Showing 1–50 of 118 results for author: Andrade, T

LEO-Aware DRL Meta-Scheduler for 5G Non-Terrestrial Network Slicing

Authors: Víctor Vilchez, Tiago P. C. de Andrade, Edward Hinojosa, Edmundo Madeira, and Carlos A. Astudillo

Abstract: The integration of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) into 5G and upcoming 6G architectures introduces various challenges, including severe propagation delays, ultra-high base station mobility, and channel non-stationarity, complicating radio resource management of heterogeneous network slices. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) meta-scheduler for twin… ▽ More The integration of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) into 5G and upcoming 6G architectures introduces various challenges, including severe propagation delays, ultra-high base station mobility, and channel non-stationarity, complicating radio resource management of heterogeneous network slices. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) meta-scheduler for twin-timescale resource allocation. Our solution adopts a decoupled Open Radio Access Network (RAN) architecture, in which a strategic 100 ms meta-scheduler selects scheduling policies for the different network slices using stale telemetry, while a fast-timescale MAC packet scheduler processes per-TTI user requests. The resulting Markov Decision Process captures non-stationary orbital dynamics and heterogeneous SLAs constraints via a TD3 agent. Simulation results under varying traffic load show that, unlike other solutions, the proposed meta-scheduler explicitly trades a statistically insignificant 1% capacity fraction (p > 0.05) to strictly bound the variance and overall magnitude of RLC-layer queuing delay for Mission-Critical (MC) traffic. Crucially, it enforces this isolation without inducing the broadband slice starvation characteristic of standard maximum-CQI heuristics, establishing a robust foundation for 6G O-RAN NTN resource allocation. △ Less

Submitted 3 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: This paper was accepted for publication at the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2026)

From Mobile Data to Business Insights: An End-to-End Analytics Framework for Large-Scale Urban Mobility Analysis and Decision Support

Authors: Thiago Andrade, Shazia Tabassum, Miguel E. P. Silva, Ricardo Dinis, Joao Gama

Abstract: Real time location data derived from mobile applications is a powerful tool for addressing various urban challenges, including tourism planning, parking management, bus route optimization, and resource allocation. Besides, it offers invaluable insights for shaping strategic decisions in commercial domains such as location based services, market share analysis, and behavioral profiling. In this exp… ▽ More Real time location data derived from mobile applications is a powerful tool for addressing various urban challenges, including tourism planning, parking management, bus route optimization, and resource allocation. Besides, it offers invaluable insights for shaping strategic decisions in commercial domains such as location based services, market share analysis, and behavioral profiling. In this expansive study, we aim to address all of the aforementioned challenges by investigating the behaviors and patterns of smartphone users within urban environments, particularly in the domains of tourism, transportation, and retail. Our approach encompasses the development of a sophisticated data platform from inception to implementation, which includes the formulation of use cases, architectural design, and implementation of modules. We employ state of the art techniques and technologies, including data anonymization, ETL pipelines, and utilizing Google BigQuery and Vertex AI for data processing and machine learning model development. A modular architecture based on reusable analytical building blocks was developed to generate data products that support multiple stakeholder driven use cases. Additionally, we apply interactive data visualization techniques via Power BI to facilitate the effective interpretation of analytical findings by stakeholders. The developed models address a wide range of mobility analytics tasks, including mobility profiling, frequent trajectory mining, area of influence analysis, traffic anomaly detection, and origin destination pattern analysis. The results demonstrate the framework's ability to capture user mobility dynamics at fine spatial and temporal resolutions, providing actionable insights for urban planning and strategic business decision making. △ Less

Submitted 3 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Deep Search for Joint Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-Energy Neutrinos with IceCube During the Third Observing Run of LIGO and Virgo

Authors: The IceCube Collaboration, R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, S. K. Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, S. Ali, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, J. Baines-Holmes, A. Balagopal V., S. W. Barwick, S. Bash, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus , et al. (2193 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The discovery of joint sources of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves has been a primary target for the LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, and IceCube observatories. The joint detection of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves would provide insight into cosmic processes, from the dynamics of compact object mergers and stellar collapses to the mechanisms driving relativistic outflows. The joint… ▽ More The discovery of joint sources of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves has been a primary target for the LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, and IceCube observatories. The joint detection of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves would provide insight into cosmic processes, from the dynamics of compact object mergers and stellar collapses to the mechanisms driving relativistic outflows. The joint detection of multiple cosmic messengers can also elevate the significance of the common observation even when some or all of the constituent messengers are sub-threshold, i.e. not significant enough to declare their detection individually. Using data from the LIGO, Virgo, and IceCube observatories, including sub-threshold events, we searched for common sources of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos during the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Our search did not identify significant joint sources. We derive constraints on the rate densities of joint sources. Our results constrain the isotropic neutrino emission from gravitational-wave sources for very high values of the total energy emitted in neutrinos (> $10^{52} - 10^{54}$ erg). △ Less

Submitted 28 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: Data release at: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/34B5AP

Penalty-Free SDDP: Feasibility Cuts for Robust Multi-Stage Stochastic Optimization in Energy Planning

Authors: Guilherme Freitas, Luiz Carlos da Costa Junior, Tiago Andrade, Alexandre Street

Abstract: Multi-stage decision problems under uncertainty can be efficiently solved with the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) algorithm. However, traditional implementations require all stage problems to be feasible. Feasibility is usually enforced by adding slack variables and penalizing them in the objective function, a process that depends on case-specific calibration and often distorts the eco… ▽ More Multi-stage decision problems under uncertainty can be efficiently solved with the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) algorithm. However, traditional implementations require all stage problems to be feasible. Feasibility is usually enforced by adding slack variables and penalizing them in the objective function, a process that depends on case-specific calibration and often distorts the economic interpretation of results. This paper proposes the Penalty-Free SDDP, an extension that introduces a Future Feasibility Function alongside the traditional Future Cost Function. The new recursion handles infeasibilities automatically, distinguishing between temporary and truly infeasible cases, and propagates feasibility information across stages through dedicated feasibility cuts. The approach was validated in a large-scale deterministic case inspired by the Brazilian hydrothermal system, achieving equivalent feasibility to the benchmark solution while eliminating miscalibrated artificial penalties. Results confirm its robustness and practicality as a foundation for future stochastic, multi-stage applications. △ Less

Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 8 pages, 1 figure, 1 table

MSC Class: 90C15 (Primary); 90C90(Secondary)

First ICCUB Numerical Relativity Waveform Catalog of Eccentric Black Hole Binaries

Authors: J. Trenado, T. Andrade, A. Climent, M. A. Ferrer

Abstract: We release the first Numerical Relativity catalog of Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos at University of Barcelona (ICCUB) consisting of 128 simulations for black hole binaries. All simulations in this first release correspond to highly eccentric binaries with eccentricity $e = (0.62,0.79)$ which develop zoom-whirls up to three close passages before merger. We consider aligned, equal spin configurati… ▽ More We release the first Numerical Relativity catalog of Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos at University of Barcelona (ICCUB) consisting of 128 simulations for black hole binaries. All simulations in this first release correspond to highly eccentric binaries with eccentricity $e = (0.62,0.79)$ which develop zoom-whirls up to three close passages before merger. We consider aligned, equal spin configurations in the range $χ= (-0.5, 0.5)$ and equal mass ratios. For each simulation, we provide the modes $(\ell, m)$ of Weyl scalar $ψ_4^{(\ell,m)}$ extrapolated to $r = \infty$, with $\ell \leq 4$. In addition, we provide the corresponding strain modes obtained by computing a double time integral of the Weyl scalar modes. Moreover, we provide metadata and the parameter files required to reproduce our results using the open-source code Einstein Toolkit. A Python code that facilitates the access to the data is available on Git-Hub. △ Less

Submitted 5 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 7 figures

GWTC-4.0: Population Properties of Merging Compact Binaries

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, S. Ahmadzadeh, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi , et al. (1783 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We detail the population properties of merging compact objects using 158 mergers from the cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog 4.0, which includes three types of binary mergers: binary neutron star, neutron star--black hole binary, and binary black hole mergers. We resolve multiple over- and under-densities in the black hole mass distribution: features persist at primary masses of… ▽ More We detail the population properties of merging compact objects using 158 mergers from the cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog 4.0, which includes three types of binary mergers: binary neutron star, neutron star--black hole binary, and binary black hole mergers. We resolve multiple over- and under-densities in the black hole mass distribution: features persist at primary masses of $10\,M_\odot$ and $35\,M_\odot$ with a possible third feature at $\sim 20\,M_\odot$. These are departures from an otherwise power-law-like continuum that steepens above $35\,M_\odot$. Binary black holes with primary masses near $10\,M_\odot$ are more likely to have less massive secondaries, with a mass ratio distribution peaking at $q = 0.74^{+0.13}_{-0.13}$, potentially a signature of stable mass transfer during binary evolution. Black hole spins are inferred to be non-extremal, with 90\% of black holes having $χ< 0.57$, and preferentially aligned with binary orbits, implying many merging binaries form in isolation. However, we find a significant fraction, 0.24-0.42, of binaries have negative effective inspiral spins, suggesting many could be formed dynamically in gas-free environments. We find evidence for correlation between effective inspiral spin and mass ratio, though it is unclear if this is driven by variation in the mode of the distribution or the width. (Abridged) △ Less

Submitted 17 September, 2025; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog

Report number: LIGO-P2400004

GWTC-4.0: Methods for Identifying and Characterizing Gravitational-wave Transients

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, S. Ahmadzadeh, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, S. Akcay, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi , et al. (1787 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of candidate gravitational-wave transient signals identified and characterized by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. Producing the contents of the GWTC from detector data requires complex analysis methods. These comprise techniques to model the signal; identify the transients in the data; evaluate the quality of the data and mitigate… ▽ More The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of candidate gravitational-wave transient signals identified and characterized by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. Producing the contents of the GWTC from detector data requires complex analysis methods. These comprise techniques to model the signal; identify the transients in the data; evaluate the quality of the data and mitigate possible instrumental issues; infer the parameters of each transient; compare the data with the waveform models for compact binary coalescences; and handle the large amount of results associated with all these different analyses. In this paper, we describe the methods employed to produce the catalog's fourth release, GWTC-4.0, focusing on the analysis of the first part of the fourth observing run of Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA. △ Less

