Showing 1–27 of 27 results for author: Watson, K

Remote dispersion scan: transformer-network retrieval of ultrafast pulses after non-linear propagation

Authors: Kevin Watson, Yutong Geng, Tobias Saule, Thomas Weinacht, Carlos A. Trallero-Herrero

Abstract: Accurate and rapid characterization of broadband electric fields is essential for all ultrafast applications and remains an active field of research. In this work, we introduce remote dispersion scan, a transformer neural network enabled dispersion scan based pulse characterization method that can characterize femtosecond laser pulses. A local scan of the non-linear spectral phase before several l… ▽ More Accurate and rapid characterization of broadband electric fields is essential for all ultrafast applications and remains an active field of research. In this work, we introduce remote dispersion scan, a transformer neural network enabled dispersion scan based pulse characterization method that can characterize femtosecond laser pulses. A local scan of the non-linear spectral phase before several linear and nonlinear processes, including amplification, compression, and self phase modulation, allows for the field retrieval remotely at the interaction region. We show that the reconstruction accuracy obtained from a single measurement of the fundamental and second harmonic is comparable to that of a full two dimensional scan. We confirm the technique experimentally by compressing a 300 W, 1.3 ps, 1030 nm pulse in a hollow core fiber to 100 fs and measuring the fundamental and second harmonic spectra while scanning the second order phase in a pulse shaper before power amplification. These results establish a simple, robust, alignment insensitive live-view pulse reconstruction modality. △ Less

Submitted 23 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Quantum Sensing MRI for Noninvasive Detection of Neuronal Electrical Activity in Human Brains

Authors: Yongxian Qian, Ying-Chia Lin, Seyedehsara Hejazi, Kamri Clarke, Kennedy Watson, Xingye Chen, Nahbila-Malikha Kumbella, Justin Quimbo, Abena Dinizulu, Simon Henin, Yulin Ge, Arjun Masurkar, Anli Liu, Yvonne W. Lui, Fernando E. Boada

Abstract: Neuronal electrical activity underlies human cognition including perception, attention, memory, language, and decision-making. Yet its direct, noninvasive measurement in the living human brain remains a fundamental challenge. Existing neuroimaging techniques, including electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are limited by trade… ▽ More Neuronal electrical activity underlies human cognition including perception, attention, memory, language, and decision-making. Yet its direct, noninvasive measurement in the living human brain remains a fundamental challenge. Existing neuroimaging techniques, including electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are limited by trade-offs in sensitivity and spatial or temporal resolution. Here we propose quantum sensing MRI (qsMRI), a noninvasive approach that enables direct detection of neuronal firing-induced magnetic fields using a clinical MRI system. qsMRI exploits endogenous proton (1H) nuclear spins in water molecules as intrinsic quantum sensors and decodes time-resolved phase information from the free induction decay signals to infer neuronal magnetic fields. We validate qsMRI through simulations, phantom experiments, and human studies at rest and during motor tasks, and provide open experimental procedures to facilitate independent rigorous validation. We further present a case study demonstrating potential applications to neurological disorders. qsMRI represents, to our knowledge, the first-in-human application of quantum sensing on a clinical MRI platform and may lay the foundation for a non-BOLD functional imaging modality capable of probing neuronal firing dynamics in both cortical and deep brain regions. △ Less

Submitted 13 March, 2026; v1 submitted 22 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 26 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, and Supplementary Information

The Linear Collider Facility (LCF) at CERN

Authors: H. Abramowicz, E. Adli, F. Alharthi, M. Almanza-Soto, M. M. Altakach, S. Ampudia Castelazo, D. Angal-Kalinin, J. A. Anguiano, R. B. Appleby, O. Apsimon, A. Arbey, O. Arquero, D. Attié, J. L. Avila-Jimenez, H. Baer, Y. Bai, C. Balazs, P. Bambade, T. Barklow, J. Baudot, P. Bechtle, T. Behnke, A. B. Bellerive, S. Belomestnykh, Y. Benhammou , et al. (386 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this paper we outline a proposal for a Linear Collider Facility as the next flagship project for CERN. It offers the opportunity for a timely, cost-effective and staged construction of a new collider that will be able to comprehensively map the Higgs boson's properties, including the Higgs field potential, thanks to a large span in centre-of-mass energies and polarised beams. A comprehensive pr… ▽ More In this paper we outline a proposal for a Linear Collider Facility as the next flagship project for CERN. It offers the opportunity for a timely, cost-effective and staged construction of a new collider that will be able to comprehensively map the Higgs boson's properties, including the Higgs field potential, thanks to a large span in centre-of-mass energies and polarised beams. A comprehensive programme to study the Higgs boson and its closest relatives with high precision requires data at centre-of-mass energies from the Z pole to at least 1 TeV. It should include measurements of the Higgs boson in both major production mechanisms, ee -> ZH and ee -> vvH, precision measurements of gauge boson interactions as well as of the W boson, Higgs boson and top-quark masses, measurement of the top-quark Yukawa coupling through ee ->ttH, measurement of the Higgs boson self-coupling through HH production, and precision measurements of the electroweak couplings of the top quark. In addition, ee collisions offer discovery potential for new particles complementary to HL-LHC. △ Less

Submitted 19 June, 2025; v1 submitted 31 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Submission to the ESPPU, as updated version May 26

