefanie Haustein

Abstract: This paper introduces a dataset of APCs produced from the price lists of 14 large scholarly publishers between 2019 and 2025. APC price lists were downloaded from publisher websites each year as well as via Wayback Machine snapshots to retrieve fees per journal per year. The dataset includes journal metadata, APC collection method, and annual APC price list information in several currencies (USD,… ▽ More This paper introduces a dataset of APCs produced from the price lists of 14 large scholarly publishers between 2019 and 2025. APC price lists were downloaded from publisher websites each year as well as via Wayback Machine snapshots to retrieve fees per journal per year. The dataset includes journal metadata, APC collection method, and annual APC price list information in several currencies (USD, EUR, GBP, CHF, JPY, CAD, AUD) for 12,540 unique journals and 69,856 journal-year combinations. The dataset was generated to allow for more precise analysis of APCs and can support library collection development and scientometric analysis estimating APCs paid in gold and hybrid OA journals. △ Less

Submitted 14 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Chromatic Effects Across the Roman Focal Plane: Implications for Supernova Photometry and Measurements of Cosmological Parameters

Authors: Rujuta Purohit, Dillon Brout, Daniel Scolnic, Richard Kessler, Jillian Paulin, Stefano Casertano, Nora F. Sherman, Rebekah Hounsell, Eric R. Switzer, Benjamin M. Rose, Masao Sako, Lauren Aldoroty, Kene Anumba, Maria Acevedo, David Rubin, Russell E. Ryan Jr., The Roman Supernova Cosmology Project Infrastructure Team

Abstract: Calibration uncertainties are the leading systematics in cosmological analyses using Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). For the \textit{Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman)}, we quantify the impact of chromatic effects on SNe Ia photometry and derived cosmological parameters, using simulated light curves from the High-Latitude Time Domain Survey. We investigate two sources of wavelength-dependent b… ▽ More Calibration uncertainties are the leading systematics in cosmological analyses using Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). For the \textit{Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman)}, we quantify the impact of chromatic effects on SNe Ia photometry and derived cosmological parameters, using simulated light curves from the High-Latitude Time Domain Survey. We investigate two sources of wavelength-dependent bias: focal plane array (FPA)-dependent wavelength shifts arising from spatial variations across \textit{Roman's} 18 detectors, and coherent wavelength shifts corresponding to the measured $0.06\%$ uncertainty in absolute filter wavelength calibration. Using simulated SNe Ia light curves, we find that the FPA-dependent shifts -- which range from +6 to -80 $\rm Å$ introduce a redshift-dependent distance modulus bias that, if left uncorrected, propagates to $Δw_0 \sim -0.06$ and $Δw_a = -0.236$, which are larger than the forecast statistical uncertainties of $σ_{\rm stat, w_0} = 0.025$ and $σ_{\rm stat, w_a} = 0.114$, rendering the survey systematics-limited. We probe the impact of chromatic effects by employing detector-specific filter curves that recover unbiased cosmological constraints; to remain below the statistical noise floor, FPA wavelength shifts must be characterized to within 20\%. In contrast, a coherent 0.06\% offset in filter wavelength calibration -- ranging from -3 to -11 $\rm Å$ -- produces negligible redshift-dependent bias, with a minimal spread in $w_a$ ($Δw_a = -0.0004, σ_{w_{a,\rm sys}} = 0.114)$, demonstrating that the achieved pre-launch calibration precision is sufficient for this systematic to remain subdominant. Our results establish that chromatic effects are a required component of SN Ia cosmology with \textit{Roman}. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: Submitted to ApJ

Cell sensing: from physical limits to active behaviors

Authors: Andrew Mugler, Maria Rose

Abstract: Physics sets the information contained in the signals that cells sense. But cells are active, not passive, sensors. They shape and reshape both the environment and themselves. These active behaviors allow cells to amplify, redistribute, share, and prioritize sensory information, often surpassing or obviating passive physical limits. Here, we review recent results on active sensing. After describin… ▽ More Physics sets the information contained in the signals that cells sense. But cells are active, not passive, sensors. They shape and reshape both the environment and themselves. These active behaviors allow cells to amplify, redistribute, share, and prioritize sensory information, often surpassing or obviating passive physical limits. Here, we review recent results on active sensing. After describing classic and more recent limits to sensory precision, we focus on four ways that cells implement active sensing: coordinating with other cells, reshaping their environment, dynamically updating themselves, and discriminating signals. We conclude with potential future directions. △ Less

Submitted 15 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 15 pages, 6 figures

Flux Cube Reconstruction from Slitless Spectroscopy

Authors: M. Griggio, R. E. Ryan Jr., N. Pirzkal, T. L. Astraatmadja, S. Casertano, S. Perlmutter, D. Rubin, G. Aldering, J. M. DerKacy, O. D. Fox, A. S. Fruchter, L. Galbany, R. Hounsell, A. M. Isaacs, P. L. Kelly, R. S. Kessler, B. M. Rose, J. Roychowdhury, M. Sako, D. M. Scolnic, L. -G. Strolger, the Roman Supernova Cosmology Project Infrastructure Team

Abstract: Slitless spectroscopy enables efficient, large-area surveys without target pre-selection, yet it faces challenges from source blending, higher noise, and lost spatial-spectral information. We present an advanced, non-parametric, data-driven algorithm that leverages multiple dispersion angles to reconstruct three-dimensional flux distributions, providing low-resolution Integral Field Unit (IFU) cap… ▽ More Slitless spectroscopy enables efficient, large-area surveys without target pre-selection, yet it faces challenges from source blending, higher noise, and lost spatial-spectral information. We present an advanced, non-parametric, data-driven algorithm that leverages multiple dispersion angles to reconstruct three-dimensional flux distributions, providing low-resolution Integral Field Unit (IFU) capabilities from slitless data. By treating each pixel as an independent element, our method naturally handles source confusion without requiring prior assumptions regarding redshifts, templates, or model libraries. We validate the algorithm using simulated Roman Space Telescope wide-field slitless spectroscopy images that are equivalent to what is expected from the High-Latitude Time-Domain Survey. First, we demonstrate that a host-galaxy model reconstructed from multiple dispersion angles can be used to accurately subtract host light from a transient, recovering a Type Ia supernova spectrum with minimal bias. Second, we showcase a high-fidelity flux-cube reconstruction of a complex galaxy, successfully measuring the redshift and recovering continuum, emission, and absorption features. This approach highlights the potential of multi-dispersion-angle slitless data to provide spatially resolved spectral information in a non-parametric way, which is traditionally accessible only with integral field spectroscopy, opening a new window into large, unbiased, and spatially-resolved studies of galaxy evolution. △ Less

Submitted 8 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in AJ

Journal ref: AJ 172 43 (2026)

Boson Stars surrounded by Polish Doughnuts in Scalar-Tensor Theory

Authors: Kristian Gjorgjieski, Maxim Rose, Burkhard Kleihaus, Jutta Kunz, Petya Nedkova

Abstract: We investigate thick accretion disks (Polish Doughnuts) around rotating self-interacting boson stars in general relativity and scalar-tensor theories, focusing on spontaneously scalarized solutions and their general relativistic counterparts. Using equilibrium models with constant specific angular momentum, we analyze disk structures across the parameter space, with emphasis on the phase transitio… ▽ More We investigate thick accretion disks (Polish Doughnuts) around rotating self-interacting boson stars in general relativity and scalar-tensor theories, focusing on spontaneously scalarized solutions and their general relativistic counterparts. Using equilibrium models with constant specific angular momentum, we analyze disk structures across the parameter space, with emphasis on the phase transition between GR and scalarized configurations. We find that scalarization induces qualitative changes in the spacetime that significantly affect disk morphology. In particular, scalarized boson stars can lack innermost circular orbits, allowing stable motion down to the center and enabling highly compact, quasi-spherical disks. For the most massive scalarized solutions, a non-monotonic angular momentum profile further permits two-centered disk configurations connected by a cusp. Overall, disks around scalarized boson stars are more compact and more strongly bound than those in general relativity, highlighting distinctive features that may serve as observational signatures of alternative gravity theories in the strong-field regime. △ Less

Submitted 16 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Still Accelerating: Type Ia supernova cosmology is robust to host galaxy age evolution

Authors: Phil Wiseman, Brodie Popovic, Mark Sullivan, Adam G. Riess, Dan Scolnic, Rebecca C. Chen, Tamara M. Davis, Lluís Galbany, Isobel M. Hook, Saurabh W. Jha, Lisa Kelsey, Yukei S. Murakami, Mickaël Rigault, Benjamin M. Rose, Brian Schmidt, Mat Smith, Maria Vincenzi

Abstract: Type Ia supernovae are a cornerstone of modern cosmology, providing first evidence for cosmic acceleration and new tests of dark energy. Son et al. 2025 (S25) claim a strong redshift evolution in standardized supernova luminosities driven by supernova progenitor age, with dramatic cosmological implications: rapidly evolving dark energy, decelerating expansion, and a $9σ$ tension with $Λ$CDM. We sh… ▽ More Type Ia supernovae are a cornerstone of modern cosmology, providing first evidence for cosmic acceleration and new tests of dark energy. Son et al. 2025 (S25) claim a strong redshift evolution in standardized supernova luminosities driven by supernova progenitor age, with dramatic cosmological implications: rapidly evolving dark energy, decelerating expansion, and a $9σ$ tension with $Λ$CDM. We show that the underpinning evidence required for this conclusion -- the supernova progenitor-age dependence, the redshift-dependent age difference, and their combined impact -- is either negligible or relies on effects already corrected for in modern supernova analyses. First, the S25 analysis omits the standard host-galaxy stellar mass correction that captures known environmental dependencies that also correlate with stellar age. Applying this correction to the S25 sample, we find no dependence of standardized supernova brightness on host age. Independent data also show no significant difference at low-redshift in standardized brightness between star-forming galaxies and several Gyr older quiescent galaxies of the same stellar mass. Second, the S25 scenario predicts strong redshift evolution of the host-mass effect. Data from the Dark Energy Survey supernova survey measure evolution of $-0.028 \pm 0.034~\mathrm{mag}\,z^{-1}$, consistent with zero and altering the dark-energy equation-of-state measurement ($w$) by $<$0.01 if included. Third, we demonstrate that the claimed $\sim5$~Gyr progenitor age difference between nearby and distant supernovae is overstated by factors of three to five largely due to a conflation of host galaxy age with supernova progenitor age. We conclude that type~Ia supernova cosmology remains robust for current measurements of dark energy. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2026; v1 submitted 20 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Three-dimensional scene reconstruction using Roman slitless spectra

Authors: Tri L. Astraatmadja, Andrew S. Fruchter, Susana E. Deustua, Helen Qu, Masao Sako, Russell E. Ryan Jr., Yannick Copin, Greg Aldering, Rebekah A. Hounsell, David Rubin, Lluís Galbany, Saul Perlmutter, Benjamin M. Rose

