Showing 1–50 of 68 results for author: Parsons, H

ALOHA IRDCs Molecular Line Follow-up: I. Gas properties and kinematics

Authors: Jinjin Xie, Yaoting Yan, Zhiyuan Ren, Jarken Esimbek, Di Li, Yan Duan, Gary A. Fuller, Nicolas Peretto, Jingwen Wu, Wenjin Yang, Christian Henkel, Xuepeng Chen, Qianru He, Yongxiong Wang, Keping Qiu, Ningyu Tang, Sijia Peng, Chao-Wei Tsai, Pham Ngoc Diep, Hauyu Baobab Liu, Busaba Kramer, Kee-Tae Kim, Ken'ichi Tatematsu, Mark G. Rawlings, Maria Jesus Jimenez Donaire , et al. (87 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Infrared Dark Clouds are ideal sites for investigating the initial conditions of massive star and cluster formation. The A Lei Of the Habitat and Assembly of Infrared Dark Clouds (ALOHA IRDCs), a James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) Large Program, has mapped nearby IRDCs with SCUBA-2. Complementary molecular line observations are needed to characterise the physical, kinematic, and chemical propert… ▽ More Infrared Dark Clouds are ideal sites for investigating the initial conditions of massive star and cluster formation. The A Lei Of the Habitat and Assembly of Infrared Dark Clouds (ALOHA IRDCs), a James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) Large Program, has mapped nearby IRDCs with SCUBA-2. Complementary molecular line observations are needed to characterise the physical, kinematic, and chemical properties of the dense gas. We aim to determine the thermal, kinematic, and chemical properties of clumps identified in the ALOHA IRDCs, and to assess their evolutionary status and level of star-forming activity. We performed single-pointing K-band and W-band observations towards 56 ALOHA IRDCs clumps using the Effelsberg 100-m and Yebes 40-m telescopes, respectively. We derived NH3 kinetic temperatures using the hyperfine group ratio (HFGR) method and identified infall and shock signatures from HCO+, H13CO+, SiO, and HNCO profiles. Water masers and NH2D emission were used as complementary tracers of chemical evolution and star formation. The clumps exhibit kinetic temperatures of 15-29 K. We detect NH2D emission towards 18 sources, with NH2D centroid velocities consistent with NH3, indicating both species trace the same dense gas component. More than half of the clumps display blue-asymmetric HCO+ profiles, identifying them as infall candidates. Water masers are detected in 22 sources, with prominent velocity ranges and variability. Broad SiO emission (>~20 km/s) indicates strong shocks, while narrower extents (<~6km/s) likely trace large-scale interactions or low-velocity shocks. The widespread infall signatures, shock tracers, masers, and NH2D emission suggest that relatively quiescent, chemically young material can coexist with dynamically active gas affected by early protostellar feedback, providing insight into the coupled physical and chemical evolution of massive IRDC clumps. △ Less

Submitted 20 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 11 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication on A&A

Dynamics and geometry of the inner sub-parsec-scale jet in 3C 279 observed with the Event Horizon Telescope

Authors: Hendrik Mueller, Sebastiano D. von Fellenberg, Ai-Ling Zeng, Paul Tiede, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Roman Gold, Tuomas Savolainen, Jae-Young Kim, Sijia Peng, Teresa Toscano, Michael Janssen, Boris Georgiev, Dhanya G. Nair, Iniyan Natarajan, Lindy Blackburn, Kazunori Akiyama, Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruiz, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Rohan Ganesh Amanaganti, Richard Anantua, Eleni Antonopoulou, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay , et al. (253 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The 2021 Event Horizon Telescope observations resolve the innermost jet region of the blazar 3C279 with unprecedented detail. The reconstructed images consistently reveal a compact core elongated nearly orthogonal to the large-scale jet axis. This rarely observed morphology recurs across multiple epochs and from 22-230 GHz and is therefore intrinsic rather than an imaging artifact. Geometric model… ▽ More The 2021 Event Horizon Telescope observations resolve the innermost jet region of the blazar 3C279 with unprecedented detail. The reconstructed images consistently reveal a compact core elongated nearly orthogonal to the large-scale jet axis. This rarely observed morphology recurs across multiple epochs and from 22-230 GHz and is therefore intrinsic rather than an imaging artifact. Geometric model fitting identifies several components with apparent speeds up to 10c, requiring bulk Lorentz factors greater than 10.3 and constraining viewing angles to extremely small values (smaller than one degree). Rest-frame brightness temperatures are systematically low (between 10^9 and 10^10 K), consistent with optically thin emission at 230 GHz. These results suggest that the jet bends toward the observer on sub-parsec scales, producing strong relativistic beaming. Possible drivers of the observed jet bending and temporal evolution include the jet's interaction with the interstellar medium, kink or Kelvin--Helmholtz instabilities, magnetic reconnection near the horizon, or binary-induced precession. However, the current temporal coverage of VLBI data remains insufficient to distinguish between these mechanisms. Continued multifrequency VLBI monitoring will be essential to constraining the dynamics and geometry of the jet base in 3C279. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: accepted for publication by A&A

Broadband multiwavelength properties of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope campaign

Authors: G. Principe, J. C. Algaba, E. Aviano, W. Y. Cheong, K. Hada, D. Haggard, A. Hahn, S. G. Jorstad, E. V. Kravchenko, Y. Kovalev, S. S. Lee, M. Lisakov, S. Markoff, A. P. Marscher, M. Sasada, P. Voitsik, Kazunori Akiyama, Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruiz, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Richard Anantua, Eleni Antonopoulou, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko , et al. (508 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The archetypal blazar 3C 279 hosts a prominent relativistic jet and exhibits strong broadband variability across the electromagnetic spectrum. In April 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed 3C 279, alongside one of the most extensive quasi-simultaneous multiwavelength (MWL) campaigns ever conducted. With the aim of investigating the physical processes governing 3C 279, we analyzed indiv… ▽ More The archetypal blazar 3C 279 hosts a prominent relativistic jet and exhibits strong broadband variability across the electromagnetic spectrum. In April 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed 3C 279, alongside one of the most extensive quasi-simultaneous multiwavelength (MWL) campaigns ever conducted. With the aim of investigating the physical processes governing 3C 279, we analyzed individual observations and multiband light curves, and constructed a new quasi-simultaneous MWL spectrum. We also performed phenomenological modeling using the turbulent extreme multi-zone (TEMZ) model to constrain the fundamental physical properties of the source. The EHT observations reveal a clear flux increase in the innermost core between April 5 and 11, 2017. Over a broader timescale, radio measurements at longer wavelengths show concurrent enhancements in core flux and polarization around mid-April, coinciding with the ejection of a superluminal knot. Record UV-optical flares with strong polarization variability occurred in late March, followed by gamma-ray activity that declined before the end of the EHT observing period. During this interval, the source remained in a low X-ray state and showed no detectable VHE emission. The TEMZ modeling suggests that the broadband spectrum and variability of 3C 279 can be explained within a jet scenario in which turbulent plasma cells are compressed by a stationary conical shock. However, alternative interpretations, such as magnetic reconnection or a moving shock-in-jet event, remain plausible. This coordinated MWL campaign advances our understanding of the origin of jet and gamma-ray emission in 3C 279, while also providing a comprehensive publicly available dataset that will serve as a valuable reference for future studies. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 29 pages, 13 figures, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics on June 18, 2026

Full-polarization millimeter wavelength variability of Sagittarius A* during the 2018 EHT campaign

Authors: Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruiz, Jasmin E. Washington, Nicola Marchili, Iván Martí-Vidal, Ciriaco Goddi, Maciek Wielgus, Alejandro Mus, Angelo Ricarte, Daniel P. Marrone, León D. S. Salas, Yuhei Iwata, Douglas F. Carlos, Alexandra J. Tetarenko, Kotaro Moriyama, Vedant Dhruv, Kazunori Akiyama, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Uwe Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball , et al. (250 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Sagittarius A* (Srg A*), the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, provides a unique laboratory to study accretion dynamics and plasma processes near the event horizon. We investigated the variability and polarization properties of Srg A* using ALMA observations during the 2018 Event Horizon Telescope campaign. We analyzed high-cadence full-polarization light curves from ALMA at… ▽ More Sagittarius A* (Srg A*), the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, provides a unique laboratory to study accretion dynamics and plasma processes near the event horizon. We investigated the variability and polarization properties of Srg A* using ALMA observations during the 2018 Event Horizon Telescope campaign. We analyzed high-cadence full-polarization light curves from ALMA at millimeter wavelengths, performed time-series analysis, and investigated the temporal behavior during an X-ray flare observed by Chandra on 2018 April 24. The variability characteristics are compared with expectations from standard accretion flow models. We find low variability in total intensity ($σ/μ< 10\%$), but significantly higher variability in linear and circular polarization (~ 30% and ~ 50%, respectively). A time-series analysis reveals red-noise variability, with power spectral densities between -2 and -3 across all Stokes parameters. Polarized intensity shows stable intra-day timescales, while total intensity exhibits more variable timescales, suggesting distinct emission regions, with polarization likely arising from a coherent structure. On April 24, a statistically significant inter-band delay in polarized intensity coincides with a near-simultaneous X-ray and millimeter peak that deviates from the typical delayed flare scenario. This event also features enhanced millimeter variability and coherent polarization loop evolution. The observed simultaneity challenges standard models of transient synchrotron emission with cooling delays, favoring instead a scenario of continuous energy injection in an optically thin region. Our results offer new constraints on the physical mechanisms driving variability in Srg A*, and provide key observational input for refining theoretical models of accretion and plasma behavior in the vicinity of supermassive black holes. △ Less

Submitted 11 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Journal ref: Astronomy & Astrophysics 708 (2026) A179

Locating the missing large-scale emission in the jet of M87* with short EHT baselines

Authors: Boris Georgiev, Paul Tiede, Sebastiano D. von Fellenberg, Michael Janssen, Iniyan Natarajan, Lindy Blackburn, Jongho Park, Erandi Chavez, Andrew T. West, Kotaro Moriyama, Jun Yi Koay, Hendrik Müller, Dhanya G. Nair, Avery E. Broderick, Maciek Wielgus, Kazunori Akiyama, Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Uwe Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko , et al. (258 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In Very-Long Baseline Interferometric arrays, nearly co-located stations probe the largest scales and typically cannot resolve the observed source. In the absence of large-scale structure, closure phases constructed with these stations are zero and, since they are independent of station-based errors, they can be used to probe data issues. Here, we show with an expansion about co-located stations,… ▽ More In Very-Long Baseline Interferometric arrays, nearly co-located stations probe the largest scales and typically cannot resolve the observed source. In the absence of large-scale structure, closure phases constructed with these stations are zero and, since they are independent of station-based errors, they can be used to probe data issues. Here, we show with an expansion about co-located stations, how these trivial closure phases become non-zero with brightness distribution on smaller scales than their short baseline would suggest. When applied to sources that are made up of a bright compact and large-scale diffuse component, the trivial closure phases directly measure the centroid relative to the compact source and higher-order image moments. We present a technique to measure these image moments with minimal model assumptions and validate it on synthetic Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) data. We then apply this technique to 2017 and 2018 EHT observations of M87* and find a weak preference for extended emission in the direction of the large-scale jet. We also apply it to 2021 EHT data and measure the source centroid about 1 mas northwest of the compact ring, consistent with the jet observed at lower frequencies. △ Less

Submitted 19 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 15 pages, 8 figures, Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 709, A26 (2026)

Ring Asymmetry and Spin in M87*

Authors: Vadim Bernshteyn, Nicholas S. Conroy, Michi Bauböck, Paul Tiede, Abhishek V. Joshi, Ben S. Prather, Charles F. Gammie, the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, :, Kazunori Akiyama, Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, Bidisha Bandyopadhyay, John Barrett, Bradford A. Benson, Dan Bintley, Lindy Blackburn, Raymond Blundell , et al. (241 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of the supermassive black hole M87* depict an asymmetric ring of emission. General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of M87* and its accretion disk predict that the amplitude and location of the ring's peak brightness asymmetry should fluctuate due to turbulence in the source plasma. We compare the observed distribution of brightness asymmetry amp… ▽ More Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of the supermassive black hole M87* depict an asymmetric ring of emission. General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of M87* and its accretion disk predict that the amplitude and location of the ring's peak brightness asymmetry should fluctuate due to turbulence in the source plasma. We compare the observed distribution of brightness asymmetry amplitudes to the simulated distribution in GRMHD models, across varying black hole spin $a_{*}$. We show that, for strongly magnetized (MAD) models, three epochs of EHT data marginally disfavor $|a_{*}| \lesssim 0.2$. This is consistent with the Blandford-Znajek model for M87's jet, which predicts that M87* should have nonzero spin. We show quantitatively how future observations could improve spin constraints, and discuss how improved spin constraints could distinguish between differing jet-launching mechanisms and black hole growth scenarios. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2026; v1 submitted 1 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: Published by ApJ. 10 figures, 3 tables

Journal ref: ApJ 1000 231 (2026)

Probing jet base emission of M87* with the 2021 Event Horizon Telescope observations

