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Measurement of reactor antineutrino oscillations with 1.46 ktonne-years of data at SNO+
Authors:
M. Abreu,
A. Allega,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
D. M. Asner,
D. J. Auty,
A. Bacon,
T. Baltazar,
F. Barão,
N. Barros,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Caden,
M. Chen,
S. Cheng,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning,
S. DeGraw,
R. Dehghani,
J. Deloye,
M. M. Depatie,
C. Dima
, et al. (86 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SNO+ Collaboration reports new results on reactor antineutrino oscillations using data acquired from May 2022 through July 2025. The spectral analysis of a flux dominated by nuclear reactors at 240, 350, and 355 kilometers yields the mass-squared difference $Δm^2_{21}=(7.93^{+0.21}_{-0.24})\times 10^{-5}$ eV$^2$. This result is compatible with and approaches the precision of the only other lon…
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The SNO+ Collaboration reports new results on reactor antineutrino oscillations using data acquired from May 2022 through July 2025. The spectral analysis of a flux dominated by nuclear reactors at 240, 350, and 355 kilometers yields the mass-squared difference $Δm^2_{21}=(7.93^{+0.21}_{-0.24})\times 10^{-5}$ eV$^2$. This result is compatible with and approaches the precision of the only other long-baseline reactor antineutrino measurement, by KamLAND. Combining these measurements, along with those from solar neutrino experiments, the global values of the neutrino mixing parameters become: $Δm^2_{21}$ = $(7.63\pm0.17)\times 10^{-5}$ eV$^2$ and $\sin^2{θ_{12}}=0.310\pm0.012$. The analysis of geoneutrinos at SNO+ is also improved, with a measured signal of 49$^{+13}_{-12}$ TNU.
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Submitted 30 July, 2026; v1 submitted 14 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Cosmogenic Neutron Production in Water at SNO+
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
M. Abreu,
A. Allega,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
D. M. Asner,
D. J. Auty,
A. Bacon,
T. Baltazar,
F. Barão,
N. Barros,
R. Bayes,
C. Baylis,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
M. Chen,
S. Cheng,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning,
S. DeGraw
, et al. (90 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Accurate measurement of the cosmogenic muon-induced neutron yield is crucial for constraining a significant background in a wide range of low-energy physics searches. Although previous underground experiments have measured this yield across various cosmogenic muon energies, SNO+ is uniquely positioned due to its exposure to one of the highest average cosmogenic muon energies at $364\,\text{GeV}$.…
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Accurate measurement of the cosmogenic muon-induced neutron yield is crucial for constraining a significant background in a wide range of low-energy physics searches. Although previous underground experiments have measured this yield across various cosmogenic muon energies, SNO+ is uniquely positioned due to its exposure to one of the highest average cosmogenic muon energies at $364\,\text{GeV}$. Using ultra-pure water, we have determined a neutron yield of $Y_{n}=(3.38^{+0.23}_{-0.30})\times10^{-4}\,\text{cm}^{2}\text{g}^{-1}μ^{-1}$ at SNO+. Comparison with simulations demonstrates clear agreement with the FLUKA neutron production model, highlighting discrepancies with the widely used GEANT4 model. Furthermore, this measurement reveals a lower cosmogenic neutron yield than that observed by the SNO experiment, which used heavy water under identical muon flux conditions. This result provides new evidence that nuclear structure and target material composition significantly influence neutron production by cosmogenic muons, offering fresh insight with important implications for the design and background modelling of future underground experiments.