Abstract: The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will carry out a wide-field imaging and slitless spectroscopic survey of Type Ia Supernovae to improve our understanding of dark energy. Crucial to this endeavor is obtaining supernova spectra uncontaminated by light from their host galaxies. However, obtaining such spectra is made more difficult by the inherent problem in wide-field slitless spectroscopic sur… ▽ More The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will carry out a wide-field imaging and slitless spectroscopic survey of Type Ia Supernovae to improve our understanding of dark energy. Crucial to this endeavor is obtaining supernova spectra uncontaminated by light from their host galaxies. However, obtaining such spectra is made more difficult by the inherent problem in wide-field slitless spectroscopic surveys: the blending of spectra of close objects. The spectrum of a supernova will blend with the host galaxy, even from regions distant from the supernova on the sky. If not properly removed, this contamination will introduce systematic bias when the supernova spectra are later used to determine intrinsic supernova parameters and to infer the parameters of dark energy. To address this problem we developed an algorithm that makes use of the spectroscopic observations of the host galaxy at all available observatory roll angles to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3d; 2d spatial, 1d spectral) representation of the underlying host galaxy that accurately matches the 2d slitless spectrum of the host galaxy when projected to an arbitrary rotation angle. We call this ``scene reconstruction''. The projection of the reconstructed scene can be subtracted from an observation of a supernova to remove the contamination from the underlying host. Using simulated Roman data, we show that our method has extremely small systematic errors and significantly less random noise than if we subtracted a single perfectly aligned spectrum of the host obtained before or after the supernova was visible. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 57 pages, 52 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ). Reconstruction and simulation source code available at https://gitlab.com/astraatmadja/Ilia

Cleaning English Abstracts of Scientific Publications

Authors: Michael E. Rose, Nils A. Herrmann, Sebastian Erhardt

Abstract: Scientific abstracts are often used as proxies for the content and thematic focus of research publications. However, a significant share of published abstracts contains extraneous information-such as publisher copyright statements, section headings, author notes, registrations, and bibliometric or bibliographic metadata-that can distort downstream analyses, particularly those involving document si… ▽ More Scientific abstracts are often used as proxies for the content and thematic focus of research publications. However, a significant share of published abstracts contains extraneous information-such as publisher copyright statements, section headings, author notes, registrations, and bibliometric or bibliographic metadata-that can distort downstream analyses, particularly those involving document similarity or textual embeddings. We introduce an open-source, easy-to-integrate language model designed to clean English-language scientific abstracts by automatically identifying and removing such clutter. We demonstrate that our model is both conservative and precise, alters similarity rankings of cleaned abstracts and improves information content of standard-length embeddings. △ Less

Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 2 tables, 2 figures

Tracing the Flow of Knowledge From Science to Technology Using Deep Learning

Authors: Michael E. Rose, Mainak Ghosh, Sebastian Erhardt, Cheng Li, Erik Buunk, Dietmar Harhoff

Abstract: We develop a language similarity model suitable for working with patents and scientific publications at the same time. In a horse race-style evaluation, we subject eight language (similarity) models to predict credible Patent-Paper Citations. We find that our Pat-SPECTER model performs best, which is the SPECTER2 model fine-tuned on patents. In two real-world scenarios (separating patent-paper-pai… ▽ More We develop a language similarity model suitable for working with patents and scientific publications at the same time. In a horse race-style evaluation, we subject eight language (similarity) models to predict credible Patent-Paper Citations. We find that our Pat-SPECTER model performs best, which is the SPECTER2 model fine-tuned on patents. In two real-world scenarios (separating patent-paper-pairs and predicting patent-paper-pairs) we demonstrate the capabilities of the Pat-SPECTER. We finally test the hypothesis that US patents cite papers that are semantically less similar than in other large jurisdictions, which we posit is because of the duty of candor. The model is open for the academic community and practitioners alike. △ Less

Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 4 tables, 7 figures

ACM Class: I.2; J.4

Size-Consistent Quantum Chemistry on Quantum Computers

Authors: Noah Garrett, Michael Rose, David A. Mazziotti

Abstract: Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms have begun to leverage quantum devices to efficiently represent many-electron wavefunctions, enabling early demonstrations of molecular simulations on real hardware. A key prerequisite for scalable quantum chemistry, however, is size consistency: the energy of non-interacting subsystems must scale linearly with system size. While many algorithms are theoreticall… ▽ More Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms have begun to leverage quantum devices to efficiently represent many-electron wavefunctions, enabling early demonstrations of molecular simulations on real hardware. A key prerequisite for scalable quantum chemistry, however, is size consistency: the energy of non-interacting subsystems must scale linearly with system size. While many algorithms are theoretically size-consistent, noise on quantum devices may couple nominally independent subsystems and degrade this fundamental property. Here, we systematically evaluate size consistency on quantum hardware by simulating systems composed of increasing numbers of non-interacting H$_{2}$ molecules using optimally shallow unitary circuits. We find that molecular energies remain size-consistent within chemical accuracy for an estimated 118 and 71 H$_{2}$ subsystems for one- and two-qubit unitary designs, respectively, demonstrating that current quantum devices preserve size consistency over chemically relevant system sizes and supporting the feasibility of scalable, noise-resilient simulation of strongly correlated molecules and materials. △ Less

Submitted 20 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Journal ref: J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 17, 1892-1898 (2026)

Context-Aware Detection and Victim-Centered Response Generation for Online Harassment in Private Messaging

Authors: Pinxian Lu, Nimra Ishfaq, Emma Win, Morgan Rose, Sierra R Strickland, Candice L Biernesser, Jamie Zelazny, Munmun De Choudhury

Abstract: Online harassment is a widespread social and public health concern, yet most computational approaches for detecting and addressing harassment focus on publicly visible social media content rather than private messaging environments. Private conversations present unique challenges because harmful interactions often unfold through context-dependent, multi-turn exchanges, while victims may lack timel… ▽ More Online harassment is a widespread social and public health concern, yet most computational approaches for detecting and addressing harassment focus on publicly visible social media content rather than private messaging environments. Private conversations present unique challenges because harmful interactions often unfold through context-dependent, multi-turn exchanges, while victims may lack timely support during moments of harassment. In this study, we investigate how large language models (LLMs) can support both the detection of and response to online harassment in private messaging. Using a dataset of 80,053 Instagram direct messages donated by 26 adolescents aged 12-18, including youth with suicide risk factors, we first construct a human-labeled dataset of online harassment in private conversations and develop a context-aware cascading LLM classification pipeline. The proposed pipeline outperforms baseline toxicity classifiers trained primarily on public social media data. We then develop a victim-centered response framework that produces context-sensitive and psychologically-grounded AI-generated responses to online harassment messages. Human evaluators perceived the AI-generated responses as significantly more helpful than the original participant responses (95% CI: 0.767--0.815, p < .001), particularly in terms of emotional support and de-escalation. Our findings highlight the potential of context-aware and victim-centered AI systems to provide just-in-time support during harassment in private messaging environments. △ Less

Submitted 18 May, 2026; v1 submitted 27 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 2 figures

MSC Class: 68T42

Characterizing the Roman Grism Redshift Efficiency of Type Ia Supernova Host Galaxies for the High-Latitude Time-Domain Survey

Authors: R. C. Chen, Z. Guo, D. Scolnic, B. Joshi, R. Kessler, L. Galbany, R. Hounsell, D. M. Markoff, B. M. Rose, D. Rubin, the Roman Supernova Cosmology Project Infrastructure team

Abstract: The High-Latitude Time-Domain Survey (HLTDS) for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman) will discover thousands of high redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNeIa) to make generation-defining cosmological constraints on dark energy. To construct the Roman SN Hubble diagram, a strategy to obtain redshifts must be determined. While the nominal HLTDS will use only the Roman prism, in this work we cons… ▽ More The High-Latitude Time-Domain Survey (HLTDS) for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman) will discover thousands of high redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNeIa) to make generation-defining cosmological constraints on dark energy. To construct the Roman SN Hubble diagram, a strategy to obtain redshifts must be determined. While the nominal HLTDS will use only the Roman prism, in this work we consider the utility of the Roman grism observations from overlap with the High-Latitude Wide-Area Survey for SNIa cosmology. We determine a galaxy grism redshift recovery rate by simulating dispersed grism images and measuring redshifts with the Grizli software, obtaining an $H$-band 50% redshift recovery at magnitude 20.61 and 90% recovery at magnitude 19.27. To estimate the total number of spectroscopic redshifts expected for Roman SN cosmology, we also consider a Roman prism SN redshift efficiency and a ground-based telescope redshift efficiency for host-galaxies. We apply these redshift efficiencies to SNIa catalog level simulations and predict that $\sim$6800 SNe will have a SN or host spectroscopic redshift. Second, we evaluate the size of potential systematics related to modeling the grism redshift efficiency by considering the impact of additional dependencies on stellar mass and host galaxy color. We estimate the largest potential size of this systematic to be 0.0066$\pm$0.002 and -0.0266$\pm$0.007, roughly 42.9 and 49.6% of the statistical uncertainty for $w_0$ and $w_a$ respectively. Lastly, we consider the effects of assuming different redshift sources on the HLTDS survey strategy optimization by measuring relative changes to the dark energy Figure of Merit. △ Less

Submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures. Submitting to ApJ, comments welcome

Many-Body Time Evolution from a Correlation-Efficient Quantum Algorithm

Authors: Michael Rose, David A. Mazziotti

Abstract: We introduce the correlation-efficient time-evolution (CETE) algorithm for simulating quantum many-body dynamics. CETE recasts each step of time evolution as a time-independent correlation problem: the ansatz begins from a mean-field single Slater determinant and is then correlated to capture the true time-evolved state. We derive this exact ansatz from a contraction of the time-dependent Schrödin… ▽ More We introduce the correlation-efficient time-evolution (CETE) algorithm for simulating quantum many-body dynamics. CETE recasts each step of time evolution as a time-independent correlation problem: the ansatz begins from a mean-field single Slater determinant and is then correlated to capture the true time-evolved state. We derive this exact ansatz from a contraction of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation onto the space of two electrons. Unlike conventional evolution by sequential short-time propagators, which must both correlate and decorrelate the state as the degree of correlation fluctuates in time, CETE correlates only once. This substantially reduces circuit depth, extending accessible simulation times on near-term quantum devices. We demonstrate the approach by simulating the time evolution of the hydrogen molecule's electronic wavefunction, highlighting the potential for the CETE algorithm to simulate strongly correlated systems on near-term devices. △ Less

Submitted 17 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Correlated Purification for Restoring $N$-Representability in Quantum Simulation

Authors: Yuchen Wang, Irma Avdic, Michael Rose, Lillian I. Payne Torres, Anna O. Schouten, Kevin J. Sung, David A. Mazziotti

Abstract: Classical shadow tomography offers a scalable route to estimating properties of quantum states, but the resulting reduced density matrices (RDMs) often violate constraints that ensure they represent $N$-electron states -- known as $N$-representability conditions -- because of statistical and hardware noise. We present a correlated purification framework based on semidefinite programming to restore… ▽ More Classical shadow tomography offers a scalable route to estimating properties of quantum states, but the resulting reduced density matrices (RDMs) often violate constraints that ensure they represent $N$-electron states -- known as $N$-representability conditions -- because of statistical and hardware noise. We present a correlated purification framework based on semidefinite programming to restore accuracy to these noisy, unphysical two-electron RDMs. The method performs a bi-objective optimization that minimizes both the many-electron energy and the nuclear norm of the change in the measured 2-RDM. The nuclear norm, often employed in matrix completion, promotes low-rank, physically meaningful corrections to the 2-RDM, while the energy term acts as a regularization term that can improve the purity of the ground state. While the method is particularly effective for the ground state, it can also be applied to excited and non-stationary states by decreasing the weight of the energy relative to the error norm. In an application to fermionic shadow tomography of large hydrogen chains, correlated purification yields substantial reductions in both energy and 2-RDM error, achieving chemical accuracy across dissociation curves. This framework provides a robust strategy for tomography in many-body quantum simulations. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. A 113, 032424 (2026)

