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Frascati 22 GeV Workshop Summary
Authors:
A. Accardi,
P. Achenbach,
A. Afanasev,
M. Albrecht,
A. C. Alvaro,
J. Arrington,
H. Avakian,
P. Barry,
A. Bashir,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
S. A. Bogacz,
M. Boglione,
M. Bondi,
V. D. Burkert,
C. E. Carlson,
D. S. Carman,
A. Celentano,
M. Cerutti,
J. -P. Chen,
I. Cloet,
M. Contalbrigo,
A. D'Angelo,
L. Darme,
E. De Sanctis
, et al. (81 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This document summarizes the outcomes of the "Science at the Luminosity Frontier: Jefferson Lab at 22 GeV" workshop, held at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati in December 2024. The primary goal of the workshop was to critically assess and refine the scientific case for a proposed energy upgrade of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) to 22 GeV. This document intends to…
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This document summarizes the outcomes of the "Science at the Luminosity Frontier: Jefferson Lab at 22 GeV" workshop, held at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati in December 2024. The primary goal of the workshop was to critically assess and refine the scientific case for a proposed energy upgrade of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) to 22 GeV. This document intends to capture the progress on developing the scientific case since the publication of a lengthy "White Paper" in summer 2024 signed by about 450 authors.
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Submitted 9 January, 2026;
originally announced January 2026.
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Physics Event Classification Using Large Language Models
Authors:
Cristiano Fanelli,
James Giroux,
Patrick Moran,
Hemalata Nayak,
Karthik Suresh,
Eric Walter
Abstract:
The 2023 AI4EIC hackathon was the culmination of the third annual AI4EIC workshop at The Catholic University of America. This workshop brought together researchers from physics, data science and computer science to discuss the latest developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), including applications for detectors, accelerators, and ex…
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The 2023 AI4EIC hackathon was the culmination of the third annual AI4EIC workshop at The Catholic University of America. This workshop brought together researchers from physics, data science and computer science to discuss the latest developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), including applications for detectors, accelerators, and experimental control. The hackathon, held on the final day of the workshop, involved using a chatbot powered by a Large Language Model, ChatGPT-3.5, to train a binary classifier neutrons and photons in simulated data from the \textsc{GlueX} Barrel Calorimeter. In total, six teams of up to four participants from all over the world took part in this intense educational and research event. This article highlights the hackathon challenge, the resources and methodology used, and the results and insights gained from analyzing physics data using the most cutting-edge tools in AI/ML.
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Submitted 4 April, 2024;
originally announced April 2024.
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Two-Photon EXchange -- TPEX
Authors:
R. Alarcon,
R. Beck,
J. C. Bernauer,
M. Broering,
E. Cline,
B. Dongwi,
I. Fernando,
M. Finger,
M. Finger Jr.,
I. Friščić,
T. Gautam,
D. K. Hasell,
O. Hen,
J. Holmes,
T. Horn,
E. Ihloff,
R. Johnston,
J. Kelsey,
M. Kohl,
T. Kutz,
I. Lavrukhin,
S. Lee,
W. Lorenzon,
F. Maas,
H. Merkel
, et al. (12 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We propose a new measurement of the ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton, elastic scattering at DESY to determine the contributions beyond single-photon exchange, which are essential to the QED description of the most fundamental process in hadronic physics. A 20~cm long liquid hydrogen target together with the extracted beam from the DESY synchrotron would yield an average luminosity of…
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We propose a new measurement of the ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton, elastic scattering at DESY to determine the contributions beyond single-photon exchange, which are essential to the QED description of the most fundamental process in hadronic physics. A 20~cm long liquid hydrogen target together with the extracted beam from the DESY synchrotron would yield an average luminosity of $2.12\times10^{35}$~cm$^{-2}\cdot$s$^{-1}\cdot$sr$^{-1}$ ($\sim200$ times the luminosity achieved by OLYMPUS). A commissioning run at 2 GeV followed by measurements at 3 GeV would provide new data up to $Q^2=4.6$~(GeV/$c$)$^2$ (twice the range of current measurements). Lead tungstate calorimeters would be used to detect the scattered leptons at polar angles of $30^\circ$, $50^\circ$, $70^\circ$, $90^\circ$, and $110^\circ$. The measurements could be scheduled to not interfere with the operation of PETRA. We present rate estimates and simulations for the planned measurements including background considerations. Initial measurements at the DESY test beam facility using prototype lead tungstate calorimeters in 2019, 2021, and 2022 were made to check the Monte Carlo simulations and the performance of the calorimeters. These tests also investigated different readout schemes (triggered and streaming). Various upgrades are possible to shorten the running time and to make higher beam energies and thus greater $Q^2$ ranges accessible.