Submitted 29 June, 2026; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog. Published version

Report number: LIGO-P2400300

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2026, Volume 1004, Number 2

GWTC-4.0: An Introduction to Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, S. Ahmadzadeh, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, S. Akcay, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi , et al. (1786 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of short-duration (transient) gravitational wave signals identified by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration in gravitational-wave data produced by the eponymous detectors. The catalog provides information about the identified candidates, such as the arrival time and amplitude of the signal and properties of the signal's source as inferr… ▽ More The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of short-duration (transient) gravitational wave signals identified by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration in gravitational-wave data produced by the eponymous detectors. The catalog provides information about the identified candidates, such as the arrival time and amplitude of the signal and properties of the signal's source as inferred from the observational data. GWTC is the data release of this dataset and version 4.0 extends the catalog to include observations made during the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run up until 2024 January 31. This paper marks an introduction to a collection of articles related to this version of the catalog, GWTC-4.0. The collection of articles accompanying the catalog provides documentation of the methods used to analyze the data, summaries of the catalog of events, observational measurements drawn from the population, and detailed discussions of selected candidates △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2026; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog. Update following peer review

Report number: LIGO-P2400293

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2025, Volume 995, Number 1

The Science of the Einstein Telescope

Authors: Adrian Abac, Raul Abramo, Simone Albanesi, Angelica Albertini, Alessandro Agapito, Michalis Agathos, Conrado Albertus, Nils Andersson, Tomas Andrade, Igor Andreoni, Federico Angeloni, Marco Antonelli, John Antoniadis, Fabio Antonini, Manuel Arca Sedda, M. Celeste Artale, Stefano Ascenzi, Pierre Auclair, Matteo Bachetti, Charles Badger, Biswajit Banerjee, David Barba-Gonzalez, Daniel Barta, Nicola Bartolo, Andreas Bauswein , et al. (463 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Einstein Telescope (ET) is the European project for a gravitational-wave (GW) observatory of third-generation. In this paper we present a comprehensive discussion of its science objectives, providing state-of-the-art predictions for the capabilities of ET in both geometries currently under consideration, a single-site triangular configuration or two L-shaped detectors. We discuss the impact that E… ▽ More Einstein Telescope (ET) is the European project for a gravitational-wave (GW) observatory of third-generation. In this paper we present a comprehensive discussion of its science objectives, providing state-of-the-art predictions for the capabilities of ET in both geometries currently under consideration, a single-site triangular configuration or two L-shaped detectors. We discuss the impact that ET will have on domains as broad and diverse as fundamental physics, cosmology, early Universe, astrophysics of compact objects, physics of matter in extreme conditions, and dynamics of stellar collapse. We discuss how the study of extreme astrophysical events will be enhanced by multi-messenger observations. We highlight the ET synergies with ground-based and space-borne GW observatories, including multi-band investigations of the same sources, improved parameter estimation, and complementary information on astrophysical or cosmological mechanisms obtained combining observations from different frequency bands. We present advancements in waveform modeling dedicated to third-generation observatories, along with open tools developed within the ET Collaboration for assessing the scientific potentials of different detector configurations. We finally discuss the data analysis challenges posed by third-generation observatories, which will enable access to large populations of sources and provide unprecedented precision. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2025; v1 submitted 15 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 899 pages, 205 figures, v2: minor improvements, the version to appear in JCAP

Report number: ET-0036E-25

Journal ref: JCAP 03 (2026) 081

On the tightness of linear relaxations of alternative mixed integer programming formulations for the generator maintenance scheduling problem

Authors: Tiago Andrade

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of six distinct Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP) formulations for preventive Generator Maintenance Scheduling (GMS), a critical problem for ensuring the reliability and efficiency of power systems. By comparing the tightness of their linear relaxations, we identify which formulations offer superior dual bound and, thus, better computational p… ▽ More This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of six distinct Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP) formulations for preventive Generator Maintenance Scheduling (GMS), a critical problem for ensuring the reliability and efficiency of power systems. By comparing the tightness of their linear relaxations, we identify which formulations offer superior dual bound and, thus, better computational performance. Our analysis includes establishing relationships between the formulations through definitions, lemmas, and propositions, demonstrating that some formulations provide tighter relaxations that lead to more efficient optimization outcomes. These findings offer valuable insights for practitioners and researchers in selecting the most effective models to enhance the scheduling process of preventive generator maintenance. △ Less

Submitted 12 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 12 pages

Interactions among binary black holes in star clusters: Eccentric gravitational wave captures and triple formation

Authors: Daniel Marín Pina, Mark Gieles, Tomas Andrade, Alessandro A. Trani

Abstract: Numerical simulations of star clusters with black holes find that there is only a single dynamically active binary black hole (BBH), at odds with the theoretical expectation of ~5 dynamically formed - or, commonly referred to as three-body - BBHs in clusters with a few hundred BHs. We test the recent suggestion that this tension is because interactions among three-body BBHs were neglected in the t… ▽ More Numerical simulations of star clusters with black holes find that there is only a single dynamically active binary black hole (BBH), at odds with the theoretical expectation of ~5 dynamically formed - or, commonly referred to as three-body - BBHs in clusters with a few hundred BHs. We test the recent suggestion that this tension is because interactions among three-body BBHs were neglected in the theory. We use the public catalogue of Cluster Monte Carlo models to obtain a sample of strong BBH-BBH interactions, which we integrate using post-Newtonian equations of motion up to 3.5PN. We explore the nature of the BBHs involved in BBH-BBH interactions in star clusters, as well as the various outcomes: gravitational wave (GW) captures and the associated eccentricities at the frequencies of ground-based GW detectors, as well as BH triple formation and their contribution to BBH mergers via the ZLK mechanism. We find that almost all BBHs involved in BBH-BBH interactions are indeed three-body binaries and that BBH formation and disruption in BBH-BBH interactions occur at approximately the same rate, providing an explanation for the finding of a single dynamically active BBH in N-body models. An important implication is that the resulting rates of GW capture and triple formation are independent of uncertain initial binary properties. With the use of a population synthesis model for BBH-BBH interactions in globular clusters, we obtain a local rate of GW captures of $R=1Gpc^{-3}yr^{-1}$ as well as their eccentricity distribution and redshift dependence. We find that a BBH-BBH interaction is more likely to trigger a GW merger than a BH-BBH interaction. We also confirm that stable triples that are assembled in BBH-BBH interactions can merge via ZLK oscillations, although their merger rate is lower than GW captures. Our results will help with the interpretation of future GW signals from eccentric BBHs △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2025; v1 submitted 6 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, published in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 698, A229 (2025)

Search for continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars in the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, R. Abbott, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, I. Aguilar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Al-Jodah, C. Alléné , et al. (1794 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Continuous gravitational waves (CWs) emission from neutron stars carries information about their internal structure and equation of state, and it can provide tests of General Relativity. We present a search for CWs from a set of 45 known pulsars in the first part of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run, known as O4a. We conducted a targeted search for each pulsar using three independent ana… ▽ More Continuous gravitational waves (CWs) emission from neutron stars carries information about their internal structure and equation of state, and it can provide tests of General Relativity. We present a search for CWs from a set of 45 known pulsars in the first part of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run, known as O4a. We conducted a targeted search for each pulsar using three independent analysis methods considering the single-harmonic and the dual-harmonic emission models. We find no evidence of a CW signal in O4a data for both models and set upper limits on the signal amplitude and on the ellipticity, which quantifies the asymmetry in the neutron star mass distribution. For the single-harmonic emission model, 29 targets have the upper limit on the amplitude below the theoretical spin-down limit. The lowest upper limit on the amplitude is $6.4\!\times\!10^{-27}$ for the young energetic pulsar J0537-6910, while the lowest constraint on the ellipticity is $8.8\!\times\!10^{-9}$ for the bright nearby millisecond pulsar J0437-4715. Additionally, for a subset of 16 targets we performed a narrowband search that is more robust regarding the emission model, with no evidence of a signal. We also found no evidence of non-standard polarizations as predicted by the Brans-Dicke theory. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2025; v1 submitted 2 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: main paper: 12 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables

Report number: LIGO-P2400315

Journal ref: Astrophys.J. 983 (2025) 2, 99

Black hole spectroscopy with nonlinear quasi-normal modes

Authors: Macarena Lagos, Tomás Andrade, Jordi Rafecas-Ventosa, Lam Hui

Abstract: The future detection of quasi-normal modes (QNMs) from black hole ringdown will allow for consistency and independent tests of general relativity (GR) in the strong-field regime. In this paper, we perform a ringdown Fisher forecast when including the dominant quadratic QNM (QQNM) expected in nearly equal-mass quasi-circular binary black holes (BBHs) observed by next-generation ground-based detecto… ▽ More The future detection of quasi-normal modes (QNMs) from black hole ringdown will allow for consistency and independent tests of general relativity (GR) in the strong-field regime. In this paper, we perform a ringdown Fisher forecast when including the dominant quadratic QNM (QQNM) expected in nearly equal-mass quasi-circular binary black holes (BBHs) observed by next-generation ground-based detectors, Einstein Telescope (ET) and Cosmic Explorer (CE). We consider a ringdown model with a total of four modes: three linear QNMs labeled by $(\ell m n)=(220), (330), (440)$ and one QQNM coming from the self-interaction of the dominant linear (220) QNM. We perform a forecast in two scenarios, when the QQNM parameters are considered to be: (a) independent of the linear QNMs; (b) dependent on the (220) QNM parameters, according to GR. In Scenario (a) we find the QQNM to generally be measured with better precision than the (440) mode but worse than the (330) mode. As shown in the past, high-spin BBHs tend to have higher relative QQNMs. Even in such cases, we only expect to confidently detect and resolve these four independent QNMs for nearby events, below redshift $z\sim 0.5$ in ET and CE for intermediate-mass BHs. In Scenario (b) we find the QQNM to be extremely useful for improving the precision on the (440) parameters, with negligible improvements on the (220) parameters. In this case, the (440) parameters are expected to be measured even better than those of the (330) QNM. As a result, we expect to confidently detect and resolve the three independent linear QNMs for events even at high redshifts, up to $z\sim 35$ in ET and CE for intermediate-mass BHs. Therefore, thanks to the inclusion of the QQNM, virtually all second-generation BBH events will provide excellent consistency tests of GR. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2024; v1 submitted 4 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: Version accepted in journal

