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A New Cryogenic Apparatus to Search for the Neutron Electric Dipole Moment
Authors:
M. W. Ahmed,
R. Alarcon,
A. Aleksandrova,
S. Baessler,
L. Barron-Palos,
L. M. Bartoszek,
D. H. Beck,
M. Behzadipour,
I. Berkutov,
J. Bessuille,
M. Blatnik,
M. Broering,
L. J. Broussard,
M. Busch,
R. Carr,
V. Cianciolo,
S. M. Clayton,
M. D. Cooper,
C. Crawford,
S. A. Currie,
C. Daurer,
R. Dipert,
K. Dow,
D. Dutta,
Y. Efremenko
, et al. (69 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A cryogenic apparatus is described that enables a new experiment, nEDM@SNS, with a major improvement in sensitivity compared to the existing limit in the search for a neutron Electric Dipole Moment (EDM). It uses superfluid $^4$He to produce a high density of Ultra-Cold Neutrons (UCN) which are contained in a suitably coated pair of measurement cells. The experiment, to be operated at the Spallati…
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A cryogenic apparatus is described that enables a new experiment, nEDM@SNS, with a major improvement in sensitivity compared to the existing limit in the search for a neutron Electric Dipole Moment (EDM). It uses superfluid $^4$He to produce a high density of Ultra-Cold Neutrons (UCN) which are contained in a suitably coated pair of measurement cells. The experiment, to be operated at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, uses polarized $^3$He from an Atomic Beam Source injected into the superfluid $^4$He and transported to the measurement cells as a co-magnetometer. The superfluid $^4$He is also used as an insulating medium allowing significantly higher electric fields, compared to previous experiments, to be maintained across the measurement cells. These features provide an ultimate statistical uncertainty for the EDM of $2-3\times 10^{-28}$ e-cm, with anticipated systematic uncertainties below this level.
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Submitted 20 November, 2019; v1 submitted 26 August, 2019;
originally announced August 2019.
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Measurement of Moller Scattering at 2.5 MeV
Authors:
C. S. Epstein,
R. Johnston,
S. Lee,
J. C. Bernauer,
R. Corliss,
K. Dow,
P. Fisher,
I. Friscic,
D. Hasell,
R. G. Milner,
P. Moran,
S. G. Steadman,
Y. Wang,
J. Dodge,
E. Ihloff,
J. Kelsey,
C. Vidal,
C. M. Cooke
Abstract:
Moller scattering is one of the most fundamental processes in QED. Understanding it to high precision is necessary for a variety of modern nuclear and particle physics experiments. In a recent calculation, existing soft-photon radiative corrections were combined with new hard-photon bremsstrahlung calculations to take into account the effect of photon emission at any photon energy, where the elect…
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Moller scattering is one of the most fundamental processes in QED. Understanding it to high precision is necessary for a variety of modern nuclear and particle physics experiments. In a recent calculation, existing soft-photon radiative corrections were combined with new hard-photon bremsstrahlung calculations to take into account the effect of photon emission at any photon energy, where the electron mass was included at all steps. To test the calculation, an experiment was carried out using the 3 MV Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator at the MIT High Voltage Research Laboratory. Momentum spectra at three scattering angles at an incident electron energy of 2.5 MeV are reported here, and compared to the simulated radiative Moller spectra, based on our previous calculation. Good agreement between the measurements and our calculation is observed in the momentum spectrum at the three angles.
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Submitted 13 April, 2019; v1 submitted 21 March, 2019;
originally announced March 2019.
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The neutron electric dipole moment experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source
Authors:
K. K. H. Leung,
M. Ahmed,
R. Alarcon,
A. Aleksandrova,
S. Baeßler,
L. Barrón-Palos,
L. Bartoszek,
D. H. Beck,
M. Behzadipour,
J. Bessuille,
M. A. Blatnik,
M. Broering,
L. J. Broussard,
M. Busch,
R. Carr,
P. -H. Chu,
V. Cianciolo,
S. M. Clayton,
M. D. Cooper,
C. Crawford,
S. A. Currie,
C. Daurer,
R. Dipert,
K. Dow,
D. Dutta
, et al. (68 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Novel experimental techniques are required to make the next big leap in neutron electric dipole moment experimental sensitivity, both in terms of statistics and systematic error control. The nEDM experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source (nEDM@SNS) will implement the scheme of Golub & Lamoreaux [Phys. Rep., 237, 1 (1994)]. The unique properties of combining polarized ultracold neutrons, polarize…
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Novel experimental techniques are required to make the next big leap in neutron electric dipole moment experimental sensitivity, both in terms of statistics and systematic error control. The nEDM experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source (nEDM@SNS) will implement the scheme of Golub & Lamoreaux [Phys. Rep., 237, 1 (1994)]. The unique properties of combining polarized ultracold neutrons, polarized $^3$He, and superfluid $^4$He will be exploited to provide a sensitivity to $\sim 10^{-28}\,e{\rm \,\cdot\, cm}$. Our cryogenic apparatus will deploy two small ($3\,{\rm L}$) measurement cells with a high density of ultracold neutrons produced and spin analyzed in situ. The electric field strength, precession time, magnetic shielding, and detected UCN number will all be enhanced compared to previous room temperature Ramsey measurements. Our $^3$He co-magnetometer offers unique control of systematic effects, in particular the Bloch-Siegert induced false EDM. Furthermore, there will be two distinct measurement modes: free precession and dressed spin. This will provide an important self-check of our results. Following five years of "critical component demonstration," our collaboration transitioned to a "large scale integration" phase in 2018. An overview of our measurement techniques, experimental design, and brief updates are described in these proceedings.