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Submitted 31 March, 2026; v1 submitted 6 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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First Evidence of Solar Neutrino Interactions on $^{13}$C
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
M. Abreu,
A. Allega,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
D. M. Asner,
D. J. Auty,
A. Bacon,
T. Baltazar,
F. Barão,
N. Barros,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Caden,
M. Chen,
S. Cheng,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning,
S. DeGraw,
R. Dehghani,
J. Deloye
, et al. (89 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of $^{8}\text{B}$ solar neutrinos interacting on $^{13}\text{C}$ nuclei. The charged current interaction proceeds through $^{13}\text{C} + ν_e \rightarrow {}^{13}\text{N} + e^-$ which is followed, with a 10 minute half-life, by ${}^{13}\text{N} \rightarrow {}^{13}\text{C} + e^+ +ν_e .$ The detection strategy is based on the delayed coincidence betw…
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The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of $^{8}\text{B}$ solar neutrinos interacting on $^{13}\text{C}$ nuclei. The charged current interaction proceeds through $^{13}\text{C} + ν_e \rightarrow {}^{13}\text{N} + e^-$ which is followed, with a 10 minute half-life, by ${}^{13}\text{N} \rightarrow {}^{13}\text{C} + e^+ +ν_e .$ The detection strategy is based on the delayed coincidence between the electron and the positron. Evidence for the charged current signal is presented with a significance of 4.2$σ$. Using the natural abundance of $^{13}\text{C}$ present in the scintillator, 5.7 tonnes of $^{13}\text{C}$ over 231 days of data were used in this analysis. The 5.6$^{+3.0}_{-2.3}$ observed events in the data set are consistent with the expectation of 4.7$^{+0.6}_{-1.3}$ events. This result is the second real-time measurement of CC interactions of $^{8}\text{B}$ neutrinos with nuclei and constitutes the lowest energy observation of neutrino interactions on $^{13}\text{C}$ generally. This enables the first direct measurement of the CC $ν_e$ reaction to the ground state of ${}^{13}\text{N}$, yielding an average cross section of $(16.1 ^{+8.5}_{-6.7} (\text{stat.}) ^{+1.6}_{-2.7} (\text{syst.}) )\times 10^{-43}$ cm$^{2}$ over the relevant $^{8}\text{B}$ solar neutrino energies.
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Submitted 29 October, 2025; v1 submitted 28 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Measurement of reactor antineutrino oscillation at SNO+
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
M. Abreu,
V. Albanese,
A. Allega,
R. Alves,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
L. Anselmo,
J. Antunes,
E. Arushanova,
S. Asahi,
M. Askins,
D. M. Asner,
D. J. Auty,
A. R. Back,
S. Back,
A. Bacon,
T. Baltazar,
F. Barão,
Z. Barnard,
A. Barr,
N. Barros,
D. Bartlett,
R. Bayes
, et al. (276 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SNO+ collaboration reports its second spectral analysis of reactor antineutrino oscillation using 286 tonne-years of new data. The measured energies of reactor antineutrino candidates were fitted to obtain the second-most precise determination of the neutrino mass-squared difference $Δm^2_{21}$ = ($7.96^{+0.48}_{-0.42}$) $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ eV$^2$. Constraining $Δm^2_{21}$ and $\sin^2θ_{12}$ wi…
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The SNO+ collaboration reports its second spectral analysis of reactor antineutrino oscillation using 286 tonne-years of new data. The measured energies of reactor antineutrino candidates were fitted to obtain the second-most precise determination of the neutrino mass-squared difference $Δm^2_{21}$ = ($7.96^{+0.48}_{-0.42}$) $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ eV$^2$. Constraining $Δm^2_{21}$ and $\sin^2θ_{12}$ with measurements from long-baseline reactor antineutrino and solar neutrino experiments yields $Δm^2_{21}$ = ($7.58^{+0.18}_{-0.17}$) $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ eV$^2$ and $\sin^2θ_{12} = 0.308 \pm 0.013$. This fit also yields a first measurement of the flux of geoneutrinos in the Western Hemisphere, with $73^{+47}_{-43}$ TNU at SNO+.
