Showing 1–50 of 96 results for author: Anugu, N

NAIR-APREXIS: Enabling photonics-based instruments for long-baseline interferometry and integral-field spectroscopy

Authors: L. Labadie, R. J. Harris, K. Madhav, A. Dinkelaker, K. Barjot, A. Benoît, N. J. Scott, N. Anugu, S. Mahdizadeh, V. Kutnohorsky, A. Calcines Rosario, E. Ronson, A. Magniez, R. R. Thomson, T. K. Sharma, A. V. Mayer, G. Schaefer

Abstract: The NAIR project -- Novel Astronomical Instrumentation based on photonic light Reformatting -- aims at advancing photonic technologies for infrared long-baseline interferometry and precision spectroscopy. The rapid development of astrophotonics over the past decade has opened new pathways for astronomical instrumentation with unprecedented capabilities. We present results from NAIR that demonstrat… ▽ More The NAIR project -- Novel Astronomical Instrumentation based on photonic light Reformatting -- aims at advancing photonic technologies for infrared long-baseline interferometry and precision spectroscopy. The rapid development of astrophotonics over the past decade has opened new pathways for astronomical instrumentation with unprecedented capabilities. We present results from NAIR that demonstrate the potential of the ultrafast-laser inscription (ULI) technique for fabricating remapping devices for a range of applications. We developed a single-mode integrated-optics astronomical K-band beam combiner, which we successfully tested on-sky, although using only one single baseline of the CHARA Array. Across several observing campaigns, the prototype exhibited excellent stability, achieving 1% precision on the interferometric visibilities and a total on-sky throughput >40%, with an achieved limiting magnitude of K~5 using the 1-m meter telescopes of CHARA and without external fringe tracking. We are also developing an integral field unit (IFU) designed for exoplanet detection and characterisation. This is due to be tested with MagAO-X in Chile in 2027. The IFU is based upon astrophotonic fiber technologies - two-photon-polymerized (TPP) lenslets, a custom multi-core fiber, and a ULI reformatter. We discuss our efforts to achieve contrasts of 1e-3 between adjacent spaxels whilst retaining throughput of >50%. Finally, we discuss the work we are doing developing the next generation of astrophotonic technologies, including TPP micro-dispersers designed for low resolving power, high transmission applications. We achieve R~30 in a sub-mm package, showing viability for future use. These results emphasize the versatility and simplicity of integrated photonic approaches as a major advance in optical technologies for astronomical instrumentation. △ Less

Submitted 21 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 13 pages, 9 figures, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2026 Denmark

On-sky demonstration of dual-field interferometry at the CHARA Array

Authors: Narsireddy Anugu, John D. Monnier, Douglas R. Gies, Jeremy Jones, Robert Klement, Stefan Kraus, Rainer Köhler, Karolina Kubiak, Cyprien Lanthermann, Edgar R. Ligon, Denis Mourard, Gail H. Schaefer, Nicholas J. Scott

Abstract: Dual-field interferometry uses a bright reference star for real-time fringe tracking, allowing a second beam combiner to record long coherent integrations on a fainter off-axis science target. At the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array, we implement this mode using the six-telescope MIRC-X and MYSTIC beam combiners in the H and K bands, respectively. We first demonstrated th… ▽ More Dual-field interferometry uses a bright reference star for real-time fringe tracking, allowing a second beam combiner to record long coherent integrations on a fainter off-axis science target. At the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array, we implement this mode using the six-telescope MIRC-X and MYSTIC beam combiners in the H and K bands, respectively. We first demonstrated this capability in summer 2025 on the hierarchical triple $α$~Piscium. MIRC-X tracked component A in the $H$ band, while MYSTIC observed component B in the K band, resolving the 7~mas Ba--Bb subsystem and measuring the relative astrometry of the 1.85~arcsec A--B pair with an uncertainty of 234~$μ$as. Here, we describe subsequent phase-tracking testing, preliminary sensitivity simulations, and planned instrumental upgrades aimed at extending this mode to faint off-axis science targets. △ Less

Submitted 17 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: Presented at 2026 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation conference, Paper 14148-79

Visual Orbits of Spectroscopic Binaries with the CHARA Array. V. HD 210763 and HD 221950

Authors: Kathryn V. Lester, Josephine Singleton, Alexandra M. Twomey, Viktoria Sargent, Sally V. Shepherd, Douglas R. Gies, Gail H. Schaefer, Cyprien Lanthermann, Jeremy Jones, Katherine Shepard, Narsireddy Anugu, Claire L. Davies, Todd J. Henry, Hodari-Sadiki Hubbard-James, Wei-Chun Jao, Stefan Kraus, John D. Monnier, Leonardo A. Paredes, Benjamin R. Setterholm

Abstract: We present the visual orbits and dynamical masses of two longer period spectroscopic binary stars, HD 210763 and HD 221950, using long baseline interferometry with the CHARA Array and high resolution spectroscopy with the APO 3.5 m and CTIO 1.5 m telescopes. By combining the astrometric and radial velocity observations, we solve for the full, three-dimensional orbits and determine the stellar mass… ▽ More We present the visual orbits and dynamical masses of two longer period spectroscopic binary stars, HD 210763 and HD 221950, using long baseline interferometry with the CHARA Array and high resolution spectroscopy with the APO 3.5 m and CTIO 1.5 m telescopes. By combining the astrometric and radial velocity observations, we solve for the full, three-dimensional orbits and determine the stellar masses to within 0.5% uncertainty and the distance to within 0.2% uncertainty. For HD 210763, we found component masses of M1 = 1.748 Msun and M2 = 1.492 Msun. For HD 221950, we found masses of M1 = 1.098 Msun and M2 = 1.031 Msun. We then estimate the effective temperature and radius of each component star through disentangling and spectral energy distribution analyses. We compare the observed stellar parameters to the predictions of the stellar evolution models and estimate the system ages. The primary component of HD 210763 is at the end of the main sequence while the secondary component is on the main sequence, providing a tight age constraint for this system at 1.6 Gyr. Both components of HD 221950 are still on the main sequence with an age of 3.76 Gyr. These systems have longer orbital periods, beyond the tidal circularization limit, and therefore are better proxies for single stars and tests of stellar evolution models than short period, eclipsing systems. △ Less

Submitted 3 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 15 pages. Accepted to AJ

Empirical H- and K-band Limb Darkening for 31 CHARA Stars: A Near-Infrared Benchmark for Stellar-Atmosphere Models

Authors: Narsireddy Anugu, John D. Monnier, Antoine Mérand, Becky Flores, Alexandre Gallenne, Douglas R. Gies, Mayra Gutierrez, Robert Klement, Stefan Kraus, Jayadev Rajagopal, Rachael M. Roettenbacher, Gail H. Schaefer

Abstract: Limb darkening, the decrease in stellar intensity from the disk center to the limb, encodes the temperature structure and opacity of stellar atmospheres. Direct spatially resolved measurements of this center-to-limb variation remain scarce, especially in the near-infrared. We present interferometric limb-darkening measurements for 31 stars observed simultaneously in the $H$ and $K$ bands with the… ▽ More Limb darkening, the decrease in stellar intensity from the disk center to the limb, encodes the temperature structure and opacity of stellar atmospheres. Direct spatially resolved measurements of this center-to-limb variation remain scarce, especially in the near-infrared. We present interferometric limb-darkening measurements for 31 stars observed simultaneously in the $H$ and $K$ bands with the CHARA Array. The sample spans spectral types F--M and luminosity classes IV--I. The targets are well resolved in $H$ and, for most targets, also in $K$. This coverage constrains the visibility curvature associated with limb darkening in joint $H+K$ fits. We fit the combined $H{+}K$ squared visibilities with four analytic limb-darkening laws and compare the resulting coefficients with bandpass-matched predictions from five stellar-atmosphere grids (Kurucz, MPS1, MPS2, Stagger, and spherical SATLAS, with reported coefficients placed on the Rosseland-radius convention) spanning one-dimensional plane-parallel, three-dimensional radiation--hydrodynamic, and spherical low-gravity models. The associated limb-darkened angular diameters are measured with median formal precisions of $\simeq 0.2$--0.3\%. The CHARA results show expected weaker limb darkening at longer wavelengths and also with increasing $T_{\rm eff}$. The clearest discrepancy with the atmosphere grids is in the wavelength dependence: the median fractional decrease in the power-law coefficient from $H$ to $K$ is $\simeq 39\%$ in the CHARA sample, compared with only $\simeq 17$--$22\%$ with model predictions. Relative to the MPS2 comparison, the empirical coefficients are higher by $\simeq 21\%$ in $H$ and lower by $\simeq 5\%$ in $K$. These results provide multi-band interferometric limb darkening as a near-infrared benchmark for stellar-atmosphere models. △ Less

Submitted 27 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal; 16 figures, 6 tables and 28 pages

Pre-nova Observations of T CrB: A view from the CHARA Array

Authors: Ryan Norris, Narsireddy Anugu, Thomas Gaudin, Magdalena Otulakowska-Hypka, Fabian Kaczmarek, Cameron Caruso, Cody Gustafson, Andrew Kotowski, Rebecca Proni, Nirupam Roy, Fabien Baron, Dipankar P. K Banerjee, Dana K. Baylis-Aguirre, Michelle J. Creech-Eakman, Justin Linford, Alexandre Gallenne, Joanna Mikołajewska, John D. Monnier, Denis Mourard, Ulisse Munari, Nicolas Nardetto, Rachael M. Roettenbacher, Jennifer L Sokoloski, Montana Williams, C. E. Woodward , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: T CrB is a symbiotic recurrent nova consisting of a red giant and white dwarf with recent eruptions in 1866 and 1946 and an anticipated eruption in the mid 2020s. We report CHARA Array observations obtained with MIRC-X (H -band) and MYSTIC (K-band) in 2022-2025. We fit limb darkened disk models constrained with literature limb darkening coefficients to the squared visibilities as only the first vi… ▽ More T CrB is a symbiotic recurrent nova consisting of a red giant and white dwarf with recent eruptions in 1866 and 1946 and an anticipated eruption in the mid 2020s. We report CHARA Array observations obtained with MIRC-X (H -band) and MYSTIC (K-band) in 2022-2025. We fit limb darkened disk models constrained with literature limb darkening coefficients to the squared visibilities as only the first visibility lobe is sampled. The average limb darkened diameter of the star across these epochs is $0.70\pm0.04$ mas in H-band and $0.72\pm0.07$ mas in K-band. Adopting a distance of $914^{+24}_{-22}$ pc, the stellar radius is $69\pm5~R_{\odot}$ in H-band and $71\pm8~R_{\odot}$ in K-band. This is consistent with filling a Roche lobe volume radius of $71~R_{\odot}$ inferred from published orbital solutions. These measurements provide a pre-eruption angular diameter and support a Roche lobe filling donor. △ Less

Submitted 15 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: Published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. This is the accepted version prior to publisher proofing

Journal ref: ApJL, 1004, L13 (2026)

VLTI/PIONIER imaging of post-AGB binaries. An INSPIRING hunt for inner rim substructures in circumbinary discs

Authors: Toon De Prins, Akke Corporaal, Jacques Kluska, Devika Kamath, Hans Van Winckel, Kateryna Andrych, Javier Alcolea, Narsireddy Anugu, Jean-Philippe Berger, Valentin Bujarrabal, Ivan Gallardo Cava, Stefan Kraus, Hans Olofsson

Abstract: We image the detailed inner rim morphology for a sample of post-AGB circumbinary discs observed using NIR interferometry. At resolutions down to ~1-2 mas (corresponding to ~1-10 AU), we aim to reveal potential substructures that may trace perturbations from the binary or embedded substellar companions, or that arise from hydrodynamical instabilities. We developed an image reconstruction workflow u… ▽ More We image the detailed inner rim morphology for a sample of post-AGB circumbinary discs observed using NIR interferometry. At resolutions down to ~1-2 mas (corresponding to ~1-10 AU), we aim to reveal potential substructures that may trace perturbations from the binary or embedded substellar companions, or that arise from hydrodynamical instabilities. We developed an image reconstruction workflow using the SPARCO approach together with the ORGANIC reconstruction algorithm. This was applied to VLTI/PIONIER data of eight diverse post-AGB binaries, providing high-fidelity images of dust continuum emission at the inner rim. Extensive tests were applied to assess the robustness of the recovered image features. The dusty disc rim is well-resolved for all targets. Only one of the images can be fully accounted for by simple radiative transfer effects due to disc inclination, while in several others indications of potential substructures are detected. Strikingly, four exhibit robust azimuthal brightness enhancements at locations not expected from inclination effects alone. These can indicate strong radiative or dynamical responses to the binary, or vortices formed via hydrodynamical instabilities. One target displays an even more puzzling morphology, showing a single large-scale outer flux arc and several small-scale arcs closer to the binary, possibly revealing accretion streams onto the binary, a misaligned innermost disc, or a spiral feature located in the disc or in an outflow. This work presents the first homogeneous interferometric imaging survey of the inner regions of post-AGB circumbinary discs, enabling direct comparison of inner rim morphologies across a representative sample. The inner disc regions are highly diverse and dynamic, harbouring a significant amount of substructure candidates. Multi-wavelength and time-series imaging will be essential in uncovering their physical origins. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 32 pages, 16 figures