Search for gravitational waves emitted from SN 2023ixf

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, R. Abbott, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, I. Aguilar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Al-Jodah, C. Alléné, A. Allocca , et al. (1758 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results of a search for gravitational-wave transients associated with core-collapse supernova SN 2023ixf, which was observed in the galaxy Messier 101 via optical emission on 2023 May 19th, during the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA 15th Engineering Run. We define a five-day on-source window during which an accompanying gravitational-wave signal may have occurred. No gravitational waves have been… ▽ More We present the results of a search for gravitational-wave transients associated with core-collapse supernova SN 2023ixf, which was observed in the galaxy Messier 101 via optical emission on 2023 May 19th, during the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA 15th Engineering Run. We define a five-day on-source window during which an accompanying gravitational-wave signal may have occurred. No gravitational waves have been identified in data when at least two gravitational-wave observatories were operating, which covered $\sim 14\%$ of this five-day window. We report the search detection efficiency for various possible gravitational-wave emission models. Considering the distance to M101 (6.7 Mpc), we derive constraints on the gravitational-wave emission mechanism of core-collapse supernovae across a broad frequency spectrum, ranging from 50 Hz to 2 kHz where we assume the gravitational-wave emission occurred when coincident data are available in the on-source window. Considering an ellipsoid model for a rotating proto-neutron star, our search is sensitive to gravitational-wave energy $1 \times 10^{-4} M_{\odot} c^2$ and luminosity $2.6 \times 10^{-4} M_{\odot} c^2/s$ for a source emitting at 82 Hz. These constraints are around an order of magnitude more stringent than those obtained so far with gravitational-wave data. The constraint on the ellipticity of the proto-neutron star that is formed is as low as 1.08, at frequencies above 1200 Hz, surpassing past results. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2025; v1 submitted 21 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Main paper: 6 pages, 4 figures and 1 table. Total with appendices: 20 pages, 4 figures, and 1 table

Report number: LIGO-P2400125

Journal ref: ApJ 985 183 (2025)

A search using GEO600 for gravitational waves coincident with fast radio bursts from SGR 1935+2154

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, R. Abbott, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, I. Aguilar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Al-Jodah, C. Alléné , et al. (1758 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The magnetar SGR 1935+2154 is the only known Galactic source of fast radio bursts (FRBs). FRBs from SGR 1935+2154 were first detected by CHIME/FRB and STARE2 in 2020 April, after the conclusion of the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaborations' O3 observing run. Here we analyze four periods of gravitational wave (GW) data from the GEO600 detector coincident with four periods of FRB activity detected by… ▽ More The magnetar SGR 1935+2154 is the only known Galactic source of fast radio bursts (FRBs). FRBs from SGR 1935+2154 were first detected by CHIME/FRB and STARE2 in 2020 April, after the conclusion of the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaborations' O3 observing run. Here we analyze four periods of gravitational wave (GW) data from the GEO600 detector coincident with four periods of FRB activity detected by CHIME/FRB, as well as X-ray glitches and X-ray bursts detected by NICER and NuSTAR close to the time of one of the FRBs. We do not detect any significant GW emission from any of the events. Instead, using a short-duration GW search (for bursts $\leq$ 1 s) we derive 50\% (90\%) upper limits of $10^{48}$ ($10^{49}$) erg for GWs at 300 Hz and $10^{49}$ ($10^{50}$) erg at 2 kHz, and constrain the GW-to-radio energy ratio to $\leq 10^{14} - 10^{16}$. We also derive upper limits from a long-duration search for bursts with durations between 1 and 10 s. These represent the strictest upper limits on concurrent GW emission from FRBs. △ Less

Submitted 21 May, 2025; v1 submitted 11 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 15 pages of text including references, 4 figures, 5 tables

Report number: LIGO-P2400192

Journal ref: ApJ 977 255 (2024)

A numerical-relativity surrogate model for hyperbolic encounters of black holes: challenges in parameter estimation

Authors: Joan Fontbuté, Tomas Andrade, Raimon Luna, Juan Calderón Bustillo, Gonzalo Morrás, Santiago Jaraba, Juan García-Bellido, Germán López Izquierdo

Abstract: We present a surrogate numerical-relativity model for close hyperbolic black-hole encounters with equal masses and spins aligned with the orbital momentum. Our model, generated in terms of the Newman-Penrose scalar $ψ_4$, spans impact parameters $b/M\in [11, 15]$ and spin components $χ_{i} \in [-0.5,0.5]$, modeling the $(\ell,m)=(2,0)$, $(2, \pm 2)$, $(3,\pm 2)$ and $(4,\pm 4)$ emission multipoles… ▽ More We present a surrogate numerical-relativity model for close hyperbolic black-hole encounters with equal masses and spins aligned with the orbital momentum. Our model, generated in terms of the Newman-Penrose scalar $ψ_4$, spans impact parameters $b/M\in [11, 15]$ and spin components $χ_{i} \in [-0.5,0.5]$, modeling the $(\ell,m)=(2,0)$, $(2, \pm 2)$, $(3,\pm 2)$ and $(4,\pm 4)$ emission multipoles. The model is faithful to numerical relativity simulations, yielding mismatches lower than $10^{-3}$. We test the ability of our model to recover the parameters of numerically simulated signals. We find that, despite the high accuracy of the model, parameter inference struggles to correctly capture the parameters of the source even for SNRs as large as 50 due to the strong degeneracies present in the parameter space. This indicates that correctly identifying these systems will require of extremely large signal loudness, only typical of third generation detectors. Nevertheless, we also find that, if one attempts to infer certain combinations of such degenerated parameters, there might be a chance to prove the existence of this type of events, even with the current ground-based detectors, as long as these combinations make sense astrophysically and cosmologically. △ Less

Submitted 25 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 15 figures

Report number: LIGO-P-2400379

Swift-BAT GUANO follow-up of gravitational-wave triggers in the third LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run

Authors: Gayathri Raman, Samuele Ronchini, James Delaunay, Aaron Tohuvavohu, Jamie A. Kennea, Tyler Parsotan, Elena Ambrosi, Maria Grazia Bernardini, Sergio Campana, Giancarlo Cusumano, Antonino D'Ai, Paolo D'Avanzo, Valerio D'Elia, Massimiliano De Pasquale, Simone Dichiara, Phil Evans, Dieter Hartmann, Paul Kuin, Andrea Melandri, Paul O'Brien, Julian P. Osborne, Kim Page, David M. Palmer, Boris Sbarufatti, Gianpiero Tagliaferri , et al. (1797 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received in low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wav… ▽ More We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received in low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum--likelihood NITRATES pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15-350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10$^{-3}$ Hz, we compute the GW--BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2025; v1 submitted 13 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: Update to version accepted for publication in ApJ. 50 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables

Journal ref: ApJ, Volume 980, 2025, 207

Every Breath You Don't Take: Deepfake Speech Detection Using Breath

Authors: Seth Layton, Thiago De Andrade, Daniel Olszewski, Kevin Warren, Kevin Butler, Patrick Traynor

Abstract: Deepfake speech represents a real and growing threat to systems and society. Many detectors have been created to aid in defense against speech deepfakes. While these detectors implement myriad methodologies, many rely on low-level fragments of the speech generation process. We hypothesize that breath, a higher-level part of speech, is a key component of natural speech and thus improper generation… ▽ More Deepfake speech represents a real and growing threat to systems and society. Many detectors have been created to aid in defense against speech deepfakes. While these detectors implement myriad methodologies, many rely on low-level fragments of the speech generation process. We hypothesize that breath, a higher-level part of speech, is a key component of natural speech and thus improper generation in deepfake speech is a performant discriminator. To evaluate this, we create a breath detector and leverage this against a custom dataset of online news article audio to discriminate between real/deepfake speech. Additionally, we make this custom dataset publicly available to facilitate comparison for future work. Applying our simple breath detector as a deepfake speech discriminator on in-the-wild samples allows for accurate classification (perfect 1.0 AUPRC and 0.0 EER on test data) across 33.6 hours of audio. We compare our model with the state-of-the-art SSL-wav2vec model and show that this complex deep learning model completely fails to classify the same in-the-wild samples (0.72 AUPRC and 0.99 EER). △ Less

Submitted 26 April, 2024; v1 submitted 23 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: Submitted to ACM journal -- Digital Threats: Research and Practice

Observation of Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a $2.5\text{-}4.5~M_\odot$ Compact Object and a Neutron Star

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, R. Abbott, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, I. Aguilar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, S. Akçay, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Al-Jodah , et al. (1771 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the observation of a coalescing compact binary with component masses $2.5\text{-}4.5~M_\odot$ and $1.2\text{-}2.0~M_\odot$ (all measurements quoted at the 90% credible level). The gravitational-wave signal GW230529_181500 was observed during the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detector network on 2023 May 29 by the LIGO Livingston Observatory. The primary component of the so… ▽ More We report the observation of a coalescing compact binary with component masses $2.5\text{-}4.5~M_\odot$ and $1.2\text{-}2.0~M_\odot$ (all measurements quoted at the 90% credible level). The gravitational-wave signal GW230529_181500 was observed during the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detector network on 2023 May 29 by the LIGO Livingston Observatory. The primary component of the source has a mass less than $5~M_\odot$ at 99% credibility. We cannot definitively determine from gravitational-wave data alone whether either component of the source is a neutron star or a black hole. However, given existing estimates of the maximum neutron star mass, we find the most probable interpretation of the source to be the coalescence of a neutron star with a black hole that has a mass between the most massive neutron stars and the least massive black holes observed in the Galaxy. We provisionally estimate a merger rate density of $55^{+127}_{-47}~\text{Gpc}^{-3}\,\text{yr}^{-1}$ for compact binary coalescences with properties similar to the source of GW230529_181500; assuming that the source is a neutron star-black hole merger, GW230529_181500-like sources constitute about 60% of the total merger rate inferred for neutron star-black hole coalescences. The discovery of this system implies an increase in the expected rate of neutron star-black hole mergers with electromagnetic counterparts and provides further evidence for compact objects existing within the purported lower mass gap. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2024; v1 submitted 5 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 45 pages (10 pages author list, 13 pages main text, 1 page acknowledgements, 13 pages appendices, 8 pages bibliography), 17 figures, 16 tables. Update to match version published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Data products available from https://zenodo.org/records/10845779