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Submitted 17 September, 2025; v1 submitted 7 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Measurement of the $^8$B Solar Neutrino Flux Using the Full SNO+ Water Phase Dataset
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
A. Allega,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
M. Askins,
D. M. Asner,
D. J. Auty,
A. Bacon,
F. Barão,
N. Barros,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
M. Chen,
S. Cheng,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning,
M. A. Cox,
R. Dehghani
, et al. (87 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SNO+ detector operated initially as a water Cherenkov detector. The implementation of a sealed covergas system midway through water data taking resulted in a significant reduction in the activity of $^{222}$Rn daughters in the detector and allowed the lowest background to the solar electron scattering signal above 5 MeV achieved to date. This paper reports an updated SNO+ water phase $^8$B sol…
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The SNO+ detector operated initially as a water Cherenkov detector. The implementation of a sealed covergas system midway through water data taking resulted in a significant reduction in the activity of $^{222}$Rn daughters in the detector and allowed the lowest background to the solar electron scattering signal above 5 MeV achieved to date. This paper reports an updated SNO+ water phase $^8$B solar neutrino analysis with a total livetime of 282.4 days and an analysis threshold of 3.5 MeV. The $^8$B solar neutrino flux is found to be $\left(2.32^{+0.18}_{-0.17}\text{(stat.)}^{+0.07}_{-0.05}\text{(syst.)}\right)\times10^{6}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ assuming no neutrino oscillations, or $\left(5.36^{+0.41}_{-0.39}\text{(stat.)}^{+0.17}_{-0.16}\text{(syst.)} \right)\times10^{6}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ assuming standard neutrino oscillation parameters, in good agreement with both previous measurements and Standard Solar Model Calculations. The electron recoil spectrum is presented above 3.5 MeV.
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Submitted 21 December, 2024; v1 submitted 24 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Dijet spectrum in nonlocal and asymptotically nonlocal theories
Authors:
Mikkie R. Anderson,
Christopher D. Carone
Abstract:
Asymptotically nonlocal field theories approximate ghost-free nonlocal theories at low energies, yet are theories of finite order in the number of derivatives. These theories have an emergent nonlocal scale that regulates loop diagrams and can provide a solution to the hierarchy problem. Asymptotic nonlocality has been studied previously in scalar theories, Abelian and non-Abelian gauge theories w…
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Asymptotically nonlocal field theories approximate ghost-free nonlocal theories at low energies, yet are theories of finite order in the number of derivatives. These theories have an emergent nonlocal scale that regulates loop diagrams and can provide a solution to the hierarchy problem. Asymptotic nonlocality has been studied previously in scalar theories, Abelian and non-Abelian gauge theories with complex scalars, and linearized gravity. Here we extend that work by considering an asymptotically nonlocal generalization of QCD, which can be used for realistic phenomenological investigations. In particular, we derive Feynman rules relevant for the study of the production of dijets at hadron colliders and compute the parton-level cross sections at leading order. We use these to determine a bound on the scale of new physics from Large Hadron Collider data, both for a typical choice of model parameters, and in the nonlocal limit.
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Submitted 17 June, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
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Initial measurement of reactor antineutrino oscillation at SNO+
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
A. Allega,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
M. Askins,
D. M. Asner,
D. J. Auty,
A. Bacon,
J. Baker,
F. Barão,
N. Barros,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
T. S. Bezerra,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
M. Chen,
S. Cheng,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning
, et al. (97 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SNO+ collaboration reports its first spectral analysis of long-baseline reactor antineutrino oscillation using 114 tonne-years of data. Fitting the neutrino oscillation probability to the observed energy spectrum yields constraints on the neutrino mass-squared difference $Δm^2_{21}$. In the ranges allowed by previous measurements, the best-fit $Δm^2_{21}$ is (8.85$^{+1.10}_{-1.33}$) $\times$ 1…
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The SNO+ collaboration reports its first spectral analysis of long-baseline reactor antineutrino oscillation using 114 tonne-years of data. Fitting the neutrino oscillation probability to the observed energy spectrum yields constraints on the neutrino mass-squared difference $Δm^2_{21}$. In the ranges allowed by previous measurements, the best-fit $Δm^2_{21}$ is (8.85$^{+1.10}_{-1.33}$) $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ eV$^2$. This measurement is continuing in the next phases of SNO+ and is expected to surpass the present global precision on $Δm^2_{21}$ with about three years of data.