Report number: DESY-25-054

A Linear Collider Vision for the Future of Particle Physics

Authors: H. Abramowicz, E. Adli, F. Alharthi, M. Almanza-Soto, M. M. Altakach, W. Altmannshofer, S. Ampudia Castelazo, D. Angal-Kalinin, J. A. Anguiano, R. B. Appleby, O. Apsimon, A. Arbey, F. Arco, O. Arquero, A. Aryshev, S. Asai, D. Attie, J. L. Avila-Jimenez, H. Baer, J. A. Bagger, Y. Bai, I. R. Bailey, C. Balazs, P. Bambade, T. Barklow , et al. (426 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this paper we review the physics opportunities at linear $e^+e^-$ colliders with a special focus on high centre-of-mass energies and beam polarisation, take a fresh look at the various accelerator technologies available or under development and, for the first time, discuss how a facility first equipped with a technology mature today could be upgraded with technologies of tomorrow to reach much… ▽ More In this paper we review the physics opportunities at linear $e^+e^-$ colliders with a special focus on high centre-of-mass energies and beam polarisation, take a fresh look at the various accelerator technologies available or under development and, for the first time, discuss how a facility first equipped with a technology mature today could be upgraded with technologies of tomorrow to reach much higher energies and/or luminosities. In addition, we will discuss detectors and alternative collider modes, as well as opportunities for beyond-collider experiments and R\&D facilities as part of a linear collider facility (LCF). The material of this paper will support all plans for $e^+e^-$ linear colliders and additional opportunities they offer, independently of technology choice or proposed site, as well as R\&D for advanced accelerator technologies. This joint perspective on the physics goals, early technologies and upgrade strategies has been developed by the LCVision team based on an initial discussion at LCWS2024 in Tokyo and a follow-up at the LCVision Community Event at CERN in January 2025. It heavily builds on decades of achievements of the global linear collider community, in particular in the context of CLIC and ILC. △ Less

Submitted 23 December, 2025; v1 submitted 25 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Community document for EPPSU, major updates of several sections, in particular the global interpretation section

All-optical method to directly measure the pressure-volume-temperature equation of state of fluids in the diamond anvil cell

Authors: J. E. Proctor, C. E. A. Robertson, L. J. Jones, J. Phillips, K. Watson, Y. Dabburi, B. Moss

Abstract: We have developed a new all-optical method to directly measure the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) equation of state (EOS) of fluids and transparent solids in the diamond anvil high pressure cell by measuring the volume of the sample chamber. Our method combines confocal microscopy and white light interference with a new analysis method which exploits the mutual dependence of sample density and… ▽ More We have developed a new all-optical method to directly measure the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) equation of state (EOS) of fluids and transparent solids in the diamond anvil high pressure cell by measuring the volume of the sample chamber. Our method combines confocal microscopy and white light interference with a new analysis method which exploits the mutual dependence of sample density and refractive index: Experimentally, the refractive index determines the measured sample chamber thickness (and therefore the measured sample volume/density), yet the sample density is by far the dominant factor in determining the variation in refractive index with pressure. Our analysis method allows us to obtain a set of values for the density and refractive index which are mutually consistent, and agree with the experimental data within error. We have conducted proof-of-concept experiments on a variety of samples (H$_{2}$O, CH$_{4}$, C$_{2}$H$_{6}$, C$_{3}$H$_{8}$, KCl and NaCl) at ambient temperature, and at high temperatures up to just above 500 K. Our proof-of-concept data demonstrate that our method is able to reproduce known fluid and solid EOS within error. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our method allows us to directly and routinely measure the PVT EOS of simple fluids at GPa pressures up to, at least, 514 K (the highest temperature reached in our study). A reasonable estimation of the known sources of error in our volume determinations indicates that the error is currently $\pm$ 2.7% at high temperature, and that it is feasible to reduce it to ca. $\pm$ 1% in future work. △ Less

Submitted 15 August, 2024; v1 submitted 10 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Physics of Fluids

High-power femtosecond molecular broadening and the effects of ro-vibrational coupling

Authors: Kevin Watson, Tobias Saule, Maksym Ivanov, Bruno E. Schmidt, Zhanna Rodnova, George Gibson, Nora Berrah, Carlos Trallero

Abstract: Scaling spectral broadening to higher pulse energies and average powers, respectively, is a critical step in ultrafast science, especially for narrowband Yb based solid state lasers which become the new state of the art. Despite their high nonlinearity, molecular gases as the broadening medium inside hollow core fibers have been limited to 25 W, at best. We demonstrate spectral broadening in nitro… ▽ More Scaling spectral broadening to higher pulse energies and average powers, respectively, is a critical step in ultrafast science, especially for narrowband Yb based solid state lasers which become the new state of the art. Despite their high nonlinearity, molecular gases as the broadening medium inside hollow core fibers have been limited to 25 W, at best. We demonstrate spectral broadening in nitrogen at ten-fold average powers up to 250W with repetition rates from 25 to 200kHz. The observed ten-fold spectral broadening is stronger compared to the more expensive krypton gas and enables pulse compression from 1.3ps to 120fs. We identified an intuitive explanation for the observed average power scaling based on the density of molecular ro vibrational states of Raman active molecules. To verify this ansatz, spectral broadening limitations in O2 and N2O are experimentally measured and agree well. On these grounds we propose a new perspective on the role, suitability, and limits of stimulated Raman scattering at high average and peak powers. Finally, high harmonic generation is demonstrated at 200 kHz. △ Less

Submitted 3 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

The LHCb upgrade I

Authors: LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, C. Achard, T. Ackernley, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, H. Afsharnia, C. Agapopoulou, C. A. Aidala, Z. Ajaltouni, S. Akar, K. Akiba, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, F. Alessio, M. Alexander, A. Alfonso Albero, Z. Aliouche, P. Alvarez Cartelle, R. Amalric, S. Amato , et al. (1298 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their select… ▽ More The LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2024; v1 submitted 17 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at http://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-DP-2022-002.html (LHCb public pages)

Report number: LHCb-DP-2022-002

Journal ref: JINST 19 (2024) P05065

A plano-convex thick-lens velocity map imaging apparatus for direct, high resolution 3D momentum measurements of photoelectrons with ion time-of-flight coincidence

