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Statistical treatment of searches for counterparts of positionally-uncertain astrophysical sources: from flux upper limits to detection
Authors:
Julian Sitarek,
Abelardo Moralejo,
Juan Jiménez Quiles,
Giacomo D'Amico,
Andrea Simongini,
Antonio Stamerra
Abstract:
Rapid growth of the multimessenger and multiwavelength astrophysics had led to an increasing number of observations of the same events with instruments with different point spread functions. In particular pointing instruments with good angular resolution are used to pin-point the source of poorly-localized alert. In case no clear detection of the source counterpart is reached, the interpretation o…
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Rapid growth of the multimessenger and multiwavelength astrophysics had led to an increasing number of observations of the same events with instruments with different point spread functions. In particular pointing instruments with good angular resolution are used to pin-point the source of poorly-localized alert. In case no clear detection of the source counterpart is reached, the interpretation of the results requires statistical analysis. We investigate two approaches using the probability density function of the alert: frequentist and Bayesian, as well as agnostic approach not using this information. We discuss the advantages and problems of all the methods, and compare their reliability and performance. We consider both a simple one-dimensional toy simulations and a realistic use case of full simulations of the follow-up of a gravitational wave event with gamma-ray telescopes. The performance of both frequentist and Bayesian approaches for weak signals is comparable and superior to the agnostic one.
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Submitted 30 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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Constraints on the VHE counterpart of two binary black hole mergers observed by the MAGIC and CTAO LST-1 telescopes
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
V. A. Acciari,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
I. Albanese,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
C. Arauner,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
P. Aubert,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba
, et al. (337 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present very-high-energy gamma-ray observations of two binary black hole merger candidates, GW240615_113620 and GW241125_010116, performed with the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes and the first Large-Sized Telescope of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory's (CTAO LST-1). GW240615_113620 was the best localized event of the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-…
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We present very-high-energy gamma-ray observations of two binary black hole merger candidates, GW240615_113620 and GW241125_010116, performed with the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes and the first Large-Sized Telescope of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory's (CTAO LST-1). GW240615_113620 was the best localized event of the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA gravitational waves interferometers. GW241125_010116 was temporally and spatially coincident with a sub-threshold short-duration burst detected with the Swift-Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), the Swift-X-Ray Telescope (XRT) and the Einstein Probe Follow-up X-ray Telescope (FXT). We observed the two events in stereoscopic mode, taking advantage of the improved sensitivity of joint MAGIC+LST-1 observations. No detection was achieved in the GeV-TeV gamma-ray band for any of the two sources. The unfavourable observing conditions of both events posed a challenge for a standard analysis and therefore a non standard analysis was necessary for both objects. Owing to the small localization area and the association with a GRB-like burst respectively, these events represented an unprecedented opportunity to study in details the electromagnetic emission from binary black holes merger events and, in particular, we discussed two theoretical models that predict a detectable gamma-ray emission and the possible future applications.
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Submitted 6 August, 2026; v1 submitted 22 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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Bridging the gap between SLSNe and SE-SNe. Multi-wavelength analysis of the SLSN-Ib SN 2024jlc
Authors:
A. Simongini,
F. Acero,
M. Imbrogno,
J. L. Wise,
J. Sollerman,
S. Schulze,
N. Paul M. Kuin,
T. X. Chen,
C. Fremling,
A. Gangopadhyay,
M. M. Kasliwal,
R. R. Laher,
Z. McGrath,
D. A. Perley,
J. N. Purdum,
N. Rehemtulla,
R. M. Rich,
R. Riddle
Abstract:
The Type I super-luminous supernova SN~2024jlc (ZTF24aapadbb) exploded on the 25th of May 2024 at $z = 0.039$. Being the closest supernova of this class discovered in recent years and one of the closest ever, represented a rare opportunity to study in detail this type of objects.
We performed a multi-wavelength analysis, spanning ten orders of magnitude in frequency, including optical/UV photome…
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The Type I super-luminous supernova SN~2024jlc (ZTF24aapadbb) exploded on the 25th of May 2024 at $z = 0.039$. Being the closest supernova of this class discovered in recent years and one of the closest ever, represented a rare opportunity to study in detail this type of objects.
We performed a multi-wavelength analysis, spanning ten orders of magnitude in frequency, including optical/UV photometry and spectroscopy, soft and hard X-rays, and high-energy $γ$-rays. We characterized the event as a slow-evolving and He-rich supernova, with one of the lowest peak luminosities reported for a super-luminous event $M_g\sim-19.37$ mag, and a light curve evolution compatible with both circumstellar interaction and magnetar spin-down models, with noticeable contribution from $^{56}$Ni decay. No significant excess was found in the soft and hard X-ray bands, for which we provide upper-limits on the flux. Additionally, we analyzed two years of \textit{Fermi}-LAT data, from which we report an intriguing hint of a $γ$-ray signal at the $\sim 3.6 σ$ level, although no firm detection can be claimed. The gamma to optical efficiency ratio, $η= 0.38$, is suggestive of the presence of a central-engine scenario, similar to SN~2017egm. Our analysis suggests that SN~2024jlc could bridge the gap between SLSNe and classical stripped-envelope supernovae. While still poorly populated, this bridge could consist of all SLSN-Ib supernovae, with the key difference residing in the powering mechanism.
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Submitted 1 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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Broadband multiwavelength properties of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope campaign
Authors:
G. Principe,
J. C. Algaba,
E. Aviano,
W. Y. Cheong,
K. Hada,
D. Haggard,
A. Hahn,
S. G. Jorstad,
E. V. Kravchenko,
Y. Kovalev,
S. S. Lee,
M. Lisakov,
S. Markoff,
A. P. Marscher,
M. Sasada,
P. Voitsik,
Kazunori Akiyama,
Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruiz,
Antxon Alberdi,
Walter Alef,
Richard Anantua,
Eleni Antonopoulou,
Keiichi Asada,
Rebecca Azulay,
Anne-Kathrin Baczko
, et al. (508 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The archetypal blazar 3C 279 hosts a prominent relativistic jet and exhibits strong broadband variability across the electromagnetic spectrum. In April 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed 3C 279, alongside one of the most extensive quasi-simultaneous multiwavelength (MWL) campaigns ever conducted. With the aim of investigating the physical processes governing 3C 279, we analyzed indiv…
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The archetypal blazar 3C 279 hosts a prominent relativistic jet and exhibits strong broadband variability across the electromagnetic spectrum. In April 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed 3C 279, alongside one of the most extensive quasi-simultaneous multiwavelength (MWL) campaigns ever conducted. With the aim of investigating the physical processes governing 3C 279, we analyzed individual observations and multiband light curves, and constructed a new quasi-simultaneous MWL spectrum. We also performed phenomenological modeling using the turbulent extreme multi-zone (TEMZ) model to constrain the fundamental physical properties of the source. The EHT observations reveal a clear flux increase in the innermost core between April 5 and 11, 2017. Over a broader timescale, radio measurements at longer wavelengths show concurrent enhancements in core flux and polarization around mid-April, coinciding with the ejection of a superluminal knot. Record UV-optical flares with strong polarization variability occurred in late March, followed by gamma-ray activity that declined before the end of the EHT observing period. During this interval, the source remained in a low X-ray state and showed no detectable VHE emission. The TEMZ modeling suggests that the broadband spectrum and variability of 3C 279 can be explained within a jet scenario in which turbulent plasma cells are compressed by a stationary conical shock. However, alternative interpretations, such as magnetic reconnection or a moving shock-in-jet event, remain plausible. This coordinated MWL campaign advances our understanding of the origin of jet and gamma-ray emission in 3C 279, while also providing a comprehensive publicly available dataset that will serve as a valuable reference for future studies.