Authors: Saurabh, Hendrik Müller, Sebastiano D. von Fellenberg, Paul Tiede, Michael Janssen, Lindy Blackburn, Avery E. Broderick, Erandi Chavez, Boris Georgiev, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Kotaro Moriyama, Dhanya G. Nair, Iniyan Natarajan, Jongho Park, Andrew Thomas West, Maciek Wielgus, Kazunori Akiyama, Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Uwe Bach , et al. (260 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the presence and spatial characteristics of the jet base emission in M87* at 230 GHz, enabled by the enhanced uv coverage in the 2021 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations. The addition of the 12-m Kitt Peak Telescope and NOEMA provides two key intermediate-length baselines to SMT and the IRAM 30-m, giving sensitivity to emission structures at scales of $\sim250~μ$as and… ▽ More We investigate the presence and spatial characteristics of the jet base emission in M87* at 230 GHz, enabled by the enhanced uv coverage in the 2021 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations. The addition of the 12-m Kitt Peak Telescope and NOEMA provides two key intermediate-length baselines to SMT and the IRAM 30-m, giving sensitivity to emission structures at scales of $\sim250~μ$as and $\sim2500~μ$as (0.02 pc and 0.2 pc). Without these baselines, earlier EHT observations lacked the capability to constrain emission on large scales, where a "missing flux" of order $\sim1$ Jy is expected. To probe these scales, we analyzed closure phases, robust against station-based gain errors, and modeled the jet base emission using a simple Gaussian offset from the compact ring emission at separations $>100~μ$as. Our analysis reveals a Gaussian feature centered at ($Δ$RA $\approx320~μ$as, $Δ$Dec $\approx60~μ$as), a projected separation of $\approx5500$ AU, with a flux density of only $\sim60$ mJy, implying that most of the missing flux in previous studies must arise from larger scales. Brighter emission at these scales is ruled out, and the data do not favor more complex models. This component aligns with the inferred direction of the large-scale jet and is consistent with emission from the jet base. While our findings indicate detectable jet base emission at 230 GHz, coverage from only two intermediate baselines limits reconstruction of its morphology. We therefore treat the recovered Gaussian as an upper limit on the jet base flux density. Future EHT observations with expanded intermediate-baseline coverage will be essential to constrain the structure and nature of this component. △ Less

Submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 18 figures. Abstract shortened with respect to the manuscript. Accepted in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A, 706, A27 (2026)

Structure and Magnetic Field of the Bright-rimmed Cloud IC 1396E/SFO 38

Authors: Koji Sugitani, Jan G. A. Wouterloot, Harriet Parsons, Sarah Graves, Takayoshi Kusune, Archana Soam

Abstract: We carried out polarimetric observations of the bright-rimmed cloud IC 1396E/SFO 38 with SCUBA-2/POL-2 to study the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light on its structure and magnetic field. This bright-rimmed cloud appears optically to be one single cloud illuminated by the UV light from the excited star of IC 1396, however our Stokes I image and 13CO(J=3-2) archival data suggest that this cloud is no… ▽ More We carried out polarimetric observations of the bright-rimmed cloud IC 1396E/SFO 38 with SCUBA-2/POL-2 to study the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light on its structure and magnetic field. This bright-rimmed cloud appears optically to be one single cloud illuminated by the UV light from the excited star of IC 1396, however our Stokes I image and 13CO(J=3-2) archival data suggest that this cloud is not a simple, single structure, but appears to be composed of two parts on first glance; a head part with wings and a tail, and a north-west extension part.Since molecular clouds are generally filamentary and it seems likely that the initial structures of bright-rimmed clouds are expected to be also generally elongated, we examined the possibility that the structure was created from a single elongated cloud by the UV impact. We compared the cloud structure with a simulation study that investigated the evolution of prolate clouds exposed to the UV radiation from various directions and found that this apparent two-part structure could be reproduced in a situation where a single filamentary cloud is obliquely illuminated by UV light. The magnetic field directions of the cloud are different from the ambient field direction, demonstrating the field reconfiguration. The distortion or pinch of the magnetic field is seen toward the cloud head, where an intermediate-mass star cluster is located, suggesting gravitational contraction. We roughly estimated the magnetic strength and stability in three parts of the cloud and found that the cloud head is most likely to be supercritical. △ Less

Submitted 1 December, 2025; v1 submitted 16 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 11 figures, accepted by PASJ

Origin of the ring ellipticity in the black hole images of M87*

Authors: Rohan Dahale, Ilje Cho, Kotaro Moriyama, Kaj Wiik, Paul Tiede, José L. Gómez, Chi-kwan Chan, Roman Gold, Vadim Y. Bernshteyn, Marianna Foschi, Britton Jeter, Hung-Yi Pu, Boris Georgiev, Abhishek V. Joshi, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio, Iniyan Natarajan, Avery E. Broderick, León D. S. Salas, Koushik Chatterjee, Kazunori Akiyama, Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua , et al. (251 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the origin of the elliptical ring structure observed in the images of the supermassive black hole M87*, aiming to disentangle contributions from gravitational, astrophysical, and imaging effects. Leveraging the enhanced capabilities of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 2018 array, including improved $(u,v)$-coverage from the Greenland Telescope, we measure the ring's ellipticity usi… ▽ More We investigate the origin of the elliptical ring structure observed in the images of the supermassive black hole M87*, aiming to disentangle contributions from gravitational, astrophysical, and imaging effects. Leveraging the enhanced capabilities of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 2018 array, including improved $(u,v)$-coverage from the Greenland Telescope, we measure the ring's ellipticity using five independent imaging methods, obtaining a consistent average value of $τ= 0.08_{-0.02}^{+0.03}$ with a position angle $ξ= 50.1_{-7.6}^{+6.2}$ degrees. To interpret this measurement, we compare against General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations spanning a wide range of physical parameters including thermal or non-thermal electron distribution function, spins, and ion-to-electron temperature ratios in both low and high-density regions. We find no statistically significant correlation between spin and ellipticity in GRMHD images. Instead, we identify a correlation between ellipticity and the fraction of non-ring emission, particularly in non-thermal models and models with higher jet emission. These results indicate that the ellipticity measured from the \m87 emission structure is consistent with that expected from simulations of turbulent accretion flows around black holes, where it is dominated by astrophysical effects rather than gravitational ones. Future high-resolution imaging, including space very long baseline interferometry and long-term monitoring, will be essential to isolate gravitational signatures from astrophysical effects. △ Less

Submitted 15 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 13 figures

Journal ref: A&A 699, A279 (2025)

The putative center in NGC 1052

Authors: Anne-Kathrin Baczko, Matthias Kadler, Eduardo Ros, Christian M. Fromm, Maciek Wielgus, Manel Perucho, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Mislav Baloković, Lindy Blackburn, Chi-kwan Chan, Sara Issaoun, Michael Janssen, Luca Ricci, Kazunori Akiyama, Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Uwe Bach, David Ball, Bidisha Bandyopadhyay, John Barrett , et al. (262 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Many active galaxies harbor powerful relativistic jets, however, the detailed mechanisms of their formation and acceleration remain poorly understood. To investigate the area of jet acceleration and collimation with the highest available angular resolution, we study the innermost region of the bipolar jet in the nearby low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) galaxy NGC 1052. We combine… ▽ More Many active galaxies harbor powerful relativistic jets, however, the detailed mechanisms of their formation and acceleration remain poorly understood. To investigate the area of jet acceleration and collimation with the highest available angular resolution, we study the innermost region of the bipolar jet in the nearby low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) galaxy NGC 1052. We combined observations of NGC 1052 taken with VLBA, GMVA, and EHT over one week in the spring of 2017. For the first time, NGC 1052 was detected with the EHT, providing a size of the central region in-between both jet bases of 250 RS (Schwarzschild radii) perpendicular to the jet axes. This size estimate supports previous studies of the jets expansion profile which suggest two breaks of the profile at around 300 RS and 10000 RS distances to the core. Furthermore, we estimated the magnetic field to be 1.25 Gauss at a distance of 22 μas from the central engine by fitting a synchrotron-self absorption spectrum to the innermost emission feature, which shows a spectral turn-over at about 130 GHz. Assuming a purely poloidal magnetic field, this implies an upper limit on the magnetic field strength at the event horizon of 26000 Gauss, which is consistent with previous measurements. The complex, low-brightness, double-sided jet structure in NGC 1052 makes it a challenge to detect the source at millimeter (mm) wavelengths. However, our first EHT observations have demonstrated that detection is possible up to at least 230 GHz. This study offers a glimpse through the dense surrounding torus and into the innermost central region, where the jets are formed. This has enabled us to finally resolve this region and provide improved constraints on its expansion and magnetic field strength. △ Less

Submitted 15 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 10 figures, published in A&A

Journal ref: A&A, 692, A205 (2024)

A multi-frequency study of sub-parsec jets with the Event Horizon Telescope

Authors: Jan Röder, Maciek Wielgus, Andrei P. Lobanov, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Dhanya G. Nair, Sang-Sung Lee, Eduardo Ros, Vincent L. Fish, Lindy Blackburn, Chi-kwan Chan, Sara Issaoun, Michael Janssen, Michael D. Johnson, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Geoffrey C. Bower, Geoffrey B. Crew, Remo P. J. Tilanus, Tuomas Savolainen, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri, Antxon Alberdi, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, José L. Gómez, Ru-Sen Lu, Georgios F. Paraschos, Efthalia Traianou , et al. (265 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The 2017 observing campaign of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) delivered the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images at the observing frequency of 230 GHz, leading to a number of unique studies on black holes and relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN). In total, eighteen sources were observed: the main science targets, Sgr A* and M87 along with various calibrators. We… ▽ More The 2017 observing campaign of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) delivered the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images at the observing frequency of 230 GHz, leading to a number of unique studies on black holes and relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN). In total, eighteen sources were observed: the main science targets, Sgr A* and M87 along with various calibrators. We investigated the morphology of the sixteen AGN in the EHT 2017 data set, focusing on the properties of the VLBI cores: size, flux density, and brightness temperature. We studied their dependence on the observing frequency in order to compare it with the Blandford-Königl (BK) jet model. We modeled the source structure of seven AGN in the EHT 2017 data set using linearly polarized circular Gaussian components and collected results for the other nine AGN from dedicated EHT publications, complemented by lower frequency data in the 2-86 GHz range. Then, we studied the dependences of the VLBI core flux density, size, and brightness temperature on the frequency measured in the AGN host frame. We compared the observations with the BK jet model and estimated the magnetic field strength dependence on the distance from the central black hole. Our results indicate a deviation from the standard BK model, particularly in the decrease of the brightness temperature with the observing frequency. Either bulk acceleration of the jet material, energy transfer from the magnetic field to the particles, or both are required to explain the observations. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Journal ref: A&A 695, A233 (2025)

A Tale of Three: Magnetic Fields along the Orion Integral-Shaped Filament as Revealed by JCMT BISTRO survey

Authors: Jintai Wu, Keping Qiu, Frederick Poidevin, Pierre Bastien, Junhao Liu, Tao-Chung Ching, Tyler L. Bourke, Derek Ward-Thompson, Kate Pattle, Doug Johnstone, Patrick M. Koch, Doris Arzoumanian, Chang Won Lee, Lapo Fanciullo, Takashi Onaka, Jihye Hwang, Valentin J. M. Le Gouellec, Archana Soam, Motohide Tamura, Mehrnoosh Tahani, Chakali Eswaraiah, Hua-Bai Li, David Berry, Ray S. Furuya, Simon Coude , et al. (130 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: As part of the BISTRO survey, we present JCMT 850 $μ$m polarimetric observations towards the Orion Integral-Shaped Filament (ISF) that covers three portions known as OMC-1, OMC-2, and OMC-3. The magnetic field threading the ISF seen in the JCMT POL-2 map appears as a tale of three: pinched for OMC-1, twisted for OMC-2, and nearly uniform for OMC-3. A multi-scale analysis shows that the magnetic fi… ▽ More As part of the BISTRO survey, we present JCMT 850 $μ$m polarimetric observations towards the Orion Integral-Shaped Filament (ISF) that covers three portions known as OMC-1, OMC-2, and OMC-3. The magnetic field threading the ISF seen in the JCMT POL-2 map appears as a tale of three: pinched for OMC-1, twisted for OMC-2, and nearly uniform for OMC-3. A multi-scale analysis shows that the magnetic field structure in OMC-3 is very consistent at all the scales, whereas the field structure in OMC-2 shows no correlation across different scales. In OMC-1, the field retains its mean orientation from large to small scales, but shows some deviations at small scales. Histograms of relative orientations between the magnetic field and filaments reveal a bimodal distribution for OMC-1, a relatively random distribution for OMC-2, and a distribution with a predominant peak at 90$^\circ$ for OMC-3. Furthermore, the magnetic fields in OMC-1 and OMC-3 both appear to be aligned perpendicular to the fibers, which are denser structures within the filament, but the field in OMC-2 is aligned along with the fibers. All these suggest that gravity, turbulence, and magnetic field are each playing a leading role in OMC-1, 2, and 3, respectively. While OMC-2 and 3 have almost the same gas mass, density, and non-thermal velocity dispersion, there are on average younger and fewer young stellar objects in OMC-3, providing evidence that a stronger magnetic field will induce slower and less efficient star formation in molecular clouds. △ Less

Submitted 23 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: published in the ApJ Letters

Journal ref: ApJL, 977, L31 (2024)