Authors: Michael Davino, Edward McManus, Nora G. Helming, Chuan Cheng, Gonenc Mogol, Zhanna Rodnova, Geoffrey Harrison, Kevin Watson, Thomas Weinacht, George N. Gibson, Tobias Saule, Carlos Trallero-Herrero

Abstract: Since its inception, velocity map imaging (VMI) has been a powerful tool for measuring the 2D momentum distribution of photoelectrons generated by strong laser fields. There has been continued interest in expanding it into 3D measurements either through reconstructive or direct methods. Recently much work has been devoted to the latter of these, particularly by relating the electron time-of-flight… ▽ More Since its inception, velocity map imaging (VMI) has been a powerful tool for measuring the 2D momentum distribution of photoelectrons generated by strong laser fields. There has been continued interest in expanding it into 3D measurements either through reconstructive or direct methods. Recently much work has been devoted to the latter of these, particularly by relating the electron time-of-flight (TOF) to the third momentum component. The technical challenge here is having timing resolution sufficient to resolve structure in the narrow (< 10 ns) electron TOF spread. Here we build upon work in the fields of VMI lens design and 3D VMI measurement by using a plano-convex thick-lens VMI in conjunction with an event-driven camera (TPX3CAM) providing TOF information for high resolution 3D electron momentum measurements. We perform simulations to show that, with the addition of a mesh electrode to the thick-lens VMI geometry, a plano-convex electrostatic field is formed which extends the detectable electron cutoff energy range while retaining high resolution. Further, the thick-lens also extends the electron TOF range which allows for better resolution of the momentum along this axis. We experimentally demonstrate these capabilities by examining above-threshold ionization in Xenon where the apparatus is shown to collect electrons of energy up to $\sim$7 eV with a TOF spread of $\sim$30 ns, both of which are improvements on previous work by factors of $\sim$1.4 and $\sim$3.75 respectively. Finally, the PCTL-VMI is equipped with a coincident ion TOF spectrometer which is shown to effectively extract unique 3D momentum distributions for different ionic species within a gas mixture. These techniques have potential to lend themselves to more advanced measurements, particularly involving systems where the electron momentum distributions possess non-trivial symmetries and require high resolution. △ Less

Submitted 23 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Performance of the Electromagnetic Pixel Calorimeter Prototype EPICAL-2

Authors: J. Alme, R. Barthel, A. van Bochove, V. Borshchov, R. Bosley, A. van den Brink, E. Broeils, H. Büsching, V. N. Eikeland, O. S. Groettvik, Y. H. Han, N. van der Kolk, J. H. Kim, T. J. Kim, Y. Kwon, M. Mager, Q. W. Malik, E. Okkinga, T. Y. Park, T. Peitzmann, F. Pliquett, M. Protsenko, F. Reidt, S. van Rijk, K. Røed , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The first evaluation of an ultra-high granularity digital electromagnetic calorimeter prototype using 1.0-5.8 GeV/c electrons is presented. The $25\times10^6$ pixel detector consists of 24 layers of ALPIDE CMOS MAPS sensors, with a pitch of around 30~$μ$m, and has a depth of almost 20 radiation lengths of tungsten absorber. Ultra-thin cables allow for a very compact design. The properties that are… ▽ More The first evaluation of an ultra-high granularity digital electromagnetic calorimeter prototype using 1.0-5.8 GeV/c electrons is presented. The $25\times10^6$ pixel detector consists of 24 layers of ALPIDE CMOS MAPS sensors, with a pitch of around 30~$μ$m, and has a depth of almost 20 radiation lengths of tungsten absorber. Ultra-thin cables allow for a very compact design. The properties that are critical for physics studies are measured: electromagnetic shower response, energy resolution and linearity. The stochastic energy resolution is comparable with the state-of-the art resolution for a Si-W calorimeter, with data described well by a simulation model using GEANT and Allpix$^2$. The performance achieved makes this technology a good candidate for use in the ALICE FoCal upgrade, and in general demonstrates the strong potential for future applications in high-energy physics. △ Less

Submitted 28 December, 2022; v1 submitted 6 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 30 pages, 19 figures, submitted to JINST

Detector Technologies for CLIC

Authors: A. C. Abusleme Hoffman, G. Parès, T. Fritzsch, M. Rothermund, H. Jansen, K. Krüger, F. Sefkow, A. Velyka, J. Schwandt, I. Perić, L. Emberger, C. Graf, A. Macchiolo, F. Simon, M. Szalay, N. van der Kolk, H. Abramowicz, Y. Benhammou, O. Borysov, M. Borysova, A. Joffe, S. Kananov, A. Levy, I. Levy, G. Eigen , et al. (107 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a high-energy high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider under development. It is foreseen to be built and operated in three stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, respectively. It offers a rich physics program including direct searches as well as the probing of new physics through a broad set of precision measurements of Stan… ▽ More The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a high-energy high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider under development. It is foreseen to be built and operated in three stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, respectively. It offers a rich physics program including direct searches as well as the probing of new physics through a broad set of precision measurements of Standard Model processes, particularly in the Higgs-boson and top-quark sectors. The precision required for such measurements and the specific conditions imposed by the beam dimensions and time structure put strict requirements on the detector design and technology. This includes low-mass vertexing and tracking systems with small cells, highly granular imaging calorimeters, as well as a precise hit-time resolution and power-pulsed operation for all subsystems. A conceptual design for the CLIC detector system was published in 2012. Since then, ambitious R&D programmes for silicon vertex and tracking detectors, as well as for calorimeters have been pursued within the CLICdp, CALICE and FCAL collaborations, addressing the challenging detector requirements with innovative technologies. This report introduces the experimental environment and detector requirements at CLIC and reviews the current status and future plans for detector technology R&D. △ Less

Submitted 7 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019.

