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Control of relaxation properties of a macroscopic nuclear spin ensemble
Authors:
János Ádám,
Andrew J. Winter,
Deniz Aybas,
Dmitry Budker,
Derek F. Jackson Kimball,
Arne Wickenbrock,
Alexander O. Sushkov
Abstract:
Macroscopic spin ensembles in solids are powerful platforms for quantum sensing and precision metrology. A key challenge is controlling the nuclear spin population relaxation time $T_1$, which can become prohibitively long at cryogenic temperatures due to phonon freeze-out. We demonstrate optical control of the $T_1$ relaxation time of the $^{207}$Pb nuclear spin ensemble in lead-containing ferroe…
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Macroscopic spin ensembles in solids are powerful platforms for quantum sensing and precision metrology. A key challenge is controlling the nuclear spin population relaxation time $T_1$, which can become prohibitively long at cryogenic temperatures due to phonon freeze-out. We demonstrate optical control of the $T_1$ relaxation time of the $^{207}$Pb nuclear spin ensemble in lead-containing ferroelectric crystals PbTiO$_3$ (PT) and (PbMg$_{1/3}$Nb$_{2/3}$O$_3$)$_{2/3}$-(PbTiO$_3$)$_{1/3}$ (PMN-PT). Using X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy at 10 K, we characterize light-induced paramagnetic centers created by 405 nm laser illumination. In PT, we observe paramagnetic Pb$^{3+}$ centers and their hyperfine interaction with nearby nuclear spins. In PMN-PT, we identify two populations: isotropic Pb$^{3+}$ centers and anisotropic Ti$^{3+}$ centers occupying $d$-orbitals, with spin number densities of $(2.5 \pm 1.0) \times 10^{17}$ cm$^{-3}$ and $(4.1 \pm 1.7) \times 10^{17}$ cm$^{-3}$, respectively. Power-dependent EPR measurements enable extraction of spin relaxation times. We investigate the ionization and recombination dynamics of these transient paramagnetic centers. Using saturation-recovery nuclear magnetic resonance, we demonstrate that laser illumination reduces the $^{207}$Pb nuclear $T_1$ by approximately a factor of two, from $(17 \pm 2)$ s to $(7 \pm 1)$ s at 4.6 MHz, and from $(1550 \pm 40)$ s to $(850 \pm 70)$ s at 40 MHz. We develop a model relating the nuclear relaxation rate to the density of photoinduced paramagnetic centers. This optical control of nuclear spin relaxation provides a pathway toward accelerated thermal polarization and dynamic nuclear polarization in solid-state NMR-based precision measurements, including searches for axion-like dark matter.
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Submitted 28 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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The ILD Detector: A Versatile Detector for an Electron-Positron Collider at Energies up to 1 TeV
Authors:
H. Abramowicz,
D. Ahmadi,
J. Alcaraz,
O. Alonso,
L. Andricek,
J. Anguiano,
O. Arquero,
F. Arteche,
D. Attie,
O. Bach,
M. Basso,
J. Baudot,
A. Bean,
T. Behnke,
A. Bellerive,
Y. Benhammou,
M. Berggren,
G. Bertolone,
M. Besancon,
A. Besson,
O. Bezshyyko,
G. Blazey,
B. Bliewert,
J. Bonis,
R. Bosley
, et al. (254 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The International Large Detector, ILD, is a detector concept for an experiment at a future high energy lepton collider. The detector has been optimised for precision physics in a range of energies from 90~GeV to about 1~TeV. ILD features a high precision, large volume combined silicon and gaseous tracking system, together with a high granularity calorimeter, all inside a central solenoidal magneti…
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The International Large Detector, ILD, is a detector concept for an experiment at a future high energy lepton collider. The detector has been optimised for precision physics in a range of energies from 90~GeV to about 1~TeV. ILD features a high precision, large volume combined silicon and gaseous tracking system, together with a high granularity calorimeter, all inside a central solenoidal magnetic field. The paradigm of particle flow has been the guiding principle of the design of ILD. ILD is based mostly on technologies which have been demonstrated by extensive research and test programs. The ILD concept is proposed both for linear and circular lepton collider, be it at CERN or elsewhere. The concept has been developed by a group of nearly 60 institutes from around the world, and offers a well developed and powerful environment for science and technology studies at lepton colliders. In this document, the required performance of the detector, the proposed implementation and the readiness of the different technologies needed for the implementation are discussed.