Report number: LIGO-P2300352

Journal ref: ApJL 970, L34 (2024)

CP HDR: A feature point detection and description library for LDR and HDR images

Authors: Artur Santos Nascimento, Valter Guilherme Silva de Souza, Daniel Oliveira Dantas, Beatriz Trinchão Andrade

Abstract: In computer vision, characteristics refer to image regions with unique properties, such as corners, edges, textures, or areas with high contrast. These regions can be represented through feature points (FPs). FP detection and description are fundamental steps to many computer vision tasks. Most FP detection and description methods use low dynamic range (LDR) images, sufficient for most application… ▽ More In computer vision, characteristics refer to image regions with unique properties, such as corners, edges, textures, or areas with high contrast. These regions can be represented through feature points (FPs). FP detection and description are fundamental steps to many computer vision tasks. Most FP detection and description methods use low dynamic range (LDR) images, sufficient for most applications involving digital images. However, LDR images may have saturated pixels in scenes with extreme light conditions, which degrade FP detection. On the other hand, high dynamic range (HDR) images usually present a greater dynamic range but FP detection algorithms do not take advantage of all the information in such images. In this study, we present a systematic review of image detection and description algorithms that use HDR images as input. We developed a library called CP_HDR that implements the Harris corner detector, SIFT detector and descriptor, and two modifications of those algorithms specialized in HDR images, called SIFT for HDR (SfHDR) and Harris for HDR (HfHDR). Previous studies investigated the use of HDR images in FP detection, but we did not find studies investigating the use of HDR images in FP description. Using uniformity, repeatability rate, mean average precision, and matching rate metrics, we compared the performance of the CP_HDR algorithms using LDR and HDR images. We observed an increase in the uniformity of the distribution of FPs among the high-light, mid-light, and low-light areas of the images. The results show that using HDR images as input to detection algorithms improves performance and that SfHDR and HfHDR enhance FP description. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

MSC Class: 68T45 ACM Class: I.4.0

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, R. Abbott, H. Abe, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, O. D. Aguiar, I. Aguilar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi , et al. (1778 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we prese… ▽ More Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM. △ Less

Submitted 5 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 20 pages, 5 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2300250

Actively Learning Numerical Relativity

Authors: Tomas Andrade, Rossella Gamba, Juan Trenado

Abstract: Data analysis of gravitational waves detected by the Ligo-Virgo-Kagra collaboration and future observatories relies on precise modelling of the sources. In order to build, calibrate and validate current models, we resort to expensive simulations in Numerical Relativity (NR), the fully-fledged simulation of Einstein's Equations. Since simulation costs and the dimensionality of parameter space are p… ▽ More Data analysis of gravitational waves detected by the Ligo-Virgo-Kagra collaboration and future observatories relies on precise modelling of the sources. In order to build, calibrate and validate current models, we resort to expensive simulations in Numerical Relativity (NR), the fully-fledged simulation of Einstein's Equations. Since simulation costs and the dimensionality of parameter space are prohibitive to perform a dense coverage, approximate models interpolate among the available simulation data. We put forward the technique of Gaussian Process Active Learning (GPAL), an adaptive, data-driven protocol, for parameter space exploration and training of gravitational wave approximants. We evaluate this proposal by studying a computationally inexpensive scenario, in which we calibrate the approximant TEOBResumS using the NR-informed model as a proxy for NR. In this case study, we find that GPAL reduces the computational cost of training by a factor of 4 with respect to uniform or randomly distributed simulations. Moreover, we consider a parallel implementation which reduces computational time, and hybrid strategies which improve pre-calibrated models. The Gaussian Process regression employed in this approach naturally endows the algorithm with notion of model uncertainty. We comment on the implications of this feature for data analysis. △ Less

Submitted 21 February, 2024; v1 submitted 19 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 17 pages, 12 figures

Unveiling the merger structure of black hole binaries in generic planar orbits

Authors: Gregorio Carullo, Simone Albanesi, Alessandro Nagar, Rossella Gamba, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Tomas Andrade, Juan Trenado

Abstract: The precise modeling of binary black hole coalescences in generic planar orbits is a crucial step to disentangle dynamical and isolated binary formation channels through gravitational-wave observations. The merger regime of such coalescences exhibits a significantly higher complexity compared to the quasicircular case, and cannot be readily described through standard parameterizations in terms of… ▽ More The precise modeling of binary black hole coalescences in generic planar orbits is a crucial step to disentangle dynamical and isolated binary formation channels through gravitational-wave observations. The merger regime of such coalescences exhibits a significantly higher complexity compared to the quasicircular case, and cannot be readily described through standard parameterizations in terms of eccentricity and anomaly. In the spirit of the Effective One Body formalism, we build on the study of the test-mass limit, and introduce a new modelling strategy to describe the general-relativistic dynamics of two-body systems in generic orbits. This is achieved through gauge-invariant combinations of the binary energy and angular momentum, such as a dynamical "impact parameter" at merger. These variables reveal simple "quasi-universal" structures of the pivotal merger parameters, allowing to build an accurate analytical representation of generic (bounded and dynamically-bounded) orbital configurations. We demonstrate the validity of these analytical relations using 311 numerical simulations of bounded noncircular binaries with progenitors from the RIT and SXS catalogs, together with a custom dataset of dynamical captures generated using the Einstein Toolkit, and test-mass data in bound orbits. Our modeling strategy lays the foundations of accurate and complete waveform models for systems in arbitrary orbits, bolstering observational explorations of dynamical formation scenarios and the discovery of new classes of gravitational wave sources. △ Less

Submitted 25 April, 2024; v1 submitted 13 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: v2: extended to spinning case. Matches journal version; v3: fix formatting issue in Suppl. Mat

Report number: VIR-0804A-23

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 101401 (2024)

A Joint Fermi-GBM and Swift-BAT Analysis of Gravitational-Wave Candidates from the Third Gravitational-wave Observing Run

Authors: C. Fletcher, J. Wood, R. Hamburg, P. Veres, C. M. Hui, E. Bissaldi, M. S. Briggs, E. Burns, W. H. Cleveland, M. M. Giles, A. Goldstein, B. A. Hristov, D. Kocevski, S. Lesage, B. Mailyan, C. Malacaria, S. Poolakkil, A. von Kienlin, C. A. Wilson-Hodge, The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor Team, M. Crnogorčević, J. DeLaunay, A. Tohuvavohu, R. Caputo, S. B. Cenko , et al. (1674 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT) searches for gamma-ray/X-ray counterparts to gravitational wave (GW) candidate events identified during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Using Fermi-GBM on-board triggers and sub-threshold gamma-ray burst (GRB) candidates found in the Fermi-GBM ground analyses,… ▽ More We present Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT) searches for gamma-ray/X-ray counterparts to gravitational wave (GW) candidate events identified during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Using Fermi-GBM on-board triggers and sub-threshold gamma-ray burst (GRB) candidates found in the Fermi-GBM ground analyses, the Targeted Search and the Untargeted Search, we investigate whether there are any coincident GRBs associated with the GWs. We also search the Swift-BAT rate data around the GW times to determine whether a GRB counterpart is present. No counterparts are found. Using both the Fermi-GBM Targeted Search and the Swift-BAT search, we calculate flux upper limits and present joint upper limits on the gamma-ray luminosity of each GW. Given these limits, we constrain theoretical models for the emission of gamma-rays from binary black hole mergers. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Search for Eccentric Black Hole Coalescences during the Third Observing Run of LIGO and Virgo

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, O. D. Aguiar, I. Aguilar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi , et al. (1750 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effect… ▽ More Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass $M>70$ $M_\odot$) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities $0 < e \leq 0.3$ at $0.33$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ at 90\% confidence level. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: 24 pages, 5 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2300080

RobôCIn Small Size League Extended Team Description Paper for RoboCup 2023

Authors: Aline Lima de Oliveira, Cauê Addae da Silva Gomes, Cecília Virginia Santos da Silva, Charles Matheus de Sousa Alves, Danilo Andrade Martins de Souza, Driele Pires Ferreira Araújo Xavier, Edgleyson Pereira da Silva, Felipe Bezerra Martins, Lucas Henrique Cavalcanti Santos, Lucas Dias Maciel, Matheus Paixão Gumercindo dos Santos, Matheus Lafayette Vasconcelos, Matheus Vinícius Teotonio do Nascimento Andrade, João Guilherme Oliveira Carvalho de Melo, João Pedro Souza Pereira de Moura, José Ronald da Silva, José Victor Silva Cruz, Pedro Henrique Santana de Morais, Pedro Paulo Salman de Oliveira, Riei Joaquim Matos Rodrigues, Roberto Costa Fernandes, Ryan Vinicius Santos Morais, Tamara Mayara Ramos Teobaldo, Washington Igor dos Santos Silva, Edna Natividade Silva Barros