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Submitted 24 June, 2026;
originally announced June 2026.
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Detection of the distant quasar OP 313 with the first Large-Sized Telescope of CTAO
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
V. A. Acciari,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva
, et al. (391 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In December 2023, the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) detected for the first time VHE $γ$-ray emission from the FSRQ OP~313 becoming the furthest blazar ever observed at VHE with z=0.997. We aim to characterize the $γ$-ray emission of OP 313 during this flare, comparing it with its average emission state in order to understand the processes leading to this detection. Its remarkable distanc…
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In December 2023, the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) detected for the first time VHE $γ$-ray emission from the FSRQ OP~313 becoming the furthest blazar ever observed at VHE with z=0.997. We aim to characterize the $γ$-ray emission of OP 313 during this flare, comparing it with its average emission state in order to understand the processes leading to this detection. Its remarkable distance also enables studies on the Extragalactic Background Light (EBL), with the goal of evaluating the attenuation of VHE $γ$-ray photons. We characterize the $γ$-ray emission during the flare in December 2023 and the low emission state observed in January 2024 thanks to the LST-1 and MAGIC data and quasi-simultaneous \textit{Fermi}-LAT observations. This dataset also enables us to evaluate the EBL attenuation by systematically exploring the EBL intensity over the $γ$-ray spectrum. Finally, we study the multi-wavelength emission and interpret the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) within blazar radiative models including the thermal contributions from the accretion disc, dusty torus and broad line region. We also characterize the flare brightness in the high-energy (HE, $E>100$~MeV) $γ$-ray band, that was found to be a factor 50 above the average emission seen by \textit{Fermi}-LAT. The HE and VHE observations allow us to set constrains to the EBL density. Finally, thanks to the extensive multi-wavelength campaign organized, we are able to construct and model the broadband SED of OP~313 within the framework of a two-zone leptonic model where the $γ$-ray emission is produced via inverse-Compton scattering of the broad line region, accretion disk and dusty torus photon fields. However the dominant external photon field remains unknown, as several combinations are able to successfully explain the $γ$-ray emission observed.
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Submitted 26 May, 2026;
originally announced May 2026.
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Long-term study of the gamma-ray emission of Cygnus X-3 with MAGIC and Fermi-LAT
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
V. A. Acciari,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
I. Albanese,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
A. Arbet Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jiménez,
I. Batković,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra González,
W. Bednarek,
E. Bernardini,
J. Bernete
, et al. (163 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Cygnus X-3 is a microquasar composed of a compact object of unknown nature closely orbiting around a Wolf-Rayet star. The particularities of this source make it a unique case among microquasars. This fact, together with its recent establishment as a PeV particle accelerator, makes Cygnus X-3 a very interesting target for the investigation of the physical processes leading to gamma-ray production.…
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Cygnus X-3 is a microquasar composed of a compact object of unknown nature closely orbiting around a Wolf-Rayet star. The particularities of this source make it a unique case among microquasars. This fact, together with its recent establishment as a PeV particle accelerator, makes Cygnus X-3 a very interesting target for the investigation of the physical processes leading to gamma-ray production. In this work, the TeV and GeV gamma-ray emission of Cygnus X-3 is studied in order to determine its origin and constrain the properties of the system. For that purpose, a point-like analysis of 130 h of data taken with the MAGIC telescopes between 2013 and 2024 was performed, which represents the largest available sample for Cygnus X-3 at $\sim$TeV energies. Additionally, contemporary data from Fermi-LAT were also analysed to better contextualize the MAGIC observations. For a more detailed investigation of the source physics, the data were divided into three subsets according to the flaring state of the source and orbital phase. No significant detection of Cygnus X-3 is found between 0.1 and 7 TeV for any of the datasets, and differential and integral flux upper limits are reported over the long-term monitoring of the source. The Fermi-LAT fluxes can be considered compatible with previous results, taking into account the different data samples used across studies. The MAGIC upper limits presented in this work represent the most constraining ones up to date at $\sim$TeV energies. An eventual detection of Cygnus X-3 at these energies would significantly constrain the source properties, and is not unreasonable to expect given that the source has already been detected in both the GeV and PeV regimes during flaring states. Further observations of Cygnus X-3 at energies above tens of GeV would be valuable for this purpose.
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Submitted 8 May, 2026; v1 submitted 30 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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The January 2010 flare of Mrk421: Insights from a stochastic acceleration model
Authors:
MAGIC collaboration,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
V. A. Acciari,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
I. Albanese,
T. Aniello,
L. A. Antonelli,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jiménez,
I. Batković,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra González,
W. Bednarek,
E. Bernardini,
J. Bernete
, et al. (169 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Mrk421 displayed its highest flux state ever observed in February of 2010 with very high TeV fluxes and interesting cross-band correlations and a spectral energy distribution (SED) evolution not entirely consistent with the standard single zone leptonic synchrotron self-Compton model. The source was already in a high state in January 2010 and displayed strong variability in the days preceding the…
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Mrk421 displayed its highest flux state ever observed in February of 2010 with very high TeV fluxes and interesting cross-band correlations and a spectral energy distribution (SED) evolution not entirely consistent with the standard single zone leptonic synchrotron self-Compton model. The source was already in a high state in January 2010 and displayed strong variability in the days preceding the highest state. We study the temporal evolution of the spectra in January to extract information about the particle dynamics and the physical properties of the emission region. We build up on the temporal variability and correlations studied in the previous work (MAGIC collaboration - Abe et al. 2025) and attempt to improve the SED model fits with a physics oriented approach. The multi-wavelength data was processed and the SEDs were fit using JetSeT. The SED evolution and cross band correlations were modelled using leptonic log-parabola with a low energy power-law branch (LPPL) and pile-up distributions that are predicted in a stochastic acceleration scenario. A simplified temporal evolution model was developed and fit to the SEDs and the resulting trends and phenomenology were characterised in context of theoretical literature. An expanding emission region model was also tested. We find the spectral variability to be well in agreement with stochastic acceleration. Our analysis suggests that the standard LPPL distribution develops a Maxwellian pile-up component at the transition from acceleration to cooling dominated phase on 3 nights in the dataset, as also hinted by the very-high energy and X-ray light curves. The resulting phenomenology of our sequential snapshot evolution SED model agrees well with theoretical and numerical simulation studies on temporal evolution using the diffusion equation approach.