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Submitted 10 January, 2025; v1 submitted 30 May, 2024;
originally announced May 2024.
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Event-by-Event Direction Reconstruction of Solar Neutrinos in a High Light-Yield Liquid Scintillator
Authors:
A. Allega,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
J. Antunes,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
A. Bacon,
J. Baker,
N. Barros,
F. Barão,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
T. S. Bezerra,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
M. Chen,
S. Cheng,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning,
M. A. Cox,
R. Dehghani
, et al. (94 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The direction of individual $^8$B solar neutrinos has been reconstructed using the SNO+ liquid scintillator detector. Prompt, directional Cherenkov light was separated from the slower, isotropic scintillation light using time information, and a maximum likelihood method was used to reconstruct the direction of individual scattered electrons. A clear directional signal was observed, correlated with…
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The direction of individual $^8$B solar neutrinos has been reconstructed using the SNO+ liquid scintillator detector. Prompt, directional Cherenkov light was separated from the slower, isotropic scintillation light using time information, and a maximum likelihood method was used to reconstruct the direction of individual scattered electrons. A clear directional signal was observed, correlated with the solar angle. The observation was aided by a period of low primary fluor concentration that resulted in a slower scintillator decay time. This is the first time that event-by-event direction reconstruction in high light-yield liquid scintillator has been demonstrated in a large-scale detector.
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Submitted 10 April, 2024; v1 submitted 12 September, 2023;
originally announced September 2023.
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Evidence of Antineutrinos from Distant Reactors using Pure Water at SNO+
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
A. Allega,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
J. Antunes,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
A. Bacon,
N. Barros,
F. Barao,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
T. S. Bezerra,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
S. Cheng,
M. Chen,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning,
M. A. Cox
, et al. (92 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of reactor antineutrinos in a Cherenkov detector. The nearest nuclear reactors are located 240~km away in Ontario, Canada. This analysis uses events with energies lower than in any previous analysis with a large water Cherenkov detector. Two analytical methods are used to distinguish reactor antineutrinos from background events in 190 days of data…
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The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of reactor antineutrinos in a Cherenkov detector. The nearest nuclear reactors are located 240~km away in Ontario, Canada. This analysis uses events with energies lower than in any previous analysis with a large water Cherenkov detector. Two analytical methods are used to distinguish reactor antineutrinos from background events in 190 days of data and yield consistent evidence for antineutrinos with a combined significance of 3.5$σ$.
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Submitted 28 March, 2023; v1 submitted 25 October, 2022;
originally announced October 2022.
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Improved search for invisible modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+ detector
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
A. Allega,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
A. Bacon,
N. Barros,
F. Barão,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
T. S. Bezerra,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
S. Cheng,
M. Chen,
O. Chkvorets,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning,
M. A. Cox
, et al. (94 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper reports results from a search for single and multi-nucleon disappearance from the $^{16}$O nucleus in water within the \snoplus{} detector using all of the available data. These so-called "invisible" decays do not directly deposit energy within the detector but are instead detected through their subsequent nuclear de-excitation and gamma-ray emission. New limits are given for the partia…
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This paper reports results from a search for single and multi-nucleon disappearance from the $^{16}$O nucleus in water within the \snoplus{} detector using all of the available data. These so-called "invisible" decays do not directly deposit energy within the detector but are instead detected through their subsequent nuclear de-excitation and gamma-ray emission. New limits are given for the partial lifetimes: $τ(n\rightarrow inv) > 9.0\times10^{29}$ years, $τ(p\rightarrow inv) > 9.6\times10^{29}$ years, $τ(nn\rightarrow inv) > 1.5\times10^{28}$ years, $τ(np\rightarrow inv) > 6.0\times10^{28}$ years, and $τ(pp\rightarrow inv) > 1.1\times10^{29}$ years at 90\% Bayesian credibility level (with a prior uniform in rate). All but the ($nn\rightarrow inv$) results improve on existing limits by a factor of about 3.