Interferometric Images of the Starspot Evolution of $ζ$ Andromedae

Authors: Rachael M. Roettenbacher, John D. Monnier, Heidi Korhonen, Gregory W. Henry, Cliff Kotnik, Joshua Pepper, Bálint Seli, Krisztián Vida, Attila Bódi, Borbála Cseh, Géza Csörnyei, Máté Krezinger, Réka Könyves-Tóth, Levente Kriskovics, Krisztián Sárneczky, Ádám Sódor, Róbert Szakáts, Stefan Kraus, Narsireddy Anugu, Claire L. Davies, Tyler Gardner, Cyprien Lanthermann, Gail H. Schaefer, Benjamin R. Setterholm

Abstract: The evolution of starspots of the giant primaries of RS CVn systems is typically detected indirectly with photometric and spectroscopic monitoring. These observations suggest slowly-evolving stellar surfaces and can constrain differential rotation as starspots move with respect to one another. However, starspot latitudes are difficult to constrain without resolved images of the stellar surfaces fr… ▽ More The evolution of starspots of the giant primaries of RS CVn systems is typically detected indirectly with photometric and spectroscopic monitoring. These observations suggest slowly-evolving stellar surfaces and can constrain differential rotation as starspots move with respect to one another. However, starspot latitudes are difficult to constrain without resolved images of the stellar surfaces from which the unambiguous locations of starspots are determined. We imaged the active RS CVn primary $ζ$ And with the 330-m-baseline Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy Array for three epochs over approximately six rotations of the star. The resultant images show a more complicated picture of stellar activity than expected from the contemporaneous photometry and earlier Doppler images. The spot structures change on the timescale of rotation, making differential rotation difficult to study. Our observations show changes in the polar spot, growing over time. We do not detect the secondary star in the interferometric data, though the observations are sensitive to the predicted 0.75 $M_\odot$ main-sequence star, and we suggest the companion may be a white dwarf. △ Less

Submitted 18 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 21 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables; accepted for publication in ApJ

Detection and Astrometry of the Ba-Bb Subsystem in $α$ Piscium: First Dual-Field Interferometry at the CHARA Array

Authors: Narsireddy Anugu, Robert Klement, John D. Monnier, Douglas R. Gies, Gail H. Schaefer, Stefan Kraus, Sebastián Carrazco-Gaxiola, Akshat S. Chaturvedi, Mayra Gutierrez, Becky Flores, Jeremy Jones, Colin Kane, Rainer Köhler, Karolina Kubiak, Olli W. Majoinen, Nicholas J. Scott, Kayvon Sharifi

Abstract: We present the first on-sky demonstration of dual-field interferometry at the CHARA Array and the first direct resolution of the inner Ba--Bb subsystem in the bright hierarchical triple $α$ Piscium. Using $H$-band fringe tracking on component A with MIRC-X to stabilize $K$-band science fringes on component B with MYSTIC, we detected a companion at a projected separation of 7 mas, confirming a long… ▽ More We present the first on-sky demonstration of dual-field interferometry at the CHARA Array and the first direct resolution of the inner Ba--Bb subsystem in the bright hierarchical triple $α$ Piscium. Using $H$-band fringe tracking on component A with MIRC-X to stabilize $K$-band science fringes on component B with MYSTIC, we detected a companion at a projected separation of 7 mas, confirming a long-suspected but previously unresolved short-period subsystem within the B component. The nearly equal $H/K$-band flux ratio indicates that Ba and Bb are near-twin F-type stars, consistent with the two narrow-lined components seen in optical spectra of B. By combining CHARA interferometry with archival VLTI/GRAVITY astrometry and radial velocities from archival and new spectroscopy (NARVAL and ARCES), we derive a well-constrained orbit with a period of $P = 25$ d, eccentricity $e \simeq 0.6$, and inclination $i \simeq 65^\circ$, yielding precise dynamical masses of $1.668\pm0.033\,M_\odot$ and $1.646\pm0.029\,M_\odot$. No additional companion is detected down to $ΔH \approx 5$ at separations of 0.2--2 AU. We also obtained dual-field differential astrometry of the wide A--B pair with a precision of ~0.234 mas at a separation of $1.85''$, with an error budget dominated by internal delay-line actuators, fringe-tracking performance and chromatic dispersion. While the long-period outer orbit is not refined by these measurements, their agreement with the published astrometric orbit provides an on-sky validation of the CHARA dual-field mode. These results establish $α$ Psc as a well-characterized hierarchical system suitable for future benchmark studies and demonstrate CHARA's new capability for off-axis interferometry and sub-mas astrometry on arcsecond-scale binaries. △ Less

Submitted 10 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomical Journal (AJ). 22 pages, 11 figures, 7 Tables

CHARA Array Delay Lines: Upgrades, Performance and Future Directions

Authors: Narsireddy Anugu, Nils H. Turner, Theo A. ten Brummelaar, Gail H. Schaefer, Philippe Bério, Christopher D. Farrington, Becky Flores, Douglas R. Gies, Stefan Kraus, Edgar R. Ligon III, Olli Majoinen, John D. Monnier, Denis Mourard, Nicholas J. Scott, Norman L. Vargas

Abstract: Long baseline optical and infrared interferometric arrays achieve high angular resolution and enable detailed astrophysical measurements. Interferometers have enabled observations of stars at various stages of evolution, as well as studies of binary stars, circumstellar disks, and active galactic nuclei. The CHARA Array is a long-baseline interferometric array at the Mount Wilson Observatory, USA.… ▽ More Long baseline optical and infrared interferometric arrays achieve high angular resolution and enable detailed astrophysical measurements. Interferometers have enabled observations of stars at various stages of evolution, as well as studies of binary stars, circumstellar disks, and active galactic nuclei. The CHARA Array is a long-baseline interferometric array at the Mount Wilson Observatory, USA. At the core of CHARA operations are the delay lines, which equalize the optical path length for all telescopes as the Earth rotates and compensate for optical path variations induced by atmospheric turbulence. We report recent upgrades and performance of the CHARA Array optical delay lines for high-precision interferometric observations. The legacy system had been operational for over two decades, and it was increasingly difficult to acquire replacement parts. Beginning in mid-2021, the control system underwent a major upgrade, replacing the aging VME-based architecture with a modern hybrid FPGA and Linux-based system; this modernization continued through the end of 2024. We describe hardware/software changes, the servo architecture, and lab/on-sky performance. The upgraded system achieves residual delay line cart tracking errors of $\sim12$~nm, the same level as the legacy system, and a control bandwidth of 100-130~Hz, allowing fringe tracking across the R, H, and K bands. Initial commissioning revealed key issues such as metrology time-tick jitter and vibration-induced visibility loss, which were diagnosed and resolved. We note ongoing and future efforts to extend baselines up to 1~km and support advanced observing modes such as dual-field interferometry and nulling. This paper is a reference for current and future use of the CHARA Array and for next-generation instrument design. △ Less

Submitted 17 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in SPIE Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems (JATIS). 33 pages, 17 figures

Unlocking the dynamics of Young Stellar Objects: Time-Domain Interferometry with six 4-m class telescopes

Authors: A. Soulain, B. Lopez, A. Matter, F. Lykou, P. Boley, M. Scheuck, R. van Boekel, J. -C. Augereau, M. leTessier, J. Bouvier, P. Berio, P. Ábrahám, N. Anugu, J. -P. Berger, R. Burn, W. -C. Danchi, W. J. de Wit, F. Drewes, V. Fleury, V. Hocdé, W. Jaffe, Á Kóspál, E. Koumpia, J. -B. Lebouquin, J. S. Martin , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The dynamics of the inner regions of young stellar objects (YSOs) is driven by a variety of physical phenomena, from magnetospheres and accretion to the dust sublimation rim and inner disk flows. These inner environments evolve on timescales of hours to days, exactly when bursts, dips, and rapid structural changes carry the most valuable information about star and planet formations, but remain har… ▽ More The dynamics of the inner regions of young stellar objects (YSOs) is driven by a variety of physical phenomena, from magnetospheres and accretion to the dust sublimation rim and inner disk flows. These inner environments evolve on timescales of hours to days, exactly when bursts, dips, and rapid structural changes carry the most valuable information about star and planet formations, but remain hardly reachable with current facilities. A better reactive infrastructure with six or more telescopes, combined with alerts from large time-domain surveys (e.g., at the era of LSST/Rubin type facilities), and equipped with instruments spanning from the V-band to the thermal infrared (N), would provide the instantaneous uv-coverage and spectral diagnostics needed to unambiguously interpret and image these events as they happen. Such a world's first time-domain interferometric observatory would enable qualitatively new science: directly linking optical and infrared variability to spatially resolved changes in magnetospheric accretion, inner-disk geometry, and dust and gas dynamics in the innermost astronomical unit. Crucially, connecting these processes to outer-scale unresolved information from JWST, ALMA, and the ELT would yield a complete tomography of the planet-forming region. △ Less

Submitted 3 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 3 pages, 2 figures, White paper presented for Expanding Horizons Transforming Astronomy in the 2040s

Bridging stellar evolution and planet formation: from birth, to survivors of the fittest, to the second generation of planets

Authors: Akke Corporaal, Toon De Prins, Léa Planquart, Kateryna Andrych, Narsireddy Anugu, Devika Kamath, Jens Kammerer, Stefan Kraus, Foteini Lykou, Alexis Matter, Claudia Paladini, Marie M. Rodríguez S., Hans Van Winckel

Abstract: Stars and planets form, live, and evolve in unison. Throughout the life of a star, dusty circumstellar discs and stellar outflows influence the further evolution of both the star(s) and their orbiting planet(s). Planet-forming discs, winds of red giant branch (RGB) or asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, and post-RGB/post-AGB discs are examples of such host environments where dust physics plays a… ▽ More Stars and planets form, live, and evolve in unison. Throughout the life of a star, dusty circumstellar discs and stellar outflows influence the further evolution of both the star(s) and their orbiting planet(s). Planet-forming discs, winds of red giant branch (RGB) or asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, and post-RGB/post-AGB discs are examples of such host environments where dust physics plays a key role. The physical processes that occur during each of these stages establishes how the Solar System as well as exoplanetary systems were formed, are evolving, and will eventually die. This White Paper aims to bridge the fields of stellar evolution and planet formation by peering into the dust kinematics and macrostructure formation, and its effect on planet-host interaction, in dusty environments from stellar birth to death. Near-future advancements in the 2030s will enable the detection, orbital monitoring and atmospheric/mineralogical characterisation of close-in (proto)planets across diverse stages of stellar evolution. To take full advantage of these developments by the 2040s, we should develop the capabilities required to image the varied dusty environments in which planets are entrained over their lifetime. This will enable extensive testing of current theoretical understandings - from the micro-scales of dust assembly to the deeply interlinked macro-scales of planet-host interactions - across diverse settings often too small, distant, and faint to be resolved in the next decade, simultaneously providing valuable constraints on the two-way interplay of dusty host environments and planetary formation/evolution. △ Less

Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: Science white paper submitted in the context of ESO's Expanding Horizons call

Multiple outflows and delayed ejections revealed by early imaging of novae

Authors: Elias Aydi, John D. Monnier, Antoine Mérand, Gail H. Schaefer, Laura Chomiuk, Magdalena Otulakowska-Hypka, Jhih-Ling Fan, Kwan Lok Li, Kirill V. Sokolovsky, Ricardo Salinas, Michael Tucker, Benjamin Shappee, Richard Rudy, Kim L. Page, N. Paul M. Kuin, David A. H. Buckley, Peter Craig, Luca Izzo, Justin Linford, Brian D. Metzger, Koji Mukai, Marina Orio, Ken J. Shen, Jay Strader, Jennifer L. Sokoloski , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Novae are thermonuclear eruptions on accreting white dwarfs in interacting binaries. Although most of the accreted envelope is expelled, the mechanism -- impulsive ejection, multiple outflows or prolonged winds, or a common-envelope interaction -- remains uncertain. GeV $γ$-ray detections from $>20$ Galactic novae establish these eruptions as nearby laboratories for shock physics and particle acce… ▽ More Novae are thermonuclear eruptions on accreting white dwarfs in interacting binaries. Although most of the accreted envelope is expelled, the mechanism -- impulsive ejection, multiple outflows or prolonged winds, or a common-envelope interaction -- remains uncertain. GeV $γ$-ray detections from $>20$ Galactic novae establish these eruptions as nearby laboratories for shock physics and particle acceleration, underscoring the need to determine how novae eject their envelopes. Here we report on near-infrared interferometry, supported with multiwavelength observations, of two $γ$-ray detected novae. The images of the very fast 2021 nova V1674~Her, taken just 2--3 days after discovery, reveal the presence of two perpendicular outflows. The interaction between these outflows likely drives the observed $γ$-ray emission. Conversely, the images of the very slow 2021 nova V1405~Cas suggest a delay in the ejection of the bulk of the accreted envelope of more than 50 days after the start of eruption, as the nova slowly rises to visible peak and during which the envelope engulfed the system in a common envelope phase. These unprecedented images offer direct observational evidence that the mechanisms driving mass ejection from the surfaces of accreting white dwarfs are not as simple as previously thought, revealing multiple outflows and delayed ejections. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 62 pages, 29 Figures, 6 Tables, Published in Nature Astronomy

Surprise non-detection of Upsilon Andromedae b with MIRC-X and MYSTIC at the CHARA Array

Authors: Tyler Gardner, John D. Monnier, Stefan Kraus, Emily Rauscher, Isaac Malsky, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Narsireddy Anugu, Sorabh Chhabra, Isabelle Codron, Claire L. Davies, Noura Ibrahim, Cyprien Lanthermann, Gail Schaefer, Benjamin R. Setterholm