Constrained Shadow Tomography for Molecular Simulation on Quantum Devices

Authors: Irma Avdic, Yuchen Wang, Michael Rose, Lillian I. Payne Torres, Anna O. Schouten, Kevin J. Sung, David A. Mazziotti

Abstract: Quantum state tomography is a fundamental task in quantum information science, enabling detailed characterization of correlations, entanglement, and electronic structure in quantum systems. However, its exponential measurement and computational demands limit scalability, motivating efficient alternatives such as classical shadows, which enable accurate prediction of many observables from randomize… ▽ More Quantum state tomography is a fundamental task in quantum information science, enabling detailed characterization of correlations, entanglement, and electronic structure in quantum systems. However, its exponential measurement and computational demands limit scalability, motivating efficient alternatives such as classical shadows, which enable accurate prediction of many observables from randomized measurements. In this work, we introduce a bi-objective semidefinite programming approach for constrained shadow tomography, designed to reconstruct the two-particle reduced density matrix (2-RDM) from noisy or incomplete shadow data. By integrating $N$-representability constraints and nuclear-norm regularization into the optimization, the method builds an $N$-representable 2-RDM that balances fidelity to the shadow measurements with energy minimization. This unified framework mitigates noise and sampling errors while enforcing physical consistency in the reconstructed states. Numerical and hardware results demonstrate that the approach significantly improves accuracy, noise resilience, and scalability, providing a robust foundation for physically consistent fermionic state reconstruction in realistic quantum simulations. △ Less

Submitted 12 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Journal ref: Chem. Sci., 2026, Advance Article

Cyclic Data Streaming on GPUs for Short Range Stencils Applied to Molecular Dynamics

Authors: Martin Rose, Simon Homes, Lukas Ramsperger, Jose Gracia, Christoph Niethammer, Jadran Vrabec

Abstract: In the quest for highest performance in scientific computing, we present a novel framework that relies on high-bandwidth communication between GPUs in a compute cluster. The framework offers linear scaling of performance for explicit algorithms that is only limited by the size of the dataset and the number of GPUs. Slices of the dataset propagate in a ring of processes (GPUs) from one GPU, where t… ▽ More In the quest for highest performance in scientific computing, we present a novel framework that relies on high-bandwidth communication between GPUs in a compute cluster. The framework offers linear scaling of performance for explicit algorithms that is only limited by the size of the dataset and the number of GPUs. Slices of the dataset propagate in a ring of processes (GPUs) from one GPU, where they are processed, to the next, which results in a parallel-in-time parallelization. The user of the framework has to write GPU kernels that implement the algorithm and provide slices of the dataset. Knowledge about the underlying parallelization strategy is not required because the communication between processes is carried out by the framework. As a case study, molecular dynamics simulation based on the Lennard-Jones potential is implemented to measure the performance for a homogeneous fluid. Single node performance and strong scaling behavior of this framework is compared to LAMMPS, which is outperformed in the strong scaling case. △ Less

Submitted 15 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication at HeteroPar 2025 co-located with Euro-Par 2025

Exact Time-Varying Turnpikes for Dynamic Operation of District Heating Networks

Authors: Max Rose, Hannes Gernandt, Timm Faulwasser, Johannes Schiffer

Abstract: District heating networks (DHNs) are crucial for decarbonizing the heating sector. Yet, their efficient and reliable operation requires the coordination of multiple heat producers and the consideration of future demands. Predictive and optimization-based control is commonly used to address this task, but existing results for DHNs do not account for time-varying problem aspects. Since the turnpike… ▽ More District heating networks (DHNs) are crucial for decarbonizing the heating sector. Yet, their efficient and reliable operation requires the coordination of multiple heat producers and the consideration of future demands. Predictive and optimization-based control is commonly used to address this task, but existing results for DHNs do not account for time-varying problem aspects. Since the turnpike phenomenon can serve as a basis for model predictive control design and analysis, this paper examines its role in DHN optimization by analyzing the underlying optimal control problem with time-varying prices and demands. That is, we derive conditions for the existence of a unique time-varying singular arc, which constitutes the time varying turnpike, and we provide its closed-form expression. Additionally, we present converse turnpike results showing a exact time-varying case implies strict dissipativity of the optimal control problem. A numerical example illustrates our findings. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

The Hourglass Simulation: A Catalog for the Roman High-Latitude Time-Domain Core Community Survey

Authors: B. M. Rose, M. Vincenzi, R. Hounsell, H. Qu, L. Aldoroty, D. Scolnic, R. Kessler, P. Macias, D. Brout, M. Acevedo, R. C. Chen, S. Gomez, E. Peterson, D. Rubin, M. Sako

Abstract: We present a simulation of the time-domain catalog for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope's High-Latitude Time-Domain Core Community Survey. This simulation, called the Hourglass simulation, uses the most up-to-date spectral energy distribution models and rate measurements for ten extra-galactic time-domain sources. We simulate these models through the design reference Roman Space Telescope sur… ▽ More We present a simulation of the time-domain catalog for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope's High-Latitude Time-Domain Core Community Survey. This simulation, called the Hourglass simulation, uses the most up-to-date spectral energy distribution models and rate measurements for ten extra-galactic time-domain sources. We simulate these models through the design reference Roman Space Telescope survey: four filters per tier, a five day cadence, over two years, a wide tier of 19 deg$^2$ and a deep tier of 4.2 deg$^2$, with $\sim$20% of those areas also covered with prism observations. We find that a science-independent Roman time-domain catalog, assuming a S/N at max of >5, would have approximately 21,000 Type Ia supernovae, 40,000 core-collapse supernovae, around 70 superluminous supernovae, $\sim$35 tidal disruption events, 3 kilonovae, and possibly pair-instability supernovae. In total, Hourglass has over 64,000 transient objects, 11 million photometric observations, and 500,000 spectra. Additionally, Hourglass is a useful data set to train machine learning classification algorithms. We show that SCONE is able to photometrically classify Type Ia supernovae with high precision ($\sim$95%) to a z > 2. Finally, we present the first realistic simulations of non-Type Ia supernovae spectral-time series data from Roman's prism. △ Less

Submitted 5 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: submitted to ApJ

Cosmology Constraints from Type Ia Supernova Simulations of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Strategy Recommended by the High Latitude Time Domain Survey Definition Committee

Authors: Richard Kessler, Rebekah Hounsell, Bhavin Joshi, David Rubin, Masao Sako, Rebecca Chen, Vivian Miranda, Benjamin. M. Rose

Abstract: Within the next few years, the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will be gathering data for the High Latitude Time Domain Survey (HLTDS) that will be used to significantly improve the Type Ia supernova measurement of the dark energy equation of state parameters w0 and wa. Here we generate a catalog-level simulation of the in-guide strategy recommended by the HLTDS definition committee, an… ▽ More Within the next few years, the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will be gathering data for the High Latitude Time Domain Survey (HLTDS) that will be used to significantly improve the Type Ia supernova measurement of the dark energy equation of state parameters w0 and wa. Here we generate a catalog-level simulation of the in-guide strategy recommended by the HLTDS definition committee, and determine dark energy parameter constraints using a detailed analysis that includes light curve fitting, photometric redshifts and classification, BEAMS formalism, systematic uncertainties, and cosmology fitting. After analysis and selection requirements, the sample includes 10,000 Roman SNe Ia that we combine with 4,400 events from LSST. The resulting dark energy figure of merit is well above the NASA mission requirement of 326, with the caveat that SN Ia model training systematics have not been included. △ Less

Submitted 15 October, 2025; v1 submitted 4 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: Version accepted by ApJ

TESS Science Processing Operations Center Photometric Precision Archival Product

Authors: Joseph D. Twicken, Jon M. Jenkins, Douglas A. Caldwell, Benjamin M. Tofflemire, Marziye Jafariyazani, Peter Tenenbaum, Jeffrey C. Smith, Stephanie L. Striegel, Eric Ting, Bill Wohler, Mark E. Rose, David Rapetti, Michael M. Fausnaugh, Roland Vanderspek

Abstract: We report the delivery to the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) of tables containing Root Mean Square (RMS) Combined Differential Photometric Precision (CDPP) values for all TESS 2-min cadence targets with Science Processing Operations Center (SPOC) light curves in Sectors 1-90. Each comma-separated values (CSV) file contains CDPP values for all 2-min light curves in the given sector. T… ▽ More We report the delivery to the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) of tables containing Root Mean Square (RMS) Combined Differential Photometric Precision (CDPP) values for all TESS 2-min cadence targets with Science Processing Operations Center (SPOC) light curves in Sectors 1-90. Each comma-separated values (CSV) file contains CDPP values for all 2-min light curves in the given sector. The tables include robust RMS CDPP values for the 15 trial transit pulse durations searched in the SPOC 2-min processing pipeline, ranging from 0.5-15.0 hr. For each pulse duration, CDPP is computed in the transit search for a trial transit centered on every cadence. The RMS value of the CDPP time series is a metric that may be employed to estimate signal-to-noise ratio for transits with the given duration and a specified depth. We will continue to deliver the RMS CDPP tables to MAST for each observing sector. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 3 pages, 1 figure

Journal ref: Res. Notes AAS, 9, 132 (2025)

A Swarm of WASP Planets: Nine giant planets identified by the WASP survey

Authors: Nicole Schanche, Guillaume Hébrard, Keivan G. Stassun, Benjamin J. Hord, Khalid Barkaoui, Allyson Bieryla, David R. Ciardi, Karen A. Collins, Andrew Collier Cameron, Joel Hartman, N. Heidari, Coel Hellier, Steve B. Howell, Monika Lendl, James McCormac, Kim K. McLeod, Hannu Parviainen, Don J. Radford, Arvind Singh Rajpurohit, Howard M. Relles, Rishikesh Sharma, Sanjay Baliwal, Gaspar Bakos, Susana Barros, François Bouchy , et al. (30 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) survey provided some of the first transiting hot Jupiter candidates. With the addition of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), many WASP planet candidates have now been revisited and given updated transit parameters. Here we present 9 transiting planets orbiting FGK stars that were identified as candidates by the WASP survey and measured to hav… ▽ More The Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) survey provided some of the first transiting hot Jupiter candidates. With the addition of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), many WASP planet candidates have now been revisited and given updated transit parameters. Here we present 9 transiting planets orbiting FGK stars that were identified as candidates by the WASP survey and measured to have planetary masses by radial velocity measurements. Subsequent space-based photometry taken by TESS as well as ground-based photometric and spectroscopic measurements have been used to jointly analyze the planetary properties of WASP-102 b, WASP-116 b, WASP-149 b WASP-154 b, WASP-155 b, WASP-188 b, WASP-194 b/HAT-P-71 b, WASP-195 b, and WASP-197 b. These planets have radii between 0.9 R_Jup and 1.4 R_Jup, masses between 0.1 M_Jup and 1.5 M_Jup, and periods between 1.3 and 6.6 days. △ Less

Submitted 10 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: Accepted to Astronomical Journal

Combinatorics of factorization systems on lattices

Authors: Jishnu Bose, Tien Chih, Hannah Housden, Legrand Jones II, Chloe Lewis, Kyle Ormsby, Millie Rose

Abstract: We initiate the combinatorial study of factorization systems on finite lattices, paying special attention to the role that reflective and coreflective factorization systems play in partitioning the poset of factorization systems on a fixed lattice. We ultimately uncover an intricate web of relations with such diverse combinatorial structures as submonoids, monads, Moore systems, transfer systems (… ▽ More We initiate the combinatorial study of factorization systems on finite lattices, paying special attention to the role that reflective and coreflective factorization systems play in partitioning the poset of factorization systems on a fixed lattice. We ultimately uncover an intricate web of relations with such diverse combinatorial structures as submonoids, monads, Moore systems, transfer systems (from stable equivariant homotopy theory), and poly-Bernoulli numbers. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, comments welcome!