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Submitted 6 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 2, Accelerators, Technical Infrastructure and Safety
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
A. Abada
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory;…
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In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase.
FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold - delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes remains flexible.
FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV - nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC - and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes.
This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 3, Civil Engineering, Implementation and Sustainability
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
P. Azzi
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. I…
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Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. It outlines a technically feasible and economically viable civil engineering configuration that serves as the baseline for detailed subsurface investigations, construction design, cost estimation, and project implementation planning. Additionally, the report highlights ongoing subsurface investigations in key areas to support the development of an improved 3D subsurface model of the region.
The report describes development of the project scenario based on the 'avoid-reduce-compensate' iterative optimisation approach. The reference scenario balances optimal physics performance with territorial compatibility, implementation risks, and costs. Environmental field investigations covering almost 600 hectares of terrain - including numerous urban, economic, social, and technical aspects - confirmed the project's technical feasibility and contributed to the preparation of essential input documents for the formal project authorisation phase. The summary also highlights the initiation of public dialogue as part of the authorisation process. The results of a comprehensive socio-economic impact assessment, which included significant environmental effects, are presented. Even under the most conservative and stringent conditions, a positive benefit-cost ratio for the FCC-ee is obtained. Finally, the report provides a concise summary of the studies conducted to document the current state of the environment.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 1, Physics, Experiments, Detectors
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
P. Azzi
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model.…
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Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model. The report reviews the experimental opportunities offered by the staged implementation of FCC, beginning with an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), operating at several centre-of-mass energies, followed by a hadron collider (FCC-hh). Benchmark examples are given of the expected physics performance, in terms of precision and sensitivity to new phenomena, of each collider stage. Detector requirements and conceptual designs for FCC-ee experiments are discussed, as are the specific demands that the physics programme imposes on the accelerator in the domains of the calibration of the collision energy, and the interface region between the accelerator and the detector. The report also highlights advances in detector, software and computing technologies, as well as the theoretical tools /reconstruction techniques that will enable the precision measurements and discovery potential of the FCC experimental programme. This volume reflects the outcome of a global collaborative effort involving hundreds of scientists and institutions, aided by a dedicated community-building coordination, and provides a targeted assessment of the scientific opportunities and experimental foundations of the FCC programme.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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The Linear Collider Facility (LCF) at CERN
Authors:
H. Abramowicz,
E. Adli,
F. Alharthi,
M. Almanza-Soto,
M. M. Altakach,
S. Ampudia Castelazo,
D. Angal-Kalinin,
J. A. Anguiano,
R. B. Appleby,
O. Apsimon,
A. Arbey,
O. Arquero,
D. Attié,
J. L. Avila-Jimenez,
H. Baer,
Y. Bai,
C. Balazs,
P. Bambade,
T. Barklow,
J. Baudot,
P. Bechtle,
T. Behnke,
A. B. Bellerive,
S. Belomestnykh,
Y. Benhammou
, et al. (386 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In this paper we outline a proposal for a Linear Collider Facility as the next flagship project for CERN. It offers the opportunity for a timely, cost-effective and staged construction of a new collider that will be able to comprehensively map the Higgs boson's properties, including the Higgs field potential, thanks to a large span in centre-of-mass energies and polarised beams. A comprehensive pr…
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In this paper we outline a proposal for a Linear Collider Facility as the next flagship project for CERN. It offers the opportunity for a timely, cost-effective and staged construction of a new collider that will be able to comprehensively map the Higgs boson's properties, including the Higgs field potential, thanks to a large span in centre-of-mass energies and polarised beams. A comprehensive programme to study the Higgs boson and its closest relatives with high precision requires data at centre-of-mass energies from the Z pole to at least 1 TeV. It should include measurements of the Higgs boson in both major production mechanisms, ee -> ZH and ee -> vvH, precision measurements of gauge boson interactions as well as of the W boson, Higgs boson and top-quark masses, measurement of the top-quark Yukawa coupling through ee ->ttH, measurement of the Higgs boson self-coupling through HH production, and precision measurements of the electroweak couplings of the top quark. In addition, ee collisions offer discovery potential for new particles complementary to HL-LHC.