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Submitted 28 June, 2022; v1 submitted 12 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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Performance of a convolutional autoencoder designed to remove electronic noise from p-type point contact germanium detector signals
Authors:
Mark R. Anderson,
Vasundhara Basu,
Ryan D. Martin,
Charlotte Z. Reed,
Noah J. Rowe,
Mehdi Shafiee,
Tianai Ye
Abstract:
We present a convolutional autoencoder to denoise pulses from a p-type point contact high-purity germanium detector similar to those used in several rare event searches. While we focus on training procedures that rely on detailed detector physics simulations, we also present implementations requiring only noisy detector pulses to train the model. We validate our autoencoder on both simulated data…
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We present a convolutional autoencoder to denoise pulses from a p-type point contact high-purity germanium detector similar to those used in several rare event searches. While we focus on training procedures that rely on detailed detector physics simulations, we also present implementations requiring only noisy detector pulses to train the model. We validate our autoencoder on both simulated data and calibration data from an $^{241}$Am source, the latter of which is used to show that the denoised pulses are statistically compatible with data pulses. We demonstrate that our denoising method is able to preserve the underlying shapes of the pulses well, offering improvement over traditional denoising methods. We also show that the shaping time used to calculate energy with a trapezoidal filter can be significantly reduced while maintaining a comparable energy resolution. Under certain circumstances, our denoising method can improve the overall energy resolution. The methods we developed to remove electronic noise are straightforward to extend to other detector technologies. Furthermore, the latent representation from the encoder is also of use in quantifying shape-based characteristics of the signals. Our work has great potential to be used in particle physics experiments and beyond.
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Submitted 1 December, 2022; v1 submitted 13 April, 2022;
originally announced April 2022.
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Refining the E+A Galaxy: A Spatially Resolved Spectrophotometric Sample of Nearby Post-starburst Systems in SDSS-IV MaNGA (MPL-5)
Authors:
Olivia A. Greene,
Miguel R. Anderson,
Mariarosa Marinelli,
Kelly Holley-Bockelmann,
Lauren E. P. Campbell,
Charles T. Liu
Abstract:
Post-starburst galaxies are crucial to disentangling the effect of star formation and quenching on galaxy demographics. They comprise, however, a heterogeneous population of objects, described in numerous ways. To obtain a well-defined and uncontaminated sample, we take advantage of spatially resolved spectroscopy to construct an unambiguous sample of E + A galaxies - post-starburst systems with n…
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Post-starburst galaxies are crucial to disentangling the effect of star formation and quenching on galaxy demographics. They comprise, however, a heterogeneous population of objects, described in numerous ways. To obtain a well-defined and uncontaminated sample, we take advantage of spatially resolved spectroscopy to construct an unambiguous sample of E + A galaxies - post-starburst systems with no observed ongoing star formation. Using data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) Survey, in the fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV), we have identified 30 E + A galaxies that lie within the green valley of color-stellar mass space. We first identified E + A candidates by their central, single-fiber spectra and (u-r) color from SDSS DR15, and then further required each galaxy to exhibit E + A properties throughout the entirety of the system to three effective radii. We describe our selection criteria in detail, note common pitfalls in E + A identification, and introduce the basic characteristics of the sample. We will use this E + A sample, which has been assembled with stringent criteria and thus re-establishes a well-defined subpopulation within the broader category of post-starburst galaxies, to study the evolution of galaxies and their stellar populations in the time just after star formation within them is fully quenched.
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Submitted 29 June, 2021;
originally announced June 2021.