MSC Class: 18A32; 06B05; 55P91

Three Warm Jupiters orbiting TOI-6628, TOI-3837, TOI-5027 and one sub-Saturn orbiting TOI-2328

Authors: Marcelo Tala Pinto, Andrés Jordán, Lorena Acuña, Matías Jones, Rafael Brahm, Yared Reinarz, Jan Eberhardt, Néstor Espinoza, Thomas Henning, Melissa Hobson, Felipe Rojas, Martin Schlecker, Trifon Trifonov, Gaspar Bakos, Gavin Boyle, Zoltan Csubry, Joel Hartmann, Benjamin Knepper, Laura Kreidberg, Vincent Suc, Johanna Teske, R. Paul Butler, Jeffrey Crane, Steve Schectman, Ian Thompson , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery and characterization of three new transiting giant planets orbiting TOI-6628, TOI-3837 and TOI-5027, and one new warm sub-Saturn orbiting TOI-2328, whose transits events were detected in the lightcurves of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \textbf{(TESS)} space mission. By combining TESS lightcurves with ground-based photometric and spectroscopic follow-up observati… ▽ More We report the discovery and characterization of three new transiting giant planets orbiting TOI-6628, TOI-3837 and TOI-5027, and one new warm sub-Saturn orbiting TOI-2328, whose transits events were detected in the lightcurves of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \textbf{(TESS)} space mission. By combining TESS lightcurves with ground-based photometric and spectroscopic follow-up observations we confirm the planetary nature of the observed transits and radial velocity variations. TOI-6628~$b$ has a mass of 0.75$\pm$0.06~$M_\mathrm{J}$, a radius of 0.98$\pm$0.05~$R_J$ and is orbiting a metal-rich star with a period of 18.18424$\pm{0.00001}$ days and an eccentricity of 0.667$\pm0.016$, making it one of the most eccentric orbits of all known warm giants. TOI-3837~$b$ has a mass of 0.59$\pm$0.06~$M_\mathrm{J}$, a radius of 0.96$\pm$0.05~$R_J$ and orbits its host star every 11.88865$\pm$0.00003~days, with a moderate eccentricity of 0.198$^{+0.046}_{-0.058}$. With a mass of 2.01$\pm$0.13~$M_\mathrm{J}$ and a radius of 0.99$^{+0.07}_{-0.12}$ $R_J$, TOI-5027~$b$ orbits its host star in an eccentric orbit with $e$~=~0.395$^{+0.032}_{-0.029}$ every 10.24368$\pm{0.00001}$~days. TOI-2328~$b$ is a Saturn-like planet with a mass of 0.16$\pm$0.02~$M_\mathrm{J}$ and a radius of 0.89$\pm$0.04~$R_J$, orbiting its host star in a nearly circular orbit with $e$~=~0.057$^{+0.046}_{-0.029}$ at an orbital period of 17.10197$\pm{0.00001}$ days. All four planets have orbital periods above 10 days, and our planet interior structure models are consistsent a rocky-icy core with a H/He envelope, providing evidence supporting the core accretion model of planet formation for this kind of planets. △ Less

Submitted 2 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 23 pages, 12 figures

Journal ref: A&A 694, A268 (2025)

Mass determination of two Jupiter-sized planets orbiting slightly evolved stars: TOI-2420 b and TOI-2485 b

Authors: Ilaria Carleo, Oscar Barrágan, Carina M. Persson, Malcolm Fridlund, Kristine W. F. Lam, Sergio Messina, Davide Gandolfi, Alexis M. S. Smith, Marshall C. Johnson, William Cochran, Hannah L. M. Osborn, Rafael Brahm, David R. Ciardi, Karen A. Collins, Mark E. Everett, Steven Giacalone, Eike W. Guenther, Artie Hatzes, Coel Hellier, Jonathan Horner Petr Kabáth, Judith Korth, Phillip MacQueen, Thomas Masseron, Felipe Murgas, Grzegorz Nowak , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Hot and warm Jupiters might have undergone the same formation and evolution path, but the two populations exhibit different distributions of orbital parameters, challenging our understanding on their actual origin. The present work, which is the results of our warm Jupiters survey carried out with the CHIRON spectrograph within the KESPRINT collaboration, aims to address this challenge by studying… ▽ More Hot and warm Jupiters might have undergone the same formation and evolution path, but the two populations exhibit different distributions of orbital parameters, challenging our understanding on their actual origin. The present work, which is the results of our warm Jupiters survey carried out with the CHIRON spectrograph within the KESPRINT collaboration, aims to address this challenge by studying two planets that could help bridge the gap between the two populations. We report the confirmation and mass determination of a hot Jupiter (orbital period shorter than 10 days), TOI-2420\,b, and a warm Jupiter, TOI-2485\,b. We performed a joint analysis using a wide variety of spectral and photometric data in order to characterize these planetary systems. We found that TOI-2420\,b has an orbital period of P$_{\rm b}$=5.8 days, a mass of M$_{\rm b}$=0.9 M$_{\rm J}$ and a radius of R$_{\rm b}$=1.3 R$_{\rm J}$, with a planetary density of 0.477 \gc; while TOI-2485\,b has an orbital period of P$_{\rm b}$=11.2 days, a mass of M$_{\rm b}$=2.4 M$_{\rm J}$ and a radius of R$_{\rm b}$=1.1 R$_{\rm J}$ with density 2.36 \gc. With current parameters, the migration history for TOI-2420\,b and TOI-2485\,b is unclear: the high-eccentricity migration scenarios cannot be ruled out, and TOI-2485\,b's characteristics may rather support this scenario. △ Less

Submitted 10 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Trials and Tribulations in the Reanalysis of KELT-24 b: a Case Study for the Importance of Stellar Modeling

Authors: Mark R. Giovinazzi, Bryson Cale, Jason D. Eastman, Joseph E. Rodriguez, Cullen H. Blake, Keivan G. Stassun, Thomas G. Beatty, Nate McCrady, Andrew Vanderburg, Michelle Kunimoto, Adam L. Kraus, Joseph Twicken, Cayla M. Dedrick, Jonathan Horner, John A. Johnson, Samson A. Johnson, Peter Plavchan, David H. Sliski, Maurice L. Wilson, Robert A. Wittenmyer, Jason T. Wright, Marshall C. Johnson, Mark E. Rose, Matthew Cornachione

Abstract: We present a new analysis of the KELT-24 system, comprising a well-aligned hot Jupiter, KELT-24~b, and a bright ($V=8.3$), nearby ($d=96.9~\mathrm{pc}$) F-type host star. KELT-24~b was independently discovered by two groups in 2019, with each reporting best-fit stellar parameters that were notably inconsistent. Here, we present three independent analyses of the KELT-24 system, each incorporating a… ▽ More We present a new analysis of the KELT-24 system, comprising a well-aligned hot Jupiter, KELT-24~b, and a bright ($V=8.3$), nearby ($d=96.9~\mathrm{pc}$) F-type host star. KELT-24~b was independently discovered by two groups in 2019, with each reporting best-fit stellar parameters that were notably inconsistent. Here, we present three independent analyses of the KELT-24 system, each incorporating a broad range of photometric and spectroscopic data, including eight sectors of TESS photometry and more than 200 new radial velocities (RVs) from MINERVA. Two of these analyses use KELT-24's observed spectral energy distribution (SED) through a direct comparison to stellar evolutionary models, while our third analysis assumes an unknown additional body contributing to the observed broadband photometry and excludes the SED. Ultimately, we find that the models that include the SED are a poor fit to the available data, so we adopt the system parameters derived without it. We also highlight a single transit-like event observed by TESS, deemed likely to be an eclipsing binary bound to KELT-24, that will require follow-up observations to confirm. We discuss the potential of these additional bodies in the KELT-24 system as a possible explanation for the discrepancies between the results of the different modeling approaches, and explore the system for longer-period planets that may be weakly evident in the RV observations. The comprehensive investigations that we present not only increase the fidelity of our understanding of the KELT-24 system, but also serve as a blueprint for future stellar modeling in global analyses of exoplanet systems. △ Less

Submitted 6 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 27 pages, 18 figures

On the image of the total power operation for Burnside rings

Authors: Nathan Cornelius, Lewis Dominguez, David Mehrle, Lakshay Modi, Millie Rose, Nathaniel Stapleton

Abstract: We prove that the image of the total power operation for Burnside rings $A(G) \to A(G\wrΣ_n)$ lies inside a relatively small, combinatorial subring $\mathring A(G,n) \subseteq A(G \wr Σ_n)$. As $n$ varies, the subrings $\mathring A(G,n)$ assemble into a commutative graded ring $\mathring A(G)$ with a universal property: $\mathring A(G)$ carries the universal family of power operations out of… ▽ More We prove that the image of the total power operation for Burnside rings $A(G) \to A(G\wrΣ_n)$ lies inside a relatively small, combinatorial subring $\mathring A(G,n) \subseteq A(G \wr Σ_n)$. As $n$ varies, the subrings $\mathring A(G,n)$ assemble into a commutative graded ring $\mathring A(G)$ with a universal property: $\mathring A(G)$ carries the universal family of power operations out of $A(G)$. We construct character maps for $\mathring A(G,n)$ and give a formula for the character of the total power operation. Using $\mathring A(G)$, we extend the Frobenius--Wielandt homomorphism of Dress--Siebeneicher--Yoshida to wreath products compatibly with the total power operation. Finally, we prove a generalization of Burnside's orbit counting lemma that describes the transfer map $A(G \wr Σ_n) \to A(Σ_n)$ on the subring $\mathring A(G,n)$. △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Model Predictive Control of District Heating Grids Using Stabilizing Terminal Ingredients

Authors: Max Rose, Hannes Gernandt, Juan E. Machado, Johannes Schiffer

Abstract: The transformation of fossil fuel-based district heating grids (DHGs) to CO$_2$-neutral DHGs requires the development of novel operating strategies. Model predictive control (MPC) is a promising approach, as knowledge about future heat demand and heat supply can be incorporated into the control, operating constraints can be ensured and the stability of the closed-loop system can be guaranteed. In… ▽ More The transformation of fossil fuel-based district heating grids (DHGs) to CO$_2$-neutral DHGs requires the development of novel operating strategies. Model predictive control (MPC) is a promising approach, as knowledge about future heat demand and heat supply can be incorporated into the control, operating constraints can be ensured and the stability of the closed-loop system can be guaranteed. In this paper, we employ MPC for DHGs to control the system mass flows and injected heat flows. Following common practice, we derive terminal ingredients to stabilize given steady state temperatures and storage masses in the DHG. To apply MPC with terminal ingredients, it is crucial that the system under control is stabilizable. By exploiting the particular system structure, we give a sufficient condition for the stabilizability in terms of the grid topology and hence, for the applicability of the MPC scheme to DHGs. Furthermore, we demonstrate the practicability of the application of MPC to an exemplary DHG in a numerical case study. △ Less

Submitted 2 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: Accepted at European Control Conference 2024 in Stockholm

PaECTER: Patent-level Representation Learning using Citation-informed Transformers