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Submitted 22 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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SN 2007it on the RISE -- a radio detection of an interacting supernova 18 years post-explosion
Authors:
F. Acero,
R. Z. E. Alsaberi,
M. Arias,
J. Borowska-Naguszewska,
R. Brose,
C. Burger-Scheidlin,
P. G. Edwards,
Q. Feng,
M. D. Filipovic,
T. Laskar,
S. Lazarevic,
J. Mackey,
A. Nucara,
K. Rose,
S. Ryder,
F. Schüssler,
A. Simongini,
Z. J. Smeaton,
I. Sushch,
S. Zhu
Abstract:
We report the first detection of radio emission from the Type II supernova SN 2007it, located at a distance of 12.2 Mpc in NGC 5530. The observations were obtained with the Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) more than 18 yr after the explosion as part of the Rebrightening in Interacting Supernova Emission (RISE) program, which monitors nearby core-collapse supernovae for late-time interacti…
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We report the first detection of radio emission from the Type II supernova SN 2007it, located at a distance of 12.2 Mpc in NGC 5530. The observations were obtained with the Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) more than 18 yr after the explosion as part of the Rebrightening in Interacting Supernova Emission (RISE) program, which monitors nearby core-collapse supernovae for late-time interaction with dense circumstellar material. SN 2007it was detected on 2026 April 8 (08:00-12:00 UTC) at 5.5 GHz with a flux density of $3.30 \pm 0.13$ mJy and at 9.0 GHz with $3.54 \pm 0.24$ mJy. Its non-detection in publicly available 0.88 GHz ASKAP data from 2026 January 11 suggests either rapidly rising emission or significant internal absorption at lower frequencies. We assess the prospects for detection at other wavelengths and encourage coordinated follow-up observations across the radio, optical, X-ray, and $γ$-ray band
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Submitted 21 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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Chasing Gamma-Ray Signals from Binary Neutron Star Coalescences with the Cherenkov Telescope Array: Prospects and Observing Strategies
Authors:
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Acharyya,
R. Adam,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
I. Albanese,
J. Alfaro,
C. Alispach,
R. Alves Batista,
E. Amato,
G. Ambrosi,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. Angel,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
C. Arena,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
H. Ashkar,
C. Bakshi
, et al. (435 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from a binary neutron star (BNS) merger by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (GW170817), together with its electromagnetic counterpart, the short gamma-ray burst GRB~170817A, heralded the birth of multi-messenger astronomy. The detection of TeV emission from GRBs motivates follow-up observations with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), ideal…
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The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from a binary neutron star (BNS) merger by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (GW170817), together with its electromagnetic counterpart, the short gamma-ray burst GRB~170817A, heralded the birth of multi-messenger astronomy. The detection of TeV emission from GRBs motivates follow-up observations with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), ideal for detecting such signals due to its unprecedented sensitivity, rapid response, and wide-field survey capabilities. The aim of this work is to evaluate GeV--TeV GW follow-up strategies for CTAO using a multi-step simulation pipeline and to estimate the expected rate of joint GW-GRB detections during observing run O5.
Using a simulated sample of BNS systems with corresponding GW detections, gamma-ray emission is simulated through phenomenological prescriptions based on the observed population of short GRBs, including off-axis jet scenarios. CTAO observations are simulated to account for instrument response, sky tiling strategies, integration times, and varying observing conditions. Strategies with variable and constant integration times are investigated.
We find that, via an optimized follow-up strategy, about 5% of simulated GW-associated short GRBs produce GeV--TeV radiation detectable by CTAO. Detectability is strongly influenced by the jet opening angle and viewing angle, suggesting that even rough estimates of the viewing angle in GW alerts could enhance targeting. This framework motivates future follow-ups of GW-detectable events, including neutron star-black hole mergers, and further supports the development of advanced strategies incorporating galaxy distributions and synergies with future detectors such as the Einstein Telescope.
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Submitted 9 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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Extreme Blazars Observed with MAGIC: Second Catalog Release
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
V. A. Acciari,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
P. Aubert,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva
, et al. (331 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Extremely high-peaked BL Lac objects - also named extreme blazars - are among the most energetic and persistent extragalactic accelerators in the Universe, defined by a synchrotron emission peaking above $10^{17}$ Hz in X-rays. Such emission is then reprocessed and produces radiation extending deeply into very-high-energy (VHE, energy E>100 GeV) gamma rays. Observations in this energy band - optim…
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Extremely high-peaked BL Lac objects - also named extreme blazars - are among the most energetic and persistent extragalactic accelerators in the Universe, defined by a synchrotron emission peaking above $10^{17}$ Hz in X-rays. Such emission is then reprocessed and produces radiation extending deeply into very-high-energy (VHE, energy E>100 GeV) gamma rays. Observations in this energy band - optimally investigated by the Imaging Air-Shower Cherenkov telescopes - are crucial for probing the physical processes that drive their extreme behavior. This study extends our investigation of extreme blazars in the VHE gamma-ray range, providing a second new mini-catalog of sources observed by the MAGIC telescopes. We report on the monitoring of seven targets between 2017 and 2025, including four newly observed sources and three that have been part of long-term observation campaigns, for a total of approximately 338 hours of observations. The analysis of MAGIC data reveals two new VHE detections of extreme blazars, along with three additional sources showing hints of VHE emission. Joint observations of MAGIC and the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) also confirmed a new VHE extreme blazar. Our results are complemented by simultaneous multiwavelength observations in other energy bands, including optical-UV, X-rays, and high-energy gamma rays (100 MeV<E<100 GeV). We confirm typical behavior of extreme blazars, such as a modest variability and a ``harder-when-brighter'' trend in X-rays across the sample. This new set increases the population of extreme blazars and their broadband analysis confirms the physical properties of these extreme sources.