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Optical calibration of the SNO+ detector in the water phase with deployed sources
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
F. Barão,
N. Barros,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
M. Boulay,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
J. Caravaca,
M. Chen,
O. Chkvorets,
B. Cleveland,
D. Cookman,
J. Corning,
M. A. Cox,
C. Deluce,
M. M. Depatie
, et al. (98 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
SNO+ is a large-scale liquid scintillator experiment with the primary goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay, and is located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector acquired data for two years as a pure water Cherenkov detector, starting in May 2017. During this period, the optical properties of the detector were measured in situ using a deployed light…
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SNO+ is a large-scale liquid scintillator experiment with the primary goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay, and is located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector acquired data for two years as a pure water Cherenkov detector, starting in May 2017. During this period, the optical properties of the detector were measured in situ using a deployed light diffusing sphere, with the goal of improving the detector model and the energy response systematic uncertainties. The measured parameters included the water attenuation coefficients, effective attenuation coefficients for the acrylic vessel, and the angular response of the photomultiplier tubes and their surrounding light concentrators, all across different wavelengths. The calibrated detector model was validated using a deployed tagged gamma source, which showed a 0.6% variation in energy scale across the primary target volume.
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Submitted 4 October, 2021; v1 submitted 7 June, 2021;
originally announced June 2021.
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The SNO+ Experiment
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
V. Albanese,
R. Alves,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
L. Anselmo,
E. Arushanova,
S. Asahi,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
A. R. Back,
S. Back,
F. Barão,
Z. Barnard,
A. Barr,
N. Barros,
D. Bartlett,
R. Bayes,
C. Beaudoin,
E. W. Beier,
G. Berardi,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher
, et al. (229 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SNO+ experiment is located 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Canada. A low background search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay will be conducted using 780 tonnes of liquid scintillator loaded with 3.9 tonnes of natural tellurium, corresponding to 1.3 tonnes of $^{130}$Te. This paper provides a general overview of the SNO+ experiment, including detector design, construction of pr…
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The SNO+ experiment is located 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Canada. A low background search for neutrinoless double beta ($0νββ$) decay will be conducted using 780 tonnes of liquid scintillator loaded with 3.9 tonnes of natural tellurium, corresponding to 1.3 tonnes of $^{130}$Te. This paper provides a general overview of the SNO+ experiment, including detector design, construction of process plants, commissioning efforts, electronics upgrades, data acquisition systems, and calibration techniques. The SNO+ collaboration is reusing the acrylic vessel, PMT array, and electronics of the SNO detector, having made a number of experimental upgrades and essential adaptations for use with the liquid scintillator. With low backgrounds and a low energy threshold, the SNO+ collaboration will also pursue a rich physics program beyond the search for $0νββ$ decay, including studies of geo- and reactor antineutrinos, supernova and solar neutrinos, and exotic physics such as the search for invisible nucleon decay. The SNO+ approach to the search for $0νββ$ decay is scalable: a future phase with high $^{130}$Te-loading is envisioned to probe an effective Majorana mass in the inverted mass ordering region.
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Submitted 25 August, 2021; v1 submitted 23 April, 2021;
originally announced April 2021.
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Development, characterisation, and deployment of the SNO+ liquid scintillator
Authors:
SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
L. Anselmo,
E. Arushanova,
S. Asahi,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
A. R. Back,
Z. Barnard,
N. Barros,
D. Bartlett,
F. Barão,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
R. Bonventre,
M. Boulay,
D. Braid,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
J. Caravaca
, et al. (201 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A liquid scintillator consisting of linear alkylbenzene as the solvent and 2,5-diphenyloxazole as the fluor was developed for the SNO+ experiment. This mixture was chosen as it is compatible with acrylic and has a competitive light yield to pre-existing liquid scintillators while conferring other advantages including longer attenuation lengths, superior safety characteristics, chemical simplicity,…
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A liquid scintillator consisting of linear alkylbenzene as the solvent and 2,5-diphenyloxazole as the fluor was developed for the SNO+ experiment. This mixture was chosen as it is compatible with acrylic and has a competitive light yield to pre-existing liquid scintillators while conferring other advantages including longer attenuation lengths, superior safety characteristics, chemical simplicity, ease of handling, and logistical availability. Its properties have been extensively characterized and are presented here. This liquid scintillator is now used in several neutrino physics experiments in addition to SNO+.