Authors: Mainak Ghosh, Michael E. Rose, Sebastian Erhardt, Erik Buunk, Dietmar Harhoff

Abstract: PaECTER is an open-source document-level encoder specific for patents. We fine-tune BERT for Patents with examiner-added citation information to generate numerical representations for patent documents. PaECTER performs better in similarity tasks than current state-of-the-art models used in the patent domain. More specifically, our model outperforms the patent specific pre-trained language model (B… ▽ More PaECTER is an open-source document-level encoder specific for patents. We fine-tune BERT for Patents with examiner-added citation information to generate numerical representations for patent documents. PaECTER performs better in similarity tasks than current state-of-the-art models used in the patent domain. More specifically, our model outperforms the patent specific pre-trained language model (BERT for Patents) and general-purpose text embedding models (e.g., E5, GTE, and BGE) on our patent citation prediction test dataset on different rank evaluation metrics. PaECTER predicts at least one most similar patent at a rank of 1.32 on average when compared against 25 irrelevant patents. Numerical representations generated by PaECTER from patent text can be used for downstream tasks such as classification, tracing knowledge flows, or semantic similarity search. Semantic similarity search is especially relevant in the context of prior art search for both inventors and patent examiners. △ Less

Submitted 1 October, 2025; v1 submitted 29 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures, 4 tables

Diurnal ejection of boulder clusters on comet 67P lasting beyond 3 AU

Authors: Xian Shi, Xuanyu Hu, Jessica Agarwal, Carsten Güttler, Martin Rose, Horst Uwe Keller, Marco Fulle, Jakob Deller, Holger Sierks

Abstract: Ejection of large boulder-like debris is a vigorous form of cometary activity that is unlikely induced by water ice out-gassing alone but rather associated with the sublimation of super-volatile ices. Though perceived on several comets, actual pattern and mechanism of such activity are still unclear. Here we report on a specialized observation of ejections of decimeter- to meter-sized boulders on… ▽ More Ejection of large boulder-like debris is a vigorous form of cometary activity that is unlikely induced by water ice out-gassing alone but rather associated with the sublimation of super-volatile ices. Though perceived on several comets, actual pattern and mechanism of such activity are still unclear. Here we report on a specialized observation of ejections of decimeter- to meter-sized boulders on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko outbound between 2.5 and 3.3 AU from the Sun. With a common source region, these events recurred in local morning. The boulders of elongated shapes were ejected in clusters at low inclinations comparable to the solar elevation below 40 degrees at the time. We show that these chunks could be propelled by the surrounding, asymmetric gas field that produced a distinct lateral acceleration. Possibly both water and carbon dioxide have contributed to their mobilization, while the season and local topography are among deciding factors. The mechanisms for sustaining regular activity of comets at large heliocentric distances are likely more diverse and intricate than previously thought. △ Less

Submitted 18 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Journal ref: ApJL 961 L16 (2024)

Mid infrared near-field fingerprint spectroscopy of the 2D electron gas in LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ at low temperatures

Authors: Julian Barnett, Konstantin G. Wirth, Richard Hentrich, Yasin C. Durmaz, Marc-André Rose, Felix Gunkel, Thomas Taubner

Abstract: Confined electron systems, such as 2D electron gases (2DEGs), 2D materials, or topological insulators show great technological promise but their susceptibility to defects often results in nanoscale inhomogeneities with unclear origins. Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is useful to investigate buried confined electron systems non-destructively with nanoscale resolutio… ▽ More Confined electron systems, such as 2D electron gases (2DEGs), 2D materials, or topological insulators show great technological promise but their susceptibility to defects often results in nanoscale inhomogeneities with unclear origins. Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is useful to investigate buried confined electron systems non-destructively with nanoscale resolution, however, a clear separation of carrier concentration and mobility was often impossible in s-SNOM. Here, we predict a previously inaccessible characteristic "fingerprint" response of the prototypical LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ 2DEG, and verify this using a state-of-the-art tunable narrow-band laser in mid-infrared cryo-s-SNOM at 8 K. Our modelling allows us to separate the influence of carrier concentration and mobility on fingerprint spectra and to characterize 2DEG inhomogeneities on the nanoscale. This spatially resolved information about the local electronic properties can be used to identify the origin of inhomogeneities in confined electron systems, making the s-SNOM fingerprint response a valuable tool for nanoelectronics and quantum technology. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Role of interactions in non-equilibrium transformations

Authors: Maria Rose, Sreekanth K Manikandan

Abstract: For arbitrary non-equilibrium transformations in complex systems, we show that the distance between the current state and a target state can be decomposed into two terms: one corresponding to an independent estimate of the distance, and another corresponding to interactions, quantified using the relative mutual information between the variables. This decomposition is a special case of a more gener… ▽ More For arbitrary non-equilibrium transformations in complex systems, we show that the distance between the current state and a target state can be decomposed into two terms: one corresponding to an independent estimate of the distance, and another corresponding to interactions, quantified using the relative mutual information between the variables. This decomposition is a special case of a more general decomposition involving successive orders of correlation or interactions among the degrees of freedom of the system. To illustrate its practical significance, we study the thermal relaxation of two interacting, optically trapped colloidal particles, where increasing pairwise interaction strength is shown to prolong the longevity of the time-dependent non-equilibrium state. Additionally, we study a system with both pairwise and triplet interactions, where our approach identifies their distinct contributions to the transformation. In more general setups where it is possible to control the strength of different orders of interactions, our findings provide a way to disentangle their effects and identify interactions that facilitate the transformation. △ Less

Submitted 17 April, 2024; v1 submitted 24 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 9 pages, 8 figures, Published version

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. E 109, 044136 (2024)

Simulation and experiment of gas diffusion in a granular bed

Authors: Carsten Güttler, Martin Rose, Holger Sierks, Wolfgang Macher, Stephan Zivithal, Jürgen Blum, Sunny Laddha, Bastian Gundlach, Günter Kargl

Abstract: The diffusion of gas through porous material is important to understand the physical processes underlying cometary activity. We study the diffusion of a rarefied gas (Knudsen regime) through a packed bed of monodisperse spheres via experiments and numerical modelling, providing an absolute value of the diffusion coefficient and compare it to published analytical models. The experiments are designe… ▽ More The diffusion of gas through porous material is important to understand the physical processes underlying cometary activity. We study the diffusion of a rarefied gas (Knudsen regime) through a packed bed of monodisperse spheres via experiments and numerical modelling, providing an absolute value of the diffusion coefficient and compare it to published analytical models. The experiments are designed to be directly comparable to numerical simulations, by using precision steel beads, simple geometries, and a trade-off of the sample size between small boundary effects and efficient computation. For direct comparison, the diffusion coefficient is determined in Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) simulations, yielding a good match with experiments. This model is further-on used on a microscopic scale, which cannot be studied in experiments, to determine the mean path of gas molecules and its distribution, and compare it against an analytical model. Scaling with sample properties (particle size, porosity) and gas properties (molecular mass, temperature) is consistent with analytical models. As predicted by these, results are very sensitive on sample porosity and we find that a tortuosity $q(\varepsilon)$ depending linearly on the porosity $\varepsilon$ can well reconcile the analytical model with experiments and simulations. Mean paths of molecules are close to those described in the literature, but their distribution deviates from the expectation for small path lengths. The provided diffusion coefficients and scaling laws are directly applicable to thermophysical models of idealised cometary material. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: accepted by MNRAS

TOI-4010: A System of Three Large Short-Period Planets With a Massive Long-Period Companion

Authors: Michelle Kunimoto, Andrew Vanderburg, Chelsea X. Huang, M. Ryleigh Davis, Laura Affer, Andrew Collier Cameron, David Charbonneau, Rosario Cosentino, Mario Damasso, Xavier Dumusque, A. F. Martnez Fiorenzano, Adriano Ghedina, R. D. Haywood, Florian Lienhard, Mercedes López-Morales, Michel Mayor, Francesco Pepe, Matteo Pinamonti, Ennio Poretti, Jesús Maldonado, Ken Rice, Alessandro Sozzetti, Thomas G. Wilson, Stéphane Udry, Jay Baptista , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the confirmation of three exoplanets transiting TOI-4010 (TIC-352682207), a metal-rich K dwarf observed by TESS in Sectors 24, 25, 52, and 58. We confirm these planets with HARPS-N radial velocity observations and measure their masses with 8 - 12% precision. TOI-4010 b is a sub-Neptune ($P = 1.3$ days, $R_{p} = 3.02_{-0.08}^{+0.08}~R_{\oplus}$, $M_{p} = 11.00_{-1.27}^{+1.29}~M_{\oplus}$)… ▽ More We report the confirmation of three exoplanets transiting TOI-4010 (TIC-352682207), a metal-rich K dwarf observed by TESS in Sectors 24, 25, 52, and 58. We confirm these planets with HARPS-N radial velocity observations and measure their masses with 8 - 12% precision. TOI-4010 b is a sub-Neptune ($P = 1.3$ days, $R_{p} = 3.02_{-0.08}^{+0.08}~R_{\oplus}$, $M_{p} = 11.00_{-1.27}^{+1.29}~M_{\oplus}$) in the hot Neptune desert, and is one of the few such planets with known companions. Meanwhile, TOI-4010 c ($P = 5.4$ days, $R_{p} = 5.93_{-0.12}^{+0.11}~R_{\oplus}$, $M_{p} = 20.31_{-2.11}^{+2.13}~M_{\oplus}$) and TOI-4010 d ($P = 14.7$ days, $R_{p} = 6.18_{-0.14}^{+0.15}~R_{\oplus}$, $M_{p} = 38.15_{-3.22}^{+3.27}~M_{\oplus}$) are similarly-sized sub-Saturns on short-period orbits. Radial velocity observations also reveal a super-Jupiter-mass companion called TOI-4010 e in a long-period, eccentric orbit ($P \sim 762$ days and $e \sim 0.26$ based on available observations). TOI-4010 is one of the few systems with multiple short-period sub-Saturns to be discovered so far. △ Less

Submitted 19 June, 2023; v1 submitted 8 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 26 pages, 16 figures, published in AJ; (v3) added missing citation

Journal ref: AJ, 166, 7 (2023)

TOI-1130: A photodynamical analysis of a hot Jupiter in resonance with an inner low-mass planet

Authors: J. Korth, D. Gandolfi, J. Šubjak, S. Howard, S. Ataiee, K. A. Collins, S. N. Quinn, A. J. Mustill, T. Guillot, N. Lodieu, A. M. S. Smith, M. Esposito, F. Rodler, A. Muresan, L. Abe, S. H. Albrecht, A. Alqasim, K. Barkaoui, P. G. Beck, C. J. Burke, R. P. Butler, D. M. Conti, K. I. Collins, J. D. Crane, F. Dai , et al. (37 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The TOI-1130 is a known planetary system around a K-dwarf consisting of a gas giant planet, TOI-1130 c, on an 8.4-day orbit, accompanied by an inner Neptune-sized planet, TOI-1130 b, with an orbital period of 4.1 days. We collected precise radial velocity (RV) measurements of TOI-1130 with the HARPS and PFS spectrographs as part of our ongoing RV follow-up program. We perform a photodynamical mode… ▽ More The TOI-1130 is a known planetary system around a K-dwarf consisting of a gas giant planet, TOI-1130 c, on an 8.4-day orbit, accompanied by an inner Neptune-sized planet, TOI-1130 b, with an orbital period of 4.1 days. We collected precise radial velocity (RV) measurements of TOI-1130 with the HARPS and PFS spectrographs as part of our ongoing RV follow-up program. We perform a photodynamical modeling of the HARPS and PFS RVs, and transit photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and the TESS Follow-up Observing Program. We determine the planet masses and radii of TOI-1130 b and TOI-1130 c to be Mb = 19.28 $\pm$ 0.97 M$_\oplus$ and Rb = 3.56 $\pm$ 0.13 R$_\oplus$, and Mc = 325.59 $\pm$ 5.59 M$_\oplus$ and Rc = 13.32+1.55-1.41 R$_\oplus$, respectively. We spectroscopically confirm TOI-1130 b that was previously only validated. We find that the two planets orbit with small eccentricities in a 2:1 resonant configuration. This is the first known system with a hot Jupiter and an inner lower mass planet locked in a mean-motion resonance. TOI-1130 belongs to the small yet increasing population of hot Jupiters with an inner low-mass planet that challenges the pathway for hot Jupiter formation. We also detect a linear RV trend possibly due to the presence of an outer massive companion. △ Less

Submitted 24 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: 19 pages, Accepted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 675, A115 (2023)

Improved numerical plotting of elliptical orbits using radial action coordinates -- has the symmetry of Leibniz radial theory based on inertia versus gravity been ignored?