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Submitted 19 June, 2025; v1 submitted 31 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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A Linear Collider Vision for the Future of Particle Physics
Authors:
H. Abramowicz,
E. Adli,
F. Alharthi,
M. Almanza-Soto,
M. M. Altakach,
W. Altmannshofer,
S. Ampudia Castelazo,
D. Angal-Kalinin,
J. A. Anguiano,
R. B. Appleby,
O. Apsimon,
A. Arbey,
F. Arco,
O. Arquero,
A. Aryshev,
S. Asai,
D. Attie,
J. L. Avila-Jimenez,
H. Baer,
J. A. Bagger,
Y. Bai,
I. R. Bailey,
C. Balazs,
P. Bambade,
T. Barklow
, et al. (426 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In this paper we review the physics opportunities at linear $e^+e^-$ colliders with a special focus on high centre-of-mass energies and beam polarisation, take a fresh look at the various accelerator technologies available or under development and, for the first time, discuss how a facility first equipped with a technology mature today could be upgraded with technologies of tomorrow to reach much…
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In this paper we review the physics opportunities at linear $e^+e^-$ colliders with a special focus on high centre-of-mass energies and beam polarisation, take a fresh look at the various accelerator technologies available or under development and, for the first time, discuss how a facility first equipped with a technology mature today could be upgraded with technologies of tomorrow to reach much higher energies and/or luminosities. In addition, we will discuss detectors and alternative collider modes, as well as opportunities for beyond-collider experiments and R\&D facilities as part of a linear collider facility (LCF). The material of this paper will support all plans for $e^+e^-$ linear colliders and additional opportunities they offer, independently of technology choice or proposed site, as well as R\&D for advanced accelerator technologies. This joint perspective on the physics goals, early technologies and upgrade strategies has been developed by the LCVision team based on an initial discussion at LCWS2024 in Tokyo and a follow-up at the LCVision Community Event at CERN in January 2025. It heavily builds on decades of achievements of the global linear collider community, in particular in the context of CLIC and ILC.
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Submitted 23 December, 2025; v1 submitted 25 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Phase Separation on Deformable Membranes: interplay of mechanical coupling and dynamic surface geometry
Authors:
Antonia Winter,
Yuhao Liu,
Alexander Ziepke,
George Dadunashvili,
Erwin Frey
Abstract:
The self-organization of proteins into enriched compartments and the formation of complex patterns are crucial processes for life on the cellular level. Liquid-liquid phase separation is one mechanism for forming such enriched compartments. When phase-separating proteins are membrane-bound and locally disturb it, the mechanical response of the membrane mediates interactions between these proteins.…
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The self-organization of proteins into enriched compartments and the formation of complex patterns are crucial processes for life on the cellular level. Liquid-liquid phase separation is one mechanism for forming such enriched compartments. When phase-separating proteins are membrane-bound and locally disturb it, the mechanical response of the membrane mediates interactions between these proteins. How these membrane-mediated interactions influence the steady state of the protein density distribution is thus an important question to investigate in order to understand the rich diversity of protein and membrane-shape patterns present at the cellular level. This work starts with a widely used model for membrane-bound phase-separating proteins. We numerically solve our system to map out its phase space and perform a careful, systematic expansion of the model equations to characterize the phase transitions through linear stability analysis and free energy arguments. We observe that the membrane-mediated interactions, due to their long-range nature, are capable of qualitatively altering the equilibrium state of the proteins. This leads to arrested coarsening and length-scale selection instead of simple demixing and complete coarsening. In this study, we unambiguously show that long-range membrane-mediated interactions lead to pattern formation in a system that otherwise would not do so. This work provides a basis for further systematic study of membrane-bound pattern-forming systems.
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Submitted 3 April, 2025; v1 submitted 24 September, 2024;
originally announced September 2024.
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Is Winter Coming?
Authors:
A. Winter,
A. Winter,
A. Winter,
A. Winter
Abstract:
We critically examine the often-made observation that "quantum winter [or some other winter] is coming", and the related admonition to prepare for this or that winter, inevitably bound to arrive. What we find based on even the most superficial look at the available evidence is that such statements not only are overblown hype, but are also factually wrong: Winter is here, and the real question is r…
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We critically examine the often-made observation that "quantum winter [or some other winter] is coming", and the related admonition to prepare for this or that winter, inevitably bound to arrive. What we find based on even the most superficial look at the available evidence is that such statements not only are overblown hype, but are also factually wrong: Winter is here, and the real question is rather for how long it/they will stay.