The JCMT BISTRO Survey: The Magnetic Fields of the IC 348 Star-forming Region

Authors: Youngwoo Choi, Woojin Kwon, Kate Pattle, Doris Arzoumanian, Tyler L. Bourke, Thiem Hoang, Jihye Hwang, Patrick M. Koch, Sarah Sadavoy, Pierre Bastien, Ray Furuya, Shih-Ping Lai, Keping Qiu, Derek Ward-Thompson, David Berry, Do-Young Byun, Huei-Ru Vivien Chen, Wen Ping Chen, Mike Chen, Zhiwei Chen, Tao-Chung Ching, Jungyeon Cho, Minho Choi, Yunhee Choi, Simon Coudé , et al. (128 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present 850 $μ$m polarization observations of the IC 348 star-forming region in the Perseus molecular cloud as part of the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observation (BISTRO) survey. We study the magnetic properties of two cores (HH 211 MMS and IC 348 MMS) and a filamentary structure of IC 348. We find that the overall field tends to be more perpendicular than parallel to the filamentary struc… ▽ More We present 850 $μ$m polarization observations of the IC 348 star-forming region in the Perseus molecular cloud as part of the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observation (BISTRO) survey. We study the magnetic properties of two cores (HH 211 MMS and IC 348 MMS) and a filamentary structure of IC 348. We find that the overall field tends to be more perpendicular than parallel to the filamentary structure of the region. The polarization fraction decreases with intensity, and we estimate the trend by power-law and the mean of the Rice distribution fittings. The power indices for the cores are much smaller than 1, indicative of possible grain growth to micron size in the cores. We also measure the magnetic field strengths of the two cores and the filamentary area separately by applying the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method and its alternative version for compressed medium. The estimated mass-to-flux ratios are 0.45-2.20 and 0.63-2.76 for HH 211 MMS and IC 348 MMS, respectively, while the ratios for the filament is 0.33-1.50. This result may suggest that the transition from subcritical to supercritical conditions occurs at the core scale ($\sim$ 0.05 pc) in the region. In addition, we study the energy balance of the cores and find that the relative strength of turbulence to the magnetic field tends to be stronger for IC 348 MMS than HH 211 MMS. The result could potentially explain the different configurations inside the two cores: a single protostellar system in HH 211 MMS and multiple protostars in IC 348 MMS. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 21 pages, 12 figures

First Very Long Baseline Interferometry Detections at 870μm

Authors: Alexander W. Raymond, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Keiichi Asada, Lindy Blackburn, Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Bremer, Dominique Broguiere, Ming-Tang Chen, Geoffrey B. Crew, Sven Dornbusch, Vincent L. Fish, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Ciriaco Goddi, Chih-Chiang Han, Michael H. Hecht, Yau-De Huang, Michael Janssen, Garrett K. Keating, Jun Yi Koay, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Wen-Ping Lo, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, James M. Moran , et al. (254 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections at 870$μ$m wavelength (345$\,$GHz frequency) are reported, achieving the highest diffraction-limited angular resolution yet obtained from the surface of the Earth, and the highest-frequency example of the VLBI technique to date. These include strong detections for multiple sources observed on inter-continental baselines between telescop… ▽ More The first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections at 870$μ$m wavelength (345$\,$GHz frequency) are reported, achieving the highest diffraction-limited angular resolution yet obtained from the surface of the Earth, and the highest-frequency example of the VLBI technique to date. These include strong detections for multiple sources observed on inter-continental baselines between telescopes in Chile, Hawaii, and Spain, obtained during observations in October 2018. The longest-baseline detections approach 11$\,$G$λ$ corresponding to an angular resolution, or fringe spacing, of 19$μ$as. The Allan deviation of the visibility phase at 870$μ$m is comparable to that at 1.3$\,$mm on the relevant integration time scales between 2 and 100$\,$s. The detections confirm that the sensitivity and signal chain stability of stations in the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array are suitable for VLBI observations at 870$μ$m. Operation at this short wavelength, combined with anticipated enhancements of the EHT, will lead to a unique high angular resolution instrument for black hole studies, capable of resolving the event horizons of supermassive black holes in both space and time. △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Corresponding author: S. Doeleman

Journal ref: The Astronomical Journal, Volume 168, Issue 3, id.130, 19 pp. 2024

Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2018 EHT Campaign including a Very High Energy Flaring Episode

Authors: J. C. Algaba, M. Balokovic, S. Chandra, W. Y. Cheong, Y. Z. Cui, F. D'Ammando, A. D. Falcone, N. M. Ford, M. Giroletti, C. Goddi, M. A. Gurwell, K. Hada, D. Haggard, S. Jorstad, A. Kaur, T. Kawashima, S. Kerby, J. Y. Kim, M. Kino, E. V. Kravchenko, S. S. Lee, R. S. Lu, S. Markoff, J. Michail, J. Neilsen , et al. (721 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The nearby elliptical galaxy M87 contains one of the only two supermassive black holes whose emission surrounding the event horizon has been imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). In 2018, more than two dozen multi-wavelength (MWL) facilities (from radio to gamma-ray energies) took part in the second M87 EHT campaign. The goal of this extensive MWL campaign was to better understand the physi… ▽ More The nearby elliptical galaxy M87 contains one of the only two supermassive black holes whose emission surrounding the event horizon has been imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). In 2018, more than two dozen multi-wavelength (MWL) facilities (from radio to gamma-ray energies) took part in the second M87 EHT campaign. The goal of this extensive MWL campaign was to better understand the physics of the accreting black hole M87*, the relationship between the inflow and inner jets, and the high-energy particle acceleration. Understanding the complex astrophysics is also a necessary first step towards performing further tests of general relativity. The MWL campaign took place in April 2018, overlapping with the EHT M87* observations. We present a new, contemporaneous spectral energy distribution (SED) ranging from radio to very high energy (VHE) gamma-rays, as well as details of the individual observations and light curves. We also conduct phenomenological modelling to investigate the basic source properties. We present the first VHE gamma-ray flare from M87 detected since 2010. The flux above 350 GeV has more than doubled within a period of about 36 hours. We find that the X-ray flux is enhanced by about a factor of two compared to 2017, while the radio and millimetre core fluxes are consistent between 2017 and 2018. We detect evidence for a monotonically increasing jet position angle that corresponds to variations in the bright spot of the EHT image. Our results show the value of continued MWL monitoring together with precision imaging for addressing the origins of high-energy particle acceleration. While we cannot currently pinpoint the precise location where such acceleration takes place, the new VHE gamma-ray flare already presents a challenge to simple one-zone leptonic emission model approaches, and emphasises the need for combined image and spectral modelling. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2024; v1 submitted 24 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 46 pages, 23 figures, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics on August. 29, 2024

Journal ref: A&A 692, A140 (2024)

Ordered magnetic fields around the 3C 84 central black hole

Authors: G. F. Paraschos, J. -Y. Kim, M. Wielgus, J. Röder, T. P. Krichbaum, E. Ros, I. Agudo, I. Myserlis, M. Moscibrodzka, E. Traianou, J. A. Zensus, L. Blackburn, C. -K. Chan, S. Issaoun, M. Janssen, M. D. Johnson, V. L. Fish, K. Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, J. C. Algaba, R. Anantua, K. Asada, R. Azulay, U. Bach , et al. (258 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: 3C84 is a nearby radio source with a complex total intensity structure, showing linear polarisation and spectral patterns. A detailed investigation of the central engine region necessitates the use of VLBI above the hitherto available maximum frequency of 86GHz. Using ultrahigh resolution VLBI observations at the highest available frequency of 228GHz, we aim to directly detect compact structures a… ▽ More 3C84 is a nearby radio source with a complex total intensity structure, showing linear polarisation and spectral patterns. A detailed investigation of the central engine region necessitates the use of VLBI above the hitherto available maximum frequency of 86GHz. Using ultrahigh resolution VLBI observations at the highest available frequency of 228GHz, we aim to directly detect compact structures and understand the physical conditions in the compact region of 3C84. We used EHT 228GHz observations and, given the limited (u,v)-coverage, applied geometric model fitting to the data. We also employed quasi-simultaneously observed, multi-frequency VLBI data for the source in order to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the core structure. We report the detection of a highly ordered, strong magnetic field around the central, SMBH of 3C84. The brightness temperature analysis suggests that the system is in equipartition. We determined a turnover frequency of $ν_m=(113\pm4)$GHz, a corresponding synchrotron self-absorbed magnetic field of $B_{SSA}=(2.9\pm1.6)$G, and an equipartition magnetic field of $B_{eq}=(5.2\pm0.6)$G. Three components are resolved with the highest fractional polarisation detected for this object ($m_\textrm{net}=(17.0\pm3.9)$%). The positions of the components are compatible with those seen in low-frequency VLBI observations since 2017-2018. We report a steeply negative slope of the spectrum at 228GHz. We used these findings to test models of jet formation, propagation, and Faraday rotation in 3C84. The findings of our investigation into different flow geometries and black hole spins support an advection-dominated accretion flow in a magnetically arrested state around a rapidly rotating supermassive black hole as a model of the jet-launching system in the core of 3C84. However, systematic uncertainties due to the limited (u,v)-coverage, however, cannot be ignored. △ Less

Submitted 1 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 15 pages, 6 figures, published in A&A

Journal ref: Issue: A&A Volume 682, February 2024; Article number: L3; Number of pages: 15

Filamentary Network and Magnetic Field Structures Revealed with BISTRO in the High-Mass Star-Forming Region NGC2264 : Global Properties and Local Magnetogravitational Configurations

Authors: Jia-Wei Wang, Patrick M. Koch, Seamus D. Clarke, Gary Fuller, Nicolas Peretto, Ya-Wen Tang, Hsi-Wei Yen, Shih-Ping Lai, Nagayoshi Ohashi, Doris Arzoumanian, Doug Johnstone, Ray Furuya, Shu-ichiro Inutsuka, Chang Won Lee, Derek Ward-Thompson, Valentin J. M. Le Gouellec, Hong-Li Liu, Lapo Fanciullo, Jihye Hwang, Kate Pattle, Frédérick Poidevin, Mehrnoosh Tahani, Takashi Onaka, Mark G. Rawlings, Eun Jung Chung , et al. (132 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report 850 $μ$m continuum polarization observations toward the filamentary high-mass star-forming region NGC 2264, taken as part of the B-fields In STar forming Regions Observations (BISTRO) large program on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). These data reveal a well-structured non-uniform magnetic field in the NGC 2264C and 2264D regions with a prevailing orientation around 30 deg from… ▽ More We report 850 $μ$m continuum polarization observations toward the filamentary high-mass star-forming region NGC 2264, taken as part of the B-fields In STar forming Regions Observations (BISTRO) large program on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). These data reveal a well-structured non-uniform magnetic field in the NGC 2264C and 2264D regions with a prevailing orientation around 30 deg from north to east. Field strengths estimates and a virial analysis for the major clumps indicate that NGC 2264C is globally dominated by gravity while in 2264D magnetic, gravitational, and kinetic energies are roughly balanced. We present an analysis scheme that utilizes the locally resolved magnetic field structures, together with the locally measured gravitational vector field and the extracted filamentary network. From this, we infer statistical trends showing that this network consists of two main groups of filaments oriented approximately perpendicular to one another. Additionally, gravity shows one dominating converging direction that is roughly perpendicular to one of the filament orientations, which is suggestive of mass accretion along this direction. Beyond these statistical trends, we identify two types of filaments. The type-I filament is perpendicular to the magnetic field with local gravity transitioning from parallel to perpendicular to the magnetic field from the outside to the filament ridge. The type-II filament is parallel to the magnetic field and local gravity. We interpret these two types of filaments as originating from the competition between radial collapsing, driven by filament self-gravity, and the longitudinal collapsing, driven by the region's global gravity. △ Less

Submitted 23 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. 43 pages, 32 figures, and 4 tables (including Appendix)

A search for pulsars around Sgr A* in the first Event Horizon Telescope dataset

Authors: Pablo Torne, Kuo Liu, Ralph P. Eatough, Jompoj Wongphechauxsorn, James M. Cordes, Gregory Desvignes, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Michael Kramer, Scott M. Ransom, Shami Chatterjee, Robert Wharton, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Lindy Blackburn, Michael Janssen, Chi-kwan Chan, Geoffrey B. Crew, Lynn D. Matthews, Ciriaco Goddi, Helge Rottmann, Jan Wagner, Salvador Sanchez, Ignacio Ruiz, Federico Abbate, Geoffrey C. Bower, Juan J. Salamanca , et al. (261 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed in 2017 the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), at a frequency of 228.1 GHz ($λ$=1.3 mm). The fundamental physics tests that even a single pulsar orbiting Sgr A* would enable motivate searching for pulsars in EHT datasets. The high observing frequency means that pulsars - which typically exhibit steep emission… ▽ More The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed in 2017 the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), at a frequency of 228.1 GHz ($λ$=1.3 mm). The fundamental physics tests that even a single pulsar orbiting Sgr A* would enable motivate searching for pulsars in EHT datasets. The high observing frequency means that pulsars - which typically exhibit steep emission spectra - are expected to be very faint. However, it also negates pulse scattering, an effect that could hinder pulsar detections in the Galactic Center. Additionally, magnetars or a secondary inverse Compton emission could be stronger at millimeter wavelengths than at lower frequencies. We present a search for pulsars close to Sgr A* using the data from the three most-sensitive stations in the EHT 2017 campaign: the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, the Large Millimeter Telescope and the IRAM 30 m Telescope. We apply three detection methods based on Fourier-domain analysis, the Fast-Folding-Algorithm and single pulse search targeting both pulsars and burst-like transient emission; using the simultaneity of the observations to confirm potential candidates. No new pulsars or significant bursts were found. Being the first pulsar search ever carried out at such high radio frequencies, we detail our analysis methods and give a detailed estimation of the sensitivity of the search. We conclude that the EHT 2017 observations are only sensitive to a small fraction ($\lesssim$2.2%) of the pulsars that may exist close to Sgr A*, motivating further searches for fainter pulsars in the region. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: 33 pages, 7 figures, 6 Tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