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Submitted 21 February, 2021; v1 submitted 25 November, 2020;
originally announced November 2020.
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Measurement of neutron-proton capture in the SNO+ water phase
Authors:
The SNO+ Collaboration,
:,
M. R. Anderson,
S. Andringa,
M. Askins,
D. J. Auty,
N. Barros,
F. Barão,
R. Bayes,
E. W. Beier,
A. Bialek,
S. D. Biller,
E. Blucher,
R. Bonventre,
M. Boulay,
E. Caden,
E. J. Callaghan,
J. Caravaca,
D. Chauhan,
M. Chen,
O. Chkvorets,
B. Cleveland,
M. A. Cox,
M. M. Depatie,
J. Dittmer
, et al. (108 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SNO+ experiment collected data as a low-threshold water Cherenkov detector from September 2017 to July 2019. Measurements of the 2.2-MeV $γ$ produced by neutron capture on hydrogen have been made using an Am-Be calibration source, for which a large fraction of emitted neutrons are produced simultaneously with a 4.4-MeV $γ$. Analysis of the delayed coincidence between the 4.4-MeV $γ$ and the 2.…
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The SNO+ experiment collected data as a low-threshold water Cherenkov detector from September 2017 to July 2019. Measurements of the 2.2-MeV $γ$ produced by neutron capture on hydrogen have been made using an Am-Be calibration source, for which a large fraction of emitted neutrons are produced simultaneously with a 4.4-MeV $γ$. Analysis of the delayed coincidence between the 4.4-MeV $γ$ and the 2.2-MeV capture $γ$ revealed a neutron detection efficiency that is centered around 50% and varies at the level of 1% across the inner region of the detector, which to our knowledge is the highest efficiency achieved among pure water Cherenkov detectors. In addition, the neutron capture time constant was measured and converted to a thermal neutron-proton capture cross section of $336.3^{+1.2}_{-1.5}$ mb.
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Submitted 13 July, 2020; v1 submitted 24 February, 2020;
originally announced February 2020.
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Topology-dependent anomalous dynamics of ring and linear DNA are sensitive to cytoskeleton crosslinking
Authors:
Devynn M. Wulstein,
Kathryn E. Regan,
Jonathan Garamella,
Ryan J. McGorty,
Rae M. Robertson- Anderson
Abstract:
Cytoskeletal crowding plays a key role in the diffusion of DNA molecules through the cell, acting as a barrier to effective intracellular transport and conformational stability required for such processes as transfection, viral infection, and gene therapy. Here we elucidate the transport properties and conformational dynamics of linear and ring DNA molecules diffusing through entangled and crossli…
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Cytoskeletal crowding plays a key role in the diffusion of DNA molecules through the cell, acting as a barrier to effective intracellular transport and conformational stability required for such processes as transfection, viral infection, and gene therapy. Here we elucidate the transport properties and conformational dynamics of linear and ring DNA molecules diffusing through entangled and crosslinked composite networks of actin and microtubules. We couple single-molecule conformational tracking with differential dynamic microscopy to reveal that ring and linear DNA exhibit surprisingly distinct transport properties that are influenced differently by cytoskeleton crosslinking. Ring DNA coils are swollen and undergo heterogeneous and biphasic subdiffusion that is hindered by crosslinking. Conversely, crosslinking actually facilitates the single-mode subdiffusion that compacted linear chains exhibit. Our collective results demonstrate that transient threading by cytoskeleton filaments plays a key role in the dynamics of ring DNA, whereas the mobility of the cytoskeleton dictates transport of linear DNA.