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Submitted 11 June, 2026; v1 submitted 7 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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MAGIC observations of NGC 4278. The first low-luminosity radio galaxy with compact jets detected at TeV energies
Authors:
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
V. A. Acciari,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
A. Arbet Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jiménez,
I. Batković,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra González,
W. Bednarek,
E. Bernardini,
J. Bernete,
A. Berti,
J. Besenrieder,
C. Bigongiari
, et al. (167 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) Collaboration has recently reported the first detection at TeV energies of a low-luminosity radio galaxy, NGC 4278. The aim of this work is to investigate the high-energy properties of NGC 4278 during the flaring and subsequent quasi-quiescent states with the Florian Goebel Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. NGC 427…
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The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) Collaboration has recently reported the first detection at TeV energies of a low-luminosity radio galaxy, NGC 4278. The aim of this work is to investigate the high-energy properties of NGC 4278 during the flaring and subsequent quasi-quiescent states with the Florian Goebel Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. NGC 4278 is located in the field of view of two blazars, 1ES 1215+303 and 1ES 1218+304, previously observed by the MAGIC telescopes. Therefore, we re-analyzed MAGIC observations made between 2010 and 2024 on these sources. We also modeled the broadband spectral energy distribution of the source during and after the flaring state at TeV energies. We did not detect any statistically significant $γ$-ray emission from NGC 4278 with MAGIC. The corresponding upper limits obtained using the entire MAGIC dataset ($F_{{\rm UL, }\, >150\, \mathrm{GeV}}=1.5 \times 10^{-12}\, \mathrm{ph \, s^{-1}\, cm^{-2}}$) are consistent with the LHAASO results. The best-fit models obtained for both emission states suggest that the emitting region is strongly particle-dominated, and an efficient acceleration mechanism has to be in action in order to reach TeV energies. The transition between the flaring and quasi-quiescent state cannot be explained by a simple radiative cooling of the emitting particles. The inferred jet power, of the order of $L_{\rm jet}\sim 10^{42}\, \mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}}$, is dominated by the kinetic component in both states and it is in a good agreement with previous, time-averaged observational estimates, supporting the idea that such high-energy flares might be recurrent. The jet, however, remains too weak to break the host-galaxy confinement.
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Submitted 24 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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Early emission characterization of TDE 2025aarm
Authors:
Andrea Simongini,
Maria Kherlakian,
Alicia López-Oramas,
Josefa Becerra,
Davide Cerasole
Abstract:
In this Letter, we present early emission data analysis of the tidal disruption event TDE 2025aarm, including optical, UV and X-ray data. At a redshift of z = 0.01368, TDE 2025aarm is the second closest TDE ever discovered, offering an unprecedented opportunity to study such phenomena in great details. We observed TDE 2025aarm in optical with the Liverpool Telescope for a total of three epochs, an…
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In this Letter, we present early emission data analysis of the tidal disruption event TDE 2025aarm, including optical, UV and X-ray data. At a redshift of z = 0.01368, TDE 2025aarm is the second closest TDE ever discovered, offering an unprecedented opportunity to study such phenomena in great details. We observed TDE 2025aarm in optical with the Liverpool Telescope for a total of three epochs, and complemented our dataset with ancillary spectroscopic and photometric data. The early optical spectra are characterized by a blue-continuum and helium, hydrogen and possibly Bowen lines typical of H+He events. The optical light curves peak at M_g ~ -18.68 mag and are well described by fallback of a M_star ~ 0.16 M_sun star onto a M_BH ~ 2x10^{7}M_sun black hole. We report Swift-XRT detection in the 0.3-10 keV range, with a total flux of F_X ~ 1.42x10^{-14} erg cm^{-2} s^{-1}, fitted by a black-body with k_BT ~ 0.39 keV. This makes TDE~2025aarm a new event among optical/UV bright TDEs detected in soft X-rays. Our analysis suggests that the early emission from TDE 2025aarm is powered by circularization shocks, and that the delayed accretion scenario best describes the observed features.
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Submitted 23 June, 2026; v1 submitted 20 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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VHE gamma-ray intranight variability from BL Lacertae during the extreme flaring state of 2022
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez,
I. Batkovic,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra González
, et al. (275 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
BL Lacertae (BL Lac), the archetypal blazar of its subclass and one of the most studied blazars in the last decades, has undergone a series of major multi-wavelength outbursts since 2020, resulting in its highest recorded $γ$-ray flare to date between September and November 2022 together with those from August 2021 and October 2024. We characterised the $γ$-ray and multi-wavelength emission and sp…
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BL Lacertae (BL Lac), the archetypal blazar of its subclass and one of the most studied blazars in the last decades, has undergone a series of major multi-wavelength outbursts since 2020, resulting in its highest recorded $γ$-ray flare to date between September and November 2022 together with those from August 2021 and October 2024. We characterised the $γ$-ray and multi-wavelength emission and spectral energy distribution (SED) of BL Lac, as well as their evolution during the major and extended $γ$-ray and multi-wavelength flare that occurred between September and November 2022. We evaluated the variability of the flare, focusing on the nights of October 20 and November 13, when clear intranight very-high-energy (VHE, $E>100$ GeV) $γ$-ray variability was observed. We modelled the $γ$-ray and broadband SEDs during periods of stable emission identified with a Bayesian block analysis and interpreted the flare's evolution in terms of the variability in the relativistic particles and the jet's physical parameters. The VHE emission shows an average flux of 0.23 Crab Units (C.U.) above 200 GeV and a variability amplitude of more than a factor ten. We observe intranight flux-doubling variations as fast as $\sim$8 minutes during the nights of October 20 and November 13, 2022 with maximum fluxes of 4.4 C.U. above 100 GeV and 2.8 C.U. above 200 GeV. The spectral analysis reveals a transition of the X-ray emission from the high- to the low-energy SED peak and a shift of the $γ$-ray peak towards higher energies. We interpret the broadband emission within a leptonic two-zone model in which intranight variability is explained as magnetic reconnection in a compact region closely oriented with the line of sight while variations in the relativistic electron distributions and the injection of freshly accelerated particles explain the weekly scale variations.