The JCMT BISTRO Survey: Studying the Complex Magnetic Field of L43

Authors: Janik Karoly, Derek Ward-Thompson, Kate Pattle, David Berry, Anthony Whitworth, Jason Kirk, Pierre Bastien, Tao-Chung Ching, Simon Coude, Jihye Hwang, Woojin Kwon, Archana Soam, Jia-Wei Wang, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Shih-Ping Lai, Keping Qiu, Doris Arzoumanian, Tyler L. Bourke, Do-Young Byun, Huei-Ru Vivien Chen, Wen Ping Chen, Mike Chen, Zhiwei Chen, Jungyeon Cho, Minho Choi , et al. (133 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present observations of polarized dust emission at 850 $μ$m from the L43 molecular cloud which sits in the Ophiuchus cloud complex. The data were taken using SCUBA-2/POL-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope as a part of the BISTRO large program. L43 is a dense ($N_{\rm H_2}\sim 10^{22}$-10$^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$) complex molecular cloud with a submillimetre-bright starless core and two protostellar… ▽ More We present observations of polarized dust emission at 850 $μ$m from the L43 molecular cloud which sits in the Ophiuchus cloud complex. The data were taken using SCUBA-2/POL-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope as a part of the BISTRO large program. L43 is a dense ($N_{\rm H_2}\sim 10^{22}$-10$^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$) complex molecular cloud with a submillimetre-bright starless core and two protostellar sources. There appears to be an evolutionary gradient along the isolated filament that L43 is embedded within, with the most evolved source closest to the Sco OB2 association. One of the protostars drives a CO outflow that has created a cavity to the southeast. We see a magnetic field that appears to be aligned with the cavity walls of the outflow, suggesting interaction with the outflow. We also find a magnetic field strength of up to $\sim$160$\pm$30 $μ$G in the main starless core and up to $\sim$90$\pm$40 $μ$G in the more diffuse, extended region. These field strengths give magnetically super- and sub-critical values respectively and both are found to be roughly trans-Alfvénic. We also present a new method of data reduction for these denser but fainter objects like starless cores. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2023; v1 submitted 18 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 23 pages, 9 figures (7 main text, 2 appendix)

Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes used by the EHT Collaboration

Authors: Cora Prather, Jason Dexter, Monika Moscibrodzka, Hung-Yi Pu, Thomas Bronzwaer, Jordy Davelaar, Ziri Younsi, Charles F. Gammie, Roman Gold, George N. Wong, Kazunori Akiyama, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Uwe Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, Mislav Baloković, John Barrett, Michi Bauböck, Bradford A. Benson, Dan Bintley , et al. (248 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curve… ▽ More Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U , and V respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2026; v1 submitted 21 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Journal ref: ApJ, 950, 35, 2023

Magnetic fields in the Horsehead Nebula

Authors: Jihye Hwang, Kate Pattle, Harriet Parsons, Mallory Go, Jongsoo Kim

Abstract: We present the first polarized dust emission measurements of the Horsehead Nebula, obtained using the POL-2 polarimeter on the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2) camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). The Horsehead Nebula contains two sub-millimeter sources, a photodissociation region (PDR; SMM1) and a starless core (SMM2). We see well-ordered magnetic fields in bot… ▽ More We present the first polarized dust emission measurements of the Horsehead Nebula, obtained using the POL-2 polarimeter on the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2) camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). The Horsehead Nebula contains two sub-millimeter sources, a photodissociation region (PDR; SMM1) and a starless core (SMM2). We see well-ordered magnetic fields in both sources. We estimated plane-of-sky magnetic field strengths of 56$\pm$9 and 129$\pm$21 $μ$G in SMM1 and SMM2, respectively, and obtained mass-to-flux ratios and Alfvén Mach numbers of less than 0.6, suggesting that the magnetic field can resist gravitational collapse and that magnetic pressure exceeds internal turbulent pressure in these sources. In SMM2, the kinetic and gravitational energies are comparable to one another, but less than the magnetic energy. We suggest a schematic view of the overall magnetic field structure in the Horsehead Nebula. Magnetic field lines in SMM1 appear have been compressed and reordered during the formation of the PDR, while the likely more-embedded SMM2 may have inherited its field from that of the pre-shock molecular cloud. The magnetic fields appear to currently play an important role in supporting both sources. △ Less

Submitted 14 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: Accepted to the Astronomical Journal

First BISTRO observations of the dark cloud Taurus L1495A-B10: the role of the magnetic field in the earliest stages of low-mass star formation

Authors: Derek Ward-Thompson, Janik Karoly, Kate Pattle, Anthony Whitworth, Jason Kirk, David Berry, Pierre Bastien, Tao-Chung Ching, Simon Coude, Jihye Hwang, Woojin Kwon, Archana Soam, Jia-Wei Wang, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Shih-Ping Lai, Keping Qiu, Doris Arzoumanian, Tyler L. Bourke, Do-Young Byun, Huei-Ru Vivien Chen, Wen Ping Chen, Mike Chen, Zhiwei Chen, Jungyeon Cho, Minho Choi , et al. (133 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present BISTRO Survey 850 μm dust emission polarisation observations of the L1495A-B10 region of the Taurus molecular cloud, taken at the JCMT. We observe a roughly triangular network of dense filaments. We detect 9 of the dense starless cores embedded within these filaments in polarisation, finding that the plane-of-sky orientation of the core-scale magnetic field lies roughly perpendicular to… ▽ More We present BISTRO Survey 850 μm dust emission polarisation observations of the L1495A-B10 region of the Taurus molecular cloud, taken at the JCMT. We observe a roughly triangular network of dense filaments. We detect 9 of the dense starless cores embedded within these filaments in polarisation, finding that the plane-of-sky orientation of the core-scale magnetic field lies roughly perpendicular to the filaments in almost all cases. We also find that the large-scale magnetic field orientation measured by Planck is not correlated with any of the core or filament structures, except in the case of the lowest-density core. We propose a scenario for early prestellar evolution that is both an extension to, and consistent with, previous models, introducing an additional evolutionary transitional stage between field-dominated and matter-dominated evolution, observed here for the first time. In this scenario, the cloud collapses first to a sheet-like structure. Uniquely, we appear to be seeing this sheet almost face-on. The sheet fragments into filaments, which in turn form cores. However, the material must reach a certain critical density before the evolution changes from being field-dominated to being matter-dominated. We measure the sheet surface density and the magnetic field strength at that transition for the first time and show consistency with an analytical prediction that had previously gone untested for over 50 years (Mestel 1965). △ Less

Submitted 23 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures. ApJ accepted

JCMT BISTRO Observations: Magnetic Field Morphology of Bubbles Associated with NGC 6334

Authors: Mehrnoosh Tahani, Pierre Bastien, Ray S. Furuya, Kate Pattle, Doug Johnstone, Doris Arzoumanian, Yasuo Doi, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Shu-ichiro Inutsuka, Simon Coudé, Laura Fissel, Michael Chun-Yuan Chen, Frédérick Poidevin, Sarah Sadavoy, Rachel Friesen, Patrick M. Koch, James Di Francesco, Gerald H. Moriarty-Schieven, Zhiwei Chen, Eun Jung Chung, Chakali Eswaraiah, Lapo Fanciullo, Tim Gledhill, Valentin J. M. Le Gouellec, Thiem Hoang , et al. (120 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We study the HII regions associated with the NGC 6334 molecular cloud observed in the sub-millimeter and taken as part of the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) Survey. In particular, we investigate the polarization patterns and magnetic field morphologies associated with these HII regions. Through polarization pattern and pressure calculation analyses, several of these bubbles… ▽ More We study the HII regions associated with the NGC 6334 molecular cloud observed in the sub-millimeter and taken as part of the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) Survey. In particular, we investigate the polarization patterns and magnetic field morphologies associated with these HII regions. Through polarization pattern and pressure calculation analyses, several of these bubbles indicate that the gas and magnetic field lines have been pushed away from the bubble, toward an almost tangential (to the bubble) magnetic field morphology. In the densest part of NGC 6334, where the magnetic field morphology is similar to an hourglass, the polarization observations do not exhibit observable impact from HII regions. We detect two nested radial polarization patterns in a bubble to the south of NGC 6334 that correspond to the previously observed bipolar structure in this bubble. Finally, using the results of this study, we present steps (incorporating computer vision; circular Hough Transform) that can be used in future studies to identify bubbles that have physically impacted magnetic field lines. △ Less

Submitted 21 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)

The JCMT BISTRO-2 Survey: Magnetic Fields of the Massive DR21 Filament

Authors: Tao-Chung Ching, Keping Qiu, Di Li, Zhiyuan Ren, Shih-Ping Lai, David Berry, Kate Pattle, Ray Furuya, Derek Ward-Thompson, Doug Johnstone, Patrick M. Koch, Chang Won Lee, Thiem Hoang, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Woojin Kwon, Pierre Bastien, Chakali Eswaraiah, Jia-Wei Wang, Kyoung Hee Kim, Jihye Hwang, Archana Soam, A-Ran Lyo, Junhao Liu, Valentin J. M. Le Gouellec, Doris Arzoumanian , et al. (132 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present 850 $μ$m dust polarization observations of the massive DR21 filament from the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey, using the POL-2 polarimeter and the SCUBA-2 camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. We detect ordered magnetic fields perpendicular to the parsec-scale ridge of the DR21 main filament. In the sub-filaments, the magnetic fields are mainly parall… ▽ More We present 850 $μ$m dust polarization observations of the massive DR21 filament from the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey, using the POL-2 polarimeter and the SCUBA-2 camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. We detect ordered magnetic fields perpendicular to the parsec-scale ridge of the DR21 main filament. In the sub-filaments, the magnetic fields are mainly parallel to the filamentary structures and smoothly connect to the magnetic fields of the main filament. We compare the POL-2 and Planck dust polarization observations to study the magnetic field structures of the DR21 filament on 0.1--10 pc scales. The magnetic fields revealed in the Planck data are well aligned with those of the POL-2 data, indicating a smooth variation of magnetic fields from large to small scales. The plane-of-sky magnetic field strengths derived from angular dispersion functions of dust polarization are 0.6--1.0 mG in the DR21 filament and $\sim$ 0.1 mG in the surrounding ambient gas. The mass-to-flux ratios are found to be magnetically supercritical in the filament and slightly subcritical to nearly critical in the ambient gas. The alignment between column density structures and magnetic fields changes from random alignment in the low-density ambient gas probed by Planck to mostly perpendicular in the high-density main filament probed by JCMT. The magnetic field structures of the DR21 filament are in agreement with MHD simulations of a strongly magnetized medium, suggesting that magnetic fields play an important role in shaping the DR21 main filament and sub-filaments. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: 26 pages, 13 figures, ApJ accepted

The JCMT BISTRO Survey: A Spiral Magnetic Field in a Hub-filament Structure, Monoceros R2

Authors: Jihye Hwang, Jongsoo Kim, Kate Pattle, Chang Won Lee, Patrick M. Koch, Doug Johnstone, Kohji Tomisaka, Anthony Whitworth, Ray S. Furuya, Ji-hyun Kang, A-Ran Lyo, Eun Jung Chung, Doris Arzoumanian, Geumsook Park, Woojin Kwon, Shinyoung Kim, Motohide Tamura, Jungmi Kwon, Archana Soam, Ilseung Han, Thiem Hoang, Kyoung Hee Kim, Takashi Onaka, Eswaraiah Chakali, Derek Ward-Thompson , et al. (135 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present and analyze observations of polarized dust emission at 850 $μ$m towards the central 1 pc $\times$ 1 pc hub-filament structure of Monoceros R2 (Mon R2). The data are obtained with SCUBA-2/POL-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) as part of the BISTRO (B-fields in Star-forming Region Observations) survey. The orientations of the magnetic field follow the spiral structure of Mon R… ▽ More We present and analyze observations of polarized dust emission at 850 $μ$m towards the central 1 pc $\times$ 1 pc hub-filament structure of Monoceros R2 (Mon R2). The data are obtained with SCUBA-2/POL-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) as part of the BISTRO (B-fields in Star-forming Region Observations) survey. The orientations of the magnetic field follow the spiral structure of Mon R2, which are well-described by an axisymmetric magnetic field model. We estimate the turbulent component of the magnetic field using the angle difference between our observations and the best-fit model of the underlying large-scale mean magnetic field. This estimate is used to calculate the magnetic field strength using the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method, for which we also obtain the distribution of volume density and velocity dispersion using a column density map derived from $Herschel$ data and the C$^{18}$O ($J$ = 3-2) data taken with HARP on the JCMT, respectively. We make maps of magnetic field strengths and mass-to-flux ratios, finding that magnetic field strengths vary from 0.02 to 3.64 mG with a mean value of 1.0 $\pm$ 0.06 mG, and the mean critical mass-to-flux ratio is 0.47 $\pm$ 0.02. Additionally, the mean Alfvén Mach number is 0.35 $\pm$ 0.01. This suggests that in Mon R2, magnetic fields provide resistance against large-scale gravitational collapse, and magnetic pressure exceeds turbulent pressure. We also investigate the properties of each filament in Mon R2. Most of the filaments are aligned along the magnetic field direction and are magnetically sub-critical. △ Less

Submitted 13 December, 2022; v1 submitted 12 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: This paper is accepted to the ApJ

12CO (3-2) High-Resolution Survey (COHRS) of the Galactic Plane: Complete Data Release

Authors: Geumsook Park, Malcolm J. Currie, Holly S. Thomas, Erik Rosolowsky, Jessica T. Dempsey, Kee-Tae Kim, Andrew J. Rigby, Yang Su, David J. Eden, Dario Colombo, Harriet Parsons, Toby J. T. Moore