Authors: Ivan R. Kennedy, Michael T. Rose, Angus N. Crossan

Abstract: We that show two body gravitational orbits may be plotted using a radial reference frame rather than the customary Newtonian rectilinear inertial frame. Infinitesimal calculus cofounder and continental contemporary of Newton, Leibniz claimed that the second radial derivative could be found by taking the difference between an inertial force varying inversely, with the cubed radius and the gravitati… ▽ More We that show two body gravitational orbits may be plotted using a radial reference frame rather than the customary Newtonian rectilinear inertial frame. Infinitesimal calculus cofounder and continental contemporary of Newton, Leibniz claimed that the second radial derivative could be found by taking the difference between an inertial force varying inversely, with the cubed radius and the gravitational force varying with an inversed squared radius. His radial method was severely criticised by Newton and supporters, who preferred the rectilinear inertial frame, also claiming Leibniz failed to satisfy Newton's third law of gravity. We show that these two approaches are equivalent if the central body is much larger than that in orbit. Furthermore we justify the Leibniz least action approach using the semi-latus rectum of the orbit, characteristic of the eccentricity to calculate the Newtonian centripetal acceleration opposed by the inertial acceleration, with the net radial acceleration controlling radius also allowing estimation of angular displacement and the action for each interval. Numerically, our Leibniz model can be more accurate since it requires no assumption that linear vectors adequately simulate a curvilinear trajectory. Our review of the Newton gravitational equation using centre of mass coordinates concludes that the third law is satisfied for symmetry if the gravitational and inertial masses are taken separately as equating force expressions for gravity and radial inertia, directed to the centre of mass for radial inertia. This symmetry validates centre of mass radial coordinates for more accurate plotting of orbits including dual stars, possibly applicable for better understanding of Einstein relativity. An advantage of radial coordinates is that orbiting couples can also accept perturbations from other nearby bodies acting centripetally, but not inertially. △ Less

Submitted 2 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 35 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, 4 supplementary tables

The DEHVILS Survey Overview and Initial Data Release: High-Quality Near-Infrared Type Ia Supernova Light Curves at Low Redshift

Authors: Erik R. Peterson, David O. Jones, Daniel Scolnic, Bruno O. Sánchez, Aaron Do, Adam G. Riess, Sam M. Ward, Arianna Dwomoh, Thomas de Jaeger, Saurabh W. Jha, Kaisey S. Mandel, Justin D. R. Pierel, Brodie Popovic, Benjamin M. Rose, David Rubin, Benjamin J. Shappee, Stephen Thorp, John L. Tonry, R. Brent Tully, Maria Vincenzi

Abstract: While the sample of optical Type Ia Supernova (SN Ia) light curves (LCs) usable for cosmological parameter measurements surpasses 2000, the sample of published, cosmologically viable near-infrared (NIR) SN Ia LCs, which have been shown to be good "standard candles," is still $\lesssim$ 200. Here, we present high-quality NIR LCs for 83 SNe Ia ranging from $0.002 < z < 0.09$ as a part of the Dark En… ▽ More While the sample of optical Type Ia Supernova (SN Ia) light curves (LCs) usable for cosmological parameter measurements surpasses 2000, the sample of published, cosmologically viable near-infrared (NIR) SN Ia LCs, which have been shown to be good "standard candles," is still $\lesssim$ 200. Here, we present high-quality NIR LCs for 83 SNe Ia ranging from $0.002 < z < 0.09$ as a part of the Dark Energy, H$_0$, and peculiar Velocities using Infrared Light from Supernovae (DEHVILS) survey. Observations are taken using UKIRT's WFCAM, where the median depth of the images is 20.7, 20.1, and 19.3 mag (Vega) for $Y$, $J$, and $H$-bands, respectively. The median number of epochs per SN Ia is 18 for all three bands ($YJH$) combined and 6 for each band individually. We fit 47 SN Ia LCs that pass strict quality cuts using three LC models, SALT3, SNooPy, and BayeSN and find scatter on the Hubble diagram to be comparable to or better than scatter from optical-only fits in the literature. Fitting NIR-only LCs, we obtain standard deviations ranging from 0.128-0.135 mag. Additionally, we present a refined calibration method for transforming 2MASS magnitudes to WFCAM magnitudes using HST CALSPEC stars that results in a 0.03 mag shift in the WFCAM $Y$-band magnitudes. △ Less

Submitted 10 April, 2023; v1 submitted 27 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 24 pages, 9 figures. Accepted by MNRAS

PtyLab.m/py/jl: a cross-platform, open-source inverse modeling toolbox for conventional and Fourier ptychography

Authors: Lars Loetgering, Mengqi Du, Dirk Boonzajer Flaes, Tomas Aidukas, Felix Wechsler, Daniel S. Penagos Molina, Max Rose, Antonios Pelekanidis, Wilhelm Eschen, Jürgen Hess, Thomas Wilhein, Rainer Heintzmann, Jan Rothhardt, Stefan Witte

Abstract: Conventional (CP) and Fourier (FP) ptychography have emerged as versatile quantitative phase imaging techniques. While the main application cases for each technique are different, namely lens-less short wavelength imaging for CP and lens-based visible light imaging for FP, both methods share a common algorithmic ground. CP and FP have in part independently evolved to include experimentally robust… ▽ More Conventional (CP) and Fourier (FP) ptychography have emerged as versatile quantitative phase imaging techniques. While the main application cases for each technique are different, namely lens-less short wavelength imaging for CP and lens-based visible light imaging for FP, both methods share a common algorithmic ground. CP and FP have in part independently evolved to include experimentally robust forward models and inversion techniques. This separation has resulted in a plethora of algorithmic extensions, some of which have not crossed the boundary from one modality to the other. Here, we present an open source, cross-platform software, called PtyLab, enabling both CP and FP data analysis in a unified framework. With this framework, we aim to facilitate and accelerate cross-pollination between the two techniques. Moreover, the availability in Matlab, Python, and Julia will set a low barrier to enter each field. △ Less

Submitted 16 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Logic Mill -- A Knowledge Navigation System

Authors: Sebastian Erhardt, Mainak Ghosh, Erik Buunk, Michael E. Rose, Dietmar Harhoff

Abstract: Logic Mill is a scalable and openly accessible software system that identifies semantically similar documents within either one domain-specific corpus or multi-domain corpora. It uses advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to generate numerical representations of documents. Currently it leverages a large pre-trained language model to generate these document representations. The syst… ▽ More Logic Mill is a scalable and openly accessible software system that identifies semantically similar documents within either one domain-specific corpus or multi-domain corpora. It uses advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to generate numerical representations of documents. Currently it leverages a large pre-trained language model to generate these document representations. The system focuses on scientific publications and patent documents and contains more than 200 million documents. It is easily accessible via a simple Application Programming Interface (API) or via a web interface. Moreover, it is continuously being updated and can be extended to text corpora from other domains. We see this system as a general-purpose tool for future research applications in the social sciences and other domains. △ Less

Submitted 20 October, 2023; v1 submitted 31 December, 2022; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 10 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

Journal ref: Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Patent Text Mining and Semantic Technologies (PatentSemTech 2024), Washington D.C., USA, July 28th, 2024

A Predictive Operation Controller for an Electro-Thermal Microgrid Utilizing Variable Flow Temperatures

Authors: Max Rose, Christian A. Hans, Johannes Schiffer

Abstract: We propose an optimal operation control strategy for an electro-thermal microgrid. Compared to existing work, our approach increases flexibility by operating the thermal network with variable flow temperatures and in that way explicitly exploits its inherent storage capacities. To this end, the microgrid is represented by a multi-layer network composed of an electrical and a thermal layer. We show… ▽ More We propose an optimal operation control strategy for an electro-thermal microgrid. Compared to existing work, our approach increases flexibility by operating the thermal network with variable flow temperatures and in that way explicitly exploits its inherent storage capacities. To this end, the microgrid is represented by a multi-layer network composed of an electrical and a thermal layer. We show that the system behavior can be represented by a discrete-time state model derived from DC power flow approximations and 1d incompressible Euler equations. Both layers are interconnected via heat pumps. By combining this model with desired operating objectives and constraints, we obtain a constrained convex optimization problem. This is used to derive a model predictive control scheme for the optimal operation of electro-thermal microgrids. The performance of the proposed operation control algorithm is demonstrated in a numerical case study. △ Less

Submitted 2 April, 2024; v1 submitted 14 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Journal ref: IFAC-PapersOnLine, Volume 56, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 5444-5450

TESS spots a mini-neptune interior to a hot saturn in the TOI-2000 system

Authors: Lizhou Sha, Andrew M. Vanderburg, Chelsea X. Huang, David J. Armstrong, Rafael Brahm, Steven Giacalone, Mackenna L. Wood, Karen A. Collins, Louise D. Nielsen, Melissa J. Hobson, Carl Ziegler, Steve B. Howell, Pascal Torres-Miranda, Andrew W. Mann, George Zhou, Elisa Delgado-Mena, Felipe I. Rojas, Lyu Abe, Trifon Trifonov, Vardan Adibekyan, Sérgio G. Sousa, Sergio B. Fajardo-Acosta, Tristan Guillot, Saburo Howard, Colin Littlefield , et al. (30 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Hot jupiters (P < 10 d, M > 60 $\mathrm{M}_\oplus$) are almost always found alone around their stars, but four out of hundreds known have inner companion planets. These rare companions allow us to constrain the hot jupiter's formation history by ruling out high-eccentricity tidal migration. Less is known about inner companions to hot Saturn-mass planets. We report here the discovery of the TOI-200… ▽ More Hot jupiters (P < 10 d, M > 60 $\mathrm{M}_\oplus$) are almost always found alone around their stars, but four out of hundreds known have inner companion planets. These rare companions allow us to constrain the hot jupiter's formation history by ruling out high-eccentricity tidal migration. Less is known about inner companions to hot Saturn-mass planets. We report here the discovery of the TOI-2000 system, which features a hot Saturn-mass planet with a smaller inner companion. The mini-neptune TOI-2000 b ($2.70 \pm 0.15 \,\mathrm{R}_\oplus$, $11.0 \pm 2.4 \,\mathrm{M}_\oplus$) is in a 3.10-day orbit, and the hot saturn TOI-2000 c ($8.14^{+0.31}_{-0.30} \,\mathrm{R}_\oplus$, $81.7^{+4.7}_{-4.6} \,\mathrm{M}_\oplus$) is in a 9.13-day orbit. Both planets transit their host star TOI-2000 (TIC 371188886, V = 10.98, TESS magnitude = 10.36), a metal-rich ([Fe/H] = $0.439^{+0.041}_{-0.043}$) G dwarf 174 pc away. TESS observed the two planets in sectors 9-11 and 36-38, and we followed up with ground-based photometry, spectroscopy, and speckle imaging. Radial velocities from CHIRON, FEROS, and HARPS allowed us to confirm both planets by direct mass measurement. In addition, we demonstrate constraining planetary and stellar parameters with MIST stellar evolutionary tracks through Hamiltonian Monte Carlo under the PyMC framework, achieving higher sampling efficiency and shorter run time compared to traditional Markov chain Monte Carlo. Having the brightest host star in the V band among similar systems, TOI-2000 b and c are superb candidates for atmospheric characterization by the JWST, which can potentially distinguish whether they formed together or TOI-2000 c swept along material during migration to form TOI-2000 b. △ Less