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Submitted 4 October, 2019; v1 submitted 6 March, 2019;
originally announced March 2019.
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The Q_weak Experimental Apparatus
Authors:
Qweak Collaboration,
T. Allison,
M. Anderson,
D. Androic,
D. S. Armstrong,
A. Asaturyan,
T. D. Averett,
R. Averill,
J. Balewski,
J. Beaufait,
R. S. Beminiwattha,
J. Benesch,
F. Benmokhtar,
J. Bessuille,
J. Birchall,
E. Bonnell,
J. Bowman,
P. Brindza,
D. B. Brown,
R. D. Carlini,
G. D. Cates,
B. Cavness,
G. Clark,
J. C. Cornejo,
S. Covrig Dusa
, et al. (104 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Jefferson Lab Q_weak experiment determined the weak charge of the proton by measuring the parity-violating elastic scattering asymmetry of longitudinally polarized electrons from an unpolarized liquid hydrogen target at small momentum transfer. A custom apparatus was designed for this experiment to meet the technical challenges presented by the smallest and most precise ${\vec{e}}$p asymmetry…
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The Jefferson Lab Q_weak experiment determined the weak charge of the proton by measuring the parity-violating elastic scattering asymmetry of longitudinally polarized electrons from an unpolarized liquid hydrogen target at small momentum transfer. A custom apparatus was designed for this experiment to meet the technical challenges presented by the smallest and most precise ${\vec{e}}$p asymmetry ever measured. Technical milestones were achieved at Jefferson Lab in target power, beam current, beam helicity reversal rate, polarimetry, detected rates, and control of helicity-correlated beam properties. The experiment employed 180 microA of 89% longitudinally polarized electrons whose helicity was reversed 960 times per second. The electrons were accelerated to 1.16 GeV and directed to a beamline with extensive instrumentation to measure helicity-correlated beam properties that can induce false asymmetries. Moller and Compton polarimetry were used to measure the electron beam polarization to better than 1%. The electron beam was incident on a 34.4 cm liquid hydrogen target. After passing through a triple collimator system, scattered electrons between 5.8 degrees and 11.6 degrees were bent in the toroidal magnetic field of a resistive copper-coil magnet. The electrons inside this acceptance were focused onto eight fused silica Cerenkov detectors arrayed symmetrically around the beam axis. A total scattered electron rate of about 7 GHz was incident on the detector array. The detectors were read out in integrating mode by custom-built low-noise pre-amplifiers and 18-bit sampling ADC modules. The momentum transfer Q^2 = 0.025 GeV^2 was determined using dedicated low-current (~100 pA) measurements with a set of drift chambers before (and a set of drift chambers and trigger scintillation counters after) the toroidal magnet.
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Submitted 6 January, 2015; v1 submitted 24 September, 2014;
originally announced September 2014.