Abstract: We present the full data release of 12CO (3-2) High-Resolution Survey (COHRS), which has mapped the inner Galactic plane over the range of 9.5$^{\circ}$ $\le$ l $\le$ 62.3$^{\circ}$ and $|b| \le 0.5^{\circ}$. The COHRS has been carried out using the Heterodyne Array Receiver Program (HARP) on the 15 m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) in Hawaii. The released data are smoothed to have a spatial… ▽ More We present the full data release of 12CO (3-2) High-Resolution Survey (COHRS), which has mapped the inner Galactic plane over the range of 9.5$^{\circ}$ $\le$ l $\le$ 62.3$^{\circ}$ and $|b| \le 0.5^{\circ}$. The COHRS has been carried out using the Heterodyne Array Receiver Program (HARP) on the 15 m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) in Hawaii. The released data are smoothed to have a spatial resolution of 16.6 arcsec and a velocity resolution of 0.635 km/s, achieving a mean root-mean-square of $\sim 0.6$ K on $T_\mathrm{A}^*$. The COHRS data are useful for investigating detailed three-dimensional structures of individual molecular clouds and large-scale structures such as spiral arms in the Galactic plane. Furthermore, data from other available public surveys of different CO isotopologues and transitions with similar angular resolutions to this survey, such as FUGIN, SEDIGISM, and CHIMPS/CHIMPS2, allow studying the physical properties of molecular clouds and comparing their states with each other. In this paper, we report further observations on R2 and improved data reduction since the original COHRS release. We discuss the characteristics of the COHRS data and present integrated-emission images and a position-velocity (PV) map of the region covered. The PV map shows a good match with the spiral-arm traces from the existing CO and HI surveys. We also obtain and compare integrated one-dimensional distributions of 12CO (1-0) and (3-2) and those of star-forming populations to each other. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 29 pages, 13 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJS

Submillimeter pulsations from the magnetar XTE J1810-197

Authors: Pablo Torne, Graham Bell, Dan Bintley, Gregory Desvignes, David Berry, Jessica T. Dempsey, Paul T. P. Ho, Harriet Parsons, Ralph P. Eatough, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Michael Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Kuo Liu, Gabriel Paubert, Miguel Sanchez-Portal, Karl F. Schuster

Abstract: We present the first detection of pulsations from a neutron star in the submillimeter range. The source is the magnetar XTE J1810-197, observed with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) on 2020 February 27, 2020 July 9 and 2021 May 15. XTE J1810-197 is detected at 353 GHz ($λ=0.85\,$mm) in the three epochs, but not detected in the simultaneously-observed band at 666 GHz ($λ=0.45\,$mm). We meas… ▽ More We present the first detection of pulsations from a neutron star in the submillimeter range. The source is the magnetar XTE J1810-197, observed with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) on 2020 February 27, 2020 July 9 and 2021 May 15. XTE J1810-197 is detected at 353 GHz ($λ=0.85\,$mm) in the three epochs, but not detected in the simultaneously-observed band at 666 GHz ($λ=0.45\,$mm). We measure an averaged flux density at 353 GHz of 6.7$\pm$1.0, 4.0$\pm$0.6, and 1.3$\pm$0.3 mJy and set 3$σ$ flux density upper limits at 666 GHz of 11.3, 4.7 and 4.3 mJy, at each of the three observing epochs, respectively. Combining close-in-time observations with the Effelsberg 100m and IRAM 30m telescopes covering non-contiguously from 6 to 225 GHz (5.0 cm$>λ>$1.33 mm), we investigate the spectral shape and frequency range of a potential spectral turn-up predicted by some pulsar radio emission models. The results demonstrate that the beamed radio emission from neutron stars can extend into the submillimeter regime, but are inconclusive on the existence and location of a potential spectral turn-up within the covered frequency range. The observed properties of the submillimeter emission resemble those of the longer wavelengths, and support a coherent mechanism for the production of pulsations at 353 GHz. △ Less

Submitted 19 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: 14 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters

B-fields in Star-Forming Region Observations (BISTRO): Magnetic Fields in the Filamentary Structures of Serpens Main

Authors: Woojin Kwon, Kate Pattle, Sarah Sadavoy, Charles L. H. Hull, Doug Johnstone, Derek Ward-Thompson, James Di Francesco, Patrick M. Koch, Ray Furuya, Yasuo Doi, Valentin J. M. Le Gouellec, Jihye Hwang, A-Ran Lyo, Archana Soam, Xindi Tang, Thiem Hoang, Florian Kirchschlager, Chakali Eswaraiah, Lapo Fanciullo, Kyoung Hee Kim, Takashi Onaka, Vera Könyves, Ji-hyun Kang, Chang Won Lee, Motohide Tamura , et al. (127 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present 850 $μ$m polarimetric observations toward the Serpens Main molecular cloud obtained using the POL-2 polarimeter on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) as part of the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey. These observations probe the magnetic field morphology of the Serpens Main molecular cloud on about 6000 au scales, which consists of cores and six filament… ▽ More We present 850 $μ$m polarimetric observations toward the Serpens Main molecular cloud obtained using the POL-2 polarimeter on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) as part of the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey. These observations probe the magnetic field morphology of the Serpens Main molecular cloud on about 6000 au scales, which consists of cores and six filaments with different physical properties such as density and star formation activity. Using the histogram of relative orientation (HRO) technique, we find that magnetic fields are parallel to filaments in less dense filamentary structures where $N_{H_2} < 0.93\times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$ (magnetic fields perpendicular to density gradients), while being perpendicular to filaments (magnetic fields parallel to density gradients) in dense filamentary structures with star formation activity. Moreover, applying the HRO technique to denser core regions, we find that magnetic field orientations change to become perpendicular to density gradients again at $N_{H_2} \approx 4.6 \times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$. This can be interpreted as a signature of core formation. At $N_{H_2} \approx 16 \times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$ magnetic fields change back to being parallel to density gradients once again, which can be understood to be due to magnetic fields being dragged in by infalling material. In addition, we estimate the magnetic field strengths of the filaments ($B_{POS} = 60-300~μ$G)) using the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method and discuss whether the filaments are gravitationally unstable based on magnetic field and turbulence energy densities. △ Less

Submitted 13 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: 18 pages, accepted for publication in ApJ

The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey II: Constructing a volume-limited sample and first results from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Authors: P. Scicluna, F. Kemper, I. McDonald, S. Srinivasan, A. Trejo, S. H. J. Wallström, J. G. A. Wouterloot, J. Cami, J. Greaves, Jinhua He, D. T. Hoai, Hyosun Kim, O. C. Jones, H. Shinnaga, C. J. R. Clark, T. Dharmawardena, W. Holland, H. Imai, J. Th. van Loon, K. M. Menten, R. Wesson, H. Chawner, S. Feng, S. Goldman, F. C. Liu , et al. (67 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey (NESS) is a volume-complete sample of $\sim$850 Galactic evolved stars within 3\,kpc at (sub-)mm wavelengths, observed in the CO $J = $ (2$-$1) and (3$-$2) rotational lines, and the sub-mm continuum, using the James Clark Maxwell Telescope and Atacama Pathfinder Experiment. NESS consists of five tiers, based on distances and dust-production rate (DPR). We define a n… ▽ More The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey (NESS) is a volume-complete sample of $\sim$850 Galactic evolved stars within 3\,kpc at (sub-)mm wavelengths, observed in the CO $J = $ (2$-$1) and (3$-$2) rotational lines, and the sub-mm continuum, using the James Clark Maxwell Telescope and Atacama Pathfinder Experiment. NESS consists of five tiers, based on distances and dust-production rate (DPR). We define a new metric for estimating the distances to evolved stars and compare its results to \emph{Gaia} EDR3. Replicating other studies, the most-evolved, highly enshrouded objects in the Galactic Plane dominate the dust returned by our sources, and we initially estimate a total DPR of $4.7\times 10^{-5}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ from our sample. Our sub-mm fluxes are systematically higher and spectral indices are typically shallower than dust models typically predict. The 450/850 $μ$m spectral indices are consistent with the blackbody Rayleigh--Jeans regime, suggesting a large fraction of evolved stars have unexpectedly large envelopes of cold dust. △ Less

Submitted 24 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Comments: 20 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publications in MNRAS

The JCMT BISTRO Survey: An 850/450$μ$m Polarization Study of NGC 2071IR in OrionB

Authors: A-Ran Lyo, Jongsoo Kim, Sarah Sadavoy, Doug Johnstone, David Berry, Kate Pattle, Woojin Kwon, Pierre Bastien, Takashi Onaka, James Di Francesco, Ji-Hyun Kang, Ray Furuya, Charles L. H. Hull, Motohide Tamura, Patrick M. Koch, Derek Ward-Thompson, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Thiem Hoang, Doris Arzoumanian, Chang Won Lee, Chin-Fei Lee, Do-Young Byun, Florian Kirchschlager, Yasuo Doi, Kee-Tae Kim , et al. (121 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results of simultaneous 450 $μ$m and 850 $μ$m polarization observations toward the massive star forming region NGC 2071IR, a target of the BISTRO (B-fields in Star-Forming Region Observations) Survey, using the POL-2 polarimeter and SCUBA-2 camera mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. We find a pinched magnetic field morphology in the central dense core region, which could b… ▽ More We present the results of simultaneous 450 $μ$m and 850 $μ$m polarization observations toward the massive star forming region NGC 2071IR, a target of the BISTRO (B-fields in Star-Forming Region Observations) Survey, using the POL-2 polarimeter and SCUBA-2 camera mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. We find a pinched magnetic field morphology in the central dense core region, which could be due to a rotating toroidal disk-like structure and a bipolar outflow originating from the central young stellar object, IRS 3. Using the modified Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method, we obtain a plane-of-sky magnetic field strength of 563$\pm$421 $μ$G in the central $\sim$0.12 pc region from 850 $μ$m polarization data. The corresponding magnetic energy density of 2.04$\times$10$^{-8}$ erg cm$^{-3}$ is comparable to the turbulent and gravitational energy densities in the region. We find that the magnetic field direction is very well aligned with the whole of the IRS 3 bipolar outflow structure. We find that the median value of polarization fractions, 3.0 \%, at 450 $μ$m in the central 3 arcminute region, which is larger than the median value of 1.2 \% at 850 $μ$m. The trend could be due to the better alignment of warmer dust in the strong radiation environment. We also find that polarization fractions decrease with intensity at both wavelengths, with slopes, determined by fitting a Rician noise model, of $0.59 \pm 0.03$ at 450 $μ$m and $0.36 \pm 0.04$ at 850 $μ$m, respectively. We think that the shallow slope at 850 $μ$m is due to grain alignment at the center being assisted by strong radiation from the central young stellar objects. △ Less

Submitted 28 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Comments: 17 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal, 2021, 918, 85

A Decade of SCUBA-2: A Comprehensive Guide to Calibrating 450 $μ$m and 850 $μ$m Continuum Data at the JCMT

Authors: Steve Mairs, Jessica T. Dempsey, Graham S. Bell, Harriet Parsons, Malcolm J. Currie, Per Friberg, Xue-Jian Jiang, Alexandra J. Tetarenko, Dan Bintley, Jamie Cookson, Shaoliang Li, Mark G. Rawlings, Jan Wouterloot, David Berry, Sarah Graves, Izumi Mizuno, Alexis Ann Acohido, Alyssa Clark, Jeff Cox, Miriam Fuchs, James Hoge, Johnathon Kemp, E'lisa Lee, Callie Matulonis, William Montgomerie , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2) is the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope's continuum imager, operating simultaneously at 450 and 850~$μ$m. SCUBA-2 was commissioned in 2009--2011 and since that time, regular observations of point-like standard sources have been performed whenever the instrument is in use. Expanding the calibrator observation sample by an order of magnitude com… ▽ More The Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2) is the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope's continuum imager, operating simultaneously at 450 and 850~$μ$m. SCUBA-2 was commissioned in 2009--2011 and since that time, regular observations of point-like standard sources have been performed whenever the instrument is in use. Expanding the calibrator observation sample by an order of magnitude compared to previous work, in this paper we derive updated opacity relations at each wavelength for a new atmospheric-extinction correction, analyze the Flux-Conversion Factors (FCFs) used to convert instrumental units to physical flux units as a function of date and observation time, present information on the beam profiles for each wavelength, and update secondary-calibrator source fluxes. Between 07:00 and 17:00 UTC, the portion of the night that is most stable to temperature gradients that cause dish deformation, the total-flux uncertainty and the peak-flux uncertainty measured at 450~$μ$m are found to be 14\% and 17\%, respectively. Measured at 850~$μ$m, the total-flux and peak-flux uncertainties are 6\%, and 7\%, respectively. The analysis presented in this work is applicable to all SCUBA-2 projects observed since 2011. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 31 pages, 15 figures, 8 tables. This is the Accepted Manuscript version of an article accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. This Accepted Manuscript is published under a CC BY licence

Characterization of dense Planck clumps observed with Herschel and SCUBA-2

Authors: E. Mannfors, M. Juvela, L. Bronfman, D. J. Eden, Jinhua He, Gwanjeon Kim, Kee-Tae Kim, H. Kirppu, T. Liu, J. Montillaud, H. Parsons, Patricio Sanhueza, Hsien Shang, A. Soam, K. Tatematsu, A. Traficante, M. S. Väisälä, Chang Won Lee