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Submitted 11 January, 2023;
originally announced January 2023.
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Searching for New Physics with DarkLight at the ARIEL Electron-Linac
Authors:
The DarkLight Collaboration,
E. Cline,
R. Corliss,
J. C. Bernauer,
R. Alarcon,
R. Baartman,
S. Benson,
J. Bessuille,
D. Ciarniello,
A. Christopher,
A. Colon,
W. Deconinck,
K. Dehmelt,
A. Deshpande,
J. Dilling,
D. H. Dongwi,
P. Fisher,
T. Gautam,
M. Gericke,
D. Hasell,
M. Hasinoff,
E. Ihloff,
R. Johnston,
R. Kanungo,
J. Kelsey
, et al. (21 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The search for a dark photon holds considerable interest in the physics community. Such a force carrier would begin to illuminate the dark sector. Many experiments have searched for such a particle, but so far it has proven elusive. In recent years the concept of a low mass dark photon has gained popularity in the physics community. Of particular recent interest is the $^8$Be and $^4$He anomaly, w…
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The search for a dark photon holds considerable interest in the physics community. Such a force carrier would begin to illuminate the dark sector. Many experiments have searched for such a particle, but so far it has proven elusive. In recent years the concept of a low mass dark photon has gained popularity in the physics community. Of particular recent interest is the $^8$Be and $^4$He anomaly, which could be explained by a new fifth force carrier with a mass of 17 MeV/$c^2$. The proposed DarkLight experiment would search for this potential low mass force carrier at ARIEL in the 10-20 MeV e$^+$e$^-$ invariant mass range. This proceeding will focus on the experimental design and physics case of the DarkLight experiment.
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Submitted 14 August, 2022; v1 submitted 8 August, 2022;
originally announced August 2022.
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Streaming readout for next generation electron scattering experiment
Authors:
Fabrizio Ameli,
Marco Battaglieri,
Vladimir V. Berdnikov,
Mariangela Bondì,
Sergey Boyarinov,
Nathan Brei,
Laura Cappelli,
Andrea Celentano,
Tommaso Chiarusi,
Raffaella De Vita,
Cristiano Fanelli,
Vardan Gyurjyan,
David Lawrence,
Patrick Moran,
Paolo Musico,
Carmelo Pellegrino,
Alessandro Pilloni,
Ben Raydo,
Carl Timmer,
Maurizio Ungaro,
Simone Vallarino
Abstract:
Current and future experiments at the high intensity frontier are expected to produce an enormous amount of data that needs to be collected and stored for offline analysis. Thanks to the continuous progress in computing and networking technology, it is now possible to replace the standard `triggered' data acquisition systems with a new, simplified and outperforming scheme. `Streaming readout' (SRO…
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Current and future experiments at the high intensity frontier are expected to produce an enormous amount of data that needs to be collected and stored for offline analysis. Thanks to the continuous progress in computing and networking technology, it is now possible to replace the standard `triggered' data acquisition systems with a new, simplified and outperforming scheme. `Streaming readout' (SRO) DAQ aims to replace the hardware-based trigger with a much more powerful and flexible software-based one, that considers the whole detector information for efficient real-time data tagging and selection. Considering the crucial role of DAQ in an experiment, validation with on-field tests is required to demonstrate SRO performance. In this paper we report results of the on-beam validation of the Jefferson Lab SRO framework. We exposed different detectors (PbWO-based electromagnetic calorimeters and a plastic scintillator hodoscope) to the Hall-D electron-positron secondary beam and to the Hall-B production electron beam, with increasingly complex experimental conditions. By comparing the data collected with the SRO system against the traditional DAQ, we demonstrate that the SRO performs as expected. Furthermore, we provide evidence of its superiority in implementing sophisticated AI-supported algorithms for real-time data analysis and reconstruction.
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Submitted 7 February, 2022;
originally announced February 2022.
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Test of streaming and triggered readout schemes for the TPEX Lead Tungstate Calorimeter
Authors:
I. Friščić,
E. Cline,
J. C. Bernauer,
D. K. Hasell,
R. Johnston,
I. Lavrukhin,
S. Lee,
P. Moran,
U. Schneekloth
Abstract:
Tests of a prototype lead tungstate calorimeter were made over two weeks at the end of September, 2019, at the DESY II Test Beam Facility in Hamburg, Germany. The purpose of these tests was to gain experience with the construction, operation, and performance of a simple lead tungstate calorimeter, and also to compare a traditional triggered readout scheme with a streaming readout approach. These t…
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Tests of a prototype lead tungstate calorimeter were made over two weeks at the end of September, 2019, at the DESY II Test Beam Facility in Hamburg, Germany. The purpose of these tests was to gain experience with the construction, operation, and performance of a simple lead tungstate calorimeter, and also to compare a traditional triggered readout scheme with a streaming readout approach. These tests are important for the proposed Two-Photon Exchange experiment at DESY and for work towards a future electromagnetic calorimeter that could be used in an Electron-Ion Collider detector. Details on the comparison of streaming and triggered readout schemes are presented here.