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Submitted 29 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
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The International Linear Collider: Report to Snowmass 2021
Authors:
Alexander Aryshev,
Ties Behnke,
Mikael Berggren,
James Brau,
Nathaniel Craig,
Ayres Freitas,
Frank Gaede,
Spencer Gessner,
Stefania Gori,
Christophe Grojean,
Sven Heinemeyer,
Daniel Jeans,
Katja Kruger,
Benno List,
Jenny List,
Zhen Liu,
Shinichiro Michizono,
David W. Miller,
Ian Moult,
Hitoshi Murayama,
Tatsuya Nakada,
Emilio Nanni,
Mihoko Nojiri,
Hasan Padamsee,
Maxim Perelstein
, et al. (487 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The International Linear Collider (ILC) is on the table now as a new global energy-frontier accelerator laboratory taking data in the 2030s. The ILC addresses key questions for our current understanding of particle physics. It is based on a proven accelerator technology. Its experiments will challenge the Standard Model of particle physics and will provide a new window to look beyond it. This docu…
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The International Linear Collider (ILC) is on the table now as a new global energy-frontier accelerator laboratory taking data in the 2030s. The ILC addresses key questions for our current understanding of particle physics. It is based on a proven accelerator technology. Its experiments will challenge the Standard Model of particle physics and will provide a new window to look beyond it. This document brings the story of the ILC up to date, emphasizing its strong physics motivation, its readiness for construction, and the opportunity it presents to the US and the global particle physics community.
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Submitted 16 January, 2023; v1 submitted 14 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Optimal Configuration of Proton Therapy Accelerators for Proton Computed Tomography RSP Resolution
Authors:
Alexander T. Herrod,
Alasdair Winter,
Serena Psoroulas,
Tony Price,
Hywel L. Owen,
Robert B. Appleby,
Nigel Allinson,
Michela Esposito
Abstract:
The determination of relative stopping power (RSP) via proton computed tomography (pCT) of a patient is dependent in part on the knowledge of the incoming proton kinetic energies; the uncertainty in these energies is in turn determined by the proton source -- typically a cyclotron. Here we show that reducing the incident proton beam energy spread may significantly improve RSP determination in pCT.…
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The determination of relative stopping power (RSP) via proton computed tomography (pCT) of a patient is dependent in part on the knowledge of the incoming proton kinetic energies; the uncertainty in these energies is in turn determined by the proton source -- typically a cyclotron. Here we show that reducing the incident proton beam energy spread may significantly improve RSP determination in pCT. We demonstrate that the reduction of beam energy spread from the typical 1.0% (at 70MeV) down to 0.2%, can be achieved at the proton currents needed for imaging at the Paul Scherrer Institut 230MeV cyclotron. Through a simulated pCT imaging system, we find that this effect results in RSP resolutions as low as 0.2% for materials such as cortical bone, up to 1% for lung tissue. Several materials offer further improvement when the beam (residual) energy is also chosen such that the detection mechanisms used provide the optimal RSP resolution.
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Submitted 4 November, 2021;
originally announced November 2021.
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Detector Technologies for CLIC
Authors:
A. C. Abusleme Hoffman,
G. Parès,
T. Fritzsch,
M. Rothermund,
H. Jansen,
K. Krüger,
F. Sefkow,
A. Velyka,
J. Schwandt,
I. Perić,
L. Emberger,
C. Graf,
A. Macchiolo,
F. Simon,
M. Szalay,
N. van der Kolk,
H. Abramowicz,
Y. Benhammou,
O. Borysov,
M. Borysova,
A. Joffe,
S. Kananov,
A. Levy,
I. Levy,
G. Eigen
, et al. (107 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a high-energy high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider under development. It is foreseen to be built and operated in three stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, respectively. It offers a rich physics program including direct searches as well as the probing of new physics through a broad set of precision measurements of Stan…
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The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a high-energy high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider under development. It is foreseen to be built and operated in three stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, respectively. It offers a rich physics program including direct searches as well as the probing of new physics through a broad set of precision measurements of Standard Model processes, particularly in the Higgs-boson and top-quark sectors. The precision required for such measurements and the specific conditions imposed by the beam dimensions and time structure put strict requirements on the detector design and technology. This includes low-mass vertexing and tracking systems with small cells, highly granular imaging calorimeters, as well as a precise hit-time resolution and power-pulsed operation for all subsystems. A conceptual design for the CLIC detector system was published in 2012. Since then, ambitious R&D programmes for silicon vertex and tracking detectors, as well as for calorimeters have been pursued within the CLICdp, CALICE and FCAL collaborations, addressing the challenging detector requirements with innovative technologies. This report introduces the experimental environment and detector requirements at CLIC and reviews the current status and future plans for detector technology R&D.