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Submitted 7 April, 2026; v1 submitted 20 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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Double-hump spectrum, pulse profile dip, and pulsed fraction spectra from the low-accretion regime in the X-ray pulsar MAXI J0655-013
Authors:
C. Malacaria,
S. N. Pike,
A. D'Aì,
G. L. Israel,
L. Ducci,
R. E. Rothschild,
L. Stella,
R. Amato,
E. Ambrosi,
J. B. Coley,
F. Fürst,
M. Imbrogno,
P. Kretschmar,
D. K. Maniadakis,
A. Papitto,
P. Pradhan,
A. Rouco Escorial,
A. Simongini,
J. Stierhof,
B. F. West,
N. Zalot
Abstract:
Accreting X-ray pulsars (XRPs) undergo different physical regimes depending on the mass accretion rate. Recent observations have shown a dramatic change in the emission properties of this class of sources observed at low luminosity. We explore the timing and spectral properties of the XRP MAXI J0655-013 observed in the low-luminosity regime (about 5x$10^{33}$ erg/s) to witness the corresponding sp…
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Accreting X-ray pulsars (XRPs) undergo different physical regimes depending on the mass accretion rate. Recent observations have shown a dramatic change in the emission properties of this class of sources observed at low luminosity. We explore the timing and spectral properties of the XRP MAXI J0655-013 observed in the low-luminosity regime (about 5x$10^{33}$ erg/s) to witness the corresponding spectral shape and pulse profiles. We employ recent $XMM$ and $NuSTAR$ pointed observations of the MAXI J0655-013 X-ray activity during the low-luminosity stage. We explore several spectral models to fit the data and test theoretical expectations of the dramatic transition of the spectral shape. We study the pulsating nature of the source and find a phase-connected timing solution. We explore the energy-resolved pulse profiles and the derived energy-dependence of different pulsed fraction estimators ($PF_{minmax}$ and $PF_{rms}$). We also obtain $NuSTAR$ pulsed fraction spectra (PFS) at different luminosity regimes. MAXI J0655-013 spectrum is well fitted by a double Comptonization model, in agreement with recent observational results and theoretical expectations that explain the observed spectrum as being composed of two distinct bumps, each dominated by different polarization modes. We measure a spin period of $1081.86\pm0.02$ s, consistent with the source spinning-up compared to previous observations, yielding an upper limit for the magnetic field strength of B<9x$10^{13}$ G. The pulse profiles show a single broad peak interrupted by a sharp dip that coincides with an increase in the hardness ratio. For the low-luminosity observation, the $PF_{minmax}$ increases with energy up to $\sim100\%$ in the 10-30 keV band, while the $PF_{rms}$ remains steady at $\sim60\%$. The PFS obtained at high luminosity shows evidence of an iron $Kα$ emission line but no indications of a cyclotron line.
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Submitted 22 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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CTAO LST-1 observations of magnetar SGR 1935+2154: Deep limits on sub-second bursts and persistent tera-electronvolt emission
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez,
I. Batkovic,
J. Baxter
, et al. (311 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 has exhibited prolific high-energy (HE) bursting activity in recent years. Investigating its potential tera-electronvolt counterpart could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of magnetar emission and very high-energy (VHE) processes in extreme astrophysical environments. We aim to search for a possible tera-electronvolt counterpart to both its persis…
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The Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 has exhibited prolific high-energy (HE) bursting activity in recent years. Investigating its potential tera-electronvolt counterpart could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of magnetar emission and very high-energy (VHE) processes in extreme astrophysical environments. We aim to search for a possible tera-electronvolt counterpart to both its persistent and sub-second-scale burst emission. We analysed over 25 h of observations from the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) during periods of HE activity from SGR 1935+2154 in 2021 and 2022 to search for persistent emission. For bursting emission, we selected and analysed nine 0.1 s time windows centred around known short X-ray bursts, targeting potential sub-second-scale tera-electronvolt counterparts in a low-photon-statistics regime. While no persistent or bursting emission was detected in our search, we establish upper limits for the tera-electronvolt emission of a short magnetar burst simultaneous to its soft gamma-ray flux. Specifically, for the brightest burst in our sample, the ratio between tera-electronvolt and X-ray flux is less than $10^{-3}$. The non-detection of either persistent or bursting tera-electronvolt emission from SGR 1935+2154 suggests that if such components exist, they may occur under specific conditions not covered by our observations. This aligns with theoretical predictions of VHE components in magnetar-powered fast radio bursts and the detection of MeV - GeV emission in giant magnetar flares. These findings underscore the potential of magnetars, fast radio bursts, and other fast transients as promising candidates for future observations in the low-photon-statistics regime with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, particularly with the CTAO.
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Submitted 5 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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VHE $γ$-ray observations of bright BL Lacs with the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the CTAO
Authors:
The CTAO-LST Project,
:,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez
, et al. (309 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next-generation ground-based gamma-ray observatory operating in the energy range from 20 GeV up to 300 TeV, with two sites in La Palma (Spain) and Paranal (Chile). It will consist of telescopes of three sizes, covering different parts of the large energy range. We report on the performance of Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) in the detecti…
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Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next-generation ground-based gamma-ray observatory operating in the energy range from 20 GeV up to 300 TeV, with two sites in La Palma (Spain) and Paranal (Chile). It will consist of telescopes of three sizes, covering different parts of the large energy range. We report on the performance of Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) in the detection and characterization of extragalactic gamma-ray sources, with a focus on the reconstructed gamma-ray spectra and variability of classical bright BL Lacertae objects, which were observed during the early commissioning phase of the instrument. LST-1 data from known bright gamma-ray blazars - Markarian 421, Markarian 501, 1ES 1959+650, 1ES 0647+250, and PG 1553+113 - were collected between July 10, 2020, and May 23, 2022, covering a zenith angle range of 4 deg to 57 deg. The reconstructed light curves were analyzed using a Bayesian block algorithm to distinguish the different activity phases of each blazar. Simultaneous Fermi-LAT data were utilized to reconstruct the broadband $γ$-ray spectra for the sources during each activity phase. High-level reconstructed data in a format compatible with gammapy are provided together with measured light curves and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for several bright blazars and an interpretation of the observed variability in long and short timescales. Simulations of historical flares are generated to evaluate the sensitivity of LST-1. This work represents the first milestone in monitoring bright BL Lacertae objects with a CTAO telescope.
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Submitted 4 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Time-Dependent Modeling of the Sub-Hour Spectral Evolution During the 2013 Outburst of Mrk 421
Authors:
MAGIC Collaboration,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
A. Arbet Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jiménez,
I. Batković,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra González,
W. Bednarek,
E. Bernardini,
J. Bernete,
A. Berti
, et al. (170 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In April 2013, the TeV blazar Markarian~421 underwent one of its most powerful emission outbursts to date. An extensive multi-instrument campaign featuring MAGIC, VERITAS, and \textit{NuSTAR} provided comprehensive very-high-energy (VHE; $E > 100$\,GeV) and X-ray coverage over nine consecutive days. In this work, we perform a detailed spectral analysis of the X-ray and VHE emissions on sub-hour ti…
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In April 2013, the TeV blazar Markarian~421 underwent one of its most powerful emission outbursts to date. An extensive multi-instrument campaign featuring MAGIC, VERITAS, and \textit{NuSTAR} provided comprehensive very-high-energy (VHE; $E > 100$\,GeV) and X-ray coverage over nine consecutive days. In this work, we perform a detailed spectral analysis of the X-ray and VHE emissions on sub-hour timescales throughout the flare. We identify several clockwise spectral hysteresis loops in the X-rays, revealing a spectral evolution more complex than a simple harder-when-brighter trend. The VHE spectrum extends beyond 10\,TeV, and its temporal evolution closely mirrors the behavior in the X-rays. We report the first evidence of VHE spectral hysteresis occurring simultaneously with the X-ray loops. To interpret these findings, we apply a time-dependent leptonic model to 240 broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) binned on a 15-minute scale, allowing us to self-consistently track the particle distribution's history. Our modeling shows that the majority of the sub-hour flux and spectral variations are driven by changes in the luminosity and slope of the injected electron distribution. The required variations in the electron slope are difficult to reconcile with magnetic reconnection but are consistent with a shock-acceleration scenario where the shock compression ratio evolves by a factor of $\sim2$. The model also points to a relatively stable magnetic field and emitting region size, favoring a scenario where the emission originates from a stationary feature in the jet, such as a recollimation shock. However, this scenario requires a jet Lorentz factor that significantly exceeds values from VLBI measurements to account for the high minimum electron energy implied by the lack of variability in the optical band.