Abstract: RobôCIn has participated in RoboCup Small Size League since 2019, won its first world title in 2022 (Division B), and is currently a three-times Latin-American champion. This paper presents our improvements to defend the Small Size League (SSL) division B title in RoboCup 2023 in Bordeaux, France. This paper aims to share some of the academic research that our team developed over the past year. Ou… ▽ More RobôCIn has participated in RoboCup Small Size League since 2019, won its first world title in 2022 (Division B), and is currently a three-times Latin-American champion. This paper presents our improvements to defend the Small Size League (SSL) division B title in RoboCup 2023 in Bordeaux, France. This paper aims to share some of the academic research that our team developed over the past year. Our team has successfully published 2 articles related to SSL at two high-impact conferences: the 25th RoboCup International Symposium and the 19th IEEE Latin American Robotics Symposium (LARS 2022). Over the last year, we have been continuously migrating from our past codebase to Unification. We will describe the new architecture implemented and some points of software and AI refactoring. In addition, we discuss the process of integrating machined components into the mechanical system, our development for participating in the vision blackout challenge last year and what we are preparing for this year. △ Less

Submitted 19 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Towards numerical-relativity informed effective-one-body waveforms for dynamical capture black hole binaries

Authors: Tomas Andrade, Juan Trenado, Simone Albanesi, Rossella Gamba, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Alessandro Nagar, Juan Calderon-Bustillo, Nicolas Sanchis-Gual, Jose A. Font, William Cook, Boris Daszuta, Francesco Zappa, David Radice

Abstract: Dynamical captures of black holes may take place in dense stellar media due to the emission of gravitational radiation during a close passage. Detection of such events requires detailed modelling, since their phenomenology qualitatively differs from that of quasi-circular binaries. Very few models can deliver such waveforms, and none includes information from Numerical Relativity (NR) simulations… ▽ More Dynamical captures of black holes may take place in dense stellar media due to the emission of gravitational radiation during a close passage. Detection of such events requires detailed modelling, since their phenomenology qualitatively differs from that of quasi-circular binaries. Very few models can deliver such waveforms, and none includes information from Numerical Relativity (NR) simulations of non quasi-circular coalescences. In this study we present a first step towards a fully NR-informed Effective One Body (EOB) model of dynamical captures. We perform 14 new simulations of single and double encounter mergers, and use this data to inform the merger-ringdown model of the TEOBResumS-Dali approximant. We keep the initial energy approximately fixed to the binary mass, and vary the mass-rescaled, dimensionless angular momentum in the range $(0.6, 1.1)$, the mass ratio in $(1, 2.15)$ and aligned dimensionless spins in $(-0.5, 0.5)$. We find that the model is able to match NR to $97%$, improving previous performances, without the need of modifying the base-line template. Upon NR informing the model, this improves to $99%$ with the exception of one outlier corresponding to a direct plunge. The maximum EOBNR phase difference at merger for the uninformed model is of $0.15$ radians, which is reduced to $0.1$ radians after the NR information is introduced. We outline the steps towards a fully informed EOB model of dynamical captures, and discuss future improvements. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 21 pages, 15 figures

Spectral Stability of Periodic Traveling Wave Solutions for a Double Dispersion Equation

Authors: Fábio Natali, Thiago P. de Andrade

Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the spectral stability of periodic traveling waves for a cubic-quintic and double dispersion equation. Using the quadrature method we find explict periodic waves and we also present a characterization for all positive and periodic solutions for the model using the monotonicity of the period map in terms of the energy levels. The monotonicity of the period map is also… ▽ More In this paper, we investigate the spectral stability of periodic traveling waves for a cubic-quintic and double dispersion equation. Using the quadrature method we find explict periodic waves and we also present a characterization for all positive and periodic solutions for the model using the monotonicity of the period map in terms of the energy levels. The monotonicity of the period map is also useful to obtain the quantity and multiplicity of non-positive eigenvalues for the associated linearized operator and to do so, we use tools of the Floquet theory. Finally, we prove the spectral stability by analysing the difference between the number of negative eigenvalues of a convenient linear operator restricted to the space constituted by zero-mean periodic functions and the number of negative eigenvalues of the matrix formed by the tangent space associated to the low order conserved quantities of the evolution model. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 18 pages and 2 pictures

MSC Class: 76B25; 35Q51; 35Q53

QUBO.jl: A Julia Ecosystem for Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization

Authors: Pedro Maciel Xavier, Pedro Ripper, Tiago Andrade, Joaquim Dias Garcia, Nelson Maculan, David E. Bernal Neira

Abstract: We present QUBO.jl, an end-to-end Julia package for working with QUBO (Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization) instances. This tool aims to convert a broad range of optimization problems in JuMP, Julia's mathematical programming package, for straightforward application in many physics and physics-inspired solution methods whose standard model form is equivalent to QUBO. These methods include… ▽ More We present QUBO.jl, an end-to-end Julia package for working with QUBO (Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization) instances. This tool aims to convert a broad range of optimization problems in JuMP, Julia's mathematical programming package, for straightforward application in many physics and physics-inspired solution methods whose standard model form is equivalent to QUBO. These methods include quantum annealing, quantum gate-circuit optimization algorithms (Quantum Optimization Alternating Ansatz, Variational Quantum Eigensolver), other hardware-accelerated platforms, such as Coherent Ising Machines and Simulated Bifurcation Machines, and more traditional methods such as simulated annealing. In addition to working with reformulations, QUBO.jl allows its users to interface with the aforementioned hardware, sending QUBO models to these devices and retrieving results for subsequent analysis. QUBO.jl was written as a JuMP / MathOptInterface (MOI) layer that automatically maps between the input and output frames, thus providing a smooth modeling experience. △ Less

Submitted 27 July, 2026; v1 submitted 5 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Feature point detection in HDR images based on coefficient of variation

Authors: Artur Santos Nascimento, Welerson Augusto Lino de Jesus Melo, Daniel Oliveira Dantas, Beatriz Trinchão Andrade

Abstract: Feature point (FP) detection is a fundamental step of many computer vision tasks. However, FP detectors are usually designed for low dynamic range (LDR) images. In scenes with extreme light conditions, LDR images present saturated pixels, which degrade FP detection. On the other hand, high dynamic range (HDR) images usually present no saturated pixels but FP detection algorithms do not take advant… ▽ More Feature point (FP) detection is a fundamental step of many computer vision tasks. However, FP detectors are usually designed for low dynamic range (LDR) images. In scenes with extreme light conditions, LDR images present saturated pixels, which degrade FP detection. On the other hand, high dynamic range (HDR) images usually present no saturated pixels but FP detection algorithms do not take advantage of all the information present in such images. FP detection frequently relies on differential methods, which work well in LDR images. However, in HDR images, the differential operation response in bright areas overshadows the response in dark areas. As an alternative to standard FP detection methods, this study proposes an FP detector based on a coefficient of variation (CV) designed for HDR images. The CV operation adapts its response based on the standard deviation of pixels inside a window, working well in both dark and bright areas of HDR images. The proposed and standard detectors are evaluated by measuring their repeatability rate (RR) and uniformity. Our proposed detector shows better performance when compared to other standard state-of-the-art detectors. In uniformity metric, our proposed detector surpasses all the other algorithms. In other hand, when using the repeatability rate metric, the proposed detector is worse than Harris for HDR and SURF detectors. △ Less

Submitted 20 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

ACM Class: I.4.0

Search for gravitational-lensing signatures in the full third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, C. Alléné, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin , et al. (1670 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions of gravitational wave-signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO--Virgo network. We search for repeated… ▽ More Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions of gravitational wave-signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO--Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by 1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, 2) calculating the degree of overlap amongst the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, 3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms amongst pairs of signals, and 4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by 1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and 2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the non-detection of gravitational-wave lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects. △ Less

Submitted 17 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: 28 pages, 11 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2200031

Open data from the third observing run of LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA and GEO

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Al-Jodah, C. Alléné, A. Allocca , et al. (1719 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The global network of gravitational-wave observatories now includes five detectors, namely LIGO Hanford, LIGO Livingston, Virgo, KAGRA, and GEO 600. These detectors collected data during their third observing run, O3, composed of three phases: O3a starting in April of 2019 and lasting six months, O3b starting in November of 2019 and lasting five months, and O3GK starting in April of 2020 and lasti… ▽ More The global network of gravitational-wave observatories now includes five detectors, namely LIGO Hanford, LIGO Livingston, Virgo, KAGRA, and GEO 600. These detectors collected data during their third observing run, O3, composed of three phases: O3a starting in April of 2019 and lasting six months, O3b starting in November of 2019 and lasting five months, and O3GK starting in April of 2020 and lasting 2 weeks. In this paper we describe these data and various other science products that can be freely accessed through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center at https://gwosc.org. The main dataset, consisting of the gravitational-wave strain time series that contains the astrophysical signals, is released together with supporting data useful for their analysis and documentation, tutorials, as well as analysis software packages. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 27 pages, 3 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2200316

Search for subsolar-mass black hole binaries in the second part of Advanced LIGO's and Advanced Virgo's third observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, C. Alléné, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin , et al. (1680 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We describe a search for gravitational waves from compact binaries with at least one component with mass 0.2 $M_\odot$ -- $1.0 M_\odot$ and mass ratio $q \geq 0.1$ in Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data collected between 1 November 2019, 15:00 UTC and 27 March 2020, 17:00 UTC. No signals were detected. The most significant candidate has a false alarm rate of 0.2 $\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. We estimate t… ▽ More We describe a search for gravitational waves from compact binaries with at least one component with mass 0.2 $M_\odot$ -- $1.0 M_\odot$ and mass ratio $q \geq 0.1$ in Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data collected between 1 November 2019, 15:00 UTC and 27 March 2020, 17:00 UTC. No signals were detected. The most significant candidate has a false alarm rate of 0.2 $\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. We estimate the sensitivity of our search over the entirety of Advanced LIGO's and Advanced Virgo's third observing run, and present the most stringent limits to date on the merger rate of binary black holes with at least one subsolar-mass component. We use the upper limits to constrain two fiducial scenarios that could produce subsolar-mass black holes: primordial black holes (PBH) and a model of dissipative dark matter. The PBH model uses recent prescriptions for the merger rate of PBH binaries that include a rate suppression factor to effectively account for PBH early binary disruptions. If the PBHs are monochromatically distributed, we can exclude a dark matter fraction in PBHs $f_\mathrm{PBH} \gtrsim 0.6$ (at 90% confidence) in the probed subsolar-mass range. However, if we allow for broad PBH mass distributions we are unable to rule out $f_\mathrm{PBH} = 1$. For the dissipative model, where the dark matter has chemistry that allows a small fraction to cool and collapse into black holes, we find an upper bound $f_{\mathrm{DBH}} < 10^{-5}$ on the fraction of atomic dark matter collapsed into black holes. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2024; v1 submitted 2 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: https://dcc.ligo.org/P2200139