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Submitted 7 May, 2019;
originally announced May 2019.
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Characterisation of different stages of hadronic showers using the CALICE Si-W ECAL physics prototype
Authors:
CALICE Collaboration,
G. Eigen,
T. Price,
N. K. Watson,
A. Winter,
Y. Do,
A. Khan,
D. Kim,
G. C. Blazey,
A. Dyshkant,
K. Francis,
V. Zutshi,
K. Kawagoe,
Y. Miura,
R. Mori,
I. Sekiya,
T. Suehara,
T. Yoshioka,
J. Apostolakis,
J. Giraud,
D. Grondin,
J. -Y. Hostachy,
O. Bach,
V. Bocharnikov,
E. Brianne
, et al. (81 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A detailed investigation of hadronic interactions is performed using $π^-$-mesons with energies in the range 2--10 GeV incident on a high granularity silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. The data were recorded at FNAL in 2008. The region in which the $π^-$-mesons interact with the detector material and the produced secondary particles are characterised using a novel track-finding algorith…
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A detailed investigation of hadronic interactions is performed using $π^-$-mesons with energies in the range 2--10 GeV incident on a high granularity silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. The data were recorded at FNAL in 2008. The region in which the $π^-$-mesons interact with the detector material and the produced secondary particles are characterised using a novel track-finding algorithm that reconstructs tracks within hadronic showers in a calorimeter in the absence of a magnetic field. The principle of carrying out detector monitoring and calibration using secondary tracks is also demonstrated.
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Submitted 18 September, 2019; v1 submitted 16 February, 2019;
originally announced February 2019.
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The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) - 2018 Summary Report
Authors:
The CLIC,
CLICdp collaborations,
:,
T. K. Charles,
P. J. Giansiracusa,
T. G. Lucas,
R. P. Rassool,
M. Volpi,
C. Balazs,
K. Afanaciev,
V. Makarenko,
A. Patapenka,
I. Zhuk,
C. Collette,
M. J. Boland,
A. C. Abusleme Hoffman,
M. A. Diaz,
F. Garay,
Y. Chi,
X. He,
G. Pei,
S. Pei,
G. Shu,
X. Wang,
J. Zhang
, et al. (671 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear $e^+e^-$ collider under development at CERN. Following the CLIC conceptual design published in 2012, this report provides an overview of the CLIC project, its current status, and future developments. It presents the CLIC physics potential and reports on design, technology, and implementation aspects of the accelerator and the…
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The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear $e^+e^-$ collider under development at CERN. Following the CLIC conceptual design published in 2012, this report provides an overview of the CLIC project, its current status, and future developments. It presents the CLIC physics potential and reports on design, technology, and implementation aspects of the accelerator and the detector. CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, respectively. CLIC uses a two-beam acceleration scheme, in which 12 GHz accelerating structures are powered via a high-current drive beam. For the first stage, an alternative with X-band klystron powering is also considered. CLIC accelerator optimisation, technical developments and system tests have resulted in an increased energy efficiency (power around 170 MW) for the 380 GeV stage, together with a reduced cost estimate at the level of 6 billion CHF. The detector concept has been refined using improved software tools. Significant progress has been made on detector technology developments for the tracking and calorimetry systems. A wide range of CLIC physics studies has been conducted, both through full detector simulations and parametric studies, together providing a broad overview of the CLIC physics potential. Each of the three energy stages adds cornerstones of the full CLIC physics programme, such as Higgs width and couplings, top-quark properties, Higgs self-coupling, direct searches, and many precision electroweak measurements. The interpretation of the combined results gives crucial and accurate insight into new physics, largely complementary to LHC and HL-LHC. The construction of the first CLIC energy stage could start by 2026. First beams would be available by 2035, marking the beginning of a broad CLIC physics programme spanning 25-30 years.