Abstract: Ground-based long baseline interferometry is a powerful tool for characterizing exoplanets which are too close to their host star to be imaged with single-dish telescopes. The CHARA Array can resolve companions down to 0.5 milli-arcseconds, allowing us in principle to directly measure the near-infrared spectra of non-transiting "Hot Jupiter" exoplanets. We present data taken with the MIRC-X and MY… ▽ More Ground-based long baseline interferometry is a powerful tool for characterizing exoplanets which are too close to their host star to be imaged with single-dish telescopes. The CHARA Array can resolve companions down to 0.5 milli-arcseconds, allowing us in principle to directly measure the near-infrared spectra of non-transiting "Hot Jupiter" exoplanets. We present data taken with the MIRC-X and MYSTIC instruments at the CHARA Array on the Hot Jupiter Upsilon Andromedae b. By resolving the star-planet system, we attempt to directly detect the flux from the planet. We describe our self-calibration methods for modeling systematics in the closure phase data, which allows us to reach sub-degree precision. Through combining multiple nights of data across two MIRC-X runs in 2019 and 2021, we achieved a very tentative detection of Ups And b in the H-band at a planet/star contrast of 2-3 x 10^-4. Unfortunately, we cannot confirm this detection with 2021 MYSTIC data in the K-band, or in a 2023 joint MIRC-X and MYSTIC dataset. We run updated global circulation models and create post-processed spectra for this planet, and report the resulting model spectra in H- and K-bands as a function of orbital phase. We then run planetary injection tests to explore H/K-band contrast limits, and find that we can confidently recover planets down to a planet/star contrast of 1-2 x 10^-4. We show that we are probing contrasts fainter than predicted by the model, making our non-detection surprising. We discuss prospects for the future in using this method to characterize companions with interferometry. △ Less

Submitted 17 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in AJ

The CHARA Array Polarization Model and Prospects for Spectropolarimetry

Authors: Linling Shuai, John D. Monnier, Benjamin R. Setterholm, Stefan Kraus, Narsireddy Anugu, Tyler Gardner, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Gail H. Schaefer

Abstract: Polarimetric data provide key insights into infrared emission mechanisms in the inner disks of YSOs and the details of dust formation around AGB stars. While polarization measurements are well-established in radio interferometry, they remain challenging at visible and near-infrared due to the significant time-variable birefringence introduced by the complex optical beamtrain. In this study, we cha… ▽ More Polarimetric data provide key insights into infrared emission mechanisms in the inner disks of YSOs and the details of dust formation around AGB stars. While polarization measurements are well-established in radio interferometry, they remain challenging at visible and near-infrared due to the significant time-variable birefringence introduced by the complex optical beamtrain. In this study, we characterize instrumental polarization effects within the optical path of the CHARA Array, focusing on the H-band MIRC-X and K-band MYSTIC beam combiners. Using Jones matrix formalism, we developed a comprehensive model describing diattenuation and retardance across the array. By applying this model to an unpolarized calibrator, we derived the instrumental parameters for both MIRC-X and MYSTIC. Our results show differential diattenuation consistent with >= 97% reflectivity per aluminum-coated surface at 45 deg incidence. The differential retardance exhibits small wavelength-dependent variations, in some cases larger than we expected. Notably, telescope W2 exhibits a significantly larger phase shift in the Coude path, attributable to a fixed aluminum mirror (M4) used in place of deformable mirrors present on the other telescopes during the observing run. We also identify misalignments in the LiNbO_3 birefringent compensator plates on S1 (MIRC-X) and W2 (MYSTIC). After correcting for night-to-night offsets, we achieve calibration accuracies of $\pm$ 3.4% in visibility ratio and $\pm$ 1.4 deg in differential phase for MIRC-X, and $\pm$ 5.9% and $\pm$ 2.4 deg, respectively, for MYSTIC. Given that the differential intrinsic polarization of spatially resolved sources, such as AGB stars and YSOs, typically greater than these instrumental uncertainties, our results demonstrate that CHARA is now capable of achieving high-accuracy measurements of intrinsic polarization in astrophysical targets. △ Less

Submitted 12 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 37 pages, 24 figures, accepted for publication by AJ. Our code, mircxpol, is published in https://github.com/slinling/mircxpol

The Small Separation A-Star Companion Population: Tentative Signatures of Enhanced Multiplicity with Primary Mass

Authors: Matthew De Furio, Tyler Gardner, John D. Monnier, Michael R. Meyer, Kaitlin M. Kratter, Cyprien Lanthermann, Narsireddy Anugu, Stefan Kraus, Benjamin R. Setterholm

Abstract: We present updated results from our near-infrared long-baseline interferometry (LBI) survey to constrain the multiplicity properties of intermediate-mass A-type stars within 80 pc. Previous adaptive optics surveys of A-type stars are incomplete at separations $<$ 20au. Therefore, a LBI survey allows us to explore separations previously unexplored. Our sample consists of 54 A-type primaries with es… ▽ More We present updated results from our near-infrared long-baseline interferometry (LBI) survey to constrain the multiplicity properties of intermediate-mass A-type stars within 80 pc. Previous adaptive optics surveys of A-type stars are incomplete at separations $<$ 20au. Therefore, a LBI survey allows us to explore separations previously unexplored. Our sample consists of 54 A-type primaries with estimated masses between 1.44-2.93 M$_{\odot}$ and ages 10-790 Myr, which we observed with the MIRC-X and MYSTIC instruments at the CHARA Array. We use the open source software CANDID to detect two new companions, seven in total, and we performed a Bayesian demographic analysis to characterize the companion population. We find the separation distribution consistent with being flat, and we estimate a power-law fit to the mass ratio distribution with index -0.13$^{+0.92}_{-0.95}$ and a companion frequency of 0.25$^{+0.17}_{-0.11}$ over mass ratios 0.1-1.0 and projected separations 0.01-27.54au. We find a posterior probability of 0.53 and 0.04 that our results are consistent with extrapolations based on previous models of the solar-type and B-type companion population, respectively. Our results suggest that the close companion population to A-type stars is comparable to that of solar-types and that close companions to B-type stars are potentially more frequent which may be indicative of increased disk fragmentation for stars $\gtrsim$ 3M$_{\odot}$. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures, 6 tables, Accepted by ApJ July 22 2025

Orbital and Physical Properties of the Pleiades Binary 27 Tau (Atlas)

Authors: G. Torres, A. Tkachenko, K. Pavlovski, S. Gossage, G. H. Schaefer, C. Melis, M. Ireland, J. D. Monnier, N. Anugu, S. Kraus, C. Lanthermann, K. Gordon, R. Klement, S. J. Murphy, R. M. Roettenbacher

Abstract: We report new spectroscopic and interferometric observations of the Pleiades binary star Atlas, which played an important role nearly three decades ago in settling the debate over the distance to the cluster from ground-based and space-based determinations. We use the new measurements, together with other published and archival astrometric observations, to improve the determination of the 291-day… ▽ More We report new spectroscopic and interferometric observations of the Pleiades binary star Atlas, which played an important role nearly three decades ago in settling the debate over the distance to the cluster from ground-based and space-based determinations. We use the new measurements, together with other published and archival astrometric observations, to improve the determination of the 291-day orbit and the distance to Atlas ($136.2 \pm 1.4$ pc). We also derive the main properties of the components, including their absolute masses ($5.04 \pm 0.17 M_{\odot}$ and $3.64 \pm 0.12 M_{\odot}$), sizes, effective temperatures, projected rotational velocities, and chemical composition. We find that the more evolved primary star is rotationally distorted, and are able to estimate its oblateness and the approximate orientation of its spin axis from the interferometric observations. The spin axis may well be aligned with the orbital axis. Models of stellar evolution from MESA that account for rotation provide a good match to all of the primary's global properties, and point to an initial angular rotation rate on the zero-age main sequence of about 55% of the breakup velocity. The current location of the star in the H-R diagram is near the very end of the hydrogen-burning main sequence, at an age of about 105 Myr, according to these models. Our spectroscopic analysis of the more slowly-rotating secondary indicates that it is a helium-weak star, with other chemical anomalies. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 18 pages in emulateapj format, including figures and tables. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

HD 143006: Interferometric Confirmation of Misaligned Protoplanetary Disc with CHARA/MIRCX and VLTI/PIONIER

Authors: I. Codron, S. Kraus, J. D. Monnier, S. Marino, C. L. Davies, N. Anugu, T. Gardner, N. Ibrahim, C. Lanthermann, J-B Le Bouquin

Abstract: The outer regions of the protoplanetary disc surrounding the T Tauri star HD 143006 show rings, dust asymmetries and shadows. Whilst rings and dust asymmetries can arise from companions and other mechanisms, shadows and misaligned discs in particular are typically attributed to the presence of misaligned planets or stellar-mass companions. To understand the mechanisms that drive these traits, the… ▽ More The outer regions of the protoplanetary disc surrounding the T Tauri star HD 143006 show rings, dust asymmetries and shadows. Whilst rings and dust asymmetries can arise from companions and other mechanisms, shadows and misaligned discs in particular are typically attributed to the presence of misaligned planets or stellar-mass companions. To understand the mechanisms that drive these traits, the innermost regions of discs need to be studied. Using CHARA/MIRCX and VLTI/PIONIER, we observed the sub-au region of HD 143006. We constrain the orientation of the inner disc of HD 143006 and probe whether a misalignment between the inner and outer disc could be the cause of the shadows. Modelling the visibilities using a geometric model, the inclination and position angle are found to be $i=22^\circ\pm 3^\circ$ and $\mathrm{PA}=158^\circ\pm 8^\circ$ respectively, with an inner dust sublimation radius of $\sim0.04$ au. The inner disc is misaligned by $39^\circ\pm4^\circ$ with respect to the outer disc, with the far side of the inner disc to the east and the far side of the outer disc to the west. We constrain $h/R$ (scattering surface/radius of scattered light) of the outer disc at $18$ au to be about $13\%$ by calculating the offset between the shadow position and the central star. No companion was detected, with a magnitude contrast of $4.4$ in the H-band and placing an upper mass limit of $0.17 M_\odot$ at separations of $0-8$ au. Therefore, we cannot confirm or rule out that a low-mass star or giant planet is responsible for the misalignment and dust sub-structures. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Precise Age For The Binary HD 21278 In The Young Alpha Persei Cluster

Authors: Christopher A. Danner, Eric L. Sandquist, Gail H. Schaefer, Luigi R. Bedin, Christopher D. Farrington, Cyprien Lanthermann, Stefan Kraus, Robert Klement, Narsireddy Anugu, John D. Monnier, Jerome A. Orosz, Isabelle Codron, Tyler Gardner, Mayra Gutierrez, Benjamin R. Setterholm, Jeremy Jones, Becky Flores

Abstract: We present a study of the double-lined spectroscopic binary HD 21278 that contains one of the brightest main sequence stars in the young $α$ Persei open cluster. We analyzed new spectra and reanalyzed archived spectra to measure precise new radial velocity curves for the binary. We also obtained interferometric data using the CHARA Array at Mount Wilson to measure the sky positions of the two star… ▽ More We present a study of the double-lined spectroscopic binary HD 21278 that contains one of the brightest main sequence stars in the young $α$ Persei open cluster. We analyzed new spectra and reanalyzed archived spectra to measure precise new radial velocity curves for the binary. We also obtained interferometric data using the CHARA Array at Mount Wilson to measure the sky positions of the two stars and the inclination of the $\sim$ 2 milliarcsecond orbit. We determine that the two stars have masses of $5.381 \pm 0.084 M_{\odot}$ and $3.353 \pm 0.064 M_{\odot}$. From isochrone fits, we find the cluster's age to be $49 \pm 7$ Myr (using PARSEC models) or $49.5 \pm 6$ Myr (MIST models). Finally, we revisit the massive white dwarfs that are candidate escapees from the $α$ Persei cluster to try to better characterize the massive end of the white dwarf initial-final mass relation. The implied progenitor masses challenge the idea that Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarfs are made by single stars with masses near $8 \msun$. △ Less

Submitted 9 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 31 pages, 19 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

The Dynamic Inner Disk of a Planet Forming Star

Authors: Benjamin R. Setterholm, John D. Monnier, Fabien Baron, Jaehan Bae, Jacques Kluska, Stefan Kraus, Nuria Calvet, Nour Ibrahim, Evan Rich, Narsireddy Anugu, Claire L. Davies, Jacob Ennis, Tyler Gardner, Aaron Labdon, Cyprien Lanthermann, Gail Schaefer

Abstract: Planets are a natural byproduct of the stellar formation process, resulting from local aggregations of material within the disks surrounding young stars. Whereas signatures of gas-giant planets at large orbital separations have been observed and successfully modeled within protoplanetary disks, the formation pathways of planets within their host star's future habitable zones remain poorly understo… ▽ More Planets are a natural byproduct of the stellar formation process, resulting from local aggregations of material within the disks surrounding young stars. Whereas signatures of gas-giant planets at large orbital separations have been observed and successfully modeled within protoplanetary disks, the formation pathways of planets within their host star's future habitable zones remain poorly understood. Analyzing multiple nights of observations conducted over a short, two-month span with the MIRC-X and PIONIER instruments at the CHARA Array and VLTI, respectively, we uncover a highly active environment at the inner-edge of the planet formation region in the disk of HD 163296. In particular, we localize and track the motion of a disk feature near the dust-sublimation radius with a pattern speed of less than half the local Keplerian velocity, providing a potential glimpse at the planet formation process in action within the inner astronomical unit. We emphasize that this result is at the edge of what is currently possible with available optical interferometric techniques and behooves confirmation with a temporally dense followup observing campaign. △ Less

Submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 25 pages, 16 figures

A Spectroscopic and Interferometric Study of W Serpentis Stars. I. Circumbinary Outflow in the Interacting Binary W Serpentis

Authors: Katherine Shepard, Douglas R. Gies, Gail H. Schaefer, Narsireddy Anugu, Fabien R. Baron, Cyprien Lanthermann, John D. Monnier, Stefan Kraus, Theo ten Brummelaar

Abstract: W Serpentis is an eclipsing binary system and the prototype of the Serpentid class of variable stars. These are interacting binaries experiencing intense mass transfer and mass loss. However, the identities and properties of both stars in W Ser remain a mystery. Here we present an observational analysis of high quality, visible-band spectroscopy made with the Apache Point Observatory 3.5 m telesco… ▽ More W Serpentis is an eclipsing binary system and the prototype of the Serpentid class of variable stars. These are interacting binaries experiencing intense mass transfer and mass loss. However, the identities and properties of both stars in W Ser remain a mystery. Here we present an observational analysis of high quality, visible-band spectroscopy made with the Apache Point Observatory 3.5 m telescope and ARCES spectrograph plus the first near-IR, long-baseline interferometric observations obtained with the CHARA Array. We present examples of the appearance and radial velocities of the main spectral components: prominent emission lines, strong shell absorption lines, and weak absorption lines. We show that some of the weak absorption features are associated with the cool mass donor, and we present the first radial velocity curve for the donor star. The donor's absorption lines are rotationally broadened, and we derive a ratio of donor to gainer mass of 0.36 +/- 0.09 based on the assumptions that the donor fills its Roche lobe and rotates synchronously with the orbit. We use a fit of the ASAS light curve to determine the orbital inclination and mass estimates of 2.0 and 5.7 solar masses for the donor and gainer, respectively. The partially resolved interferometric measurements of orbital motion are consistent with our derived orbital properties and the distance from Gaia EDR3. Spectroscopic evidence indicates that the gainer is enshrouded in an opaque disk that channels the mass transfer stream into an outflow through the L3 region and into a circumbinary disk. △ Less

Submitted 12 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Published in ApJ

Journal ref: 2024, ApJ, 977, 236

Newborn Be star systems observed shortly after mass transfer

Authors: Th. Rivinius, R. Klement, S. D. Chojnowski, D. Baade, M. Abdul-Masih, N. Przybilla, J. Guarro Flo, B. Heathcote, P. Hadrava, D. Gies, K. Shepard, C. Buil, O. Garde, O. Thizy, J. D. Monnier, N. Anugu, C. Lanthermann, G. Schaefer, C. Davies, S. Kraus, J. Ennis, B. R. Setterholm, T. Gardner, N. Ibrahim, S. Chhabra , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Many classical Be stars acquire their very rapid rotation by mass and angular-momentum transfer in massive binaries. Short-lived intermediate-phase objects have only been discovered recently. Data archives and the literature have been searched for additional candidates exhibiting this patterns. Thirteen candidates were identified at various confidence levels. Adding to the two known systems identi… ▽ More Many classical Be stars acquire their very rapid rotation by mass and angular-momentum transfer in massive binaries. Short-lived intermediate-phase objects have only been discovered recently. Data archives and the literature have been searched for additional candidates exhibiting this patterns. Thirteen candidates were identified at various confidence levels. Adding to the two known systems identified as classical Be star+pre-subdwarf binaries (LB-1 and HR6819), two more (V742Cas, HD44637) could be confirmed with interferometry, with V742Cas setting a new record for the smallest visually observed angular semi-major axis, at a=0.663mas. Two further ones (V447Sct, V1362Cyg) are not resolved interferometrically, but other evidence puts them at the same confidence level as LB-1. V2174Cyg is a candidate with very high confidence, but was not observed interferometrically. The remaining ones are either candidates with varying levels of confidence. Of a mostly magnitude complete sample of 328 Be stars, 0.5-1% are found to have recently completed the mass overflow that led to their formation. Another 5% are systems with compact subdwarf companions, i.e., further evolved after a previous overflow, and possibly two more percent harbor white dwarfs. All these systems are of early B-subtypes, however, and if the original sample is restricted to early subtypes (136 objects), these percentages increase by a factor of about 2.5, while dropping to zero for the mid and late subtypes (together 204 objects). This strongly suggests that early- vs. mid- and late-type Be stars have differently weighted channels to acquire their rapid rotation, namely binary interaction vs. evolutionary spin-up. △ Less

Submitted 17 January, 2025; v1 submitted 12 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication by A&A

Journal ref: A&A 694, A172 (2025)

Multiplicity of Galactic Cepheids from long-baseline interferometry V. High-accuracy orbital parallax and mass of SU Cygni

Authors: A. Gallenne, N. R. Evans, P. Kervella, J. D. Monnier, C. R Proffitt, G. H. Schaefer, E. M. Winston, J. Kuraszkiewicz, A. Mérand, G. Pietrzyński, W. Gieren, B. Pilecki, S. Kraus, J-B Le Bouquin, N. Anugu, T. ten Brummelaar, S. Chhabra, I. Codron, C. L. Davies, J. Ennis, T. Gardner, M. Gutierrez, N. Ibrahim, C. Lanthermann, D. Mortimer , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Cepheid masses are particularly necessary to help solving the mass discrepancy, while independent distance determinations provide crucial test of the period-luminosity relation and Gaia parallaxes. We used CHARA/MIRC to measure the astrometric positions of the high-contrast companion orbiting the Cepheid SU Cygni. We also present new radial velocity measurements from the HST. The combination of in… ▽ More Cepheid masses are particularly necessary to help solving the mass discrepancy, while independent distance determinations provide crucial test of the period-luminosity relation and Gaia parallaxes. We used CHARA/MIRC to measure the astrometric positions of the high-contrast companion orbiting the Cepheid SU Cygni. We also present new radial velocity measurements from the HST. The combination of interferometric astrometry with optical and ultraviolet spectroscopy provides the full orbital elements of the system, in addition to component masses and the distance to the Cepheid system. We measured the mass of the Cepheid, $M_A = 4.859\pm0.058M_\odot$, and its two companions, $M_{Ba} = 3.595 \pm 0.033 M_\odot$ and $M_{Bb} = 1.546 \pm 0.009 M_\odot$. This is the most accurate existing measurement of the mass of a Galactic Cepheid (1.2%). Comparing with stellar evolution models, we show that the mass predicted is higher than the measured mass of the Cepheid, similar to conclusions of our previous work. We also measured the distance to the system to be $926.3 \pm 5.0$pc, i.e. an unprecedented parallax precision of $6μ$as (0.5%), being the most precise and accurate distance for a Cepheid. Such precision is similar to what is expected by Gaia for the last data release (DR5 in $\sim$ 2030) for single stars fainter than G = 13, but is not guaranteed for stars as bright as SU Cyg. We demonstrated that evolutionary models remain inadequate in accurately reproducing the measured mass, often predicting higher masses for the expected metallicity, even when factors such as rotation or convective core overshooting are taken into account. Our precise distance measurement allowed us to compare prediction period-luminosity relations. We found a disagreement of 0.2-0.5 mag with relations calibrated from photometry, while relations calibrated from direct distance measurement are in better agreement. △ Less

Submitted 15 November, 2024; v1 submitted 10 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 693, A111 (2025)

Visual Orbits of Wolf-Rayet Stars II: The Orbit of the Nitrogen-Rich WR Binary WR 138 measured with the CHARA Array

Authors: Amanda Holdsworth, Noel Richardson, Gail H. Schaefer, Jan J. Eldridge, Grant M. Hill, Becca Spejcher, Jonathan Mackey, Anthony F. J. Moffat, Felipe Navarete, John D. Monnier, Stefan Kraus, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Narsireddy Anugu, Sorabh Chhabra, Isabelle Codron, Jacob Ennis, Tyler Gardner, Mayra Gutierrez, Noura Ibrahim, Aaron Labdon, Cyprien Lanthermann, Benjamin R. Setterholm

Abstract: Classical Wolf-Rayet stars are descendants of massive OB-type stars that have lost their hydrogen-rich envelopes, and are in the final stages of stellar evolution, possibly exploding as type Ib/c supernovae. It is understood that the mechanisms driving this mass-loss are either strong stellar winds and or binary interactions, so intense studies of these binaries including their evolution can tell… ▽ More Classical Wolf-Rayet stars are descendants of massive OB-type stars that have lost their hydrogen-rich envelopes, and are in the final stages of stellar evolution, possibly exploding as type Ib/c supernovae. It is understood that the mechanisms driving this mass-loss are either strong stellar winds and or binary interactions, so intense studies of these binaries including their evolution can tell us about the importance of the two pathways in WR formation. WR 138 (HD 193077) has a period of just over 4 years and was previously reported to be resolved through interferometry. We report on new interferometric data combined with spectroscopic radial velocities in order to provide a three-dimensional orbit of the system. The precision on our parameters tend to be about an order of magnitude better than previous spectroscopic techniques. These measurements provide masses of the stars, namely $M_{\rm WR} = 13.93\pm1.49M_{\odot}$ and $M_{\rm O} = 26.28\pm1.71M_{\odot}$. The derived orbital parallax agrees with the parallax from \textit{Gaia}, namely with a distance of 2.13 kpc. We compare the system's orbit to models from BPASS, showing that the system likely may have been formed with little interaction but could have formed through some binary interactions either following or at the start of a red supergiant phase, but with the most likely scenario occurring as the red supergiant phase starts for a $\sim 40M_\odot$ star. △ Less

Submitted 1 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: accepted to ApJ

Visual Orbits of Wolf-Rayet Stars I: The Orbit of the dust-producing Wolf-Rayet binary WR\,137 measured with the CHARA Array

Authors: Noel D. Richardson, Gail H. Schaefer, Jan J. Eldridge, Rebecca Spejcher, Amanda Holdsworth, Ryan M. Lau, John D. Monnier, Anthony F. J. Moffat, Gerd Weigelt, Peredur M. Williams, Stefan Kraus, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Narsireddy Anugu, Sorabh Chhabra, Isabelle Codron, Jacob Ennis, Tyler Gardner, Mayra Gutierrez, Noura Ibrahim, Aaron Labdon, Cyprien Lanthermann, Benjamin R. Setterholm

Abstract: Classical Wolf-Rayet stars are the descendants of massive OB stars that have lost their hydrogen envelopes and are burning helium in their cores prior to exploding as type Ib/c supernovae. The mechanisms for losing their hydrogen envelopes are either through binary interactions or through strong stellar winds potentially coupled with episodic mass-loss. Amongst the bright classical WR stars, the b… ▽ More Classical Wolf-Rayet stars are the descendants of massive OB stars that have lost their hydrogen envelopes and are burning helium in their cores prior to exploding as type Ib/c supernovae. The mechanisms for losing their hydrogen envelopes are either through binary interactions or through strong stellar winds potentially coupled with episodic mass-loss. Amongst the bright classical WR stars, the binary system WR\,137 (HD\,192641; WC7d + O9e) is the subject of this paper. This binary is known to have a 13-year period and produces dust near periastron. Here we report on interferometry with the CHARA Array collected over a decade of time and providing the first visual orbit for the system. We combine these astrometric measurements with archival radial velocities to measure masses of the stars of $M_{\rm WR} = 9.5\pm3.4 M_\odot$ and $M_{\rm O} = 17.3\pm 1.9 M_\odot$ when we use the most recent \textit{Gaia} distance. These results are then compared to predicted dust distribution using these orbital elements, which match the observed imaging from \textit{JWST} as discussed recently by Lau et al. Furthermore, we compare the system to the BPASS models, finding that the WR star likely formed through stellar winds and not through binary interactions. However, the companion O star did likely accrete some material from the WR's mass-loss to provide the rotation seen today that drives its status as an Oe star. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Accepted to ApJ

Open loop calibration and closed loop non-perturbative estimation of the lateral errors of an adaptive optics system: examples with GRAVITY+ and CHARA experimental data

Authors: Anthony Berdeu, Henri Bonnet, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Johann Kolb, Guillaume Bourdarot, Philippe Berio, Thibaut Paumard, Frank Eisenhauer, Christian Straubmeier, Paulo Garcia, Sebastian Hönig, Florentin Millour, Laura Kreidberg, Denis Defrère, Ferréol Soulez, Denis Mourard, Gail Schaefer, Narsireddy Anugu