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Submitted 20 October, 2019;
originally announced October 2019.
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Physical Representation-based Predicate Optimization for a Visual Analytics Database
Authors:
Michael R. Anderson,
Michael Cafarella,
German Ros,
Thomas F. Wenisch
Abstract:
Querying the content of images, video, and other non-textual data sources requires expensive content extraction methods. Modern extraction techniques are based on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and can classify objects within images with astounding accuracy. Unfortunately, these methods are slow: processing a single image can take about 10 milliseconds on modern GPU-based hardware. As m…
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Querying the content of images, video, and other non-textual data sources requires expensive content extraction methods. Modern extraction techniques are based on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and can classify objects within images with astounding accuracy. Unfortunately, these methods are slow: processing a single image can take about 10 milliseconds on modern GPU-based hardware. As massive video libraries become ubiquitous, running a content-based query over millions of video frames is prohibitive.
One promising approach to reduce the runtime cost of queries of visual content is to use a hierarchical model, such as a cascade, where simple cases are handled by an inexpensive classifier. Prior work has sought to design cascades that optimize the computational cost of inference by, for example, using smaller CNNs. However, we observe that there are critical factors besides the inference time that dramatically impact the overall query time. Notably, by treating the physical representation of the input image as part of our query optimization---that is, by including image transforms, such as resolution scaling or color-depth reduction, within the cascade---we can optimize data handling costs and enable drastically more efficient classifier cascades.
In this paper, we propose Tahoma, which generates and evaluates many potential classifier cascades that jointly optimize the CNN architecture and input data representation. Our experiments on a subset of ImageNet show that Tahoma's input transformations speed up cascades by up to 35 times. We also find up to a 98x speedup over the ResNet50 classifier with no loss in accuracy, and a 280x speedup if some accuracy is sacrificed.
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Submitted 27 February, 2019; v1 submitted 11 June, 2018;
originally announced June 2018.
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Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering and the steering ellipsoid
Authors:
Sania Jevtic,
Michael J. W. Hall,
Malcolm R. Anderson,
Marcin Zwierz,
Howard M. Wiseman
Abstract:
The question of which two-qubit states are steerable (i.e. permit a demonstration of EPR-steering) remains open. Here, a strong necessary condition is obtained for the steerability of two-qubit states having maximally-mixed reduced states, via the construction of local hidden state models. It is conjectured that this condition is in fact sufficient. Two provably sufficient conditions are also obta…
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The question of which two-qubit states are steerable (i.e. permit a demonstration of EPR-steering) remains open. Here, a strong necessary condition is obtained for the steerability of two-qubit states having maximally-mixed reduced states, via the construction of local hidden state models. It is conjectured that this condition is in fact sufficient. Two provably sufficient conditions are also obtained, via asymmetric EPR-steering inequalities. Our work uses ideas from the quantum steering ellipsoid formalism, and explicitly evaluates the integral of $\boldsymbol n/(\boldsymbol n^\intercal A\boldsymbol n)^2$ over arbitrary unit hemispheres for any positive matrix $A$.
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Submitted 17 March, 2015; v1 submitted 6 November, 2014;
originally announced November 2014.
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Knots and Classical 3-Geometries
Authors:
T. -C. Toh,
M. R. Anderson
Abstract:
It has been conjectured by Rovelli that there is a correspondence between the space of link classes of a Riemannian 3-manifold and the space of 3-geometries (on the same manifold). An exact statement of his conjecture will be established and then verified for the case when the 3-manifold is compact, orientable and closed.
It has been conjectured by Rovelli that there is a correspondence between the space of link classes of a Riemannian 3-manifold and the space of 3-geometries (on the same manifold). An exact statement of his conjecture will be established and then verified for the case when the 3-manifold is compact, orientable and closed.
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Submitted 1 December, 1994;
originally announced December 1994.