Abstract: We aim to characterize a diverse selection of dense, potentially star-forming cores, clumps, and clouds within the Milky Way in terms of their dust emission and SF activity. We studied 53 fields that have been observed in the JCMT SCUBA-2 continuum survey SCOPE and have been mapped with Herschel. We estimated dust properties by fitting Herschel observations with modified blackbody functions, studi… ▽ More We aim to characterize a diverse selection of dense, potentially star-forming cores, clumps, and clouds within the Milky Way in terms of their dust emission and SF activity. We studied 53 fields that have been observed in the JCMT SCUBA-2 continuum survey SCOPE and have been mapped with Herschel. We estimated dust properties by fitting Herschel observations with modified blackbody functions, studied the relationship between dust temperature and dust opacity spectral index $β$, and estimated column densities. We extracted clumps from the SCUBA-2 850 $μ$m maps with the FellWalker algorithm and examined their masses and sizes. Clumps are associated with young stellar objects found in several catalogs. We estimated the gravitational stability of the clumps with virial analysis. The clumps are categorized as unbound starless, prestellar, or protostellar. We find 529 dense clumps, typically with high column densities from (0.3-4.8)$\times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, with a mean of (1.5$\pm$0.04)$\times10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, low temperatures ($T\sim $10-20 K), and estimated submillimeter $β$ =1.7$\pm$0.1. We detect a slight increase in opacity spectral index toward millimeter wavelengths. Masses of the sources range from 0.04 $M_\odot$ to 4259 $M_\odot$. Mass, linear size, and temperature are correlated with distance. Furthermore, the estimated gravitational stability is dependent on distance, and more distant clumps appear more virially bound. Finally, we present a catalog of properties of the clumps.Our sources present a large array of SF regions, from high-latitude, nearby diffuse clouds to large SF complexes near the Galactic center. Analysis of these regions will continue with the addition of molecular line data, which will allow us to study the densest regions of the clumps in more detail. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: 60 pages (article 18 pages), 73 figures To be published in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 654, A123 (2021)

Revealing the diverse magnetic field morphologies in Taurus dense cores with sensitive sub-millimeter polarimetry

Authors: Chakali Eswaraiah, Di Li, Ray S. Furuya, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Derek Ward-Thompson, Keping Qiu, Nagayoshi Ohashi, Kate Pattle, Sarah Sadavoy, Charles L. H. Hull, David Berry, Yasuo Doi, Tao-Chung Ching, Shih-Ping Lai, Jia-Wei Wang, Patrick M. Koch, Jungmi Kwon, Woojin Kwon, Pierre Bastien, Doris Arzoumanian, Simon Coudé, Archana Soam, Lapo Fanciullo, Hsi-Wei Yen, Junhao Liu , et al. (120 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We have obtained sensitive dust continuum polarization observations at 850 $μ$m in the B213 region of Taurus using POL-2 on SCUBA-2 at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), as part of the BISTRO (B-fields in STar-forming Region Observations) survey. These observations allow us to probe magnetic field (B-field) at high spatial resolution ($\sim$2000 au or $\sim$0.01 pc at 140 pc) in two protost… ▽ More We have obtained sensitive dust continuum polarization observations at 850 $μ$m in the B213 region of Taurus using POL-2 on SCUBA-2 at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), as part of the BISTRO (B-fields in STar-forming Region Observations) survey. These observations allow us to probe magnetic field (B-field) at high spatial resolution ($\sim$2000 au or $\sim$0.01 pc at 140 pc) in two protostellar cores (K04166 and K04169) and one prestellar core (Miz-8b) that lie within the B213 filament. Using the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method, we estimate the B-field strengths in K04166, K04169, and Miz-8b to be 38$\pm$14 $μ$G, 44$\pm$16 $μ$G, and 12$\pm$5 $μ$G, respectively. These cores show distinct mean B-field orientations. B-field in K04166 is well ordered and aligned parallel to the orientations of the core minor axis, outflows, core rotation axis, and large-scale uniform B-field, in accordance with magnetically regulated star formation via ambipolar diffusion taking place in K04166. B-field in K04169 is found to be ordered but oriented nearly perpendicular to the core minor axis and large-scale B-field, and not well-correlated with other axes. In contrast, Miz-8b exhibits disordered B-field which show no preferred alignment with the core minor axis or large-scale field. We found that only one core, K04166, retains a memory of the large-scale uniform B-field. The other two cores, K04169 and Miz-8b, are decoupled from the large-scale field. Such a complex B-field configuration could be caused by gas inflow onto the filament, even in the presence of a substantial magnetic flux. △ Less

Submitted 3 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 20 pages (10 are main), 5 figures (3 are main), and 3 tables (2 are main); Accepted for its publication in ApJL

Dust polarized emission observations of NGC 6334; BISTRO reveals the details of the complex but organized magnetic field structure of the high-mass star-forming hub-filament network

Authors: D. Arzoumanian, R. Furuya, T. Hasegawa, M. Tahani, S. Sadavoy, C. L. H. Hull, D. Johnstone, P. M. Koch, S. -i. Inutsuka, Y. Doi, T. Hoang, T. Onaka, K. Iwasaki, Y. Shimajiri, T. Inoue, N. Peretto, P. André, P. Bastien, D. Berry, H. -R. V. Chen, J. Di Francesco, C. Eswaraiah, L. Fanciullo, L. M. Fissel, J. Hwang , et al. (123 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: [Abridged] Filaments and hubs have received special attention recently thanks to studies showing their role in star formation. While the column density and velocity structures of both filaments and hubs have been studied, their magnetic fields (B-field) are not yet characterized. We aim to understand the role of the B-field in the dynamical evolution of the NGC 6334 hub-filament network. We presen… ▽ More [Abridged] Filaments and hubs have received special attention recently thanks to studies showing their role in star formation. While the column density and velocity structures of both filaments and hubs have been studied, their magnetic fields (B-field) are not yet characterized. We aim to understand the role of the B-field in the dynamical evolution of the NGC 6334 hub-filament network. We present new observations of the dust polarized emission at 850$μ$m towards NGC 6334 obtained with the JCMT/POL-2. We study the distribution and dispersion of the polarized intensity ($PI$), the polarization fraction ($PF$), and the B-field angle ($θ_{B}$). We derive the power spectrum of the intensity and $θ_{B}$ along the ridge crest. Our analyses show a complex B-field structure when observed over the whole region ($\sim10$ pc), however, at smaller scales ($\sim1$ pc), $θ_{B}$ varies coherently along the filaments. The observed power spectrum of $θ_{B}$ can be well represented with a power law function with a slope $-1.33\pm0.23$, which is $\sim20\%$ shallower than that of $I$. This result is compatible with the properties of simulated filaments and may indicate the processes at play in the formation of filaments. $θ_{B}$ rotates from being mostly perpendicular to the filament crests to mostly parallel as they merge with the hubs. This variation of $θ_{B}$ may be tracing local velocity flows of matter in-falling onto the hubs. Our analysis suggests a variation of the energy balance along the crests of these filaments, from magnetically critical/supercritical at their far ends to magnetically subcritical near the hubs. We detect an increase of $PF$ towards the high-column density star cluster-forming hubs that may result from the increase of grain alignment efficiency due to stellar radiation from the newborn stars. △ Less

Submitted 23 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 647, A78 (2021)

Implementing Remote Observing at the JCMT

Authors: Harriet Parsons, Jessica Dempsey, Dan Bintley, Craig Walther, Sarah Graves, William Stahm, Maren Purves, Kevin Silva, Alexis Acohido, Graham Bell, Ryan Berthold, Jamie Cookson, Vernon DeMattos, Devin Estrada, Miriam Fuchs, David Fuselier, Paul Ho, John Kuroda, Shaoliang Li, Steven Mairs, Mark Rawlings

Abstract: The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) is the largest single dish telescope in the world focused on sub-millimeter astronomy - and it remains at the forefront of sub-millimeter discovery space. JCMT continues itspush for higher efficiency and greater science impact with a switch to fully remote operation. This switch toremote operations occurred on November 1st 2019. The switch to remote operati… ▽ More The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) is the largest single dish telescope in the world focused on sub-millimeter astronomy - and it remains at the forefront of sub-millimeter discovery space. JCMT continues itspush for higher efficiency and greater science impact with a switch to fully remote operation. This switch toremote operations occurred on November 1st 2019. The switch to remote operations should be recognized to bepart of a decade long process involving incremental changes leading to Extended Observing - observing beyondthe classical night shift - and eventually to full remote operations. The success of Remote Observing is indicatedin the number of productive hours and continued low fault rate from before and after the switch. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: 16 pages, 4 figures, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2020, Paper Number: 11449-17

Commissioning of Namakanui on the JCMT

Authors: Izumi Mizuno, Per Friberg, Ryan Berthold, Harriet Parsons, Chih-Chiang Han, Alexis Acohido, Graham Bell, David Berry, Dan Bintley, Ming-Tang Chen, Alyssa Clark, Jamie Cookson, Vernon Demattos, Jessica Dempsey, Jason Fleck, Kuo-chieh Fu, Miriam Fuchs, Sarah Graves, Paul Ho, Sung-Po Hsu, YauDe Huang, Xue-Jian Jiang, Derek Kubo, JohnKuroda, Shaoliang Li , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Namakanui is an instrument containing three inserts in an ALMA type Dewar. The three inserts are Alaihi, Uu and Aweoweo operating around 86, 230 and 345GHz. The receiver is being commissioned on the JCMT. It will be used for both Single dish and VLBI observations. We will present commissioning results and the system. Namakanui is an instrument containing three inserts in an ALMA type Dewar. The three inserts are Alaihi, Uu and Aweoweo operating around 86, 230 and 345GHz. The receiver is being commissioned on the JCMT. It will be used for both Single dish and VLBI observations. We will present commissioning results and the system. △ Less

Submitted 14 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: 19 pages, 16 figures, Proceedings of SPIE

Automated Project Completion Forecasting

Authors: Alexandra J. Tetarenko, Harriet Parsons, Sarah Graves, Jessica Dempsey

Abstract: In the age of Large Programs and Big Data a key component in project planning for ground-based astronomical observatories is understanding how to balance users demands and telescope capabilities. In particular, future planning for operations requires us to asses the impact of a complex set of parameters, such as right ascension, instrument, and sky condition pressures over coming semesters. Increa… ▽ More In the age of Large Programs and Big Data a key component in project planning for ground-based astronomical observatories is understanding how to balance users demands and telescope capabilities. In particular, future planning for operations requires us to asses the impact of a complex set of parameters, such as right ascension, instrument, and sky condition pressures over coming semesters. Increased understanding of these parameters can provide: improved scientific output, better management of user expectations, more accurate advertised/allocated time under a Call for Proposals, and improved scheduling for instrumental commissioning and engineering work. We present ongoing efforts by staff at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) to build a tool to provide automated completion forecasting of Large Programs undertaken at this telescope, which make up 50% of the observing time available at the JCMT. △ Less

Submitted 12 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: 12 pages, 9 figures, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2020, Paper Number: 11449-51

Journal ref: SPIE Proceedings, Volume 11449, Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems VIII, 1144919 (2020)

Observations of magnetic fields surrounding LkH$α$ 101 taken by the BISTRO survey with JCMT-POL-2

Authors: Nguyen Bich Ngoc, Pham Ngoc Diep, Harriet Parsons, Kate Pattle, Thiem Hoang, Derek Ward-Thompson, Le Ngoc Tram, Charles L. H. Hull, Mehrnoosh Tahani, Ray Furuya, Pierre Bastien, Keping Qiu, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Woojin Kwon, Yasuo Doi, Shih-Ping Lai, Simon Coude, David Berry, Tao-Chung Ching, Jihye Hwang, Archana Soam, Jia-Wei Wang, Doris Arzoumanian, Tyler L. Bourke, Do-Young Byun , et al. (124 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first high spatial resolution measurement of magnetic fields surrounding LkH$α$ 101, a part of the Auriga-California molecular cloud. The observations were taken with the POL-2 polarimeter on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope within the framework of the B-fields In Star-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey. Observed polarization of thermal dust emission at 850 $μ$m is found to… ▽ More We report the first high spatial resolution measurement of magnetic fields surrounding LkH$α$ 101, a part of the Auriga-California molecular cloud. The observations were taken with the POL-2 polarimeter on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope within the framework of the B-fields In Star-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey. Observed polarization of thermal dust emission at 850 $μ$m is found to be mostly associated with the red-shifted gas component of the cloud. The magnetic field displays a relatively complex morphology. Two variants of the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method, unsharp masking and structure function, are used to calculate the strength of magnetic fields in the plane of the sky, yielding a similar result of $B_{\rm POS}\sim 115$ $\mathrmμ$G. The mass-to-magnetic-flux ratio in critical value units, $λ\sim0.3$, is the smallest among the values obtained for other regions surveyed by POL-2. This implies that the LkH$α$ 101 region is sub-critical and the magnetic field is strong enough to prevent gravitational collapse. The inferred $δB/B_0\sim 0.3$ implies that the large scale component of the magnetic field dominates the turbulent one. The variation of the polarization fraction with total emission intensity can be fitted by a power-law with an index of $α=0.82\pm0.03$, which lies in the range previously reported for molecular clouds. We find that the polarization fraction decreases rapidly with proximity to the only early B star (LkH$α$ 101) in the region. The magnetic field tangling and the joint effect of grain alignment and rotational disruption by radiative torques are potential of explaining such a decreasing trend. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: 25 pages, 19 figures, Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