Abstract: Performances of an adaptive optics (AO) system are directly linked with the quality of its alignment. During the instrument calibration, having open loop fast tools with a large capture range are necessary to quickly assess the system misalignment and to drive it towards a state allowing to close the AO loop. During operation, complex systems are prone to misalignments (mechanical flexions, rotati… ▽ More Performances of an adaptive optics (AO) system are directly linked with the quality of its alignment. During the instrument calibration, having open loop fast tools with a large capture range are necessary to quickly assess the system misalignment and to drive it towards a state allowing to close the AO loop. During operation, complex systems are prone to misalignments (mechanical flexions, rotation of optical elements, etc.) that potentially degrade the AO performances, creating a need for a monitoring tool to tackle their driftage. In this work, we first present an improved perturbative method to quickly assess large lateral errors in open loop. It uses the spatial correlation of the measured interaction matrix of a limited number of 2D spatial modes with a synthetic model. Then, we introduce a novel solution to finely measure and correct these lateral errors via the closed loop telemetry. Non-perturbative, this method consequently does not impact the science output of the instrument. It is based on the temporal correlation of 2D spatial frequencies in the deformable mirror commands. It is model-free (no need of an interaction matrix model) and sparse in the Fourier space, making it fast and easily scalable to complex systems such as future extremely large telescopes. Finally, we present some results obtained on the development bench of the GRAVITY+ extreme AO system (Cartesian grid, 1432 actuators). In addition, we show with on-sky results gathered with CHARA and GRAVITY/CIAO that the method is adaptable to non-conventional AO geometries (hexagonal grids, 60 actuators). △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Time-Evolution Images of the Hypergiant RW Cephei During the Re-brightening Phase Following the Great Dimming

Authors: Narsireddy Anugu, Douglas R. Gies, Rachael M. Roettenbacher, John D. Monnier, Miguel Montargés, Antoine Mérand, Fabien Baron, Gail H. Schaefer, Katherine A. Shepard, Stefan Kraus, Matthew D. Anderson, Isabelle Codron, Tyler Gardner, Mayra Gutierrez, Rainer Köhler, Karolina Kubiak, Cyprien Lanthermann, Olli Majoinen, Nicholas J. Scott, Wolfgang Vollmann

Abstract: Stars with initial masses larger than 8 solar masses undergo substantial mass loss through mechanisms that remain elusive. Unraveling the origins of this mass loss is important for comprehending the evolutionary path of these stars, the type of supernova explosion and whether they become neutron stars or black hole remnants. In 2022 December, RW Cep experienced the Great Dimming in its visible bri… ▽ More Stars with initial masses larger than 8 solar masses undergo substantial mass loss through mechanisms that remain elusive. Unraveling the origins of this mass loss is important for comprehending the evolutionary path of these stars, the type of supernova explosion and whether they become neutron stars or black hole remnants. In 2022 December, RW Cep experienced the Great Dimming in its visible brightness, presenting a unique opportunity to understand mass loss mechanisms. Our previous observations of RW Cep from the CHARA Array, taken during the dimming phase, show a compelling asymmetry in the star images, with a darker zone on the west side of the star indicating presence of dust in front of the star in our line of sight. Here, we present multi-epoch observations from CHARA while the star re-brightened in 2023. We created images using three image reconstruction methods and an analytical model fit. Comparisons of images acquired during the dimming and re-brightening phases reveal remarkable differences. Specifically, the west side of RW Cep, initially obscured during the dimming phase, reappeared during the subsequent re-brightening phase and the measured angular diameter became larger by 8%. We also observed image changes from epoch to epoch while the star is brightening indicating the time evolution of dust in front of the star. We suggest that the dimming of RW Cep was a result from a recent surface mass ejection event, generating a dust cloud that partially obstructed the stellar photosphere. △ Less

Submitted 21 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: Accepted by The Astrophysical Journal Letters (ApJL)

Recent and Upcoming Upgrades for MIRC-X and MYSTIC on the CHARA Array

Authors: Noura Ibrahim, Mayra Gutierrez, John D. Monnier, Stefan Kraus, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Narsireddy Anugu, Theo ten Brummelaar, Sorabh Chhabra, Isabelle Codron, Julien Dejonghe, Aaron Labdon, Daniel Lecron, Daniel Mortimer, Denis Mourard, Gail Schaefer, Benjamin Setterholm, Manuela Arnó, Andrea Bianco, Michele Frangiamore, Laurent Jocou

Abstract: MIRC-X and MYSTIC are six-telescope near-infrared beam (1.08-2.38 $μ$m) combiners at the CHARA Array on Mt Wilson CA, USA. Ever since the commissioning of MIRC-X (J and H bands) in 2018 and MYSTIC (K bands) in 2021, they have been the most popular and over-subscribed instruments at the array. Observers have been able to image stellar objects with sensitivity down to 8.1 mag in H and 7.8 mag in K-b… ▽ More MIRC-X and MYSTIC are six-telescope near-infrared beam (1.08-2.38 $μ$m) combiners at the CHARA Array on Mt Wilson CA, USA. Ever since the commissioning of MIRC-X (J and H bands) in 2018 and MYSTIC (K bands) in 2021, they have been the most popular and over-subscribed instruments at the array. Observers have been able to image stellar objects with sensitivity down to 8.1 mag in H and 7.8 mag in K-band under the very best conditions. In 2022 MYSTIC was upgraded with a new ABCD mode using the VLTI/GRAVITY 4-beam integrated optics chip, with the goal of improving the sensitivity and calibration. The ABCD mode has been used to observe more than 20 T Tauri stars; however, the data pipeline is still being developed. Alongside software upgrades, we detail planned upgrades to both instruments in this paper. The main upgrades are: 1) Adding a motorized filter wheel to MIRC-X along with new high spectral resolution modes 2) Updating MIRC-X optics to allow for simultaneous 6T J+H observations 3) Removing the warm window between the spectrograph and the warm optics in MYSTIC 4) Adding a 6T ABCD mode to MIRC-X in collaboration with CHARA/SPICA 5) Updating the MIRC-X CRED-ONE camera funded by Prof. Kraus from U. Exeter 6) Carrying out science verification of the MIRC-X polarization mode 7) Developing new software for ABCD-mode data reduction and more efficient calibration routines. We expect these upgrades to not only improve the observing experience, but also increase the sensitivity by 0.4 mag in J+H-bands, and 1 mag in K-band. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 11 pages, 9 figures, Submitted to SPIE in Yokohama 2024

CHARA Near-Infrared Imaging of the Yellow Hypergiant Star $ρ$ Cassiopeiae: Convection Cells and Circumstellar Envelope

Authors: Narsireddy Anugu, Fabien Baron, John D. Monnier, Douglas R. Gies, Rachael M. Roettenbacher, Gail H. Schaefer, Miguel Montargès, Stefan Kraus, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Matthew D. Anderson, Theo ten Brummelaar, Isabelle Codron, Christopher D. Farrington, Tyler Gardner, Mayra Gutierrez, Rainer Köhler, Cyprien Lanthermann, Ryan Norris, Nicholas J. Scott, Benjamin R. Setterholm, Norman L. Vargas

Abstract: Massive evolved stars such as red supergiants and hypergiants are potential progenitors of Type II supernovae, and they are known for ejecting substantial amounts of matter, up to half their initial mass, during their final evolutionary phases. The rate and mechanism of this mass loss play a crucial role in determining their ultimate fate and the likelihood of their progression to supernovae. Howe… ▽ More Massive evolved stars such as red supergiants and hypergiants are potential progenitors of Type II supernovae, and they are known for ejecting substantial amounts of matter, up to half their initial mass, during their final evolutionary phases. The rate and mechanism of this mass loss play a crucial role in determining their ultimate fate and the likelihood of their progression to supernovae. However, the exact mechanisms driving this mass ejection have long been a subject of research. Recent observations, such as the Great Dimming of Betelgeuse, have suggested that the activity of large convective cells, combined with pulsation, could be a plausible explanation for such mass loss events. In this context, we conducted interferometric observations of the famous yellow hypergiant, $ρ$ Cassiopeiae using the CHARA Array in H and K-band wavelengths. $ρ$ Cas is well known for its recurrent eruptions, characterized by periods of visual dimming ($\sim$1.5-2 mag) followed by recovery. From our observations, we derived the diameter of the limb-darkened disk and found that this star has a radius of $1.04\pm0.01$ milliarcseconds (mas), or $564 - 700 R_\odot$. We performed image reconstructions with three different image reconstruction software packages, and they unveiled the presence of giant hot and cold spots on the stellar surface. We interpret these prominent hot spots as giant convection cells, suggesting a possible connection to mass ejections from the star's envelope. Furthermore, we detected spectral CO emission lines in the K-band ($λ=2.31-2.38 μ$m), and the image reconstructions in these spectral lines revealed an extended circumstellar envelope with a radius of $1.45\pm0.10$ mas. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2024; v1 submitted 5 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 21 pages, 13 figures, 4 tables, Accepted by ApJ

The Orbit and Dynamical Mass of Polaris: Observations with the CHARA Array

Authors: Nancy Remage Evans, Gail Schaefer, Alexandre Gallenne, Guillermo Torres, Elliot P. Horch, Richard I Anderson, John Monnier, Rachael M. Roettenbacher, Fabien Baron, Narsireddy Anugu, James W. Davidson, Jr., Pierre Kervella, Garance Bras, Charles Proffitt, Antoine Mérand, Margarita Karovska, Jeremy Jones, Cyprien Lanthermann, Stefan Kraus, Isabelle Codron, Howard E. Bond, Giordano Viviani

Abstract: The 30 year orbit of the Cepheid Polaris has been followed with observations by the CHARA Array (Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy) from 2016 through 2021. An additional measurement has been made with speckle interferometry at the Apache Point Observatory. Detection of the companion is complicated by its comparative faintness--an extreme flux ratio. Angular diameter measurem… ▽ More The 30 year orbit of the Cepheid Polaris has been followed with observations by the CHARA Array (Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy) from 2016 through 2021. An additional measurement has been made with speckle interferometry at the Apache Point Observatory. Detection of the companion is complicated by its comparative faintness--an extreme flux ratio. Angular diameter measurements appear to show some variation with pulsation phase. Astrometric positions of the companion were measured with a custom grid-based model-fitting procedure and confirmed with the CANDID software. These positions were combined with the extensive radial velocities discussed by Torres (2023) to fit an orbit. Because of the imbalance of the sizes of the astrometry and radial velocity datasets, several methods of weighting are discussed. The resulting mass of the Cepheid is 5.13$\pm$ 0.28 $M_\odot$. Because of the comparatively large eccentricity of the orbit (0.63), the mass derived is sensitive to the value found for the eccentricity. The mass combined with the distance shows that the Cepheid is more luminous than predicted for this mass from evolutionary tracks. The identification of surface spots is discussed. This would give credence to the identification of photometric variation with a period of approximately 120 days as a rotation period. Polaris has some unusual properties (rapid period change, a phase jump, variable amplitude, unusual polarization). However, a pulsation scenario involving pulsation mode, orbital periastron passage (Torres 2023), and low pulsation amplitude can explain these characteristics within the framework of pulsation seen in Cepheids. △ Less

Submitted 12 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: ApJ in press

CHARA/Silmaril Instrument Software and Data Reduction Pipeline: Characterization of the Instrument in the Lab and On-Sky

Authors: Narsireddy Anugu, Theo A. ten brummelaar, Cyprien Lanthermann, Peter G. Tuthill, Edgar R. Ligon III, Gail H. Schaefer, Douglas R. Gies, Grace Piroscia, Adam Taras, Gerard T. van Belle, Makoto Kishimoto, Marc-Antoine Martinod

Abstract: The newly installed Silmaril beam combiner at the CHARA array is designed to observe previously inaccessible faint targets, including Active Galactic Nuclei and T-Tauri Young Stellar Objects. Silmaril leverages cutting-edge optical design, low readout noise, and a high-speed C-RED1 camera to realize its sensitivity objectives. In this presentation, we offer a comprehensive overview of the instrume… ▽ More The newly installed Silmaril beam combiner at the CHARA array is designed to observe previously inaccessible faint targets, including Active Galactic Nuclei and T-Tauri Young Stellar Objects. Silmaril leverages cutting-edge optical design, low readout noise, and a high-speed C-RED1 camera to realize its sensitivity objectives. In this presentation, we offer a comprehensive overview of the instrument's software, which manages critical functions, including camera data acquisition, fringe tracking, automatic instrument alignment, and observing interfaces, all aimed at optimizing on-sky data collection. Additionally, we offer an outline of the data reduction pipeline, responsible for converting raw instrument data products into the final OIFITS used by the standard interferometry modeling software. The purpose of this paper is to provide a solid reference for studies based on Silmaril data. △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: Presented at 2024 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation conference

The Orbit and Mass of the Cepheid AW Per

Authors: Nancy Remage Evans, Alexandre Gallenne, Pierre Kervella, Antoine Mérand, John Monnier, Richard I Anderson, H. Moritz Günther, Charles Proffitt, Elaine M. Winston, Grzegorz Pietrzynski, Wolfgang Gieren, Joanna Kuraszkiewicz, Narsireddy Anugu, Rachael M. Roettenbacher, Cyprien Lanthermann, Mayra Gutierrez, Gail Schaefer, Benjamin R. Setterholm, Noura Ibrahim, Stefan Kraus

Abstract: The Cepheid AW Per is a component in a multiple system with a long period orbit. The radial velocities of Griffin (2016) cover the 38 year orbit well. An extensive program of interferometry with the CHARA array is reported here, from which the long period orbit is determined. In addition, a {\it Hubble Space Telescope} high resolution spectrum in the ultraviolet demonstrates that the companion is… ▽ More The Cepheid AW Per is a component in a multiple system with a long period orbit. The radial velocities of Griffin (2016) cover the 38 year orbit well. An extensive program of interferometry with the CHARA array is reported here, from which the long period orbit is determined. In addition, a {\it Hubble Space Telescope} high resolution spectrum in the ultraviolet demonstrates that the companion is itself a binary with nearly equal mass components. These data combined with a distance from {\it Gaia} provide a mass of the Cepheid (primary) of M$_1$ = 6.79 $\pm$ 0.85 $M_\odot$. The combined mass of the secondary is M$_S$ = 8.79 $\pm$ 0.50 $M_\odot$. The accuracy of the mass will be improved after the fourth Gaia data release expected in approximately two years. △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: Accepted for ApJ