Comments: 152 pages, 116 figures; published as CERN Yellow Report Monograph Vol. 1/2019; corresponding editors: Dominik Dannheim, Katja Krüger, Aharon Levy, Andreas Nürnberg, Eva Sicking

Report number: CERN-2019-001

Characterisation of different stages of hadronic showers using the CALICE Si-W ECAL physics prototype

Authors: CALICE Collaboration, G. Eigen, T. Price, N. K. Watson, A. Winter, Y. Do, A. Khan, D. Kim, G. C. Blazey, A. Dyshkant, K. Francis, V. Zutshi, K. Kawagoe, Y. Miura, R. Mori, I. Sekiya, T. Suehara, T. Yoshioka, J. Apostolakis, J. Giraud, D. Grondin, J. -Y. Hostachy, O. Bach, V. Bocharnikov, E. Brianne , et al. (81 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A detailed investigation of hadronic interactions is performed using $π^-$-mesons with energies in the range 2--10 GeV incident on a high granularity silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. The data were recorded at FNAL in 2008. The region in which the $π^-$-mesons interact with the detector material and the produced secondary particles are characterised using a novel track-finding algorith… ▽ More A detailed investigation of hadronic interactions is performed using $π^-$-mesons with energies in the range 2--10 GeV incident on a high granularity silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. The data were recorded at FNAL in 2008. The region in which the $π^-$-mesons interact with the detector material and the produced secondary particles are characterised using a novel track-finding algorithm that reconstructs tracks within hadronic showers in a calorimeter in the absence of a magnetic field. The principle of carrying out detector monitoring and calibration using secondary tracks is also demonstrated. △ Less

Submitted 18 September, 2019; v1 submitted 16 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019.

Comments: 21 pages, 21 figures

Report number: CALICE-PUB-2019-002

Journal ref: Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A937 (2019) 41-52

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) - 2018 Summary Report

Authors: The CLIC, CLICdp collaborations, :, T. K. Charles, P. J. Giansiracusa, T. G. Lucas, R. P. Rassool, M. Volpi, C. Balazs, K. Afanaciev, V. Makarenko, A. Patapenka, I. Zhuk, C. Collette, M. J. Boland, A. C. Abusleme Hoffman, M. A. Diaz, F. Garay, Y. Chi, X. He, G. Pei, S. Pei, G. Shu, X. Wang, J. Zhang , et al. (671 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear $e^+e^-$ collider under development at CERN. Following the CLIC conceptual design published in 2012, this report provides an overview of the CLIC project, its current status, and future developments. It presents the CLIC physics potential and reports on design, technology, and implementation aspects of the accelerator and the… ▽ More The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear $e^+e^-$ collider under development at CERN. Following the CLIC conceptual design published in 2012, this report provides an overview of the CLIC project, its current status, and future developments. It presents the CLIC physics potential and reports on design, technology, and implementation aspects of the accelerator and the detector. CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, respectively. CLIC uses a two-beam acceleration scheme, in which 12 GHz accelerating structures are powered via a high-current drive beam. For the first stage, an alternative with X-band klystron powering is also considered. CLIC accelerator optimisation, technical developments and system tests have resulted in an increased energy efficiency (power around 170 MW) for the 380 GeV stage, together with a reduced cost estimate at the level of 6 billion CHF. The detector concept has been refined using improved software tools. Significant progress has been made on detector technology developments for the tracking and calorimetry systems. A wide range of CLIC physics studies has been conducted, both through full detector simulations and parametric studies, together providing a broad overview of the CLIC physics potential. Each of the three energy stages adds cornerstones of the full CLIC physics programme, such as Higgs width and couplings, top-quark properties, Higgs self-coupling, direct searches, and many precision electroweak measurements. The interpretation of the combined results gives crucial and accurate insight into new physics, largely complementary to LHC and HL-LHC. The construction of the first CLIC energy stage could start by 2026. First beams would be available by 2035, marking the beginning of a broad CLIC physics programme spanning 25-30 years. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2019; v1 submitted 14 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018.

Comments: 112 pages, 59 figures; published as CERN Yellow Report Monograph Vol. 2/2018; corresponding editors: Philip N. Burrows, Nuria Catalan Lasheras, Lucie Linssen, Marko Petrič, Aidan Robson, Daniel Schulte, Eva Sicking, Steinar Stapnes

Report number: CERN-2018-005-M

Construction and Response of a Highly Granular Scintillator-based Electromagnetic Calorimeter

Authors: CALICE collaboration, J. Repond, L. Xia, G. Eigen, T. Price, N. K. Watson, A. Winter, M. A. Thomson, G. C. Blazey, A. Dyshkant, K. Francis, V. Zutshi, K. Gadow, P. Göttlicher, O. Hartbrich, F. Krivan, K. Krüger, S. Lu, B. Lutz, M. Reinecke, F. Sefkow, Y. Sudo, H. L. Tran, A. Kaplan, H. -Ch. Schultz-Coulon , et al. (57 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A highly granular electromagnetic calorimeter with scintillator strip readout is being developed for future lepton collider experiments. A prototype of 21.5 $X_0$ depth and $180 \times 180 $mm$^2$ transverse dimensions was constructed, consisting of 2160 individually read out $10 \times 45 \times 3$ mm$^3$ scintillator strips. This prototype was tested using electrons of 2--32 GeV at the Fermilab… ▽ More A highly granular electromagnetic calorimeter with scintillator strip readout is being developed for future lepton collider experiments. A prototype of 21.5 $X_0$ depth and $180 \times 180 $mm$^2$ transverse dimensions was constructed, consisting of 2160 individually read out $10 \times 45 \times 3$ mm$^3$ scintillator strips. This prototype was tested using electrons of 2--32 GeV at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility in 2009. Deviations from linear energy response were less than 1.1\%, and the intrinsic energy resolution was determined to be $(12.5 \pm 0.1 (\mathrm{stat.}) \pm0.4 (\mathrm{syst.}))\%/\sqrt{E[\mathrm{GeV}]}\oplus (1.2 \pm 0.1(\mathrm{stat.})^{+0.6}_{-0.7}(\mathrm{syst.}))\%$, where the uncertainties correspond to statistical and systematic sources, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 28 February, 2018; v1 submitted 22 July, 2017; originally announced July 2017.