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Submitted 6 May, 2019; v1 submitted 14 December, 2018;
originally announced December 2018.
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Thermodynamics from information
Authors:
Manabendra Nath Bera,
Andreas Winter,
Maciej Lewenstein
Abstract:
Thermodynamics and information have intricate inter-relations. The justification of the fact that information is physical, is done by inter-linking information and thermodynamics - through Landauer's principle. This modern approach towards information recently has improved our understanding of thermodynamics, both in classical and quantum domains. Here we show thermodynamics as a consequence of in…
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Thermodynamics and information have intricate inter-relations. The justification of the fact that information is physical, is done by inter-linking information and thermodynamics - through Landauer's principle. This modern approach towards information recently has improved our understanding of thermodynamics, both in classical and quantum domains. Here we show thermodynamics as a consequence of information conservation. Our approach can be applied to most general situations, where systems and thermal-baths could be quantum, of arbitrary sizes and even could posses inter-system correlations. The approach does not rely on an a priori predetermined temperature associated to a thermal bath, which is not meaningful for finite-size cases. Hence, the thermal-baths and systems are not different, rather both are treated on an equal footing. This results in a "temperature"-independent formulation of thermodynamics. We exploit the fact that, for a fix amount of coarse-grained information, measured by the von Neumann entropy, any system can be transformed to a state that possesses minimal energy, without changing its entropy. This state is known as a completely passive state, which assumes Boltzmann-Gibb's canonical form with an intrinsic temperature. This leads us to introduce the notions of bound and free energy, which we further use to quantify heat and work respectively. With this guiding principle of information conservation, we develop universal notions of equilibrium, heat and work, Landauer's principle and also universal fundamental laws of thermodynamics. We show that the maximum efficiency of a quantum engine, equipped with a finite baths, is in general lower than that of an ideal Carnot's engine. We also introduce a resource theoretic framework for intrinsic-temperature based thermodynamics, within which we address the problem of work extraction and state transformations.
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Submitted 25 May, 2018;
originally announced May 2018.
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Gaussian quantum resource theories
Authors:
Ludovico Lami,
Bartosz Regula,
Xin Wang,
Rosanna Nichols,
Andreas Winter,
Gerardo Adesso
Abstract:
We develop a general framework to assess capabilities and limitations of the Gaussian toolbox in continuous variable quantum information theory. Our framework allows us to characterize the structure and properties of quantum resource theories specialized to Gaussian states and Gaussian operations, establishing rigorous methods for their description and yielding a unified approach to their quantifi…
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We develop a general framework to assess capabilities and limitations of the Gaussian toolbox in continuous variable quantum information theory. Our framework allows us to characterize the structure and properties of quantum resource theories specialized to Gaussian states and Gaussian operations, establishing rigorous methods for their description and yielding a unified approach to their quantification. We show in particular that, under a few intuitive and physically motivated assumptions on the set of free states, no Gaussian quantum resource can be distilled with free Gaussian operations, even when an unlimited supply of the resource state is available. This places fundamental constraints on state manipulations in all such Gaussian resource theories. We discuss in particular the applications to quantum entanglement, where we extend previously known results by showing that Gaussian entanglement cannot be distilled even with Gaussian operations preserving the positivity of the partial transpose, as well as to other Gaussian resources such as steering and optical nonclassicality. A comprehensive semidefinite programming representation of all these resources is explicitly provided.
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Submitted 31 August, 2018; v1 submitted 16 January, 2018;
originally announced January 2018.