Orbits and Dynamical Masses for Six Binary Systems in the Hyades Cluster

Authors: Guillermo Torres, Gail H. Schaefer, Robert P. Stefanik, David W. Latham, Andrew F. Boden, Narsireddy Anugu, Jeremy W. Jones, Robert Klement, Stefan Kraus, Cyprien Lanthermann, John D. Monnier

Abstract: We report long baseline interferometric observations with the CHARA Array that resolve six previously known double-lined spectroscopic binary systems in the Hyades cluster, with orbital periods ranging from 3 to 358 days: HD 27483, HD 283882, HD 26874, HD 27149, HD 30676, and HD 28545. We combine those observations with new and existing radial-velocity measurements, to infer the dynamical masses f… ▽ More We report long baseline interferometric observations with the CHARA Array that resolve six previously known double-lined spectroscopic binary systems in the Hyades cluster, with orbital periods ranging from 3 to 358 days: HD 27483, HD 283882, HD 26874, HD 27149, HD 30676, and HD 28545. We combine those observations with new and existing radial-velocity measurements, to infer the dynamical masses for the components as well as the orbital parallaxes. For most stars the masses are determined to better than 1%. Our work significantly increases the number of systems with mass determinations in the cluster. We find that while current models of stellar evolution for the age and metallicity of the Hyades are able to reproduce the overall shape of the empirical mass-luminosity relation, they overestimate the $V$-band fluxes by about 0.1 mag between 0.5 and 1.4 $M_{\odot}$. The disagreement is smaller in $H$, and near zero in $K$, and depends somewhat on the model. We also make use of the TESS light curves to estimate rotation periods for our targets, and detect numerous flares in one of them (HD 283882), estimating an average flaring rate of 0.44 events per day. △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 21 pages in two-column emulateapj format, including figures and tables. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Vortex Fiber Nulling for Exoplanet Observations: First Direct Detection of M Dwarf Companions around HIP 21543, HIP 94666, and HIP 50319

Authors: Daniel Echeverri, Jerry W. Xuan, John D. Monnier, Jacques-Robert Delorme, Jason J. Wang, Nemanja Jovanovic, Katelyn Horstman, Garreth Ruane, Bertrand Mennesson, Eugene Serabyn, Dimitri Mawet, J. Kent Wallace, Sofia Hillman, Ashley Baker, Randall Bartos, Benjamin Calvin, Sylvain Cetre, Greg Doppmann, Luke Finnerty, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Chih-Chun Hsu, Joshua Liberman, Ronald Lopez, Maxwell Millar-Blanchaer, Evan Morris , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Vortex fiber nulling (VFN) is a technique for detecting and characterizing faint companions at small separations from their host star. A near-infrared ($\sim2.3 μ$m) VFN demonstrator mode was deployed on the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) instrument at the Keck Observatory and presented earlier. In this paper, we present the first VFN companion detections. Three targets, HIP 21543 Ab,… ▽ More Vortex fiber nulling (VFN) is a technique for detecting and characterizing faint companions at small separations from their host star. A near-infrared ($\sim2.3 μ$m) VFN demonstrator mode was deployed on the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) instrument at the Keck Observatory and presented earlier. In this paper, we present the first VFN companion detections. Three targets, HIP 21543 Ab, HIP 94666 Ab, and HIP 50319 B, were detected with host-companion flux ratios between 70 and 430 at and within one diffraction beamwidth ($λ/D$). We complement the spectra from KPIC VFN with flux ratio and position measurements from the CHARA Array to validate the VFN results and provide a more complete characterization of the targets. This paper reports the first direct detection of these three M dwarf companions, yielding their first spectra and flux ratios. Our observations provide measurements of bulk properties such as effective temperatures, radial velocities, and v$\sin{i}$, and verify the accuracy of the published orbits. These detections corroborate earlier predictions of the KPIC VFN performance, demonstrating that the instrument mode is ready for science observations. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 13 pages, 2 figures; Accepted to ApJ Letters

The CHARA Array interferometric program on the multiplicity of classical Be stars: new detections and orbits of stripped subdwarf companions

Authors: Robert Klement, Thomas Rivinius, Douglas R. Gies, Dietrich Baade, Antoine Merand, John D. Monnier, Gail H. Schaefer, Cyprien Lanthermann, Narsireddy Anugu, Stefan Kraus, Tyler Gardner

Abstract: Rapid rotation and nonradial pulsations enable Be stars to build decretion disks, where the characteristic line emission forms. A major but unconstrained fraction of Be stars owe their rapid rotation to mass and angular-momentum transfer in a binary. The faint, stripped companions can be helium-burning subdwarf OB-type stars (sdOBs), white dwarfs (WDs), or neutron stars. We present optical/near-IR… ▽ More Rapid rotation and nonradial pulsations enable Be stars to build decretion disks, where the characteristic line emission forms. A major but unconstrained fraction of Be stars owe their rapid rotation to mass and angular-momentum transfer in a binary. The faint, stripped companions can be helium-burning subdwarf OB-type stars (sdOBs), white dwarfs (WDs), or neutron stars. We present optical/near-IR CHARA interferometry of 37 Be stars selected for spectroscopic indications of low-mass companions. From multi-epoch $H$- and/or $K$-band interferometry plus radial velocities and parallaxes collected elsewhere, we constructed 3D orbits and derived flux ratios and absolute dynamical masses of both components for six objects, quadrupling the number of anchor points for evolutionary models. In addition, a new wider companion was identified for the known Be + sdO binary 59 Cyg, while auxiliary VLTI/GRAVITY spectrointerferometry confirmed circumstellar matter around the sdO companion to HR 2142. On the other hand, we failed to detect any companion to the six Be stars with $γ$ Cas-like X-ray emission, with sdOB and main-sequence companions of the expected spectroscopic mass being ruled out for the X-ray-prototypical stars $γ$ Cas and $π$ Aqr, leaving the elusive WD companions as the most likely companions, as well as a likely explanation of the X-rays. No low-mass main-sequence close companions were identified in the other stars. △ Less

Submitted 13 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: Accepted to ApJ

Orbits and Dynamical Masses for the Active Hyades Multiple System HD 284163

Authors: Guillermo Torres, Gail H. Schaefer, Robert P. Stefanik, David W. Latham, Jeremy Jones, Cyprien Lanthermann, John D. Monnier, Stefan Kraus, Narsireddy Anugu, Theo ten Brummelaar, Sorabh Chhabra, Isabelle Codron, Jacob Ennis, Tyler Gardner, Mayra Gutierrez, Noura Ibrahim, Aaron Labdon, Dan Mortimer, Benjamin R. Setterholm

Abstract: We report near-infrared long-baseline interferometric observations of the Hyades multiple system HD 284163, made with the CHARA array, as well as almost 43 yr of high-resolution spectroscopic monitoring at the CfA. Both types of observations resolve the 2.39 d inner binary, and also an outer companion in a 43.1 yr orbit. Our observations, combined with others from the literature, allow us to solve… ▽ More We report near-infrared long-baseline interferometric observations of the Hyades multiple system HD 284163, made with the CHARA array, as well as almost 43 yr of high-resolution spectroscopic monitoring at the CfA. Both types of observations resolve the 2.39 d inner binary, and also an outer companion in a 43.1 yr orbit. Our observations, combined with others from the literature, allow us to solve for the 3D inner and outer orbits, which are found to be at nearly right angles to each other. We determine the dynamical masses of the three stars (good to better than 1.4% for the inner pair), as well as the orbital parallax. The secondary component (0.5245 +/- 0.0047 MSun) is now the lowest mass star with a dynamical mass measurement in the cluster. A comparison of these measurements with current stellar evolution models for the age and metallicity of the Hyades shows good agreement. All three stars display significant levels of chromospheric activity, consistent with the classification of HD 284163 as an RS CVn object. We present evidence that a more distant fourth star is physically associated, making this a hierarchical quadruple system. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 15 pages in two-column emulateapj format, including figures and tables. Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

2023 Astrophotonics Roadmap: pathways to realizing multi-functional integrated astrophotonic instruments

Authors: Nemanja Jovanovic, Pradip Gatkine, Narsireddy Anugu, Rodrigo Amezcua-Correa, Ritoban Basu Thakur, Charles Beichman, Chad Bender, Jean-Philippe Berger, Azzurra Bigioli, Joss Bland-Hawthorn, Guillaume Bourdarot, Charles M. Bradford, Ronald Broeke, Julia Bryant, Kevin Bundy, Ross Cheriton, Nick Cvetojevic, Momen Diab, Scott A. Diddams, Aline N. Dinkelaker, Jeroen Duis, Stephen Eikenberry, Simon Ellis, Akira Endo, Donald F. Figer , et al. (55 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Photonics offer numerous functionalities that can be used to realize astrophotonic instruments. The most spectacular example to date is the ESO Gravity instrument at the Very Large Telescope in Chile. Integrated astrophotonic devices stand to offer critical advantages for instrument development, including extreme miniaturization, as well as integration, superior thermal and mechanical stabilizatio… ▽ More Photonics offer numerous functionalities that can be used to realize astrophotonic instruments. The most spectacular example to date is the ESO Gravity instrument at the Very Large Telescope in Chile. Integrated astrophotonic devices stand to offer critical advantages for instrument development, including extreme miniaturization, as well as integration, superior thermal and mechanical stabilization owing to the small footprint, and high replicability offering cost savings. Numerous astrophotonic technologies have been developed to address shortcomings of conventional instruments to date, including for example the development of photonic lanterns, complex aperiodic fiber Bragg gratings, complex beam combiners to enable long baseline interferometry, and laser frequency combs for high precision spectral calibration of spectrometers. Despite these successes, the facility implementation of photonic solutions in astronomical instrumentation is currently limited because of (1) low throughputs from coupling to fibers, coupling fibers to chips, propagation and bend losses, device losses, etc, (2) difficulties with scaling to large channel count devices needed for large bandwidths and high resolutions, and (3) efficient integration of photonics with detectors, to name a few. In this roadmap, we identify 24 areas that need further development. We outline the challenges and advances needed across those areas covering design tools, simulation capabilities, fabrication processes, the need for entirely new components, integration and hybridization and the characterization of devices. To realize these advances the astrophotonics community will have to work cooperatively with industrial partners who have more advanced manufacturing capabilities. With the advances described herein, multi-functional instruments will be realized leading to novel observing capabilities for both ground and space platforms. △ Less

Submitted 1 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 191 pages, 47 figures. This is the version of the article before peer review or editing, as submitted by an author to J. Phys. Photonics. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2515-7647/ace869/meta

Journal ref: J. Phys. Photonics 5 042501 (2023)

AC Her: Evidence of the first polar circumbinary planet

Authors: Rebecca G. Martin, Stephen H. Lubow, David Vallet, Narsireddy Anugu, Douglas R. Gies

Abstract: We examine the geometry of the post-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star binary AC Her and its circumbinary disk. We show that the observations describe a binary orbit that is perpendicular to the disk with an angular momentum vector that is within $9^\circ$ of the binary eccentricity vector, meaning that the disk is close to a stable polar alignment. The most likely explanation for the very large i… ▽ More We examine the geometry of the post-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star binary AC Her and its circumbinary disk. We show that the observations describe a binary orbit that is perpendicular to the disk with an angular momentum vector that is within $9^\circ$ of the binary eccentricity vector, meaning that the disk is close to a stable polar alignment. The most likely explanation for the very large inner radius of the dust is a planet within the circumbinary disk. This is therefore both the first reported detection of a polar circumbinary disk around a post-AGB binary and the first evidence of a polar circumbinary planet. We consider the dynamical constraints on the circumbinary disk size and mass. The polar circumbinary disk feeds circumstellar disks with gas on orbits that are highly inclined with respect to the binary orbit plane. The resulting circumstellar disk inclination could be anywhere from coplanar to polar depending upon the competition between the mass accretion and binary torques. △ Less

Submitted 30 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJL

The MAPS Adaptive Secondary Mirror: First Light, Laboratory Work, and Achievements

Authors: Jess A. Johnson, Amali Vaz, Manny Montoya, Narsireddy Anugu, Cameron Ard, Jared Carlson, Kimberly Chapman, Olivier Durney, Chuck Fellows, Andrew Gardner, Olivier Guyon, Buell Jannuzi, Ron Jones, Craig Kulesa, Joseph Long, Eden McEwen, Jared Males, Emily Mailhot, Jorge Sanchez, Suresh Sivanandam, Robin Swanson, Jacob Taylor, Dan Vargas, Grant West, Jennifer Patience , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The MMT Adaptive Optics exoPlanet Characterization System (MAPS) is a comprehensive update to the first generation MMT adaptive optics system (MMTAO), designed to produce a facility class suite of instruments whose purpose is to image nearby exoplanets. The system's adaptive secondary mirror (ASM), although comprised in part of legacy components from the MMTAO ASM, represents a major leap forward… ▽ More The MMT Adaptive Optics exoPlanet Characterization System (MAPS) is a comprehensive update to the first generation MMT adaptive optics system (MMTAO), designed to produce a facility class suite of instruments whose purpose is to image nearby exoplanets. The system's adaptive secondary mirror (ASM), although comprised in part of legacy components from the MMTAO ASM, represents a major leap forward in engineering, structure and function. The subject of this paper is the design, operation, achievements and technical issues of the MAPS adaptive secondary mirror. We discuss laboratory preparation for on-sky engineering runs, the results of those runs and the issues we discovered, what we learned about those issues in a follow-up period of laboratory work, and the steps we are taking to mitigate them. △ Less