Comments: This article is published in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 887 (2018) 150-168

Journal ref: Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 887 (2018) 150-168

Hadron shower decomposition in the highly granular CALICE analogue hadron calorimeter

Authors: The CALICE Collaboration, G. Eigen, T. Price, N. K. Watson, J. S. Marshall, M. A. Thomson, D. R. Ward, D. Benchekroun, A. Hoummada, Y. Khoulaki, J. Apostolakis, A. Dotti, G. Folger, V. Ivantchenko, A. Ribon, V. Uzhinskiy, J. -Y. Hostachy, L. Morin, E. Brianne, A. Ebrahimi, K. Gadow, P. Göttlicher, C. Günter, O. Hartbrich, B. Hermberg , et al. (135 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The spatial development of hadronic showers in the CALICE scintillator-steel analogue hadron calorimeter is studied using test beam data collected at CERN and FNAL for single positive pions and protons with initial momenta in the range from 10 to 80 GeV/c. Both longitudinal and radial development of hadron showers are parametrised with two-component functions. The parametrisation is fit to test be… ▽ More The spatial development of hadronic showers in the CALICE scintillator-steel analogue hadron calorimeter is studied using test beam data collected at CERN and FNAL for single positive pions and protons with initial momenta in the range from 10 to 80 GeV/c. Both longitudinal and radial development of hadron showers are parametrised with two-component functions. The parametrisation is fit to test beam data and simulations using the QGSP_BERT and FTFP_BERT physics lists from Geant4 version 9.6. The parameters extracted from data and simulated samples are compared for the two types of hadrons. The response to pions and the ratio of the non-electromagnetic to the electromagnetic calorimeter response, h/e, are estimated using the extrapolation and decomposition of the longitudinal profiles. △ Less

Submitted 15 March, 2016; v1 submitted 27 February, 2016; originally announced February 2016.

Comments: 38 pages, 19 figures, 5 tables; author list changed; submitted to JINST

Testing Hadronic Interaction Models using a Highly Granular Silicon-Tungsten Calorimeter

Authors: The CALICE Collaboration, B. Bilki, J. Repond, J. Schlereth, L. Xia, Z. Deng, Y. Li, Y. Wang, Q. Yue, Z. Yang, G. Eigen, Y. Mikami, T. Price, N. K. Watson, M. A. Thomson, D. R. Ward, D. Benchekroun, A. Hoummada, Y. Khoulaki, C. Cârloganu, S. Chang, A. Khan, D. H. Kim, D. J. Kong, Y. D. Oh , et al. (127 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A detailed study of hadronic interactions is presented using data recorded with the highly granular CALICE silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. Approximately 350,000 selected negatively charged pion events at energies between 2 and 10 GeV have been studied. The predictions of several physics models available within the Geant4 simulation tool kit are compared to this data. A reasonable ove… ▽ More A detailed study of hadronic interactions is presented using data recorded with the highly granular CALICE silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. Approximately 350,000 selected negatively charged pion events at energies between 2 and 10 GeV have been studied. The predictions of several physics models available within the Geant4 simulation tool kit are compared to this data. A reasonable overall description of the data is observed; the Monte Carlo predictions are within 20% of the data, and for many observables much closer. The largest quantitative discrepancies are found in the longitudinal and transverse distributions of reconstructed energy. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2015; v1 submitted 26 November, 2014; originally announced November 2014.

Comments: 28 pages, 24 figures, accepted for publication in NIM A

Journal ref: Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 794: 240-254, 2015

Performance of the first prototype of the CALICE scintillator strip electromagnetic calorimeter

Authors: CALICE Collaboration, K. Francis, J. Repond, J. Schlereth, J. Smith, L. Xia, E. Baldolemar, J. Li, S. T. Park, M. Sosebee, A. P. White, J. Yu, G. Eigen, Y. Mikami, N. K. Watson, M. A. Thomson, D. R. Ward, D. Benchekroun, A. Hoummada, Y. Khoulaki, J. Apostolakis, A. Dotti, G. Folger, V. Ivantchenko, A. Ribon , et al. (169 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A first prototype of a scintillator strip-based electromagnetic calorimeter was built, consisting of 26 layers of tungsten absorber plates interleaved with planes of 45x10x3 mm3 plastic scintillator strips. Data were collected using a positron test beam at DESY with momenta between 1 and 6 GeV/c. The prototype's performance is presented in terms of the linearity and resolution of the energy measur… ▽ More A first prototype of a scintillator strip-based electromagnetic calorimeter was built, consisting of 26 layers of tungsten absorber plates interleaved with planes of 45x10x3 mm3 plastic scintillator strips. Data were collected using a positron test beam at DESY with momenta between 1 and 6 GeV/c. The prototype's performance is presented in terms of the linearity and resolution of the energy measurement. These results represent an important milestone in the development of highly granular calorimeters using scintillator strip technology. This technology is being developed for a future linear collider experiment, aiming at the precise measurement of jet energies using particle flow techniques. △ Less

Submitted 11 June, 2014; v1 submitted 15 November, 2013; originally announced November 2013.