Virgo Detector Characterization and Data Quality: tools

Authors: F. Acernese, M. Agathos, A. Ain, S. Albanesi, A. Allocca, A. Amato, T. Andrade, N. Andres, M. Andrés-Carcasona, T. Andrić, S. Ansoldi, S. Antier, T. Apostolatos, E. Z. Appavuravther, M. Arène, N. Arnaud, M. Assiduo, S. Assis de Souza Melo, P. Astone, F. Aubin, S. Babak, F. Badaracco, M. K. M. Bader, S. Bagnasco, J. Baird , et al. (469 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Detector characterization and data quality studies -- collectively referred to as {\em DetChar} activities in this article -- are paramount to the scientific exploitation of the joint dataset collected by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA global network of ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. They take place during each phase of the operation of the instruments (upgrade, tuning and optimization, dat… ▽ More Detector characterization and data quality studies -- collectively referred to as {\em DetChar} activities in this article -- are paramount to the scientific exploitation of the joint dataset collected by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA global network of ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. They take place during each phase of the operation of the instruments (upgrade, tuning and optimization, data taking), are required at all steps of the dataflow (from data acquisition to the final list of GW events) and operate at various latencies (from near real-time to vet the public alerts to offline analyses). This work requires a wide set of tools which have been developed over the years to fulfill the requirements of the various DetChar studies: data access and bookkeeping; global monitoring of the instruments and of the different steps of the data processing; studies of the global properties of the noise at the detector outputs; identification and follow-up of noise peculiar features (whether they be transient or continuously present in the data); quick processing of the public alerts. The present article reviews all the tools used by the Virgo DetChar group during the third LIGO-Virgo Observation Run (O3, from April 2019 to March 2020), mainly to analyse the Virgo data acquired at EGO. Concurrently, a companion article focuses on the results achieved by the DetChar group during the O3 run using these tools. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2023; v1 submitted 14 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 44 pages, 16 figures. New version, resubmitted to Class. and Quantum Grav. This is the "Tools" part of preprint arXiv:2205.01555 [gr-qc] which has been split into two companion articles: one about the tools and methods, the other about the analyses of the O3 Virgo data

Virgo Detector Characterization and Data Quality: results from the O3 run

Authors: F. Acernese, M. Agathos, A. Ain, S. Albanesi, A. Allocca, A. Amato, T. Andrade, N. Andres, M. Andrés-Carcasona, T. Andrić, S. Ansoldi, S. Antier, T. Apostolatos, E. Z. Appavuravther, M. Arène, N. Arnaud, M. Assiduo, S. Assis de Souza Melo, P. Astone, F. Aubin, S. Babak, F. Badaracco, M. K. M. Bader, S. Bagnasco, J. Baird , et al. (469 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Advanced Virgo detector has contributed with its data to the rapid growth of the number of detected gravitational-wave (GW) signals in the past few years, alongside the two Advanced LIGO instruments. First during the last month of the Observation Run 2 (O2) in August 2017 (with, most notably, the compact binary mergers GW170814 and GW170817), and then during the full Observation Run 3 (O3): an… ▽ More The Advanced Virgo detector has contributed with its data to the rapid growth of the number of detected gravitational-wave (GW) signals in the past few years, alongside the two Advanced LIGO instruments. First during the last month of the Observation Run 2 (O2) in August 2017 (with, most notably, the compact binary mergers GW170814 and GW170817), and then during the full Observation Run 3 (O3): an 11-months data taking period, between April 2019 and March 2020, that led to the addition of about 80 events to the catalog of transient GW sources maintained by LIGO, Virgo and now KAGRA. These discoveries and the manifold exploitation of the detected waveforms require an accurate characterization of the quality of the data, such as continuous study and monitoring of the detector noise sources. These activities, collectively named {\em detector characterization and data quality} or {\em DetChar}, span the whole workflow of the Virgo data, from the instrument front-end hardware to the final analyses. They are described in details in the following article, with a focus on the results achieved by the Virgo DetChar group during the O3 run. Concurrently, a companion article describes the tools that have been used by the Virgo DetChar group to perform this work. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2023; v1 submitted 14 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 57 pages, 18 figures. New version, resubmitted to Class. and Quantum Grav. This is the "Results" part of preprint arXiv:2205.01555 [gr-qc] which has been split into two companion articles: one about the tools and methods, the other about the analyses of the O3 Virgo data

The endpoint of the Gregory-Laflamme instability of black strings revisited

Authors: Pau Figueras, Tiago França, Chenxia Gu, Tomas Andrade

Abstract: We reproduce and extend the previous studies of Lehner and Pretorius of the endpoint of the Gregory-Laflamme instability of black strings in five space-time dimensions. We consider unstable black strings of fixed thickness and different lengths, and in all cases we confirm that at the intermediate stages of the evolution the horizon can be interpreted as a quasistationary self-similar sequence of… ▽ More We reproduce and extend the previous studies of Lehner and Pretorius of the endpoint of the Gregory-Laflamme instability of black strings in five space-time dimensions. We consider unstable black strings of fixed thickness and different lengths, and in all cases we confirm that at the intermediate stages of the evolution the horizon can be interpreted as a quasistationary self-similar sequence of black strings connecting spherical black holes on different scales. However, we do not find any evidence for a global timescale relating subsequent generations. The endpoint of the instability is the pinch off of the horizon in finite asymptotic time, thus confirming the violation of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture around black string spacetimes. △ Less

Submitted 14 February, 2023; v1 submitted 24 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 12 pages, 10 figures plus one appendix. v2: Minor corrections, matches published version

Search for gravitational-wave transients associated with magnetar bursts in Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data from the third observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin , et al. (1645 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Gravitational waves are expected to be produced from neutron star oscillations associated with magnetar giant flares and short bursts. We present the results of a search for short-duration (milliseconds to seconds) and long-duration ($\sim$ 100 s) transient gravitational waves from 13 magnetar short bursts observed during Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA's third observation run. These 13 bu… ▽ More Gravitational waves are expected to be produced from neutron star oscillations associated with magnetar giant flares and short bursts. We present the results of a search for short-duration (milliseconds to seconds) and long-duration ($\sim$ 100 s) transient gravitational waves from 13 magnetar short bursts observed during Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA's third observation run. These 13 bursts come from two magnetars, SGR 1935$+$2154 and Swift J1818.0$-$1607. We also include three other electromagnetic burst events detected by Fermi GBM which were identified as likely coming from one or more magnetars, but they have no association with a known magnetar. No magnetar giant flares were detected during the analysis period. We find no evidence of gravitational waves associated with any of these 16 bursts. We place upper bounds on the root-sum-square of the integrated gravitational-wave strain that reach $2.2 \times 10^{-23}$ $/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ at 100 Hz for the short-duration search and $8.7 \times 10^{-23}$ $/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ at $450$ Hz for the long-duration search, given a detection efficiency of 50%. For a ringdown signal at 1590 Hz targeted by the short-duration search the limit is set to $1.8 \times 10^{-22}$ $/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$. Using the estimated distance to each magnetar, we derive upper bounds on the emitted gravitational-wave energy of $3.2 \times 10^{43}$ erg ($7.3 \times 10^{43}$ erg) for SGR 1935$+$2154 and $8.2 \times 10^{42}$ erg ($2.8 \times 10^{43}$ erg) for Swift J1818.0$-$1607, for the short-duration (long-duration) search. Assuming isotropic emission of electromagnetic radiation of the burst fluences, we constrain the ratio of gravitational-wave energy to electromagnetic energy for bursts from SGR 1935$+$2154 with available fluence information. The lowest of these ratios is $3 \times 10^3$. △ Less

Submitted 19 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 30 pages with appendices, 5 figures, 10 tables

Report number: LIGO-P2100387

Model-based cross-correlation search for gravitational waves from the low-mass X-ray binary Scorpius X-1 in LIGO O3 data

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, C. Alléné, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin , et al. (1670 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results of a model-based search for continuous gravitational waves from the low-mass X-ray binary Scorpius X-1 using LIGO detector data from the third observing run of Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA. This is a semicoherent search which uses details of the signal model to coherently combine data separated by less than a specified coherence time, which can be adjusted to bala… ▽ More We present the results of a model-based search for continuous gravitational waves from the low-mass X-ray binary Scorpius X-1 using LIGO detector data from the third observing run of Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA. This is a semicoherent search which uses details of the signal model to coherently combine data separated by less than a specified coherence time, which can be adjusted to balance sensitivity with computing cost. The search covered a range of gravitational-wave frequencies from 25Hz to 1600Hz, as well as ranges in orbital speed, frequency and phase determined from observational constraints. No significant detection candidates were found, and upper limits were set as a function of frequency. The most stringent limits, between 100Hz and 200Hz, correspond to an amplitude h0 of about 1e-25 when marginalized isotropically over the unknown inclination angle of the neutron star's rotation axis, or less than 4e-26 assuming the optimal orientation. The sensitivity of this search is now probing amplitudes predicted by models of torque balance equilibrium. For the usual conservative model assuming accretion at the surface of the neutron star, our isotropically-marginalized upper limits are close to the predicted amplitude from about 70Hz to 100Hz; the limits assuming the neutron star spin is aligned with the most likely orbital angular momentum are below the conservative torque balance predictions from 40Hz to 200Hz. Assuming a broader range of accretion models, our direct limits on gravitational-wave amplitude delve into the relevant parameter space over a wide range of frequencies, to 500Hz or more. △ Less