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Submitted 5 March, 2026; v1 submitted 10 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Constraining the TeV gamma-ray emission of SN 2024bch, a possible type IIn-L from a red supergiant progenitor. Multiwavelength observations and analysis of the progenitor
Authors:
The CTAO-LST Project,
:,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero-Larriva,
U. Barresde-Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jiménez
, et al. (310 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present very high-energy optical photometry and spectroscopic observations of SN 2024bch in the nearby galaxy NGC 3206 (\sim 20 Mpc). We used gamma-ray observations performed with the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) and optical observations with the Liverpool Telescope (LT) combined with data from public repositories to evaluate the genera…
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We present very high-energy optical photometry and spectroscopic observations of SN 2024bch in the nearby galaxy NGC 3206 (\sim 20 Mpc). We used gamma-ray observations performed with the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) and optical observations with the Liverpool Telescope (LT) combined with data from public repositories to evaluate the general properties of the event and the progenitor star. No significant emission above the LST-1 energy threshold for this observation (\sim 100 GeV) was detected in the direction of SN 2024bch, and we computed an integral upper limit on the photon flux of F_γ(>100 GeV) \le 3.61 \times 10^{-12} cm^{-2} s^{-1} based on six nonconsecutive nights of observations with the LST-1, between 16 and 38 days after the explosion. Employing a general model for the gamma-ray flux emission, we found an upper limit on the mass-loss-rate to wind-velocity ratio of \dot M/u_{w} \le 10^{-4} \frac{M_\odot}{yr}\frac{s}{km}, although gamma-gamma absorption could potentially have skewed this estimation, effectively weakening our constraint. From spectro-photometric observations we found progenitor parameters of M_{pr} = 11 - 20 M_\odot and R_{pr} = 531 \pm 125 R_\odot. Finally, using archival images from the Hubble Space Telescope, we constrained the luminosity of the progenitor star to log(L_{pr}/L_\odot) \le 4.82 and its effective temperature to T_{pr} \le 4000 K. Our results suggest that SN 2024bch is a type IIn-L supernova that originated from a progenitor star consistent with a red supergiant. We show how the correct estimation of the mass-loss history of a supernova will play a major role in future multiwavelength observations.
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Submitted 27 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Prospects for dark matter observations in dwarf spheroidal galaxies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Acharyya,
R. Adam,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
A. Aguirre-Santaella,
J. Alfaro,
R. Alfaro,
C. Alispach,
R. Alves Batista,
J. -P. Amans,
E. Amato,
G. Ambrosi,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. Angel,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
C. Arcaro,
K. Asano,
Y. Ascasibar
, et al. (469 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) orbiting the Milky Way are widely regarded as systems supported by velocity dispersion against self-gravity, and as prime targets for the search for indirect dark matter (DM) signatures in the GeV-to-TeV $γ$-ray range owing to their lack of astrophysical $γ$-ray background. We present forecasts of the sensitivity of the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Ob…
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The dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) orbiting the Milky Way are widely regarded as systems supported by velocity dispersion against self-gravity, and as prime targets for the search for indirect dark matter (DM) signatures in the GeV-to-TeV $γ$-ray range owing to their lack of astrophysical $γ$-ray background. We present forecasts of the sensitivity of the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) to annihilating or decaying DM signals in these targets. An original selection of candidates is performed from the current catalogue of known objects, including both classical and ultra-faint dSphs. For each, the expected DM content is derived using the most comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic data available, within a consistent framework of analysis. This approach enables the derivation of novel astrophysical factor profiles for indirect DM searches, which are compared with results from the literature. From an initial sample of 64 dSphs, eight promising targets are identified -- Draco I, Coma Berenices, Ursa Major II, Ursa Minor and Willman 1 in the North, Reticulum II, Sculptor and Sagittarius II in the South -- for which different DM density models yield consistent expectations, leading to robust predictions. CTAO is expected to provide the strongest limits above $\sim$10 TeV, reaching velocity-averaged annihilation cross sections of $\sim$5$\times$10$^{-25}$ cm$^3$ s$^{-1}$ and decay lifetimes up to $\sim$10$^{26}$ s for combined limits. The dominant uncertainties arise from the imprecise determination of the DM content, particularly for ultra-faint dSphs. Observation strategies are proposed that optimise either deep exposures of the best candidates or diversified target selections.
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Submitted 13 October, 2025; v1 submitted 26 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Very-high-energy observations of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 with MAGIC -- Indication of another gamma-ray obscured candidate neutrino source
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
V. A. Acciari,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
A. Arbet Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
A. Babić,
C. Bakshi,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jiménez,
I. Batković,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra González,
W. Bednarek,
E. Bernardini,
J. Bernete
, et al. (185 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Seyfert galaxies are emerging as a promising source class of high-energy neutrinos. The Seyfert galaxies NGC 4151 and NGC 1068 have come up respectively as the most promising counterparts of a 3$σ$ and of a 4.2$σ$ neutrino excesses detected by IceCube in the TeV energy range. Constraining the very-high-energy (VHE) emission associated with the neutrino signal is crucial to unveil the mechanism and…
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Seyfert galaxies are emerging as a promising source class of high-energy neutrinos. The Seyfert galaxies NGC 4151 and NGC 1068 have come up respectively as the most promising counterparts of a 3$σ$ and of a 4.2$σ$ neutrino excesses detected by IceCube in the TeV energy range. Constraining the very-high-energy (VHE) emission associated with the neutrino signal is crucial to unveil the mechanism and site of neutrino production. In this work, we present the first results of the VHE observations ($\sim$29 hours) of NGC 4151 with the MAGIC telescopes. We detect no gamma-ray excess in the direction of NGC 4151, and we derive constraining upper limits on the VHE gamma-ray flux. The integral flux upper limit (at the 95% confidence level) above 200 GeV is $f = 2.3 \times 10^{-12}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The comparison of the MAGIC and IceCube measurements suggests the presence of a gamma-ray obscured accelerator, and it allows us to constrain the gamma-ray optical depth and the size of the neutrino production site.