Submitted 31 May, 2023; v1 submitted 28 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: v3 adds RV frequency analysis; 25 pages, 11 figures, 14 tables; revision submitted to MNRAS; machine-readable tables available as ancillary files; posterior samples available from Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7683293 and source code at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7988268

Mode purity and structural analysis of x-ray vortices generated by spiral zone plates

Authors: M. Baluktsian, L. Loetgering, G. Dogan, U. Sanli, M. Weigand, M. Rose, I. Bykova, G. Schuetz, K. Keskinbora

Abstract: In the visible spectrum vortex beams have found various applications, ranging from optical tweezers to super-resolution imaging. Recently, these beams have been demonstrated using X-rays and electron beams. However, so far, no in-depth discussion has been carried out on the vortex quality, which could become essential for a variety of vortex applications. Here, we investigate the mode conversion e… ▽ More In the visible spectrum vortex beams have found various applications, ranging from optical tweezers to super-resolution imaging. Recently, these beams have been demonstrated using X-rays and electron beams. However, so far, no in-depth discussion has been carried out on the vortex quality, which could become essential for a variety of vortex applications. Here, we investigate the mode conversion efficiency (MCE), vortex structure and stability (in terms of vortex splitting) of the vortex fields generated by spiral zone plates (SZP). We have designed and fabricated SZPs with varying topological charge of both binary and kinoform profile. Kinoforms are known for their 100 % diffraction efficiency in the ideal case. In this work, both types are contrasted with regard to the vortex quality. Utilizing ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging and by comparing to simulations the wavefront of the generated fields is characterized. It was found, that the MCE and vortex structure exhibit the same dependencies on material and ZP properties as the diffraction efficiency (DE) and that the kinoform profile in this sense also improves the vortex quality. With growing SZP charge the MCE decreases. The results link the parameters of optics to the properties of the vortices and help to maximize the performance of ZP based vortex generators for future applications. △ Less

Submitted 9 September, 2022; v1 submitted 5 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Initial recommendations for performing, benchmarking, and reporting single-cell proteomics experiments

Authors: Laurent Gatto, Ruedi Aebersold, Juergen Cox, Vadim Demichev, Jason Derks, Edward Emmott, Alexander M. Franks, Alexander R. Ivanov, Ryan T. Kelly, Luke Khoury, Andrew Leduc, Michael J. MacCoss, Peter Nemes, David H. Perlman, Aleksandra A. Petelski, Christopher M. Rose, Erwin M. Schoof, Jennifer Van Eyk, Christophe Vanderaa, John R. Yates III, Nikolai Slavov

Abstract: Analyzing proteins from single cells by tandem mass spectrometry (MS) has become technically feasible. While such analysis has the potential to accurately quantify thousands of proteins across thousands of single cells, the accuracy and reproducibility of the results may be undermined by numerous factors affecting experimental design, sample preparation, data acquisition, and data analysis. Broadl… ▽ More Analyzing proteins from single cells by tandem mass spectrometry (MS) has become technically feasible. While such analysis has the potential to accurately quantify thousands of proteins across thousands of single cells, the accuracy and reproducibility of the results may be undermined by numerous factors affecting experimental design, sample preparation, data acquisition, and data analysis. Broadly accepted community guidelines and standardized metrics will enhance rigor, data quality, and alignment between laboratories. Here we propose best practices, quality controls, and data reporting recommendations to assist in the broad adoption of reliable quantitative workflows for single-cell proteomics. △ Less

Submitted 12 September, 2022; v1 submitted 19 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: Supporting website: https://single-cell.net/guidelines

Journal ref: Nature Methods, 20, 375--386 (2023)

Constraining R$_V$ Variation Using Highly Reddened Type Ia Supernovae from the Pantheon+ Sample

Authors: Benjamin M. Rose, Brodie Popovic, Dan Scolnic, Dillon Brout

Abstract: Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are powerful tools for measuring the expansion history of the universe, but the impact of dust around SNe Ia remains unknown and is a critical systematic uncertainty. One way to improve our empirical description of dust is to analyse highly reddened SNe Ia ($E(B-V)>0.4$, roughly equivalent to the fitted SALT2 light-curve parameter $c>0.3$). With the recently released Pa… ▽ More Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are powerful tools for measuring the expansion history of the universe, but the impact of dust around SNe Ia remains unknown and is a critical systematic uncertainty. One way to improve our empirical description of dust is to analyse highly reddened SNe Ia ($E(B-V)>0.4$, roughly equivalent to the fitted SALT2 light-curve parameter $c>0.3$). With the recently released Pantheon+ sample, there are 57 SNe Ia that were removed because of their high colour alone (with colours up to $c=1.61$), which can provide enormous leverage on understanding line-of-sight $R_V$. Previous studies have claimed that $R_V$ decreases with redder colour, though it is unclear if this is due to limited statistics, selection effects, or an alternative explanation. To test this claim, we fit two separate colour-luminosity relationships, one for the main cosmological sample ($c<0.3$) and one for highly reddened ($c>0.3$) SNe Ia. We find the change in the colour-luminosity coefficient to be consistent with zero. Additionally, we compare the data to simulations with different colour models, and find that the data prefers a model with a flat dependence of $R_V$ on colour over a declining dependence. Finally, our results strongly support that line-of-sight $R_V$ to SNe Ia is not a single value, but forms a distribution. △ Less

Submitted 1 September, 2022; v1 submitted 20 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: Accepted to MNRAS, updating to match accepted version. 11 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables

A Synthetic Roman Space Telescope High-Latitude Time-Domain Survey: Supernovae in the Deep Field

Authors: Kevin X. Wang, Dan Scolnic, M. A. Troxel, Steven A. Rodney, Brodie Popovic, Caleb Duff, Alexei V. Filippenko, Ryan J. Foley, Rebekah Hounsell, Saurabh W. Jha, David O. Jones, Bhavin A. Joshi, Heyang Long, Phillip Macias, Adam G. Riess, Benjamin M. Rose, Masaya Yamamoto

Abstract: NASA will launch the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman) in the second half of this decade, which will allow for a generation-defining measurement of dark energy through multiple probes, including Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). To improve decisions on survey strategy, we have created the first simulations of realistic Roman images that include artificial SNe Ia injected as point sources in the… ▽ More NASA will launch the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman) in the second half of this decade, which will allow for a generation-defining measurement of dark energy through multiple probes, including Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). To improve decisions on survey strategy, we have created the first simulations of realistic Roman images that include artificial SNe Ia injected as point sources in the images. Our analysis combines work done on Roman simulations for weak gravitational lensing studies as well as catalog-level simulations of SN samples. We have created a time series of images over two years containing $\sim$ 1,050 SNe Ia, covering a 1 square degree subarea of a planned 5 square degree deep survey. We have released these images publicly for community use along with input catalogs of all injected sources. We create secondary products from these images by generating coadded images and demonstrating recovery of transient sources using image subtraction. We perform first-use analyses on these images in order to measure galaxy-detection efficiency, point source-detection efficiency, and host-galaxy association biases. The simulated images can be found here: https://roman.ipac.caltech.edu/sims/SN_Survey_Image_sim.html. △ Less

Submitted 23 June, 2023; v1 submitted 28 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022.

Comments: 12 pages, 12 figures. Submitted to MNRAS. For simulated images see https://roman.ipac.caltech.edu/sims/SN_Survey_Image_sim.html

The Pantheon+ Analysis: Cosmological Constraints

Authors: Dillon Brout, Dan Scolnic, Brodie Popovic, Adam G. Riess, Joe Zuntz, Rick Kessler, Anthony Carr, Tamara M. Davis, Samuel Hinton, David Jones, W. D'Arcy Kenworthy, Erik R. Peterson, Khaled Said, Georgie Taylor, Noor Ali, Patrick Armstrong, Pranav Charvu, Arianna Dwomoh, Antonella Palmese, Helen Qu, Benjamin M. Rose, Christopher W. Stubbs, Maria Vincenzi, Charlotte M. Wood, Peter J. Brown , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present constraints on cosmological parameters from the Pantheon+ analysis of 1701 light curves of 1550 distinct Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) ranging in redshift from $z=0.001$ to 2.26. This work features an increased sample size, increased redshift span, and improved treatment of systematic uncertainties in comparison to the original Pantheon analysis and results in a factor of two improvement… ▽ More We present constraints on cosmological parameters from the Pantheon+ analysis of 1701 light curves of 1550 distinct Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) ranging in redshift from $z=0.001$ to 2.26. This work features an increased sample size, increased redshift span, and improved treatment of systematic uncertainties in comparison to the original Pantheon analysis and results in a factor of two improvement in cosmological constraining power. For a Flat$Λ$CDM model, we find $Ω_M=0.334\pm0.018$ from SNe Ia alone. For a Flat$w_0$CDM model, we measure $w_0=-0.90\pm0.14$ from SNe Ia alone, H$_0=73.5\pm1.1$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ when including the Cepheid host distances and covariance (SH0ES), and $w_0=-0.978^{+0.024}_{-0.031}$ when combining the SN likelihood with constraints from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO); both $w_0$ values are consistent with a cosmological constant. We also present the most precise measurements to date on the evolution of dark energy in a Flat$w_0w_a$CDM universe, and measure $w_a=-0.1^{+0.9}_{-2.0}$ from Pantheon+ alone, H$_0=73.3\pm1.1$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ when including SH0ES, and $w_a=-0.65^{+0.28}_{-0.32}$ when combining Pantheon+ with CMB and BAO data. Finally, we find that systematic uncertainties in the use of SNe Ia along the distance ladder comprise less than one third of the total uncertainty in the measurement of H$_0$ and cannot explain the present "Hubble tension" between local measurements and early-Universe predictions from the cosmological model. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2022; v1 submitted 8 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 34 Pages, 16 Figures, 7 Tables. Published in ApJ. Comments welcome. Papers and data release here: https://pantheonplussh0es.github.io

Journal ref: ApJ 938 110 (2022)