Submitted 2 January, 2023; v1 submitted 6 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 19 pages, Open Access Journal PDF

Report number: LIGO-P2100110-v13

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 941, L30 (2022)

Virgo Detector Characterization and Data Quality during the O3 run

Authors: F. Acernese, M. Agathos, A. Ain, S. Albanesi, A. Allocca, A. Amato, T. Andrade, N. Andres, M. Andrés-Carcasona, T. Andrić, S. Ansoldi, S. Antier, T. Apostolatos, E. Z. Appavuravther, M. Arène, N. Arnaud, M. Assiduo, S. Assis de Souza Melo, P. Astone, F. Aubin, S. Babak, F. Badaracco, M. K. M. Bader, S. Bagnasco, J. Baird , et al. (469 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Advanced Virgo detector has contributed with its data to the rapid growth of the number of detected gravitational-wave signals in the past few years, alongside the two LIGO instruments. First, during the last month of the Observation Run 2 (O2) in August 2017 (with, most notably, the compact binary mergers GW170814 and GW170817) and then during the full Observation Run 3 (O3): an 11 months dat… ▽ More The Advanced Virgo detector has contributed with its data to the rapid growth of the number of detected gravitational-wave signals in the past few years, alongside the two LIGO instruments. First, during the last month of the Observation Run 2 (O2) in August 2017 (with, most notably, the compact binary mergers GW170814 and GW170817) and then during the full Observation Run 3 (O3): an 11 months data taking period, between April 2019 and March 2020, that led to the addition of about 80 events to the catalog of transient gravitational-wave sources maintained by LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA. These discoveries and the manifold exploitation of the detected waveforms require an accurate characterization of the quality of the data, such as continuous study and monitoring of the detector noise. These activities, collectively named {\em detector characterization} or {\em DetChar}, span the whole workflow of the Virgo data, from the instrument front-end to the final analysis. They are described in details in the following article, with a focus on the associated tools, the results achieved by the Virgo DetChar group during the O3 run and the main prospects for future data-taking periods with an improved detector. △ Less

Submitted 28 October, 2022; v1 submitted 3 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: 86 pages, 33 figures. This paper has been divided into two articles which supercede it and have been posted to arXiv on October 2022. Please use these new preprints as references: arXiv:2210.15634 (tools and methods) and arXiv:2210.15633 (results from the O3 run)

Search for continuous gravitational wave emission from the Milky Way center in O3 LIGO--Virgo data

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin , et al. (1645 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a directed search for continuous gravitational wave (CW) signals emitted by spinning neutron stars located in the inner parsecs of the Galactic Center (GC). Compelling evidence for the presence of a numerous population of neutron stars has been reported in the literature, turning this region into a very interesting place to look for CWs. In this search, data from the full O3 LIGO--Virgo… ▽ More We present a directed search for continuous gravitational wave (CW) signals emitted by spinning neutron stars located in the inner parsecs of the Galactic Center (GC). Compelling evidence for the presence of a numerous population of neutron stars has been reported in the literature, turning this region into a very interesting place to look for CWs. In this search, data from the full O3 LIGO--Virgo run in the detector frequency band $[10,2000]\rm~Hz$ have been used. No significant detection was found and 95$\%$ confidence level upper limits on the signal strain amplitude were computed, over the full search band, with the deepest limit of about $7.6\times 10^{-26}$ at $\simeq 142\rm~Hz$. These results are significantly more constraining than those reported in previous searches. We use these limits to put constraints on the fiducial neutron star ellipticity and r-mode amplitude. These limits can be also translated into constraints in the black hole mass -- boson mass plane for a hypothetical population of boson clouds around spinning black holes located in the GC. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022.

Comments: 25 pages, 5 figures

Search for Gravitational Waves Associated with Fast Radio Bursts Detected by CHIME/FRB During the LIGO--Virgo Observing Run O3a

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, the CHIME/FRB Collaboration, :, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, A. Allocca , et al. (1633 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We search for gravitational-wave transients associated with fast radio bursts (FRBs) detected by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment Fast Radio Burst Project (CHIME/FRB), during the first part of the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (1 April 2019 15:00 UTC-1 Oct 2019 15:00 UTC). Triggers from 22 FRBs were analyzed with a search that targets compact binary coal… ▽ More We search for gravitational-wave transients associated with fast radio bursts (FRBs) detected by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment Fast Radio Burst Project (CHIME/FRB), during the first part of the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (1 April 2019 15:00 UTC-1 Oct 2019 15:00 UTC). Triggers from 22 FRBs were analyzed with a search that targets compact binary coalescences with at least one neutron star component. A targeted search for generic gravitational-wave transients was conducted on 40 FRBs. We find no significant evidence for a gravitational-wave association in either search. Given the large uncertainties in the distances of the FRBs inferred from the dispersion measures in our sample, however, this does not conclusively exclude any progenitor models that include emission of a gravitational wave of the types searched for from any of these FRB events. We report $90\%$ confidence lower bounds on the distance to each FRB for a range of gravitational-wave progenitor models. By combining the inferred maximum distance information for each FRB with the sensitivity of the gravitational-wave searches, we set upper limits on the energy emitted through gravitational waves for a range of emission scenarios. We find values of order $10^{51}$-$10^{57}$ erg for a range of different emission models with central gravitational wave frequencies in the range 70-3560 Hz. Finally, we also found no significant coincident detection of gravitational waves with the repeater, FRB 20200120E, which is the closest known extragalactic FRB. △ Less

Submitted 22 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 35 pages, 6 figures, 8 tables

Report number: P2100124

Thermoelectric transport properties of gapless pinned charge density waves

Authors: Tomas Andrade, Alexander Krikun

Abstract: Quantum strongly correlated matter exhibits properties which are not easily explainable in the conventional framework of Fermi liquids. Universal effective field theory tools are applicable in these cases regardless of the microscopic details of the quantum system, since they are based on symmetries. It is necessary, however, to construct these effective tools in full generality, avoiding restrict… ▽ More Quantum strongly correlated matter exhibits properties which are not easily explainable in the conventional framework of Fermi liquids. Universal effective field theory tools are applicable in these cases regardless of the microscopic details of the quantum system, since they are based on symmetries. It is necessary, however, to construct these effective tools in full generality, avoiding restrictions coming from particular microscopic descriptions which may inadequately constrain the coefficients that enter in the effective theory. In this work we demonstrate on explicit examples how the novel hydrodynamic coefficients which have been recently reinstated in the effective theory of pinned charge density waves (CDW) can affect the phenomenology of the thermo-electric transport in strongly correlated quantum matter. Our examples, based on two classes of holographic models with pinned CDW, have microscopics which are conceptually different from Fermi liquids. Therefore, the above novel transport coefficients are nonzero, contrary to the conventional approach. We show how these coefficients allow to take into account the change of sign of the Seebeck coefficient and the low resistivity of the CDW phase of the cuprate high temperature superconductors, without referring to the effects of Fermi surface reconstruction. △ Less

Submitted 10 August, 2022; v1 submitted 18 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 6 pages + supplementary material (v2: published version)

Report number: NORDITA 2022-014

Journal ref: Phys.Rev.B 106 (2022) 4, L041118

The Virgo O3 run and the impact of the environment

Authors: F. Acernese, M. Agathos, A. Ain, S. Albanesi, A. Allocca, A. Amato, T. Andrade, N. Andres, M. Andrés-Carcasona, T. Andrić, S. Ansoldi, S. Antier, T. Apostolatos, E. Z. Appavuravther, M. Arène, N. Arnaud, M. Assiduo, S. Assis de Souza Melo, P. Astone, F. Aubin, T. Avgitas, S. Babak, F. Badaracco, M. K. M. Bader, S. Bagnasco , et al. (464 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Sources of geophysical noise (such as wind, sea waves and earthquakes) or of anthropogenic noise impact ground-based gravitational-wave interferometric detectors, causing transient sensitivity worsening and gaps in data taking. During the one year-long third Observing Run (O3: from April 01, 2019 to March 27, 2020), the Virgo Collaboration collected a statistically significant dataset, used in thi… ▽ More Sources of geophysical noise (such as wind, sea waves and earthquakes) or of anthropogenic noise impact ground-based gravitational-wave interferometric detectors, causing transient sensitivity worsening and gaps in data taking. During the one year-long third Observing Run (O3: from April 01, 2019 to March 27, 2020), the Virgo Collaboration collected a statistically significant dataset, used in this article to study the response of the detector to a variety of environmental conditions. We correlated environmental parameters to global detector performance, such as observation range, duty cycle and control losses. Where possible, we identified weaknesses in the detector that will be used to elaborate strategies in order to improve Virgo robustness against external disturbances for the next data taking period, O4, currently planned to start at the end of 2022. The lessons learned could also provide useful insights for the design of the next generation of ground-based interferometers. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2023; v1 submitted 8 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 49 pages, 27 figures. Published in Classical and Quantum Grav

First joint observation by the underground gravitational-wave detector, KAGRA, with GEO600

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin , et al. (1647 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the results of the first joint observation of the KAGRA detector with GEO600. KAGRA is a cryogenic and underground gravitational-wave detector consisting of a laser interferometer with three-kilometer arms, and located in Kamioka, Gifu, Japan. GEO600 is a British--German laser interferometer with 600 m arms, and located near Hannover, Germany. GEO600 and KAGRA performed a joint observing… ▽ More We report the results of the first joint observation of the KAGRA detector with GEO600. KAGRA is a cryogenic and underground gravitational-wave detector consisting of a laser interferometer with three-kilometer arms, and located in Kamioka, Gifu, Japan. GEO600 is a British--German laser interferometer with 600 m arms, and located near Hannover, Germany. GEO600 and KAGRA performed a joint observing run from April 7 to 20, 2020. We present the results of the joint analysis of the GEO--KAGRA data for transient gravitational-wave signals, including the coalescence of neutron-star binaries and generic unmodeled transients. We also perform dedicated searches for binary coalescence signals and generic transients associated with gamma-ray burst events observed during the joint run. No gravitational-wave events were identified. We evaluate the minimum detectable amplitude for various types of transient signals and the spacetime volume for which the network is sensitive to binary neutron-star coalescences. We also place lower limits on the distances to the gamma-ray bursts analysed based on the non-detection of an associated gravitational-wave signal for several signal models, including binary coalescences. These analyses demonstrate the feasibility and utility of KAGRA as a member of the global gravitational-wave detector network. △ Less