Journal ref: Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A (2014), pp. 278-289

Validation of GEANT4 Monte Carlo Models with a Highly Granular Scintillator-Steel Hadron Calorimeter

Authors: C. Adloff, J. Blaha, J. -J. Blaising, C. Drancourt, A. Espargilière, R. Gaglione, N. Geffroy, Y. Karyotakis, J. Prast, G. Vouters, K. Francis, J. Repond, J. Schlereth, J. Smith, L. Xia, E. Baldolemar, J. Li, S. T. Park, M. Sosebee, A. P. White, J. Yu, T. Buanes, G. Eigen, Y. Mikami, N. K. Watson , et al. (148 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Calorimeters with a high granularity are a fundamental requirement of the Particle Flow paradigm. This paper focuses on the prototype of a hadron calorimeter with analog readout, consisting of thirty-eight scintillator layers alternating with steel absorber planes. The scintillator plates are finely segmented into tiles individually read out via Silicon Photomultipliers. The presented results are… ▽ More Calorimeters with a high granularity are a fundamental requirement of the Particle Flow paradigm. This paper focuses on the prototype of a hadron calorimeter with analog readout, consisting of thirty-eight scintillator layers alternating with steel absorber planes. The scintillator plates are finely segmented into tiles individually read out via Silicon Photomultipliers. The presented results are based on data collected with pion beams in the energy range from 8GeV to 100GeV. The fine segmentation of the sensitive layers and the high sampling frequency allow for an excellent reconstruction of the spatial development of hadronic showers. A comparison between data and Monte Carlo simulations is presented, concerning both the longitudinal and lateral development of hadronic showers and the global response of the calorimeter. The performance of several GEANT4 physics lists with respect to these observables is evaluated. △ Less

Submitted 15 June, 2014; v1 submitted 13 June, 2013; originally announced June 2013.

Journal ref: JINST 8 P07005 2013

Track segments in hadronic showers in a highly granular scintillator-steel hadron calorimeter

Authors: CALICE Collaboration, C. Adloff, J. -J. Blaising, M. Chefdeville, C. Drancourt, R. Gaglione, N. Geffroy, Y. Karyotakis, I. Koletsou, J. Prast, G. Vouters, K. Francis, J. Repond, J. Schlereth, J. Smith, L. Xia, E. Baldolemar, J. Li, S. T. Park, M. Sosebee, A. P. White, J. Yu, G. Eigen, Y. Mikami, N. K. Watson , et al. (184 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the three dimensional substructure of hadronic showers in the CALICE scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter. The high granularity of the detector is used to find track segments of minimum ionising particles within hadronic showers, providing sensitivity to the spatial structure and the details of secondary particle production in hadronic cascades. The multiplicity, length and angul… ▽ More We investigate the three dimensional substructure of hadronic showers in the CALICE scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter. The high granularity of the detector is used to find track segments of minimum ionising particles within hadronic showers, providing sensitivity to the spatial structure and the details of secondary particle production in hadronic cascades. The multiplicity, length and angular distribution of identified track segments are compared to GEANT4 simulations with several different shower models. Track segments also provide the possibility for in-situ calibration of highly granular calorimeters. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2013; v1 submitted 30 May, 2013; originally announced May 2013.

Comments: 27 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in JINST

Report number: MPP-2013-143

Hadronic energy resolution of a highly granular scintillator-steel hadron calorimeter using software compensation techniques

Authors: CALICE Collaboration, C. Adloff, J. Blaha, J. -J. Blaising, C. Drancourt, A. Espargilière, R. Gaglione, N. Geffroy, Y. Karyotakis, J. Prast, G. Vouters, K. Francis, J. Repond, J. Smith, L. Xia, E. Baldolemar, J. Li, S. T. Park, M. Sosebee, A. P. White, J. Yu, T. Buanes, G. Eigen, Y. Mikami, N. K. Watson , et al. (142 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The energy resolution of a highly granular 1 m3 analogue scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter is studied using charged pions with energies from 10 GeV to 80 GeV at the CERN SPS. The energy resolution for single hadrons is determined to be approximately 58%/sqrt(E/GeV}. This resolution is improved to approximately 45%/sqrt(E/GeV) with software compensation techniques. These techniques take advan… ▽ More The energy resolution of a highly granular 1 m3 analogue scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter is studied using charged pions with energies from 10 GeV to 80 GeV at the CERN SPS. The energy resolution for single hadrons is determined to be approximately 58%/sqrt(E/GeV}. This resolution is improved to approximately 45%/sqrt(E/GeV) with software compensation techniques. These techniques take advantage of the event-by-event information about the substructure of hadronic showers which is provided by the imaging capabilities of the calorimeter. The energy reconstruction is improved either with corrections based on the local energy density or by applying a single correction factor to the event energy sum derived from a global measure of the shower energy density. The application of the compensation algorithms to Geant4 simulations yield resolution improvements comparable to those observed for real data. △ Less

Submitted 27 September, 2012; v1 submitted 17 July, 2012; originally announced July 2012.

Comments: 26 pages, 14 figures

Report number: MPP-2012-116

Journal ref: JINST 7 P09017 (2012)

Design and performance of a CMOS study sensor for a binary readout electromagnetic calorimeter

Authors: J. A. Ballin, R. Coath, J. P. Crooks, P. D. Dauncey, A. -M. Magnan, Y. Mikami, O. D. Miller, M. Noy, V. Rajovic, M. Stanitzki, K. D. Stefanov, R. Turchetta, M. Tyndel, E. G. Villani, N. K. Watson, J. A. Wilson, Z. Zhang

Abstract: We present a study of a CMOS test sensor which has been designed, fabricated and characterised to investigate the parameters required for a binary readout electromagnetic calorimeter. The sensors were fabricated with several enhancements in addition to standard CMOS processing. Detailed simulations and experimental results of the performance of the sensor are presented. The sensor and pixels are s… ▽ More We present a study of a CMOS test sensor which has been designed, fabricated and characterised to investigate the parameters required for a binary readout electromagnetic calorimeter. The sensors were fabricated with several enhancements in addition to standard CMOS processing. Detailed simulations and experimental results of the performance of the sensor are presented. The sensor and pixels are shown to behave in accordance with expectations and the processing enhancements are found to be essential to achieve the performance required. △ Less

Submitted 4 May, 2011; v1 submitted 22 March, 2011; originally announced March 2011.