Submitted 25 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: 22 pages, 22 images, 2 tables, submitted to SPIE Proceedings (Unconventional Imaging, Sensing and Adaptive Optics 2023 Conference)

Refining the Stellar Parameters of $τ$ Ceti: a Pole-on Solar Analog

Authors: Maria Korolik, Rachael M. Roettenbacher, Debra A. Fischer, Stephen R. Kane, Jean M. Perkins, John D. Monnier, Claire L. Davies, Stefan Kraus, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Narsireddy Anugu, Tyler Gardner, Cyprien Lanthermann, Gail H. Schaefer, Benjamin Setterholm, John M. Brewer, Joe Llama, Lily L. Zhao, Andrew E. Szymkowiak, Gregory W. Henry

Abstract: To accurately characterize the planets a star may be hosting, stellar parameters must first be well-determined. $τ$ Ceti is a nearby solar analog and often a target for exoplanet searches. Uncertainties in the observed rotational velocities have made constraining $τ$ Ceti's inclination difficult. For planet candidates from radial velocity (RV) observations, this leads to substantial uncertainties… ▽ More To accurately characterize the planets a star may be hosting, stellar parameters must first be well-determined. $τ$ Ceti is a nearby solar analog and often a target for exoplanet searches. Uncertainties in the observed rotational velocities have made constraining $τ$ Ceti's inclination difficult. For planet candidates from radial velocity (RV) observations, this leads to substantial uncertainties in the planetary masses, as only the minimum mass ($m \sin i$) can be constrained with RV. In this paper, we used new long-baseline optical interferometric data from the CHARA Array with the MIRC-X beam combiner and extreme precision spectroscopic data from the Lowell Discovery Telescope with EXPRES to improve constraints on the stellar parameters of $τ$ Ceti. Additional archival data were obtained from a Tennessee State University Automatic Photometric Telescope and the Mount Wilson Observatory HK project. These new and archival data sets led to improved stellar parameter determinations, including a limb-darkened angular diameter of $2.019 \pm 0.012$ mas and rotation period of $46 \pm 4$ days. By combining parameters from our data sets, we obtained an estimate for the stellar inclination of $7\pm7^\circ$. This nearly-pole-on orientation has implications for the previously-reported exoplanets. An analysis of the system dynamics suggests that the planetary architecture described by Feng et al. (2017) may not retain long-term stability for low orbital inclinations. Additionally, the inclination of $τ$ Ceti reveals a misalignment between the inclinations of the stellar rotation axis and the previously-measured debris disk rotation axis ($i_\mathrm{disk} = 35 \pm 10^\circ$). △ Less

Submitted 19 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures, 4 tables, 1 appendix, accepted for publication to AJ

The Great Dimming of the hypergiant star RW Cephei: CHARA Array images and spectral analysis

Authors: N. Anugu, F. Baron, D. R. Gies, C. Lanthermann, G. H. Schaefer, K. A. Shepard, T. ten Brummelaar, J. D. Monnier, S. Kraus, J. -B. Le Bouquin, C. L. Davies, J. Ennis, T. Gardner, A. Labdon, R. M. Roettenbacher, B. R. Setterholm, W. Vollmann, C. Sigismondi

Abstract: The cool hypergiant star RW Cephei is currently in a deep photometric minimum that began several years ago. This event bears a strong similarity to the Great Dimming of the red supergiant Betelgeuse that occurred in 2019-2020. We present the first resolved images of RW Cephei that we obtained with the CHARA Array interferometer. The angular diameter and Gaia distance estimates indicate a stellar r… ▽ More The cool hypergiant star RW Cephei is currently in a deep photometric minimum that began several years ago. This event bears a strong similarity to the Great Dimming of the red supergiant Betelgeuse that occurred in 2019-2020. We present the first resolved images of RW Cephei that we obtained with the CHARA Array interferometer. The angular diameter and Gaia distance estimates indicate a stellar radius of 900 - 1760 R_sun which makes RW Cep one of the largest stars known in the Milky Way. The reconstructed, near-infrared images show a striking asymmetry in the disk illumination with a bright patch offset from center and a darker zone to the west. The imaging results depend on assumptions made about the extended flux, and we present two cases with and without allowing extended emission. We also present a recent near-infrared spectrum of RW Cep that demonstrates that the fading is much larger at visual wavelengths compared to that at near-infrared wavelengths as expected for extinction by dust. We suggest that the star's dimming is the result of a recent surface mass ejection event that created a dust cloud that now partially blocks the stellar photosphere. △ Less

Submitted 10 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 20 pages, accepted for AJ

Reconstructing the mid-infrared environment in the stellar merger remnant V838 Monocerotis

Authors: Muhammad Zain Mobeen, Tomasz Kamiński, Alexis Matter, Markus Wittkowski, John D. Monnier, Stefan Kraus, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Narsireddy Anugu, Theo Ten Brummelaar, Claire L. Davies, Jacob Ennis, Tyler Gardner, Aaron Labdon, Cyprien Lanthermann, Gail H. Schaefer, Benjamin R. Setterholm, Nour Ibrahim, Steve B. Howell

Abstract: V838 Mon is a stellar merger remnant that erupted in 2002 in a luminous red novae event. Although it is well studied in the optical, near infrared and submillimeter regimes, its structure in the mid-infrared wavelengths remains elusive. We observed V838 Mon with the MATISSE (LMN bands) and GRAVITY (K band) instruments at the VLTI and also the MIRCX/MYSTIC (HK bands) instruments at the CHARA array.… ▽ More V838 Mon is a stellar merger remnant that erupted in 2002 in a luminous red novae event. Although it is well studied in the optical, near infrared and submillimeter regimes, its structure in the mid-infrared wavelengths remains elusive. We observed V838 Mon with the MATISSE (LMN bands) and GRAVITY (K band) instruments at the VLTI and also the MIRCX/MYSTIC (HK bands) instruments at the CHARA array. We geometrically modelled the squared visibilities and the closure phases in each of the bands to obtain constraints on physical parameters. Furthermore, we constructed high resolution images of V838 Mon in the HK bands, using the MIRA and SQUEEZE algorithms to study the immediate surroundings of the star. Lastly, we also modelled the spectral features seen in the K and M bands at various temperatures. The image reconstructions show a bipolar structure that surrounds the central star in the post merger remnant. In the K band, the super resolved images show an extended structure (uniform disk diameter $\sim 1.94$ mas) with a clumpy morphology that is aligned along a north-west position angle (PA) of $-40^\circ$. Whereas in the H band, the extended structure (uniform disk diameter $\sim 1.18$ mas) lies roughly along the same PA. However, the northern lobe is slightly misaligned with respect to the southern lobe, which results in the closure phase deviations. The VLTI and CHARA imaging results show that V838 Mon is surrounded by features that resemble jets that are intrinsically asymmetric. This is also confirmed by the closure phase modelling. Further observations with VLTI can help to determine whether this structure shows any variation over time, and also if such bipolar structures are commonly formed in other stellar merger remnants. △ Less

Submitted 30 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 18 pages, 34 figures

Journal ref: A&A 686, A260 (2024)

Imaging the warped dusty disk wind environment of SU Aurigae with MIRC-X

Authors: Aaron Labdon, Stefan Kraus, Claire L. Davies, Alexander Kreplin, Sebastian Zarrilli, John D. Monnier, Jean-Baptiste le Bouquin, Narsireddy Anugu, Benjamin Setterholm, Tyler Gardner, Jacob Ennis, Cyprien Lanthermann, Theo ten Brummelaar, Gail Schaefer, Tim J. Harries

Abstract: SU Aurigae is a widely studied T Tauri star and here we present original state-of-the-art interferometric observations with better uv and baseline coverage than previous studies. We aim to investigate the characteristics of the circumstellar material around SU Aur, constrain the disk geometry, composition and inner dust rim structure. The MIRC-X instrument at CHARA is a 6 telescope optical beam co… ▽ More SU Aurigae is a widely studied T Tauri star and here we present original state-of-the-art interferometric observations with better uv and baseline coverage than previous studies. We aim to investigate the characteristics of the circumstellar material around SU Aur, constrain the disk geometry, composition and inner dust rim structure. The MIRC-X instrument at CHARA is a 6 telescope optical beam combiner offering baselines up to 331 m. We undertook image reconstruction for model-independent analysis, and fitted geometric models such as Gaussian and ring distributions. Additionally, the fitting of radiative transfer models constrains the physical parameters of the disk. Image reconstruction reveals a highly inclined disk with a slight asymmetry consistent with inclination effects obscuring the inner disk rim through absorption of incident star light on the near-side and thermal re-emission/scattering of the far-side. Geometric models find that the underlying brightness distribution is best modelled as a Gaussian with a FWHM of $1.53\pm0.01 \mathrm{mas}$ at an inclination of $56.9\pm0.4^\circ$ and minor axis position angle of $55.9\pm0.5^\circ$. Radiative transfer modelling shows a flared disk with an inner radius at 0.16 au which implies a grain size of $0.14 \mathrm{μm}$ assuming astronomical silicates and a scale height of 9.0 au at 100 au. In agreement with literature, only the dusty disk wind successfully accounts for the NIR excess by introducing dust above the mid-plane. Our results confirm and provide better constraints than previous inner disk studies of SU Aurigae. We confirm the presence of a dusty disk wind in the cicumstellar environment, the strength of which is enhanced by a late infall event which also causes very strong misalignments between the inner and outer disks. △ Less

Submitted 9 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2111.06205, arXiv:1905.11907

Journal ref: A&A 678, A6 (2023)

Three-dimensional orbit of AC Her determined: Binary-induced truncation cannot explain the large cavity in this post-AGB transition disk

Authors: Narsireddy Anugu, Jacques Kluska, Tyler Gardner, John D. Monnier, Hans Van Winckel, Gail H. Schaefer, Stefan Kraus, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Steve Ertel, Antoine Mérand, Robert Klement, Claire L Davies, Jacob Ennis, Aaron Labdon, Cyprien Lanthermann, Benjamin R. Setterholm, Theo ten Brummelaar, Akke Corporaal, Laurence Sabin, Jayadev Rajagopal

Abstract: Some evolved binaries, namely post-asymptotic giant branch binaries, are surrounded by stable and massive circumbinary disks similar to protoplanetary disks found around young stars. Around 10% of these disks are transition disks: they have a large inner cavity in the dust. Previous interferometric measurements and modeling have ruled out the cavity being formed by dust sublimation and suggested t… ▽ More Some evolved binaries, namely post-asymptotic giant branch binaries, are surrounded by stable and massive circumbinary disks similar to protoplanetary disks found around young stars. Around 10% of these disks are transition disks: they have a large inner cavity in the dust. Previous interferometric measurements and modeling have ruled out the cavity being formed by dust sublimation and suggested that the cavity is due to a massive circumbinary planet that traps the dust in the disk and produces the observed depletion of refractory elements on the surface of the post-AGB star. In this study, we test alternative scenario in which the large cavity could be due to dynamical truncation from the inner binary. We performed near-infrared interferometric observations with the CHARA Array on the archetype of such a transition disk around a post-AGB binary: AC Her. We detect the companion at ten epochs over 4 years and determine the 3-dimensional orbit using these astrometric measurements in combination with the radial velocity time series. This is the first astrometric orbit constructed for a post-AGB binary system. We derive the best-fit orbit with a semi-major axis $2.01 \pm 0.01$ mas ($2.83\pm0.08$ au), inclination $(142.9 \pm 1.1)^\circ$ and longitude of the ascending node $(155.1 \pm 1.8)^\circ$. We find that the theoretical dynamical truncation and dust sublimation radius are at least $\sim3\times$ smaller than the observed inner disk radius ($\sim21.5$ mas or 30 au). This strengthens the hypothesis that the origin of such a cavity is due to the presence of a circumbinary planet. △ Less

Submitted 3 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: Accepted to be published in The Astrophysical Journal

Precise Age for the Binary Star System 12 Com in the Coma Berenices Cluster

Authors: Rex Lam, Eric L. Sandquist, Gail H. Schaefer, Christopher D. Farrington, John D. Monnier, Narsireddy Anugu, Cyprien Lanthermann, Robert Klement, Jacob Ennis, Benjamin R. Setterholm, Tyler Gardner, Stefan Kraus, Claire L. Davies, Jerome A. Orosz

Abstract: We present measurements of the interferometrically-resolved binary star system 12 Com and the single giant star 31 Com in the cluster Coma Berenices. 12 Com is a double-lined spectroscopic binary system consisting of a G7 giant and an A3 dwarf at the cluster turnoff. Using an extensive radial velocity dataset and interferometric measurements from PTI and the CHARA array, we measured masses… ▽ More We present measurements of the interferometrically-resolved binary star system 12 Com and the single giant star 31 Com in the cluster Coma Berenices. 12 Com is a double-lined spectroscopic binary system consisting of a G7 giant and an A3 dwarf at the cluster turnoff. Using an extensive radial velocity dataset and interferometric measurements from PTI and the CHARA array, we measured masses $M_1 =2.64 \pm 0.07 M_\odot$ and $M_2 =2.10 \pm 0.03 M_\odot$. Interferometry also allows us to resolve the giant, and measure its size as $R_1 = 9.12 \pm 0.12 \pm 0.01 R_\odot$. With the measured masses and radii, we find an age of $533 \pm 41 \pm 42$ Myr. For comparison, we measure the radius of 31 Com to be $8.36 \pm 0.15 R_\odot$. Based on the photometry and radius measurements, 12 Com A is likely the most evolved bright star in the cluster, large enough to be in the red giant phase, but too small to have core helium burning. Simultaneous knowledge of 12 Com A's mass and photometry puts strong constraints on convective core overshooting during the main sequence phase, which in turn reduces systematic uncertainties in the age. Increased precision in measuring this system also improves our knowledge of the progenitor of the cluster white dwarf WD1216+260. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Imaging the inner astronomical unit of Herbig Be star HD 190073