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Submitted 26 June, 2023; v1 submitted 2 December, 2021;
originally announced December 2021.
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Characterization of Muon and Electron Beams in the Paul Scherrer Institute PiM1 Channel for the MUSE Experiment
Authors:
E. Cline,
W. Lin,
P. Roy,
P. E. Reimer,
K. E. Mesick,
A. Akmal,
A. Alie,
H. Atac,
A. Atencio,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
N. Benmouna,
F. Benmokhtar,
J. C. Bernauer,
W. J. Briscoe,
J. Campbell,
D. Cohen,
E. O. Cohen,
C. Collicott,
K. Deiters,
S. Dogra,
E. Downie,
I. P. Fernando,
A. Flannery,
T. Gautam,
D. Ghosal
, et al. (35 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The MUon Scattering Experiment, MUSE, at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, investigates the proton charge radius puzzle, lepton universality, and two-photon exchange, via simultaneous measurements of elastic muon-proton and electron-proton scattering. The experiment uses the PiM1 secondary beam channel, which was designed for high precision pion scattering measurements. We review the prope…
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The MUon Scattering Experiment, MUSE, at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, investigates the proton charge radius puzzle, lepton universality, and two-photon exchange, via simultaneous measurements of elastic muon-proton and electron-proton scattering. The experiment uses the PiM1 secondary beam channel, which was designed for high precision pion scattering measurements. We review the properties of the beam line established for pions. We discuss the production processes that generate the electron and muon beams, and the simulations of these processes. Simulations of the $π$/$μ$/$e$ beams through the channel using TURTLE and G4beamline are compared. The G4beamline simulation is then compared to several experimental measurements of the channel, including the momentum dispersion at the IFP and target, the shape of the beam spot at the target, and timing measurements that allow the beam momenta to be determined. We conclude that the PiM1 channel can be used for high precision $π$, $μ$, and $e$ scattering.
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Submitted 15 September, 2021;
originally announced September 2021.
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Measurement of Moller Scattering at 2.5 MeV
Authors:
C. S. Epstein,
R. Johnston,
S. Lee,
J. C. Bernauer,
R. Corliss,
K. Dow,
P. Fisher,
I. Friscic,
D. Hasell,
R. G. Milner,
P. Moran,
S. G. Steadman,
Y. Wang,
J. Dodge,
E. Ihloff,
J. Kelsey,
C. Vidal,
C. M. Cooke
Abstract:
Moller scattering is one of the most fundamental processes in QED. Understanding it to high precision is necessary for a variety of modern nuclear and particle physics experiments. In a recent calculation, existing soft-photon radiative corrections were combined with new hard-photon bremsstrahlung calculations to take into account the effect of photon emission at any photon energy, where the elect…
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Moller scattering is one of the most fundamental processes in QED. Understanding it to high precision is necessary for a variety of modern nuclear and particle physics experiments. In a recent calculation, existing soft-photon radiative corrections were combined with new hard-photon bremsstrahlung calculations to take into account the effect of photon emission at any photon energy, where the electron mass was included at all steps. To test the calculation, an experiment was carried out using the 3 MV Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator at the MIT High Voltage Research Laboratory. Momentum spectra at three scattering angles at an incident electron energy of 2.5 MeV are reported here, and compared to the simulated radiative Moller spectra, based on our previous calculation. Good agreement between the measurements and our calculation is observed in the momentum spectrum at the three angles.
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Submitted 13 April, 2019; v1 submitted 21 March, 2019;
originally announced March 2019.