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The OLYMPUS Experiment
Authors:
R. Milner,
D. K. Hasell,
M. Kohl,
U. Schneekloth,
N. Akopov,
R. Alarcon,
V. A. Andreev,
O. Ates,
A. Avetisyan,
D. Bayadilov,
R. Beck,
S. Belostotski,
J. C. Bernauer,
J. Bessuille,
F. Brinker,
B. Buck,
J. R. Calarco,
V. Carassiti,
E. Cisbani,
G. Ciullo,
M. Contalbrigo,
N. D'Ascenzo,
R. De Leo,
J. Diefenbach,
T. W. Donnelly
, et al. (48 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The OLYMPUS experiment was designed to measure the ratio between the positron-proton and electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections, with the goal of determining the contribution of two-photon exchange to the elastic cross section. Two-photon exchange might resolve the discrepancy between measurements of the proton form factor ratio, $μ_p G^p_E/G^p_M$, made using polarization techniques and…
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The OLYMPUS experiment was designed to measure the ratio between the positron-proton and electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections, with the goal of determining the contribution of two-photon exchange to the elastic cross section. Two-photon exchange might resolve the discrepancy between measurements of the proton form factor ratio, $μ_p G^p_E/G^p_M$, made using polarization techniques and those made in unpolarized experiments. OLYMPUS operated on the DORIS storage ring at DESY, alternating between 2.01~GeV electron and positron beams incident on an internal hydrogen gas target. The experiment used a toroidal magnetic spectrometer instrumented with drift chambers and time-of-flight detectors to measure rates for elastic scattering over the polar angular range of approximately $25^\circ$--$75^\circ$. Symmetric Møller/Bhabha calorimeters at $1.29^\circ$ and telescopes of GEM and MWPC detectors at $12^\circ$ served as luminosity monitors. A total luminosity of approximately 4.5~fb$^{-1}$ was collected over two running periods in 2012. This paper provides details on the accelerator, target, detectors, and operation of the experiment.
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Submitted 5 December, 2013;
originally announced December 2013.
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DarkLight: A Search for Dark Forces at the Jefferson Laboratory Free-Electron Laser Facility
Authors:
J. Balewski,
J. Bernauer,
W. Bertozzi,
J. Bessuille,
B. Buck,
R. Cowan,
K. Dow,
C. Epstein,
P. Fisher,
S. Gilad,
E. Ihloff,
Y. Kahn,
A. Kelleher,
J. Kelsey,
R. Milner,
C. Moran,
L. Ou,
R. Russell,
B. Schmookler,
J. Thaler,
C. Tschalär,
C. Vidal,
A. Winnebeck,
S. Benson,
C. Gould
, et al. (42 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We give a short overview of the DarkLight detector concept which is designed to search for a heavy photon A' with a mass in the range 10 MeV/c^2 < m(A') < 90 MeV/c^2 and which decays to lepton pairs. We describe the intended operating environment, the Jefferson Laboratory free electon laser, and a way to extend DarkLight's reach using A' --> invisible decays.
We give a short overview of the DarkLight detector concept which is designed to search for a heavy photon A' with a mass in the range 10 MeV/c^2 < m(A') < 90 MeV/c^2 and which decays to lepton pairs. We describe the intended operating environment, the Jefferson Laboratory free electon laser, and a way to extend DarkLight's reach using A' --> invisible decays.
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Submitted 19 July, 2013; v1 submitted 16 July, 2013;
originally announced July 2013.
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The Qweak Experiment: A Search for New Physics at the TeV Scale via a Measurement of the Proton's Weak Charge
Authors:
R. D. Carlini,
J. M. Finn,
S. Kowalski,
S. A. Page,
D. S. Armstrong,
A. Asaturyan,
T. Averett,
J. Benesch,
J. Birchall,
P. Bosted,
A. Bruell,
C. L. Capuano,
G. Cates,
C. Carrigee,
S. Chattopadhyay,
S. Covrig,
C. A. Davis,
K. Dow,
J. Dunne,
D. Dutta,
R. Ent,
J. Erler,
W. Falk,
H. Fenker,
T. A. Forest
, et al. (61 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We propose a new precision measurement of parity-violating electron scattering on the proton at very low Q^2 and forward angles to challenge predictions of the Standard Model and search for new physics. A unique opportunity exists to carry out the first precision measurement of the proton's weak charge, $Q_W =1 - 4\sin^2θ_W$. A 2200 hour measurement of the parity violating asymmetry in elastic ep…
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We propose a new precision measurement of parity-violating electron scattering on the proton at very low Q^2 and forward angles to challenge predictions of the Standard Model and search for new physics. A unique opportunity exists to carry out the first precision measurement of the proton's weak charge, $Q_W =1 - 4\sin^2θ_W$. A 2200 hour measurement of the parity violating asymmetry in elastic ep scattering at Q^2=0.03 (GeV/c)^2 employing 180 $μ$A of 85% polarized beam on a 35 cm liquid Hydrogen target will determine the proton's weak charge with approximately 4% combined statistical and systematic errors. The Standard Model makes a firm prediction of $Q_W$, based on the running of the weak mixing angle from the Z0 pole down to low energies, corresponding to a 10 sigma effect in this experiment.
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Submitted 7 February, 2012; v1 submitted 6 February, 2012;
originally announced February 2012.