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Submitted 22 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Testing the ubiquitous presence of very high energy emission in gamma-ray bursts with the MAGIC telescopes
Authors:
S. Abe,
J. Abhir,
A. Abhishek,
V. A. Acciari,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
T. Aniello,
S. Ansoldi,
L. A. Antonelli,
A. Arbet Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
A. Babic,
C. Bakshi,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios-Jimenez,
I. Batkovic,
J. Baxter,
J. Becerra Gonzalez,
W. Bednarek,
E. Bernardini,
J. Bernete,
A. Berti
, et al. (184 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most powerful transient objects in the Universe, and they are a primary target for the MAGIC Collaboration. Recognizing the challenges of observing these elusive objects with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), we implemented a dedicated observational strategy that included an automated procedure for rapid re-pointing to transient sources. Since 2013,…
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Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most powerful transient objects in the Universe, and they are a primary target for the MAGIC Collaboration. Recognizing the challenges of observing these elusive objects with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), we implemented a dedicated observational strategy that included an automated procedure for rapid re-pointing to transient sources. Since 2013, this automated procedure has enabled MAGIC to observe GRBs at a rate of approximately ten per year, which led to the successful detection of two GRBs at very high energies (VHE; E > 100 GeV). We present a comprehensive analysis of 42 non-detected GRBs (4 short GRBs) observed by MAGIC from 2013 to 2019. We derived upper limits (ULs) on the observed energy flux as well as on the intrinsic energy flux corrected for absorption by the extragalactic background light (EBL) from the MAGIC observations in selected energy and time intervals. We conducted a comprehensive study of their properties to investigate the reasons for these non-detections, including the possible peculiar properties of TeV-detected GRBs. We find that strong EBL absorption significantly hinders TeV detection for the majority of GRBs in our sample. For a subset of 6 GRBs with redshift z < 2, we compared the UL on the intrinsic flux in the VHE domain with the simultaneous X-ray flux, which is observed to be at the same level in the current population of TeV-detected GRBs. Based on these inferred MAGIC ULs, we conclude that a VHE component with a luminosity comparable to the simultaneously observed X-ray luminosity cannot be ruled out for this sample.
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Submitted 7 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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GRB 221009A: Observations with LST-1 of CTAO and Implications for Structured Jets in Long Gamma-Ray Bursts
Authors:
The CTAO-LST Collaboration,
:,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez
, et al. (307 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) observed to date. Extensive observations of its afterglow emission across the electromagnetic spectrum were performed, providing the first strong evidence of a jet with a nontrivial angular structure in a long GRB. We carried out an extensive observation campaign in very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays with the first Large-Sized Telescope of the futu…
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GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) observed to date. Extensive observations of its afterglow emission across the electromagnetic spectrum were performed, providing the first strong evidence of a jet with a nontrivial angular structure in a long GRB. We carried out an extensive observation campaign in very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays with the first Large-Sized Telescope of the future Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory, starting on 2022 October 10, about 1 day after the burst. A dedicated analysis of the GRB 221009A data is performed to account for the different moonlight conditions under which data were recorded. We find an excess of gamma-like events with a statistical significance of 4.1$σ$ during the observations taken 1.33 days after the burst, followed by background-compatible results for the later days. The results are compared with various models of afterglows from structured jets that are consistent with the published multiwavelength data but entail significant quantitative and qualitative differences in the VHE emission after 1 day. We disfavor models that imply VHE flux at 1 day considerably above $10^{-11}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. Our late-time VHE observations can help disentangle the degeneracy among the models and provide valuable new insight into the structure of GRB jets.
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Submitted 10 March, 2026; v1 submitted 3 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Core-collapse supernova parameter estimation with the upcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory
Authors:
Andrea Simongini,
F. Ragosta,
I. Di Palma,
S. Piranomonte
Abstract:
The Vera Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) is expected to revolutionize time-domain optical astronomy as we know it. With its unprecedented depth, the LSST will survey the southern hemisphere sky, generating nearly 32 trillion observations over its nominal 10-year operation. Among these, approximately 10 million will be supernovae (SNe). These observations will uniquely ch…
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The Vera Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) is expected to revolutionize time-domain optical astronomy as we know it. With its unprecedented depth, the LSST will survey the southern hemisphere sky, generating nearly 32 trillion observations over its nominal 10-year operation. Among these, approximately 10 million will be supernovae (SNe). These observations will uniquely characterize the SN population, enabling studies of known and rare SN types, detailed parameterization of their light curves, deep searches for new SN progenitor populations, the discovery of strongly lensed SNe, and the compilation of a large, well-characterized sample of superluminous SNe. We analyzed a sample of 22663 simulations of LSST light curves for core collapse SNe (CCSNe), modeled using the radiative transfer code STELLA. We analyzed this dataset with the software CASTOR, which enables the reconstruction of synthetic light curves and spectra via a machine learning technique that allows one to retrieve the complete parameter map of a SN. For each parameter we compared the observed and the true values, determining how LSST light curves alone will contribute to characterize the progenitor and the explosion. Our results indicate that LSST alone will not suffice for a comprehensive and precise characterization of progenitor properties and explosion parameters. The limited spectral coverage of LSST light curves (in most cases) does not allow for the accurate estimation of bolometric luminosity, and consequently, of the explosion energy and nickel yield. Additionally, the redshift-absorption degeneracy is difficult to resolve without supplementary information. These findings suggest that for the most interesting SNe, complementary follow-up observations using spectrographs and optical facilities (particularly in the infrared bands) will be essential for accurate parameter determination.
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Submitted 4 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Detection of the Geminga pulsar at energies down to 20 GeV with the LST-1 of CTAO
Authors:
The CTAO-LST Project,
:,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
D. Ambrosino,
F. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
T. T. H. Arnesen,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez
, et al. (309 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Geminga is the third gamma-ray pulsar firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) after the Crab and the Vela pulsars. Most of its emission is expected at tens of GeV, and, out of the planned telescopes of the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), the Large-Sized Telescopes (LSTs) are the only ones with optimised sensitivity at these energies. We aim to cha…
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Geminga is the third gamma-ray pulsar firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) after the Crab and the Vela pulsars. Most of its emission is expected at tens of GeV, and, out of the planned telescopes of the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), the Large-Sized Telescopes (LSTs) are the only ones with optimised sensitivity at these energies. We aim to characterise the gamma-ray pulse shape and spectrum of Geminga as observed by the first LST (hereafter LST-1) of the CTAO-North. Furthermore, this study confirms the great performance and the improved energy threshold of the telescope, as low as 10 GeV for pulsar analysis, with respect to current-generation Cherenkov telescopes. We analysed 60 hours of good-quality data taken by the LST-1 at zenith angles below 50$^\circ$. Additionally, a new Fermi-LAT analysis of 16.6 years of data was carried out to extend the spectral analysis down to 100 MeV. Lastly, a detailed study of the systematic effects was performed. We report the detection of Geminga in the energy range between 20 and 65 GeV. Of the two peaks of the phaseogram, the second one, P2, is detected with a significance of 12.2$σ$, while the first (P1) reaches a significance level of 2.6$σ$. The best-fit model for the spectrum of P2 was found to be a power law with $Γ= (4.5 \pm 0.4_{stat})^{+0.2_{sys}}_{-0.6_{sys}}$, compatible with the previous results obtained by the MAGIC. No evidence of curvature is found in the LST-1 energy range. The joint fit with Fermi data confirms a preference for a sub-exponential cut-off over a pure exponential, even though both models fail to reproduce the data above several tens of GeV. The overall results presented in this paper prove that the LST-1 is an excellent telescope for the observation of pulsars, and improved sensitivity is expected to be achieved with the full CTAO-North.