Submitted 19 August, 2022; v1 submitted 2 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Matches with published version

Report number: LIGO-P2100286

Journal ref: Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Volume 2022, Issue 6, 063F01 (2022)

Gravitational quasinormal modes for Lifshitz black branes

Authors: Tomas Andrade, Christiana Pantelidou

Abstract: We study the scalar and vector channels of gravitational quasinormal modes for Lifshitz black branes emerging in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton and Einstein-Proca theories in four and five dimensions, finding significant differences between the two models. In particular, rather surprisingly, in the Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton model the dispersion relations for the shear and sound modes are given by… ▽ More We study the scalar and vector channels of gravitational quasinormal modes for Lifshitz black branes emerging in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton and Einstein-Proca theories in four and five dimensions, finding significant differences between the two models. In particular, rather surprisingly, in the Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton model the dispersion relations for the shear and sound modes are given by $ω_{shear} \sim -i\,k^4$ and $ω_{sound}\sim-i \,k^2$, while in the Einstein-Proca model they take the more conventional form $ω_{shear} \sim -i\,k^2$ and $ω_{sound}\sim k$, the proportionality constants depend on the dynamical exponent and the appropriate factors of temperature. Through the holographic duality, this calculation provides information about the relaxation of the momentum and energy flux operators in a putative dual Lifshitz field theory. Comparing with the dispersion relations obtained directly by considering Lifshitz hydrodynamics suggest that the mass density of the equilibrium state in the Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton model is infinite. △ Less

Submitted 7 March, 2022; v1 submitted 17 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 19 pages, 6 figures; v2: references added

Search for gravitational waves from Scorpius X-1 with a hidden Markov model in O3 LIGO data

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin , et al. (1647 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Results are presented for a semi-coherent search for continuous gravitational waves from the low-mass X-ray binary Scorpius X-1, using a hidden Markov model (HMM) to allow for spin wandering. This search improves on previous HMM-based searches of Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) data by including the orbital period in the search template grid, and by analyzing data from t… ▽ More Results are presented for a semi-coherent search for continuous gravitational waves from the low-mass X-ray binary Scorpius X-1, using a hidden Markov model (HMM) to allow for spin wandering. This search improves on previous HMM-based searches of Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) data by including the orbital period in the search template grid, and by analyzing data from the latest (third) observing run (O3). In the frequency range searched, from 60 to 500 Hz, we find no evidence of gravitational radiation. This is the most sensitive search for Scorpius X-1 using a HMM to date. For the most sensitive sub-band, starting at $256.06$Hz, we report an upper limit on gravitational wave strain (at $95 \%$ confidence) of $h_{0}^{95\%}=6.16\times10^{-26}$, assuming the orbital inclination angle takes its electromagnetically restricted value $ι=44^{\circ}$. The upper limits on gravitational wave strain reported here are on average a factor of $\sim 3$ lower than in the O2 HMM search. This is the first Scorpius X-1 HMM search with upper limits that reach below the indirect torque-balance limit for certain sub-bands, assuming $ι=44^{\circ}$. △ Less

Submitted 25 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: 23 pages, 5 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2100405

GRChombo: An adaptable numerical relativity code for fundamental physics

Authors: Tomas Andrade, Llibert Areste Salo, Josu C. Aurrekoetxea, Jamie Bamber, Katy Clough, Robin Croft, Eloy de Jong, Amelia Drew, Alejandro Duran, Pedro G. Ferreira, Pau Figueras, Hal Finkel, Tiago França, Bo-Xuan Ge, Chenxia Gu, Thomas Helfer, Juha Jäykkä, Cristian Joana, Markus Kunesch, Kacper Kornet, Eugene A. Lim, Francesco Muia, Zainab Nazari, Miren Radia, Justin Ripley , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: GRChombo is an open-source code for performing Numerical Relativity time evolutions, built on top of the publicly available Chombo software for the solution of PDEs. Whilst GRChombo uses standard techniques in NR, it focusses on applications in theoretical physics where adaptability, both in terms of grid structure, and in terms of code modification, are key drivers. GRChombo is an open-source code for performing Numerical Relativity time evolutions, built on top of the publicly available Chombo software for the solution of PDEs. Whilst GRChombo uses standard techniques in NR, it focusses on applications in theoretical physics where adaptability, both in terms of grid structure, and in terms of code modification, are key drivers. △ Less

Submitted 10 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: JOSS submission for first official release and review of the GRChombo GitHub repository: https://github.com/GRChombo/GRChombo, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03703

Journal ref: Journal of Open Source Software, 6(68), 3703, 2021

All-sky search for continuous gravitational waves from isolated neutron stars using Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo O3 data

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin , et al. (1645 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results of an all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves which can be produced by spinning neutron stars with an asymmetry around their rotation axis, using data from the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Four different analysis methods are used to search in a gravitational-wave frequency band from 10 to 2048 Hz and a first frequency derivativ… ▽ More We present results of an all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves which can be produced by spinning neutron stars with an asymmetry around their rotation axis, using data from the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Four different analysis methods are used to search in a gravitational-wave frequency band from 10 to 2048 Hz and a first frequency derivative from $-10^{-8}$ to $10^{-9}$ Hz/s. No statistically-significant periodic gravitational-wave signal is observed by any of the four searches. As a result, upper limits on the gravitational-wave strain amplitude $h_0$ are calculated. The best upper limits are obtained in the frequency range of 100 to 200 Hz and they are ${\sim}1.1\times10^{-25}$ at 95\% confidence-level. The minimum upper limit of $1.10\times10^{-25}$ is achieved at a frequency 111.5 Hz. We also place constraints on the rates and abundances of nearby planetary- and asteroid-mass primordial black holes that could give rise to continuous gravitational-wave signals. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: 23 main text pages, 17 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2100367

Narrowband searches for continuous and long-duration transient gravitational waves from known pulsars in the LIGO-Virgo third observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin, A. Amato , et al. (1636 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Isolated neutron stars that are asymmetric with respect to their spin axis are possible sources of detectable continuous gravitational waves. This paper presents a fully-coherent search for such signals from eighteen pulsars in data from LIGO and Virgo's third observing run (O3). For known pulsars, efficient and sensitive matched-filter searches can be carried out if one assumes the gravitational… ▽ More Isolated neutron stars that are asymmetric with respect to their spin axis are possible sources of detectable continuous gravitational waves. This paper presents a fully-coherent search for such signals from eighteen pulsars in data from LIGO and Virgo's third observing run (O3). For known pulsars, efficient and sensitive matched-filter searches can be carried out if one assumes the gravitational radiation is phase-locked to the electromagnetic emission. In the search presented here, we relax this assumption and allow the frequency and frequency time-derivative of the gravitational waves to vary in a small range around those inferred from electromagnetic observations. We find no evidence for continuous gravitational waves, and set upper limits on the strain amplitude for each target. These limits are more constraining for seven of the targets than the spin-down limit defined by ascribing all rotational energy loss to gravitational radiation. In an additional search we look in O3 data for long-duration (hours-months) transient gravitational waves in the aftermath of pulsar glitches for six targets with a total of nine glitches. We report two marginal outliers from this search, but find no clear evidence for such emission either. The resulting duration-dependent strain upper limits do not surpass indirect energy constraints for any of these targets. △ Less

Submitted 27 June, 2022; v1 submitted 21 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 37 pages, 9 figures, submitted to ApJ

Report number: LIGO-P2100267

Journal ref: ApJ, 932, 133 (2022)

Tests of General Relativity with GWTC-3

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, R. Abbott, H. Abe, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, P. F. de Alarcón, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Allocca , et al. (1660 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ever-increasing number of detections of gravitational waves (GWs) from compact binaries by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors allows us to perform ever-more sensitive tests of general relativity (GR) in the dynamical and strong-field regime of gravity. We perform a suite of tests of GR using the compact binary signals observed during the second half of the third observing run of th… ▽ More The ever-increasing number of detections of gravitational waves (GWs) from compact binaries by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors allows us to perform ever-more sensitive tests of general relativity (GR) in the dynamical and strong-field regime of gravity. We perform a suite of tests of GR using the compact binary signals observed during the second half of the third observing run of those detectors. We restrict our analysis to the 15 confident signals that have false alarm rates $\leq 10^{-3}\, {\rm yr}^{-1}$. In addition to signals consistent with binary black hole (BH) mergers, the new events include GW200115_042309, a signal consistent with a neutron star--BH merger. We find the residual power, after subtracting the best fit waveform from the data for each event, to be consistent with the detector noise. Additionally, we find all the post-Newtonian deformation coefficients to be consistent with the predictions from GR, with an improvement by a factor of ~2 in the -1PN parameter. We also find that the spin-induced quadrupole moments of the binary BH constituents are consistent with those of Kerr BHs in GR. We find no evidence for dispersion of GWs, non-GR modes of polarization, or post-merger echoes in the events that were analyzed. We update the bound on the mass of the graviton, at 90% credibility, to $m_g \leq 2.42 \times 10^{-23} \mathrm{eV}/c^2$. The final mass and final spin as inferred from the pre-merger and post-merger parts of the waveform are consistent with each other. The studies of the properties of the remnant BHs, including deviations of the quasi-normal mode frequencies and damping times, show consistency with the predictions of GR. In addition to considering signals individually, we also combine results from the catalog of GW signals to calculate more precise population constraints. We find no evidence in support of physics beyond GR. △ Less

Submitted 17 November, 2025; v1 submitted 13 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: accepted in PRD; v3: fixed graviton mass bound in abstract

Report number: LIGO-P2100275

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 112, 084080 (2025)