Authors: Nour Ibrahim, John D. Monnier, Stefan Kraus, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Narsireddy Anugu, Fabien Baron, Theo Ten Brummelaar, Claire L. Davies, Jacob Ennis, Tyler Gardner, Aaron Labdon, Cyprien Lanthermann, Antoine Mérand, Evan Rich, Gail H. Schaefer, Benjamin R. Setterholm

Abstract: Inner regions of protoplanetary disks host many complex physical processes such as star-disk interactions, magnetic fields, planet formation, and the migration of new planets. To directly study this region requires milli-arcsecond angular resolution, beyond the diffraction limit of the world's largest optical telescopes and even too small for the mm-wave interferometer ALMA. However, we can use in… ▽ More Inner regions of protoplanetary disks host many complex physical processes such as star-disk interactions, magnetic fields, planet formation, and the migration of new planets. To directly study this region requires milli-arcsecond angular resolution, beyond the diffraction limit of the world's largest optical telescopes and even too small for the mm-wave interferometer ALMA. However, we can use infrared interferometers to image the inner astronomical unit. Here, we present new results from the CHARA and VLTI arrays for the young and luminous Herbig Be star HD 190073. We detect a sub-AU cavity surrounded by a ring-like structure that we interpret as the dust destruction front. We model the shape with 6 radial profiles, 3 symmetric and 3 asymmetric, and present a model-free image reconstruction. All the models are consistent with a near face-on disk with inclination $\lesssim 20^\circ$, and we measure an average ring radius of 1.4 $\pm 0.2$ mas (1.14 AU). Around $48\%$ of the total flux comes from the disk with ~$15\%$ of that emission appearing to emerge from inside the inner rim. The cause of emission is still unclear, perhaps due to different dust grain compositions or gas emission. The skewed models and the imaging point to an off-center star, possibly due to binarity. Our image shows a sub-AU structure, which seems to move between the two epochs inconsistently with Keplerian motion and we discuss possible explanations for this apparent change. △ Less

Submitted 13 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 20 pages, 9 figures

Multiplicity of northern bright O-type stars with optical long baseline interferometry

Authors: Cyprien Lanthermann, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Hugues Sana, Antoine Mérand, John D. Monnier, Karine Perraut, Abigail J. Frost, Laurent Mahy, Eric Gosset, Michael De Becker, Stefan Kraus, Narsireddy Anugu, Claire L. Davies, Jacob Ennis, Tyler Gardner, Aaron Labdon, Benjamin Setterholm, Theo ten Brummelaar, Gail H. Schaefer

Abstract: The study of the multiplicity of massive stars gives hints on their formation processes and their evolutionary paths, which are still not fully understood. Large separation binaries (>50 milliseconds of arc, mas) can be probed by adaptive-optics-assisted direct imaging and sparse aperture masking, while close binaries can be resolved by photometry and spectroscopy. However, optical long baseline i… ▽ More The study of the multiplicity of massive stars gives hints on their formation processes and their evolutionary paths, which are still not fully understood. Large separation binaries (>50 milliseconds of arc, mas) can be probed by adaptive-optics-assisted direct imaging and sparse aperture masking, while close binaries can be resolved by photometry and spectroscopy. However, optical long baseline interferometry is mandatory to establish the multiplicity of Galactic massive stars at the separation gap between 1 and 50 mas. In this paper, we aim to demonstrate the capability of the new interferometric instrument MIRC-X, located at the CHARA Array, to study the multiplicity of O-type stars and therefore probe the full range of separation for more than 120 massive stars (H<7.5 mag). We initiated a pilot survey of bright O-type stars (H<6.5mag) observable with MIRC-X. We observed 29 O-type stars, including two systems in average atmospheric conditions around a magnitude of H=7.5 mag. We systematically reduced the obtained data with the public reduction pipeline of the instrument. We analyzed the reduced data using the dedicated python software CANDID to detect companions. Out of these 29 systems, we resolved 19 companions in 17 different systems with angular separations between ~0.5 and 50 mas. This results in a multiplicity fraction fm=17/29=0.59+/-0.09, and an average number of companions fc=19/29=0.66+/-0.13. Those results are in agreement with the results of the SMASH+ survey in the Southern Hemisphere. Thirteen of these companions have been resolved for the first time, including the companion responsible for the nonthermal emission in Cyg OB2-5 A and the confirmation of the candidate companion of HD 47129 suggested by SMASH+. A large survey on more than 120 northern O-type stars (H<7.5) is possible with MIRC-X and will be fruitful. △ Less

Submitted 8 February, 2023; v1 submitted 6 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 15 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables, accepted in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 672, A6 (2023)

A Near-Infrared Pyramid Wavefront Sensor for the MMT

Authors: Jacob Taylor, Suresh Sivanandam, Narsireddy Anugu, Adam Butko, Shaojie Chen, Olivier Durney, Tim Hardy, Masen Lamb, Manny Montoya, Katie Morzinski, Robin Swanson

Abstract: The MMTO Adaptive optics exoPlanet characterization System (MAPS) is an ongoing upgrade to the 6.5-meter MMT Observatory on Mount Hopkins in Arizona. MAPS includes an upgraded adaptive secondary mirror (ASM), upgrades to the ARIES spectrograph, and a new AO system containing both an optical and near-infrared (NIR; 0.9-1.8 um) pyramid wavefront sensor (PyWFS). The NIR PyWFS will utilize an IR-optim… ▽ More The MMTO Adaptive optics exoPlanet characterization System (MAPS) is an ongoing upgrade to the 6.5-meter MMT Observatory on Mount Hopkins in Arizona. MAPS includes an upgraded adaptive secondary mirror (ASM), upgrades to the ARIES spectrograph, and a new AO system containing both an optical and near-infrared (NIR; 0.9-1.8 um) pyramid wavefront sensor (PyWFS). The NIR PyWFS will utilize an IR-optimized double pyramid coupled with a SAPHIRA detector: a low-read noise electron Avalanche Photodiode (eAPD) array. This NIR PyWFS will improve MAPS's sky coverage by an order of magnitude by allowing redder guide stars (e.g. K & M-dwarfs or highly obscured stars in the Galactic plane) to be used. To date, the custom designed cryogenic SAPHIRA camera has been fully characterized and can reach sub-electron read noise at high avalanche gain. In order to test the performance of the camera in a closed-loop environment prior to delivery to the observatory, an AO testbed was designed and constructed. In addition to testing the SAPHIRA's performance, the testbed will be used to test and further develop the proposed on-sky calibration procedure for MMTO's ASM. We will report on the anticipated performance improvements from our NIR PyWFS, the SAPHIRA's closed-loop performance on our testbed, and the status of our ASM calibration procedure. △ Less

Submitted 13 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: SPIE Proceedings, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, July 2022, 10 pages, 8 figures

The Small Separation A-Star Companion Population: First Results with CHARA/MIRC-X

Authors: Matthew De Furio, Tyler Gardner, John Monnier, Michael R. Meyer, Kaitlin Kratter, Gail Schaefer, Narsireddy Anugu, Claire L. Davies, Stefan Kraus, Cyprien Lanthermann, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Jacob Ennis

Abstract: We present preliminary results from our long-baseline interferometry (LBI) survey to constrain the multiplicity properties of intermediate-mass A-type stars within 80pc. Previous multiplicity studies of nearby stars exhibit orbital separation distributions well-fitted with a log-normal with peaks > 15au, increasing with primary mass. The A-star multiplicity survey of De Rosa et al. (2014), sensiti… ▽ More We present preliminary results from our long-baseline interferometry (LBI) survey to constrain the multiplicity properties of intermediate-mass A-type stars within 80pc. Previous multiplicity studies of nearby stars exhibit orbital separation distributions well-fitted with a log-normal with peaks > 15au, increasing with primary mass. The A-star multiplicity survey of De Rosa et al. (2014), sensitive beyond 30au but incomplete below 100 au, found a log-normal peak around 390au. Radial velocity surveys of slowly-rotating, chemically peculiar Am stars identified a significant number of very close companions with periods $\leq$ 5 days, ~ 0.1au, a result similar to surveys of O- and B-type primaries. With the improved performance of LBI techniques, we can probe these close separations for normal A-type stars where other surveys are incomplete. Our initial sample consists of 27 A-type primaries with estimated masses between 1.44-2.49M$_{\odot}$ and ages 10-790Myr, which we observed with the MIRC-X instrument at the CHARA Array. We use the open source software CANDID to detect five companions, three of which are new, and derive a companion frequency of 0.19$^{+0.11}_{-0.06}$ over mass ratios 0.25-1.0 and projected separations 0.288-5.481 au. We find a probability of 10$^{-6}$ that our results are consistent with extrapolations based on previous models of the A-star companion population, over mass ratios and separations sampled. Our results show the need to explore these very close separations to inform our understanding of stellar formation and evolution processes. △ Less

Submitted 2 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures, Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal on Nov. 2, 2022

The Orbits and Dynamical Masses of the Castor System

Authors: Guillermo Torres, Gail H. Schaefer, John D. Monnier, Narsireddy Anugu, Claire L. Davies, Jacob Ennis, Christopher D. Farrington, Tyler Gardner, Robert Klement, Stefan Kraus, Aaron Labdon, Cyprien Lanthermann, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin, Benjamin R. Setterholm, Theo ten Brummelaar

Abstract: Castor is a system of six stars in which the two brighter objects, Castor A and B, revolve around each other every $\sim$450 yr and are both short-period spectroscopic binaries. They are attended by the more distant Castor C, which is also a binary. Here we report interferometric observations with the CHARA array that spatially resolve the companions in Castor A and B for the first time. We comple… ▽ More Castor is a system of six stars in which the two brighter objects, Castor A and B, revolve around each other every $\sim$450 yr and are both short-period spectroscopic binaries. They are attended by the more distant Castor C, which is also a binary. Here we report interferometric observations with the CHARA array that spatially resolve the companions in Castor A and B for the first time. We complement these observations with new radial velocity measurements of A and B spanning 30 yr, with the Hipparcos intermediate data, and with existing astrometric observations of the visual AB pair obtained over the past three centuries. We perform a joint orbital solution to solve simultaneously for the three-dimensional orbits of Castor A and B as well as the AB orbit. We find that they are far from being coplanar: the orbit of A is nearly at right angles (92 degrees) relative to the wide orbit, and that of B is inclined about 59 degrees compared to AB. We determine the dynamical masses of the four stars in Castor A and B to a precision better than 1%. We also determine the radii of the primary stars of both subsystems from their angular diameters measured with CHARA, and use them together with stellar evolution models to infer an age for the system of 290 Myr. The new knowledge of the orbits enables us to measure the slow motion of Castor C as well, which may assist future studies of the dynamical evolution of this remarkable sextuple system. △ Less

Submitted 28 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 17 pages in emulateapj format, including figures and tables. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

CHARA/SPICA: a 6-telescope visible instrument for the CHARA Array

Authors: Denis Mourard, Philippe Berio, Cyril Pannetier, Nicolas Nardetto, Fatme Allouche, Christophe Bailet, Julien Dejonghe, Pierre Geneslay, Estelle Jacqmart, Stéphane Lagarde, Daniel Lecron, Frédéric Morand, Sylvain Rousseau, David Salabert, Alain Spang, Simon Albrecht, Narsireddy Anugu, Laurent Bourges, Theo A. ten Brummelaar, Orlagh Creevey, Sebastien Deheuvels, Armando Domiciano de Souza, Doug Gies, Roxanne Ligi, Guillaume Mella , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: With a possible angular resolution down to 0.1-0.2 millisecond of arc using the 330 m baselines and the access to the 600-900 nm spectral domain, the CHARA Array is ideally configured for focusing on precise and accurate fundamental parameters of stars. CHARA/SPICA (Stellar Parameters and Images with a Cophased Array) aims at performing a large survey of stars all over the Hertzsprung-Russell diag… ▽ More With a possible angular resolution down to 0.1-0.2 millisecond of arc using the 330 m baselines and the access to the 600-900 nm spectral domain, the CHARA Array is ideally configured for focusing on precise and accurate fundamental parameters of stars. CHARA/SPICA (Stellar Parameters and Images with a Cophased Array) aims at performing a large survey of stars all over the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. This survey will also study the effects of the different kinds of variability and surface structure on the reliability of the extracted fundamental parameters. New surface-brightness-colour relations will be extracted from this survey, for general purposes on distance determination and the characterization of faint stars. SPICA is made of a visible 6T fibered instrument and of a near-infrared fringe sensor. In this paper, we detail the science program and the main characteristics of SPICA-VIS. We present finally the initial performance obtained during the commissioning. △ Less

Submitted 17 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Journal ref: SPIE Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging VIII, p. 1218308 (2022)