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Submitted 27 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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On the Binary Nature of the Progenitor of SN2015ap: Insights from Its Light Curve and Spectral Evolution
Authors:
Fabio Ragosta,
Giulia Illiano,
Andrea Simongini,
Matteo Imbrogno,
Silvia Piranomonte,
Andrea Melandri
Abstract:
Stripped-envelope supernovae (SESNe) display a wide range of photometric and spectroscopic behaviours, often reflecting complex progenitor evolution. SN~2015ap is a type Ib event located in the nearby galaxy IC~1776, previously modelled as powered by radioactive decay and possibly a magnetar engine. In this work, we revisit its multi-band photometry and spectroscopy, {gathering all publicly availa…
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Stripped-envelope supernovae (SESNe) display a wide range of photometric and spectroscopic behaviours, often reflecting complex progenitor evolution. SN~2015ap is a type Ib event located in the nearby galaxy IC~1776, previously modelled as powered by radioactive decay and possibly a magnetar engine. In this work, we revisit its multi-band photometry and spectroscopy, {gathering all publicly available observational data for this source}, to investigate the nature of its progenitor and power source. {We use an innovative time analysis method based on Gaussian Process, leveraging its ability to model both noise and periodic components in unevenly sampled data without requiring regular sampling.} We detect significant periodic modulations in the post-peak light curve, with a characteristic timescale of $\sim$8.4 days. These modulations are also seen in the $H_α$ line velocity, suggesting a structured circumstellar medium (CSM) shaped by binary interaction. We model the light curve with semi-analytical prescriptions (MOSFiT), including CSM and central engine components, and derive an ejecta mass of $\sim$2.2--2.4~$M_\odot$, explosion energy of $\sim$3.4$\times$10$^{51}$~erg, and a $^{56}$Ni mass of $\sim$0.11~$M_\odot$. The colour evolution indicates an additional energy injection, consistent with either prolonged breakout or delayed central powering. While the data are compatible with a weak magnetar contribution, the overall evidence favours a binary progenitor system, with non-conservative mass transfer shaping the observed CSM. SN~2015ap thus adds to the growing sample of SESNe where binarity plays a central role in driving both the explosion and its observables.
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Submitted 10 July, 2025; v1 submitted 20 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Detection of RS Oph with LST-1 and modelling of its HE/VHE gamma-ray emission
Authors:
CTA-LST Project,
:,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
A. Abhishek,
F. Acero,
A. Aguasca-Cabot,
I. Agudo,
C. Alispach,
N. Alvarez Crespo,
D. Ambrosino,
L. A. Antonelli,
C. Aramo,
A. Arbet-Engels,
C. Arcaro,
K. Asano,
P. Aubert,
A. Baktash,
M. Balbo,
A. Bamba,
A. Baquero Larriva,
U. Barres de Almeida,
J. A. Barrio,
L. Barrios Jiménez,
I. Batkovic
, et al. (294 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi (RS Oph) underwent a thermonuclear eruption in August 2021. In this event, RS Oph was detected by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC), and the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) of the future Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) at very-high gamma-ray energies above 100 GeV. This means that no…
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The recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi (RS Oph) underwent a thermonuclear eruption in August 2021. In this event, RS Oph was detected by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC), and the first Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) of the future Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) at very-high gamma-ray energies above 100 GeV. This means that novae are a new class of very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emitters. We report the analysis of the RS Oph observations with LST-1. We constrain the particle population that causes the observed emission in hadronic and leptonic scenarios. Additionally, we study the prospects of detecting further novae using LST-1 and the upcoming LST array of CTAO-North. We conducted target-of-opportunity observations with LST-1 from the first day of this nova event. The data were analysed in the framework of cta-lstchain and Gammapy, the official CTAO-LST reconstruction and analysis packages. One-zone hadronic and leptonic models were considered to model the gamma-ray emission of RS Oph using the spectral information from Fermi-LAT and LST-1, together with public data from the MAGIC and H.E.S.S. telescopes. RS Oph was detected at $6.6σ$ with LST-1 in the first 6.35 hours of observations following the eruption. The hadronic scenario is preferred over the leptonic scenario considering a proton energy spectrum with a power-law model with an exponential cutoff whose position increases from $(0.26\pm 0.08)$ TeV on day 1 up to $(1.6\pm 0.6)$ TeV on day 4 after the eruption. The deep sensitivity and low energy threshold of the LST-1/LST array will allow us to detect faint novae and increase their discovery rate.
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Submitted 17 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Building spectral templates and reconstructing parameters for core collapse supernovae with CASTOR
Authors:
Andrea Simongini,
Fabio Ragosta,
Silvia Piranomonte,
Irene Di Palma
Abstract:
The future of time-domain optical astronomy relies on the development of techniques and software capable of handling a rising amount of data and gradually complementing, or replacing if necessary, real observations. Next generation surveys, like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), will open the door to the new era of optical astrophysics, creating, at the same time, a deficiency in spectro…
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The future of time-domain optical astronomy relies on the development of techniques and software capable of handling a rising amount of data and gradually complementing, or replacing if necessary, real observations. Next generation surveys, like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), will open the door to the new era of optical astrophysics, creating, at the same time, a deficiency in spectroscopic data necessary to confirm the nature of each event and to fully recover the parametric space. In this framework, we developed Core collApse Supernovae parameTers estimatOR (CASTOR), a novel software for data analysis. CASTOR combines Gaussian Process and other Machine Learning techniques to build time-series templates of synthetic spectra and to estimate parameters of core collapse supernovae for which only multi-band photometry is available. Techniques to build templates are fully data driven and non-parametric through empirical and robust models, and rely on the direct comparison with a training set of 111 core collapse supernovae from the literature. Furthermore, CASTOR employees the real photometric data and the reconstructed synthetic spectra of an event to estimate parameters that belong to the supernova ejecta, to the stellar progenitor and to the event itself, in a rapid and user-friendly framework. In this work we provide a demonstration of how CASTOR works, studying available data from SN2015ap and comparing our results with those available in literature.
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Submitted 7 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.