Comments: Submitted to J.Inst

Journal ref: J.Inst 6 (2011) P05009

Study of the interactions of pions in the CALICE silicon-tungsten calorimeter prototype

Authors: C. Adloff, Y. Karyotakis, J. Repond, J. Yu, G. Eigen, Y. Mikami, N. K. Watson, J. A. Wilson, T. Goto, G. Mavromanolakis, M. A. Thomson, D. R. Ward, W. Yan, D. Benchekroun, A. Hoummada, Y. Khoulaki, J. Apostolakis, A. Ribon, V. Uzhinskiy, M. Benyamna, C. Cârloganu, F. Fehr, P. Gay, G. C. Blazey, D. Chakraborty , et al. (133 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A prototype silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter for an ILC detector was tested in 2007 at the CERN SPS test beam. Data were collected with electron and hadron beams in the energy range 8 to 80 GeV. The analysis described here focuses on the interactions of pions in the calorimeter. One of the main objectives of the CALICE program is to validate the Monte Carlo tools available for the… ▽ More A prototype silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter for an ILC detector was tested in 2007 at the CERN SPS test beam. Data were collected with electron and hadron beams in the energy range 8 to 80 GeV. The analysis described here focuses on the interactions of pions in the calorimeter. One of the main objectives of the CALICE program is to validate the Monte Carlo tools available for the design of a full-sized detector. The interactions of pions in the Si-W calorimeter are therefore confronted with the predictions of various physical models implemented in the GEANT4 simulation framework. △ Less

Submitted 28 April, 2010; originally announced April 2010.

Journal ref: JINST 5:P05007,2010

Construction and Commissioning of the CALICE Analog Hadron Calorimeter Prototype

Authors: C. Adloff, Y. Karyotakis, J. Repond, A. Brandt, H. Brown, K. De, C. Medina, J. Smith, J. Li, M. Sosebee, A. White, J. Yu, T. Buanes, G. Eigen, Y. Mikami, O. Miller, N. K. Watson, J. A. Wilson, T. Goto, G. Mavromanolakis, M. A. Thomson, D. R. Ward, W. Yan, D. Benchekroun, A. Hoummada , et al. (205 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: An analog hadron calorimeter (AHCAL) prototype of 5.3 nuclear interaction lengths thickness has been constructed by members of the CALICE Collaboration. The AHCAL prototype consists of a 38-layer sandwich structure of steel plates and highly-segmented scintillator tiles that are read out by wavelength-shifting fibers coupled to SiPMs. The signal is amplified and shaped with a custom-designed ASIC.… ▽ More An analog hadron calorimeter (AHCAL) prototype of 5.3 nuclear interaction lengths thickness has been constructed by members of the CALICE Collaboration. The AHCAL prototype consists of a 38-layer sandwich structure of steel plates and highly-segmented scintillator tiles that are read out by wavelength-shifting fibers coupled to SiPMs. The signal is amplified and shaped with a custom-designed ASIC. A calibration/monitoring system based on LED light was developed to monitor the SiPM gain and to measure the full SiPM response curve in order to correct for non-linearity. Ultimately, the physics goals are the study of hadron shower shapes and testing the concept of particle flow. The technical goal consists of measuring the performance and reliability of 7608 SiPMs. The AHCAL was commissioned in test beams at DESY and CERN. The entire prototype was completed in 2007 and recorded hadron showers, electron showers and muons at different energies and incident angles in test beams at CERN and Fermilab. △ Less

Submitted 12 March, 2010; originally announced March 2010.

Comments: 36 pages, 32 figures

Report number: DESY 10-032

Journal ref: JINST 5 (2010) P05004

A digital ECAL based on MAPS

Authors: J. A. Ballin, P. D. Dauncey, A. -M. Magnan, M. Noy, Y. Mikami, O. Miller, V. Rajovic, N. K. Watson, J. A. Wilson, J. P. Crooks, M. Stanitzki, K. D. Stefanov, R. Turchetta, M. Tyndel, E. G. Villani

Abstract: Progress is reported on the development and testing of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) for a Si-W ECAL for the ILC. Using laser and source setups, a first version of the sensor has been characterised through measurements of the absolute gain calibration, noise and pedestal. The pixel-to-pixel gain spread is 10%. Charge diffusion has been measured and found to be compatible with simulation… ▽ More Progress is reported on the development and testing of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) for a Si-W ECAL for the ILC. Using laser and source setups, a first version of the sensor has been characterised through measurements of the absolute gain calibration, noise and pedestal. The pixel-to-pixel gain spread is 10%. Charge diffusion has been measured and found to be compatible with simulation results. The charge collected by a single pixel varies from 50% to 20% depending on where it is generated. After adding detector effects to the Geant4 simulation of an ILC-like ECAL, using the measured parameters, the energy resolution is found to be 35% higher than the ideal resolution, but is still lower than the resolution obtained for an equivalent analogue ECAL. △ Less

Submitted 28 January, 2009; originally announced January 2009.