CHIMPS2: Survey description and $^{12}$CO emission in the Galactic Centre

Authors: D. J. Eden, T. J. T. Moore, M. J. Currie, A. J. Rigby, E. Rosolowsky, Y. Su, Kee-Tae Kim, H. Parsons, O. Morata, H. -R. Chen, T. Minamidani, Geumsook Park, S. E. Ragan, J. S. Urquhart, R. Rani, K. Tahani, S. J. Billington, S. Deb, C. Figura, T. Fujiyoshi, G. Joncas, L. W. Liao, T. Liu, H. Ma, P. Tuan-Anh , et al. (81 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The latest generation of Galactic-plane surveys is enhancing our ability to study the effects of galactic environment upon the process of star formation. We present the first data from CO Heterodyne Inner Milky Way Plane Survey 2 (CHIMPS2). CHIMPS2 is a survey that will observe the Inner Galaxy, the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ), and a section of the Outer Galaxy in $^{12}$CO, $^{13}$CO, and C… ▽ More The latest generation of Galactic-plane surveys is enhancing our ability to study the effects of galactic environment upon the process of star formation. We present the first data from CO Heterodyne Inner Milky Way Plane Survey 2 (CHIMPS2). CHIMPS2 is a survey that will observe the Inner Galaxy, the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ), and a section of the Outer Galaxy in $^{12}$CO, $^{13}$CO, and C$^{18}$O $(J = 3\rightarrow2)$ emission with the Heterodyne Array Receiver Program on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). The first CHIMPS2 data presented here are a first look towards the CMZ in $^{12}$CO J = 3$\rightarrow$2 and cover $-3^{\circ}\leq\,\ell\,\leq\,5^{\circ}$ and $\mid$b$\mid \leq 0.5^{\circ}$ with angular resolution of 15 arcsec, velocity resolution of 1 km s$^{-1}$, and rms $ΔT_A ^\ast =$ 0.58 K at these resolutions. Such high-resolution observations of the CMZ will be a valuable data set for future studies, whilst complementing the existing Galactic Plane surveys, such as SEDIGISM, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey, and ATLASGAL. In this paper, we discuss the survey plan, the current observations and data, as well as presenting position-position maps of the region. The position-velocity maps detect foreground spiral arms in both absorption and emission. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Comments: 18 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The JCMT BISTRO Survey: Magnetic Fields Associated with a Network of Filaments in NGC 1333

Authors: Yasuo Doi, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Ray S. Furuya, Simon Coudé, Charles L. H. Hull, Doris Arzoumanian, Pierre Bastien, Michael Chun-Yuan Chen, James di Francesco, Rachel Friesen, Martin Houde, Shu-ichiro Inutsuka, Steve Mairs, Masafumi Matsumura, Takashi Onaka, Sarah Sadavoy, Yoshito Shimajiri, Mehrnoosh Tahani, Kohji Tomisaka, Chakali Eswaraiah, Patrick M. Koch, Kate Pattle, Chang Won Lee, Motohide Tamura, David Berry , et al. (113 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present new observations of the active star-formation region NGC 1333 in the Perseus molecular cloud complex from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope B-Fields In Star-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey with the POL-2 instrument. The BISTRO data cover the entire NGC 1333 complex (~1.5 pc x 2 pc) at 0.02 pc resolution and spatially resolve the polarized emission from individual filamentary… ▽ More We present new observations of the active star-formation region NGC 1333 in the Perseus molecular cloud complex from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope B-Fields In Star-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey with the POL-2 instrument. The BISTRO data cover the entire NGC 1333 complex (~1.5 pc x 2 pc) at 0.02 pc resolution and spatially resolve the polarized emission from individual filamentary structures for the first time. The inferred magnetic field structure is complex as a whole, with each individual filament aligned at different position angles relative to the local field orientation. We combine the BISTRO data with low- and high- resolution data derived from Planck and interferometers to study the multiscale magnetic field structure in this region. The magnetic field morphology drastically changes below a scale of ~1 pc and remains continuous from the scales of filaments (~0.1 pc) to that of protostellar envelopes (~0.005 pc or ~1000 au). Finally, we construct simple models in which we assume that the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the long axis of the filaments. We demonstrate that the observed variation of the relative orientation between the filament axes and the magnetic field angles are well reproduced by this model, taking into account the projection effects of the magnetic field and filaments relative to the plane of the sky. These projection effects may explain the apparent complexity of the magnetic field structure observed at the resolution of BISTRO data toward the filament network. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2020; v1 submitted 30 June, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Comments: 33 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Characteristic scale of star formation. I. Clump formation efficiency on local scales

Authors: D. J. Eden, T. J. T. Moore, R. Plume, A. J. Rigby, J. S. Urquhart, K. A. Marsh, C. H. Peñaloza, P. C. Clark, M. W. L. Smith, K. Tahani, S. E. Ragan, M. A. Thompson, D. Johnstone, H. Parsons, R. Rani

Abstract: We have used the ratio of column densities (CDR) derived independently from the 850-$μ$m continuum JCMT Plane Survey (JPS) and the $^{13}$CO/C$^{18}$O $(J=3-2)$ Heterodyne Inner Milky Way Plane Survey (CHIMPS) to produce maps of the dense-gas mass fraction (DGMF) in two slices of the Galactic Plane centred at $\ell$=30$^{\circ}$ and $\ell$=40$^{\circ}$. The observed DGMF is a metric for the instan… ▽ More We have used the ratio of column densities (CDR) derived independently from the 850-$μ$m continuum JCMT Plane Survey (JPS) and the $^{13}$CO/C$^{18}$O $(J=3-2)$ Heterodyne Inner Milky Way Plane Survey (CHIMPS) to produce maps of the dense-gas mass fraction (DGMF) in two slices of the Galactic Plane centred at $\ell$=30$^{\circ}$ and $\ell$=40$^{\circ}$. The observed DGMF is a metric for the instantaneous clump-formation efficiency (CFE) in the molecular gas. We split the two fields into velocity components corresponding to the spiral arms that cross them, and a two-dimensional power-spectrum analysis of the spiral arm DGMF maps reveals a break in slope at the approximate size scale of molecular clouds. We interpret this as the characteristic scale of the amplitude of variations in the CFE and a constraint on the dominant mechanism regulating the CFE and, hence, the star-formation efficiency in CO-traced clouds. △ Less

Submitted 12 October, 2020; v1 submitted 30 June, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Comments: 21 pages, 16 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging Eao Survey (Studies) III: Multi-wavelength properties, luminosity functions and preliminary source catalog of 450-$μ$m-selected galaxies

Authors: Chen-Fatt Lim, Wei-Hao Wang, Ian Smail, Douglas Scott, Chian-Chou Chen, Yu-Yen Chang, James M. Simpson, Yoshiki Toba, Xinwen Shu, Dave Clements, Josh Greenslade, YiPing Ao, Arif Babul, Jack Birkin, Scott C. Chapman, Tai-An Cheng, Brian S. Cho, Helmut Dannerbauer, Ugnė Dudzevičiūtė, James Dunlop, Yu Gao, Tomotsugu Goto, Luis C. Ho, Li-Ting Hsu, Ho Seong Hwang , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We construct a SCUBA-2 450-$μ$m map in the COSMOS field that covers an area of 300 arcmin$^{2}$ and reaches a 1$σ$ noise level of 0.65 mJy in the deepest region. We extract 256 sources detected at 450 $μ$m with signal-to-noise ratio $>$ 4.0 and analyze the physical properties of their multi-wavelength counterparts. We find that most of the sources are at $z\lesssim3$, with a median of… ▽ More We construct a SCUBA-2 450-$μ$m map in the COSMOS field that covers an area of 300 arcmin$^{2}$ and reaches a 1$σ$ noise level of 0.65 mJy in the deepest region. We extract 256 sources detected at 450 $μ$m with signal-to-noise ratio $>$ 4.0 and analyze the physical properties of their multi-wavelength counterparts. We find that most of the sources are at $z\lesssim3$, with a median of $z = 1.79^{+0.03}_{-0.15}$. About $35^{+32}_{-25}$% of our sources are classified as starburst galaxies based on their total star-formation rates (SFRs) and stellar masses ($M_{\ast}$). By fitting the far-infrared spectral energy distributions, we find that our 450-$μ$m-selected sample has a wide range of dust temperatures (20 K $ \lesssim T_{\rm d} \lesssim$ 60 K), with a median of ${T}_{\rm d} = 38.3^{+0.4}_{-0.9}$ K. We do not find a redshift evolution in dust temperature for sources with $L_{\rm IR}$ > $10^{12}$ $\rm L_\odot$ at $z<3$. However, we find a moderate correlation where dust temperature increases with the deviation from the SFR-$M_{\ast}$ relation. The increase in dust temperature also correlates with optical morphology, which is consistent with merger-triggered starbursts in sub-millimeter galaxies. Our galaxies do not show the tight IRX-$β_{\rm UV}$ correlation that has been observed in the local Universe. We construct the infrared luminosity functions of our 450-$μ$m sources and measure their comoving SFR densities. The contribution of the $L_{\rm IR}$ > $10^{12}$ $\rm L_\odot$ population to the SFR density rises dramatically from $z$ = 0 to 2 ($\propto$ ($1+z$)$^{3.9\pm1.1}$) and dominates the total SFR density at $z \gtrsim 2$. △ Less

Submitted 8 March, 2020; v1 submitted 8 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

Comments: Published in the ApJ

Journal ref: ApJ 889 (2020) 80

The HASHTAG project I. A Survey of CO(3-2) Emission from the Star Forming Disc of M31

Authors: Zongnan Li, Zhiyuan Li, Matthew W. L. Smith, Christine D. Wilson, Yu Gao, Stephen A. Eales, Yiping Ao, Martin Bureau, Aeree Chung, Timothy A. Davis, Richard de Grijs, David J. Eden, Jinhua He, Tom M. Hughes, Xuejian Jiang, Francisca Kemper, Isabella Lamperti, Bumhyun Lee, Chien-Hsiu Lee, Michal J. Michalowski, Harriet Parsons, Sarah Ragan, Peter Scicluna, Yong Shi, Xindi Tang , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a CO(3-2) survey of selected regions in the M31 disc as part of the JCMT large programme, HARP and SCUBA-2 High-Resolution Terahertz Andromeda Galaxy Survey (HASHTAG). The 12 CO(3-2) fields in this survey cover a total area of 60 square arcminutes, spanning a deprojected radial range of 2 - 14 kpc across the M31 disc. Combining these observations with existing IRAM 30m CO(1-0) observati… ▽ More We present a CO(3-2) survey of selected regions in the M31 disc as part of the JCMT large programme, HARP and SCUBA-2 High-Resolution Terahertz Andromeda Galaxy Survey (HASHTAG). The 12 CO(3-2) fields in this survey cover a total area of 60 square arcminutes, spanning a deprojected radial range of 2 - 14 kpc across the M31 disc. Combining these observations with existing IRAM 30m CO(1-0) observations and JCMT CO(3-2) maps of the nuclear region of M31, as well as dust temperature and star formation rate surface density maps, we are able to explore the radial distribution of the CO(3-2)/CO(1-0) integrated intensity ratio (R31) and its relationship with dust temperature and star formation. We find that the value of R31 between 2 - 9 kpc galactocentric radius is 0.14, significantly lower than what is seen in the nuclear ring at ~1 kpc (R31 ~ 0.8), only to rise again to 0.27 for the fields centred on the 10 kpc star forming ring. We also found that R31 is positively correlated with dust temperature, with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient $ρ$ = 0.55. The correlation between star formation rate surface density and CO(3--2) intensity is much stronger than with CO(1-0), with $ρ$ = 0.54 compared to -0.05, suggesting that the CO(3-2) line traces warmer and denser star forming gas better. We also find that R31 correlates well with star formation rate surface density, with $ρ$ = 0.69. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

Comments: 21 pages, 10 figures, accepted by MNRAS for publication

The JCMT BISTRO Survey: The Magnetic Field of the Barnard 1 Star-Forming Region

Authors: Simon Coudé, Pierre Bastien, Martin Houde, Sarah Sadavoy, Rachel Friesen, James Di Francesco, Doug Johnstone, Steve Mairs, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Woojin Kwon, Shih-Ping Lai, Keping Qiu, Derek Ward-Thompson, David Berry, Michael Chun-Yuan Chen, Jason Fiege, Erica Franzmann, Jennifer Hatchell, Kevin Lacaille, Brenda C. Matthews, Gerald H. Moriarty-Schieven, Andy Pon, Philippe André, Doris Arzoumanian, Yusuke Aso , et al. (96 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the POL-2 850 $μ$m linear polarization map of the Barnard 1 clump in the Perseus molecular cloud complex from the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. We find a trend of decreasing polarization fraction as a function of total intensity, which we link to depolarization effects towards higher density regions of the cloud. We th… ▽ More We present the POL-2 850 $μ$m linear polarization map of the Barnard 1 clump in the Perseus molecular cloud complex from the B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. We find a trend of decreasing polarization fraction as a function of total intensity, which we link to depolarization effects towards higher density regions of the cloud. We then use the polarization data at 850 $μ$m to infer the plane-of-sky orientation of the large-scale magnetic field in Barnard 1. This magnetic field runs North-South across most of the cloud, with the exception of B1-c where it turns more East-West. From the dispersion of polarization angles, we calculate a turbulence correlation length of $5.0 \pm 2.5$ arcsec ($1500$ au), and a turbulent-to-total magnetic energy ratio of $0.5 \pm 0.3$ inside the cloud. We combine this turbulent-to-total magnetic energy ratio with observations of NH$_3$ molecular lines from the Green Bank Ammonia Survey (GAS) to estimate the strength of the plane-of-sky component of the magnetic field through the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method. With a plane-of-sky amplitude of $120 \pm 60$ $μ$G and a criticality criterion $λ_c = 3.0 \pm 1.5$, we find that Barnard 1 is a supercritical molecular cloud with a magnetic field nearly dominated by its turbulent component. △ Less

Submitted 23 April, 2019; v1 submitted 15 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019.