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Construction and Response of a Highly Granular Scintillator-based Electromagnetic Calorimeter
Authors:
CALICE collaboration,
J. Repond,
L. Xia,
G. Eigen,
T. Price,
N. K. Watson,
A. Winter,
M. A. Thomson,
G. C. Blazey,
A. Dyshkant,
K. Francis,
V. Zutshi,
K. Gadow,
P. Göttlicher,
O. Hartbrich,
F. Krivan,
K. Krüger,
S. Lu,
B. Lutz,
M. Reinecke,
F. Sefkow,
Y. Sudo,
H. L. Tran,
A. Kaplan,
H. -Ch. Schultz-Coulon
, et al. (57 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A highly granular electromagnetic calorimeter with scintillator strip readout is being developed for future lepton collider experiments. A prototype of 21.5 $X_0$ depth and $180 \times 180 $mm$^2$ transverse dimensions was constructed, consisting of 2160 individually read out $10 \times 45 \times 3$ mm$^3$ scintillator strips. This prototype was tested using electrons of 2--32 GeV at the Fermilab…
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A highly granular electromagnetic calorimeter with scintillator strip readout is being developed for future lepton collider experiments. A prototype of 21.5 $X_0$ depth and $180 \times 180 $mm$^2$ transverse dimensions was constructed, consisting of 2160 individually read out $10 \times 45 \times 3$ mm$^3$ scintillator strips. This prototype was tested using electrons of 2--32 GeV at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility in 2009. Deviations from linear energy response were less than 1.1\%, and the intrinsic energy resolution was determined to be $(12.5 \pm 0.1 (\mathrm{stat.}) \pm0.4 (\mathrm{syst.}))\%/\sqrt{E[\mathrm{GeV}]}\oplus (1.2 \pm 0.1(\mathrm{stat.})^{+0.6}_{-0.7}(\mathrm{syst.}))\%$, where the uncertainties correspond to statistical and systematic sources, respectively.
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Submitted 28 February, 2018; v1 submitted 22 July, 2017;
originally announced July 2017.
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Updated baseline for a staged Compact Linear Collider
Authors:
The CLIC,
CLICdp collaborations,
:,
M. J. Boland,
U. Felzmann,
P. J. Giansiracusa,
T. G. Lucas,
R. P. Rassool,
C. Balazs,
T. K. Charles,
K. Afanaciev,
I. Emeliantchik,
A. Ignatenko,
V. Makarenko,
N. Shumeiko,
A. Patapenka,
I. Zhuk,
A. C. Abusleme Hoffman,
M. A. Diaz Gutierrez,
M. Vogel Gonzalez,
Y. Chi,
X. He,
G. Pei,
S. Pei,
G. Shu
, et al. (493 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a multi-TeV high-luminosity linear e+e- collider under development. For an optimal exploitation of its physics potential, CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in a staged approach with three centre-of-mass energy stages ranging from a few hundred GeV up to 3 TeV. The first stage will focus on precision Standard Model physics, in particular Higgs and top-q…
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The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a multi-TeV high-luminosity linear e+e- collider under development. For an optimal exploitation of its physics potential, CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in a staged approach with three centre-of-mass energy stages ranging from a few hundred GeV up to 3 TeV. The first stage will focus on precision Standard Model physics, in particular Higgs and top-quark measurements. Subsequent stages will focus on measurements of rare Higgs processes, as well as searches for new physics processes and precision measurements of new states, e.g. states previously discovered at LHC or at CLIC itself. In the 2012 CLIC Conceptual Design Report, a fully optimised 3 TeV collider was presented, while the proposed lower energy stages were not studied to the same level of detail. This report presents an updated baseline staging scenario for CLIC. The scenario is the result of a comprehensive study addressing the performance, cost and power of the CLIC accelerator complex as a function of centre-of-mass energy and it targets optimal physics output based on the current physics landscape. The optimised staging scenario foresees three main centre-of-mass energy stages at 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV for a full CLIC programme spanning 22 years. For the first stage, an alternative to the CLIC drive beam scheme is presented in which the main linac power is produced using X-band klystrons.
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Submitted 27 March, 2017; v1 submitted 26 August, 2016;
originally announced August 2016.
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Non-Gaussian operations on bosonic modes of light: Photon-added Gaussian channels
Authors:
Krishna Kumar Sabapathy,
Andreas Winter
Abstract:
We present a framework for studying bosonic non-Gaussian channels of continuous-variable systems. Our emphasis is on a class of channels that we call photon-added Gaussian channels, which are experimentally viable with current quantum-optical technologies. A strong motivation for considering these channels is the fact that it is compulsory to go beyond the Gaussian domain for numerous tasks in con…
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We present a framework for studying bosonic non-Gaussian channels of continuous-variable systems. Our emphasis is on a class of channels that we call photon-added Gaussian channels, which are experimentally viable with current quantum-optical technologies. A strong motivation for considering these channels is the fact that it is compulsory to go beyond the Gaussian domain for numerous tasks in continuous-variable quantum information processing such as entanglement distillation from Gaussian states and universal quantum computation. The single-mode photon-added channels we consider are obtained by using two-mode beam splitters and squeezing operators with photon addition applied to the ancilla ports giving rise to families of non-Gaussian channels. For each such channel, we derive its operator-sum representation, indispensable in the present context. We observe that these channels are Fock preserving (coherence nongenerating). We then report two examples of activation using our scheme of photon addition, that of quantum-optical nonclassicality at outputs of channels that would otherwise output only classical states and of both the quantum and private communication capacities, hinting at far-reaching applications for quantum-optical communication. Further, we see that noisy Gaussian channels can be expressed as a convex mixture of these non-Gaussian channels. We also present other physical and information-theoretic properties of these channels.