Comments: 4 pages, 5 figures, to appear in the proceedings of the LCWS08 conference

Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) in a quadruple well technology for nearly 100% fill factor and full CMOS pixels

Authors: J. A. Ballin, J. P. Crooks, P. D. Dauncey, A. -M. Magnan, Y. Mikami, O. D. Miller, M. Noy, V. Rajovic, M. M. Stanitzki, K. D. Stefanov, R. Turchetta, M. Tyndel, E. G. Villani, N. K. Watson, J. A. Wilson

Abstract: In this paper we present a novel, quadruple well process developed in a modern 0.18mu CMOS technology called INMAPS. On top of the standard process, we have added a deep P implant that can be used to form a deep P-well and provide screening of N-wells from the P-doped epitaxial layer. This prevents the collection of radiation-induced charge by unrelated N-wells, typically ones where PMOS transis… ▽ More In this paper we present a novel, quadruple well process developed in a modern 0.18mu CMOS technology called INMAPS. On top of the standard process, we have added a deep P implant that can be used to form a deep P-well and provide screening of N-wells from the P-doped epitaxial layer. This prevents the collection of radiation-induced charge by unrelated N-wells, typically ones where PMOS transistors are integrated. The design of a sensor specifically tailored to a particle physics experiment is presented, where each 50mu pixel has over 150 PMOS and NMOS transistors. The sensor has been fabricated in the INMAPS process and first experimental evidence of the effectiveness of this process on charge collection is presented, showing a significant improvement in efficiency. △ Less

Submitted 18 July, 2008; originally announced July 2008.

Comments: 15 pages, 10 figures, submitted to "Sensors"

Design and Electronics Commissioning of the Physics Prototype of a Si-W Electromagnetic Calorimeter for the International Linear Collider

Authors: CALICE Collaboration, J. Repond, J. Yu, C. M. Hawkes, Y. Mikami, O. Miller, N. K. Watson, J. A. Wilson, G. Mavromanolakis, M. A. Thomson, D. R. Ward, W. Yan, F. Badaud, D. Boumediene, C. Carloganu, R. Cornat, P. Gay, Ph. Gris, S. Manen, F. Morisseau, L. Royer, G. C. Blazey, D. Chakraborty, A. Dyshkant, K. Francis , et al. (92 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The CALICE collaboration is studying the design of high performance electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for future International Linear Collider detectors. For the electromagnetic calorimeter, the current baseline choice is a high granularity sampling calorimeter with tungsten as absorber and silicon detectors as sensitive material. A ``physics prototype'' has been constructed, consisting… ▽ More The CALICE collaboration is studying the design of high performance electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for future International Linear Collider detectors. For the electromagnetic calorimeter, the current baseline choice is a high granularity sampling calorimeter with tungsten as absorber and silicon detectors as sensitive material. A ``physics prototype'' has been constructed, consisting of thirty sensitive layers. Each layer has an active area of 18x18 cm2 and a pad size of 1x1 cm2. The absorber thickness totals 24 radiation lengths. It has been exposed in 2006 and 2007 to electron and hadron beams at the DESY and CERN beam test facilities, using a wide range of beam energies and incidence angles. In this paper, the prototype and the data acquisition chain are described and a summary of the data taken in the 2006 beam tests is presented. The methods used to subtract the pedestals and calibrate the detector are detailed. The signal-over-noise ratio has been measured at 7.63 +/- 0.01. Some electronics features have been observed; these lead to coherent noise and crosstalk between pads, and also crosstalk between sensitive and passive areas. The performance achieved in terms of uniformity and stability is presented. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2008; v1 submitted 29 May, 2008; originally announced May 2008.

Comments: Content modified: minor review corrections implemented

Journal ref: JINST 3:P08001,2008

A MAPS-based Digital Electromagnetic Calorimeter for the ILC

Authors: J. A. Ballin, P. D. Dauncey, A. -M. Magnan, M. Noy, Y. Mikami, O. Miller, V. Rajović, N. K. Watson, J. A. Wilson, J. P. Crooks, M. Stanitzki, K. D. Stefanov, R. Turchetta, M. Tyndel, E. G. Villani

Abstract: A novel design for a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter is described, based on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS). A test sensor with a pixel size of 50x50 um2 has been fabricated in July 2007. The simulation of the physical sensor is done using a detailed three-dimensional charge spread algorithm. Physics studies of the sensor are done including a digitisation algorithm taking int… ▽ More A novel design for a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter is described, based on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS). A test sensor with a pixel size of 50x50 um2 has been fabricated in July 2007. The simulation of the physical sensor is done using a detailed three-dimensional charge spread algorithm. Physics studies of the sensor are done including a digitisation algorithm taking into account the charge sharing, charge collection efficiency, noise, and dead areas. The influence of the charge sharing effect is found to be important and hence needs to be measured precisely. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2007; originally announced September 2007.

Comments: 4 pages, 4 figures. Talk presented at LCWS07

Analytic, Group-Theoretic Wave Functions for Confined N-Body Quantum Systems

Authors: W. B. Laing, M. Dunn, J. G. Loeser, D. K. Watson

Abstract: Systems involving N-identical interacting particles under quantum confinement appear in many areas of physics, including chemical, condensed matter, and atomic physics. We discuss a beyondmean- field perturbation method that is applicable to weakly, intermediate and strongly-interacting systems. Group theory is used to derive an analytic beyond-mean-field correlated wave function at zeroth order… ▽ More Systems involving N-identical interacting particles under quantum confinement appear in many areas of physics, including chemical, condensed matter, and atomic physics. We discuss a beyondmean- field perturbation method that is applicable to weakly, intermediate and strongly-interacting systems. Group theory is used to derive an analytic beyond-mean-field correlated wave function at zeroth order for a system under spherical confinement. We derive the corresponding zeroth-order analytic density profile and apply it to the example of a Bose-Einstein condensate. △ Less

Submitted 19 October, 2005; originally announced October 2005.

Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure, submitted to Physics Review Letters