Comments: 22 pages, 7 figures, accepted in the Astrophysical Journal

SCOPE: SCUBA-2 Continuum Observations of Pre-protostellar Evolution - Survey Description and Compact Source Catalogue

Authors: D. J. Eden, Tie Liu, Kee-Tae Kim, S. -Y. Liu, K. Tatematsu, J. Di Francesco, K. Wang, Y. Wu, M. A. Thompson, G. A. Fuller, Di Li, I. Ristorcelli, Sung-ju Kang, N. Hirano, D. Johnstone, Y. Lin, J. H. He, P. M. Koch, Patricio Sanhueza, S. -L. Qin, Q. Zhang, P. F. Goldsmith, N. J. Evans II, J. Yuan, C. -P. Zhang , et al. (136 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first release of the data and compact-source catalogue for the JCMT Large Program SCUBA-2 Continuum Observations of Pre-protostellar Evolution (SCOPE). SCOPE consists of 850-um continuum observations of 1235 Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs) made with the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. These data are at an angular resolution of 14… ▽ More We present the first release of the data and compact-source catalogue for the JCMT Large Program SCUBA-2 Continuum Observations of Pre-protostellar Evolution (SCOPE). SCOPE consists of 850-um continuum observations of 1235 Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs) made with the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. These data are at an angular resolution of 14.4 arcsec, significantly improving upon the 353-GHz resolution of Planck at 5 arcmin, and allowing for a catalogue of 3528 compact sources in 558 PGCCs. We find that the detected PGCCs have significant sub-structure, with 61 per cent of detected PGCCs having 3 or more compact sources, with filamentary structure also prevalent within the sample. A detection rate of 45 per cent is found across the survey, which is 95 per cent complete to Planck column densities of $N_{H_{2}}$ $>$ 5 $\times$ 10$^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$. By positionally associating the SCOPE compact sources with YSOs, the star formation efficiency, as measured by the ratio of luminosity to mass, in nearby clouds is found to be similar to that in the more distant Galactic Plane, with the column density distributions also indistinguishable from each other. △ Less

Submitted 26 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019.

Comments: 16 pages, 13 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

The JCMT BISTRO Survey: The Magnetic Field In The Starless Core $ρ$ Ophiuchus C

Authors: Junhao Liu, Keping Qiu, David Berry, James Di Francesco, Pierre Bastien, Patrick M. Koch, Ray S. Furuya, Kee-Tae Kim, Simon Coudé, Chang Won Lee, Archana Soam, Chakali Eswaraiah, Di Li, Jihye Hwang, A-Ran Lyo, Kate Pattle, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Woojin Kwon, Shih-Ping Lai, Derek Ward-Thompson, Tao-Chung Ching, Zhiwei Chen, Qilao Gu, Dalei Li, Hua-bai Li , et al. (106 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report 850~$μ$m dust polarization observations of a low-mass ($\sim$12 $M_{\odot}$) starless core in the $ρ$ Ophiuchus cloud, Ophiuchus C, made with the POL-2 instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) as part of the JCMT B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey. We detect an ordered magnetic field projected on the plane of sky in the starless core. The magnetic… ▽ More We report 850~$μ$m dust polarization observations of a low-mass ($\sim$12 $M_{\odot}$) starless core in the $ρ$ Ophiuchus cloud, Ophiuchus C, made with the POL-2 instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) as part of the JCMT B-fields In STar-forming Region Observations (BISTRO) survey. We detect an ordered magnetic field projected on the plane of sky in the starless core. The magnetic field across the $\sim$0.1~pc core shows a predominant northeast-southwest orientation centering between $\sim$40$^\circ$ to $\sim$100$^\circ$, indicating that the field in the core is well aligned with the magnetic field in lower-density regions of the cloud probed by near-infrared observations and also the cloud-scale magnetic field traced by Planck observations. The polarization percentage ($P$) decreases with an increasing total intensity ($I$) with a power-law index of $-$1.03 $\pm$ 0.05. We estimate the plane-of-sky field strength ($B_{\mathrm{pos}}$) using modified Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi (DCF) methods based on structure function (SF), auto-correlation (ACF), and unsharp masking (UM) analyses. We find that the estimates from the SF, ACF, and UM methods yield strengths of 103 $\pm$ 46 $μ$G, 136 $\pm$ 69 $μ$G, and 213 $\pm$ 115 $μ$G, respectively. Our calculations suggest that the Ophiuchus C core is near magnetically critical or slightly magnetically supercritical (i.e. unstable to collapse). The total magnetic energy calculated from the SF method is comparable to the turbulent energy in Ophiuchus C, while the ACF method and the UM method only set upper limits for the total magnetic energy because of large uncertainties. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019.

Comments: 22 pages, 12 figures

JCMT BISTRO survey: Magnetic Fields within the Hub-Filament Structure in IC 5146

Authors: Jia-Wei Wang, Shih-Ping Lai, Chakali Eswaraiah, Kate Pattle, James Di Francesco, Doug Johnstone, Patrick M. Koch, Tie Liu, Motohide Tamura, Ray S. Furuya, Takashi Onaka, Derek Ward-Thompson, Archana Soam, Kee-Tae Kim, Chang Won Lee, Chin-Fei Lee, Steve Mairs, Doris Arzoumanian, Gwanjeong Kim, Thiem Hoang, Jihye Hwang, Sheng-Yuan Liu, David Berry, Pierre Bastien, Tetsuo Hasegawa , et al. (108 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the 850 $μ$m polarization observations toward the IC5146 filamentary cloud taken using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2) and its associated polarimeter (POL-2), mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), as part of the B-fields In STar forming Regions Observations (BISTRO). This work is aimed at revealing the magnetic field morphology within a core-scal… ▽ More We present the 850 $μ$m polarization observations toward the IC5146 filamentary cloud taken using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2) and its associated polarimeter (POL-2), mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), as part of the B-fields In STar forming Regions Observations (BISTRO). This work is aimed at revealing the magnetic field morphology within a core-scale ($\lesssim 1.0$ pc) hub-filament structure (HFS) located at the end of a parsec-scale filament. To investigate whether or not the observed polarization traces the magnetic field in the HFS, we analyze the dependence between the observed polarization fraction and total intensity using a Bayesian approach with the polarization fraction described by the Rice likelihood function, which can correctly describe the probability density function (PDF) of the observed polarization fraction for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data. We find a power-law dependence between the polarization fraction and total intensity with an index of 0.56 in $A_V\sim$ 20--300 mag regions, suggesting that the dust grains in these dense regions can still be aligned with magnetic fields in the IC5146 regions. Our polarization maps reveal a curved magnetic field, possibly dragged by the contraction along the parsec-scale filament. We further obtain a magnetic field strength of 0.5$\pm$0.2 mG toward the central hub using the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method, corresponding to a mass-to-flux criticality of $\sim$ $1.3\pm0.4$ and an Alfvénic Mach number of $<$0.6. These results suggest that gravity and magnetic field is currently of comparable importance in the HFS, and turbulence is less important. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2019; v1 submitted 14 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018.

Comments: 24 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Compressed magnetic field in the magnetically-regulated global collapsing clump of G9.62+0.19

Authors: Tie Liu, Kee-Tae Kim, Sheng-Yuan Liu, Mika Juvela, Qizhou Zhang, Yuefang Wu, Pak Shing Li, Harriet Parsons, Archana Soam, Paul F. Goldsmith, Yu-Nung Su, Kenichi Tatematsu, Sheng-Li Qin, Guido Garay, Tomoya Hirota, Jan Wouterloot, Huei-Ru Chen, Neal J. Evans II, Sarah Graves, Sung-ju Kang, Di Li, Diego Mardones, Mark G. Rawlings, Zhiyuan Ren, Ke Wang

Abstract: How stellar feedback from high-mass stars (e.g., H{\sc ii} regions) influences the surrounding interstellar medium and regulates new star formation is still unclear. To address this question, we observed the G9.62+0.19 complex in 850 $μ$m continuum with the JCMT/POL-2 polarimeter. An ordered magnetic field has been discovered in its youngest clump, the G9.62 clump. The magnetic field strength is d… ▽ More How stellar feedback from high-mass stars (e.g., H{\sc ii} regions) influences the surrounding interstellar medium and regulates new star formation is still unclear. To address this question, we observed the G9.62+0.19 complex in 850 $μ$m continuum with the JCMT/POL-2 polarimeter. An ordered magnetic field has been discovered in its youngest clump, the G9.62 clump. The magnetic field strength is determined to be $\sim$1 mG. Magnetic field plays a larger role than turbulence in supporting the clump. However, the G9.62 clump is still unstable against gravitational collapse even if thermal, turbulent, and magnetic field support are taken into account all together. The magnetic field segments in the outskirts of the G9.62 clump seem to point toward the clump center, resembling a dragged-in morphology, indicating that the clump is likely undergoing magnetically-regulated global collapse. However, The magnetic field in its central region is aligned with the shells of the photodissociation regions (PDRs) and is approximately parallel to the ionization (or shock) front, indicating that the magnetic field therein is likely compressed by the expanding H{\sc ii} regions that formed in the same complex. △ Less

Submitted 16 November, 2018; originally announced November 2018.

Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures, accepted to be published on ApJ letter

The Effect of Galaxy Interactions on Molecular Gas Properties

Authors: Hsi-An Pan, Lihwai Lin, Bau-Ching Hsieh, Ting Xiao, Yang Gao, Sara L. Ellison, Jillian M. Scudder, Jorge Barrera-Ballesteros, Fangting Yuan, Amélie Saintonge, Christine D. Wilson, Ho Seong Hwang, Ilse De Looze, Yu Gao, Luis C. Ho, Elias Brinks, Angus Mok, Toby Brown, Timothy A. Davis, Thomas G. Williams, Aeree Chung, Harriet Parsons, Martin Bureau, Mark T. Sargent, Eun Jung Chung , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Galaxy interactions are often accompanied by an enhanced star formation rate (SFR). Since molecular gas is essential for star formation, it is vital to establish whether, and by how much, galaxy interactions affect the molecular gas properties. We investigate the effect of interactions on global molecular gas properties by studying a sample of 58 galaxies in pairs and 154 control galaxies. Molecul… ▽ More Galaxy interactions are often accompanied by an enhanced star formation rate (SFR). Since molecular gas is essential for star formation, it is vital to establish whether, and by how much, galaxy interactions affect the molecular gas properties. We investigate the effect of interactions on global molecular gas properties by studying a sample of 58 galaxies in pairs and 154 control galaxies. Molecular gas properties are determined from observations with the JCMT, PMO, CSO telescopes, and supplemented with data from the xCOLD GASS and JINGLE surveys at $^{12}$CO(1-0) and $^{12}$CO(2-1). The SFR, gas mass ($M_\mathrm{H_{2}}$), and gas fraction ($f_{gas}$) are all enhanced in galaxies in pairs by $\sim$ 2.5 times compared to the controls matched in redshift, mass, and effective radius, while the enhancement of star formation efficiency (SFE $\equiv$ SFR/$M_{H_{2}}$) is less than a factor of 2. We also find that the enhancements in SFR, $M_{H_{2}}$ and $f_{gas}$ increase with decreasing pair separation and are larger in systems with smaller stellar mass ratio. Conversely, the SFE is only enhanced in close pairs (separation $<$ 20 kpc) and equal-mass systems; therefore most galaxies in pairs lie in the same parameter space on the SFR-$M_{H_{2}}$ plane as controls. This is the first time that the dependence of molecular gas properties on merger configurations is probed statistically with a relatively large sample and with a carefully-selected control sample for individual galaxies. We conclude that galaxy interactions do modify the molecular gas properties, although the strength of the effect is merger configuration dependent. △ Less

Submitted 23 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018.

Comments: 26 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

JINGLE, a JCMT legacy survey of dust and gas for galaxy evolution studies: I. Survey overview and first results

Authors: Amelie Saintonge, Christine D. Wilson, Ting Xiao, Lihwai Lin, Ho Seong Hwang, Tomoka Tosaki, Martin Bureau, Phillip J. Cigan, Christopher J. R. Clark, David L. Clements, Ilse De Looze, Thavisha Dharmawardena, Yang Gao, Walter K. Gear, Joshua Greenslade, Isabella Lamperti, Jong Chul Lee, Cheng Li, Michal J. Michalowski, Angus Mok, Hsi-An Pan, Anne E. Sansom, Mark Sargent, Matthew W. L. Smith, Thomas Williams , et al. (66 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: JINGLE is a new JCMT legacy survey designed to systematically study the cold interstellar medium of galaxies in the local Universe. As part of the survey we perform 850um continuum measurements with SCUBA-2 for a representative sample of 193 Herschel-selected galaxies with M*>10^9Msun, as well as integrated CO(2-1) line fluxes with RxA3m for a subset of 90 of these galaxies. The sample is selected… ▽ More JINGLE is a new JCMT legacy survey designed to systematically study the cold interstellar medium of galaxies in the local Universe. As part of the survey we perform 850um continuum measurements with SCUBA-2 for a representative sample of 193 Herschel-selected galaxies with M*>10^9Msun, as well as integrated CO(2-1) line fluxes with RxA3m for a subset of 90 of these galaxies. The sample is selected from fields covered by the Herschel-ATLAS survey that are also targeted by the MaNGA optical integral-field spectroscopic survey. The new JCMT observations combined with the multi-wavelength ancillary data will allow for the robust characterization of the properties of dust in the nearby Universe, and the benchmarking of scaling relations between dust, gas, and global galaxy properties. In this paper we give an overview of the survey objectives and details about the sample selection and JCMT observations, present a consistent 30 band UV-to-FIR photometric catalog with derived properties, and introduce the JINGLE Main Data Release (MDR). Science highlights include the non-linearity of the relation between 850um luminosity and CO line luminosity, and the serendipitous discovery of candidate z>6 galaxies. △ Less

Submitted 19 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018.

Comments: MNRAS in press, 25 pages