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Design and Operation of a Windowless Gas Target Internal to a Solenoidal Magnet for Use with a Megawatt Electron Beam
Authors:
S. Lee,
R. Corliss,
I. Friščić,
R. Alarcon,
S. Aulenbacher,
J. Balewski,
S. Benson,
J. C. Bernauer,
J. Bessuille,
J. Boyce,
J. Coleman,
D. Douglas,
C. S. Epstein,
P. Fisher,
S. Frierson,
M. Garçon,
J. Grames,
D. Hasell,
C. Hernandez-Garcia,
E. Ihloff,
R. Johnston,
K. Jordan,
R. Kazimi,
J. Kelsey,
M. Kohl
, et al. (15 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A windowless hydrogen gas target of nominal thickness $10^{19}$ cm$^{-2}$ is an essential component of the DarkLight experiment, which is designed to utilize the megawatt electron beam at an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL). The design of such a target is challenging because the pressure drops by many orders of magnitude between the central, high-density section of the target and the surrounding beamli…
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A windowless hydrogen gas target of nominal thickness $10^{19}$ cm$^{-2}$ is an essential component of the DarkLight experiment, which is designed to utilize the megawatt electron beam at an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL). The design of such a target is challenging because the pressure drops by many orders of magnitude between the central, high-density section of the target and the surrounding beamline, resulting in laminar, transitional, and finally molecular flow regimes. The target system was assembled and operated at Jefferson Lab's Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) in 2016, and subsequently underwent several revisions and calibration tests at MIT Bates in 2017. The system at dynamic equilibrium was simulated in COMSOL to provide a better understanding of its optimal operation at other working points. We have determined that a windowless gas target with sufficiently high density for DarkLight's experimental needs is feasible in an ERL environment.
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Submitted 30 May, 2019; v1 submitted 6 March, 2019;
originally announced March 2019.
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Realization of a Large-Acceptance Faraday Cup for 3 MeV Electrons
Authors:
R. Johnston,
J. Bernauer,
C. M. Cooke,
R. Corliss,
C. S. Epstein,
P. Fisher,
I. Friščić,
D. Hasell,
E. Ihloff,
J. Kelsey,
S. Lee,
R. G. Milner,
P. Moran,
S. G. Steadman,
C. Vidal
Abstract:
The design, construction, installation, and testing of a Faraday Cup intended to measure the current of a 3 MeV, 1 microampere electron beam is described. Built as a current monitor for a Møller scattering measurement at the MIT High Voltage Research Laboratory, the device combines a large angular acceptance with the capability to measure a continuous, low energy beam. Bench studies of its perform…
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The design, construction, installation, and testing of a Faraday Cup intended to measure the current of a 3 MeV, 1 microampere electron beam is described. Built as a current monitor for a Møller scattering measurement at the MIT High Voltage Research Laboratory, the device combines a large angular acceptance with the capability to measure a continuous, low energy beam. Bench studies of its performance demonstrate current measurements accurate to the percent level at 1 microampere. The Faraday Cup was designed and constructed at MIT and has been in use at the HVRL since 2017, providing a significantly more detailed measurement of beam current than was previously available.
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Submitted 27 November, 2018;
originally announced November 2018.
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Technical Design Report for the Paul Scherrer Institute Experiment R-12-01.1: Studying the Proton "Radius" Puzzle with μp Elastic Scattering
Authors:
R. Gilman,
E. J. Downie,
G. Ron,
S. Strauch,
A. Afanasev,
A. Akmal,
J. Arrington,
H. Atac,
C. Ayerbe-Gayoso,
F. Benmokhtar,
N. Benmouna,
J. Bernauer,
A. Blomberg,
W. J. Briscoe,
D. Cioffi,
E. Cline,
D. Cohen,
E. O. Cohen,
C. Collicott,
K. Deiters,
J. Diefenbach,
B. Dongwi,
D. Ghosal,
A. Golossanov,
R. Gothe
, et al. (34 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The difference in proton radii measured with $μp$ atoms and with $ep$ atoms and scattering remains an unexplained puzzle. The PSI MUSE proposal is to measure $μp$ and $e p$ scattering in the same experiment at the same time. The experiment will determine cross sections, two-photon effects, form factors, and radii independently for the two reactions, and will allow $μp$ and $ep$ results to be compa…
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The difference in proton radii measured with $μp$ atoms and with $ep$ atoms and scattering remains an unexplained puzzle. The PSI MUSE proposal is to measure $μp$ and $e p$ scattering in the same experiment at the same time. The experiment will determine cross sections, two-photon effects, form factors, and radii independently for the two reactions, and will allow $μp$ and $ep$ results to be compared with reduced systematic uncertainties. These data should provide the best test of lepton universality in a scattering experiment to date, about an order of magnitude improvement over previous tests. Measuring scattering with both particle polarities will allow a test of two-photon exchange at the sub-percent level, about a factor of four improvement on uncertainties and over an order of magnitude more data points than previous low momentum transfer determinations, and similar to the current generation of higher momentum transfer electron experiments. The experiment has the potential to demonstrate whether the $μp$ and $ep$ interactions are consistent or different, and whether any difference results from novel physics or two-photon exchange. The uncertainties are such that if the discrepancy is real it should be confirmed with $\approx$5$σ$ significance, similar to that already established between the regular and muonic hydrogen Lamb shift.
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Submitted 27 September, 2017;
originally announced September 2017.