Validation of 13 Hot and Potentially Terrestrial TESS Planets

Authors: Steven Giacalone, Courtney D. Dressing, Christina Hedges, Veselin B. Kostov, Karen A. Collins, Eric L. N. Jensen, Daniel A. Yahalomi, Allyson Bieryla, David R. Ciardi, Steve B. Howell, Jorge Lillo-Box, Khalid Barkaoui, Jennifer G. Winters, Elisabeth Matthews, John H. Livingston, Samuel N. Quinn, Boris S. Safonov, Charles Cadieux, E. Furlan, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Avi M. Mandell, Emily A. Gilbert, Ethan Kruse, Elisa V. Quintana, George R. Ricker , et al. (86 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to probe the atmospheres and surface properties of hot, terrestrial planets via emission spectroscopy. We identify 18 potentially terrestrial planet candidates detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) that would make ideal targets for these observations. These planet candidates cover a broad range of planet radii (… ▽ More The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to probe the atmospheres and surface properties of hot, terrestrial planets via emission spectroscopy. We identify 18 potentially terrestrial planet candidates detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) that would make ideal targets for these observations. These planet candidates cover a broad range of planet radii ($R_{\rm p} \sim 0.6 - 2.0 R_\oplus$) and orbit stars of various magnitudes ($K_s = 5.78 - 10.78$, $V = 8.4 - 15.69$) and effective temperatures ($T_{\rm eff }\sim 3000 - 6000$ K). We use ground-based observations collected through the TESS Follow-up Observing Program (TFOP) and two vetting tools -- DAVE and TRICERATOPS -- to assess the reliabilities of these candidates as planets. We validate 13 planets: TOI-206 b, TOI-500 b, TOI-544 b, TOI-833 b, TOI-1075 b, TOI-1411 b, TOI-1442 b, TOI-1693 b, TOI-1860 b, TOI-2260 b, TOI-2411 b, TOI-2427 b, and TOI-2445 b. Seven of these planets (TOI-206 b, TOI-500 b, TOI-1075 b, TOI-1442 b, TOI-2260 b, TOI-2411 b, and TOI-2445 b) are ultra-short-period planets. TOI-1860 is the youngest ($133 \pm 26$ Myr) solar twin with a known planet to date. TOI-2260 is a young ($321 \pm 96$ Myr) G dwarf that is among the most metal-rich ([Fe/H] = $0.22 \pm 0.06$ dex) stars to host an ultra-short-period planet. With an estimated equilibrium temperature of $\sim 2600$ K, TOI-2260 b is also the fourth hottest known planet with $R_{\rm p} < 2 \, R_\oplus$. △ Less

Submitted 11 February, 2022; v1 submitted 29 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Journal ref: AJ 163 99 (2022)

The Pantheon+ Analysis: SuperCal-Fragilistic Cross Calibration, Retrained SALT2 Light Curve Model, and Calibration Systematic Uncertainty

Authors: Dillon Brout, Georgie Taylor, Dan Scolnic, Charlotte M. Wood, Benjamin M. Rose, Maria Vincenzi, Arianna Dwomoh, Christopher Lidman, Adam Riess, Noor Ali, Helen Qu, Mi Dai

Abstract: We present here a re-calibration of the photometric systems used in the Pantheon+ sample of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) including those used for the SH0ES distance-ladder measurement of H$_0$. We utilize the large and uniform sky coverage of the public Pan-STARRS stellar photometry catalog to cross-calibrate against tertiary standards released by individual SN Ia surveys. The most significant upda… ▽ More We present here a re-calibration of the photometric systems used in the Pantheon+ sample of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) including those used for the SH0ES distance-ladder measurement of H$_0$. We utilize the large and uniform sky coverage of the public Pan-STARRS stellar photometry catalog to cross-calibrate against tertiary standards released by individual SN Ia surveys. The most significant updates over the `SuperCal' cross-calibration used for the previous Pantheon and SH0ES analyses are: 1) expansion of the number of photometric systems (now 25) and filters (now 105), 2) solving for all filter offsets in all systems simultaneously in order to produce a calibration uncertainty covariance matrix that can be used in cosmological-model constraints, and 3) accounting for the change in the fundamental flux calibration of the HST CALSPEC standards from previous versions on the order of $1.5\%$ over a $Δλ$ of 4000~Å. The re-calibration of samples used for light-curve fitting has historically been decoupled from the retraining of the light-curve model. Here, we are able to retrain the SALT2 model using this new calibration and find the change in the model coupled with the change to the calibration of the light-curves themselves causes a net distance modulus change ($dμ/dz$) of 0.04 mag over the redshift range $0<z<1$. We introduce a new formalism to determine the systematic impact on cosmological inference by propagating the covariance in fitted calibration offsets through retraining simultaneously with light-curve fitting and find a total calibration uncertainty impact of $σ_w=0.013$, which is roughly half the size of the sample statistical uncertainty. Similarly, we find a systematic SN calibration contribution to the SH0ES H$_0$ uncertainty is less than 0.2~km/s/Mpc, suggesting that SN Ia calibration cannot resolve the current level of the `Hubble Tension'. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2022; v1 submitted 7 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: Published in ApJ. Comments welcome. Papers and data release here PantheonPlusSH0ES.github.io

Journal ref: ApJ 938 111 (2022)

The Pantheon+ Analysis: The Full Dataset and Light-Curve Release

Authors: Dan Scolnic, Dillon Brout, Anthony Carr, Adam G. Riess, Tamara M. Davis, Arianna Dwomoh, David O. Jones, Noor Ali, Pranav Charvu, Rebecca Chen, Erik R. Peterson, Brodie Popovic, Benjamin M. Rose, Charlotte Wood, Peter J. Brown, Ken Chambers, David A. Coulter, Kyle G. Dettman, Georgios Dimitriadis, Alexei V. Filippenko, Ryan J. Foley, Saurabh W. Jha, Charles D. Kilpatrick, Robert P. Kirshner, Yen-Chen Pan , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Here we present 1701 light curves of 1550 spectroscopically confirmed Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) that will be used to infer cosmological parameters as part of the Pantheon+ SN analysis and the SH0ES (Supernovae and H0 for the Equation of State of dark energy) distance-ladder analysis. This effort is one part of a series of works that perform an extensive review of redshifts, peculiar velocities,… ▽ More Here we present 1701 light curves of 1550 spectroscopically confirmed Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) that will be used to infer cosmological parameters as part of the Pantheon+ SN analysis and the SH0ES (Supernovae and H0 for the Equation of State of dark energy) distance-ladder analysis. This effort is one part of a series of works that perform an extensive review of redshifts, peculiar velocities, photometric calibration, and intrinsic-scatter models of SNe Ia. The total number of light curves, which are compiled across 18 different surveys, is a significant increase from the first Pantheon analysis (1048 SNe), particularly at low redshift ($z$). Furthermore, unlike in the Pantheon analysis, we include light curves for SNe with $z<0.01$ such that SN systematic covariance can be included in a joint measurement of the Hubble constant (H$_0$) and the dark energy equation-of-state parameter ($w$). We use the large sample to compare properties of 151 SNe Ia observed by multiple surveys and 12 pairs/triplets of "SN siblings" - SNe found in the same host galaxy. Distance measurements, application of bias corrections, and inference of cosmological parameters are discussed in the companion paper by Brout et al. (2022b), and the determination of H$_0$ is discussed by Riess et al. (2022). These analyses will measure w with $\sim3\%$ precision and H$_0$ with 1 km/s/Mpc precision. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2022; v1 submitted 7 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: Submitted to ApJL. Comments welcome. Papers and data release here: https://github.com/PantheonPlusSH0ES/PantheonPlusSH0ES.github.io

Event Horizon Telescope observations of the jet launching and collimation in Centaurus A

Authors: Michael Janssen, Heino Falcke, Matthias Kadler, Eduardo Ros, Maciek Wielgus, Kazunori Akiyama, Mislav Baloković, Lindy Blackburn, Katherine L. Bouman, Andrew Chael, Chi-kwan Chan, Koushik Chatterjee, Jordy Davelaar, Philip G. Edwards, Christian M. Fromm, José L. Gómez, Ciriaco Goddi, Sara Issaoun, Michael D. Johnson, Junhan Kim, Jun Yi Koay, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Jun Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Sera Markoff , et al. (215 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of active galactic nuclei at millimeter wavelengths have the power to reveal the launching and initial collimation region of extragalactic radio jets, down to $10-100$ gravitational radii ($r_g=GM/c^2$) scales in nearby sources. Centaurus A is the closest radio-loud source to Earth. It bridges the gap in mass and accretion rate between the supe… ▽ More Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of active galactic nuclei at millimeter wavelengths have the power to reveal the launching and initial collimation region of extragalactic radio jets, down to $10-100$ gravitational radii ($r_g=GM/c^2$) scales in nearby sources. Centaurus A is the closest radio-loud source to Earth. It bridges the gap in mass and accretion rate between the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in Messier 87 and our galactic center. A large southern declination of $-43^{\circ}$ has however prevented VLBI imaging of Centaurus A below $λ1$cm thus far. Here, we show the millimeter VLBI image of the source, which we obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope at $228$GHz. Compared to previous observations, we image Centaurus A's jet at a tenfold higher frequency and sixteen times sharper resolution and thereby probe sub-lightday structures. We reveal a highly-collimated, asymmetrically edge-brightened jet as well as the fainter counterjet. We find that Centaurus A's source structure resembles the jet in Messier 87 on ${\sim}500r_g$ scales remarkably well. Furthermore, we identify the location of Centaurus A's SMBH with respect to its resolved jet core at $λ1.3$mm and conclude that the source's event horizon shadow should be visible at THz frequencies. This location further supports the universal scale invariance of black holes over a wide range of masses. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 27 pages, 9 figures. This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Nature Astronomy. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01417-w

Journal ref: Nature Astronomy, July 2021, Volume 5, p. 1017-1028

A Reference Survey for Supernova Cosmology with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope

Authors: B. M. Rose, C. Baltay, R. Hounsell, P. Macias, D. Rubin, D. Scolnic, G. Aldering, R. Bohlin, M. Dai, S. E. Deustua, R. J. Foley, A. Fruchter, L. Galbany, S. W. Jha, D. O. Jones, B. A. Joshi, P. L. Kelly, R. Kessler, R. P. Kirshner, K. S. Mandel, S. Perlmutter, J. Pierel, H. Qu, D. Rabinowitz, A. Rest , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This note presents an initial survey design for the Nancy Grace Roman High-latitude Time Domain Survey. This is not meant to be a final or exhaustive list of all the survey strategy choices, but instead presents a viable path towards achieving the desired precision and accuracy of dark energy measurements using Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). We describe a survey strategy that use six filters (RZYJH… ▽ More This note presents an initial survey design for the Nancy Grace Roman High-latitude Time Domain Survey. This is not meant to be a final or exhaustive list of all the survey strategy choices, but instead presents a viable path towards achieving the desired precision and accuracy of dark energy measurements using Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). We describe a survey strategy that use six filters (RZYJH and F) and the prism on the Roman Wide Field Instrument. This survey has two tiers, one "wide" which targets SNe Ia at redshifts up to 1 and one "deep" targeting redshifts up to 1.7; for each, four filters are used (with Y and J used in both tiers). We propose one field each in the north and south continuous viewing zones, and expect to obtain high-quality distances of $\sim$12,000 SNe Ia with $\sim$5,000 at z > 1. We propose a wide-tier area of $\sim$19 deg$^2$ and a deep tier of $\sim$5 deg$^2$. Exposure times range from 100 s to 900 s for imaging and 900 s to 3600 s for the prism. These exposure times would reach $\sim$25.5 mag and $\sim$26.5 mag for the wide and deep tiers respectively, with deep co-add stacks reaching $\sim$28 mag and $\sim$29 mag. The total survey spans two years, with a total allocation time of six months, and a cadence of $\sim$5 days. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: A report to NASA from the Roman Supernova Science Investigation Teams