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Submitted 5 June, 2017; v1 submitted 26 April, 2016;
originally announced April 2016.
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Entanglement and coherence in quantum state merging
Authors:
A. Streltsov,
E. Chitambar,
S. Rana,
M. N. Bera,
A. Winter,
M. Lewenstein
Abstract:
Understanding the resource consumption in distributed scenarios is one of the main goals of quantum information theory. A prominent example for such a scenario is the task of quantum state merging where two parties aim to merge their parts of a tripartite quantum state. In standard quantum state merging, entanglement is considered as an expensive resource, while local quantum operations can be per…
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Understanding the resource consumption in distributed scenarios is one of the main goals of quantum information theory. A prominent example for such a scenario is the task of quantum state merging where two parties aim to merge their parts of a tripartite quantum state. In standard quantum state merging, entanglement is considered as an expensive resource, while local quantum operations can be performed at no additional cost. However, recent developments show that some local operations could be more expensive than others: it is reasonable to distinguish between local incoherent operations and local operations which can create coherence. This idea leads us to the task of incoherent quantum state merging, where one of the parties has free access to local incoherent operations only. In this case the resources of the process are quantified by pairs of entanglement and coherence. Here, we develop tools for studying this process, and apply them to several relevant scenarios. While quantum state merging can lead to a gain of entanglement, our results imply that no merging procedure can gain entanglement and coherence at the same time. We also provide a general lower bound on the entanglement-coherence sum, and show that the bound is tight for all pure states. Our results also lead to an incoherent version of Schumacher compression: in this case the compression rate is equal to the von Neumann entropy of the diagonal elements of the corresponding quantum state.
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Submitted 2 May, 2016; v1 submitted 24 March, 2016;
originally announced March 2016.
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What does an experimental test of quantum contextuality prove or disprove?
Authors:
Andreas Winter
Abstract:
The possibility to test experimentally the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem is investigated critically, following the demonstrations by Meyer, Kent and Clifton-Kent that the predictions of quantum mechanics are indistinguishable (up to arbitrary precision) from those of a non-contextual model, and the subsequent debate to which extent these models are actually classical or non-contextual.
The present…
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The possibility to test experimentally the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem is investigated critically, following the demonstrations by Meyer, Kent and Clifton-Kent that the predictions of quantum mechanics are indistinguishable (up to arbitrary precision) from those of a non-contextual model, and the subsequent debate to which extent these models are actually classical or non-contextual.
The present analysis starts from a careful consideration these "finite-precision" approximations. A stronger condition for non-contextual models, dubbed <ontological faithfulness>, is exhibited. It is shown that it allows to formulate approximately the constraints in Bell-Kochen-Specker theorems such as to render the usual proofs robust. As a consequence, one can experimentally test to finite precision ontologically faithful non-contextuality, and thus experimentally refute explanations from this smaller class. We include a discussion of the relation of ontological faithfulness to other proposals to overcome the finite precision objection.
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Submitted 10 August, 2014; v1 submitted 5 August, 2014;
originally announced August 2014.
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Fast, large amplitude vibrations of compliant cylindrical shells carrying a fluid
Authors:
Pawel Zimoch,
Eliott Tixier,
Julia Hsu,
Amos Winter,
Anette Hosoi
Abstract:
In this fluid dynamics video, we demonstrate the first three circumferential modes of fast, large amplitude vibrations of compliant cylindrical shells carrying a fluid.
In this fluid dynamics video, we demonstrate the first three circumferential modes of fast, large amplitude vibrations of compliant cylindrical shells carrying a fluid.
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Submitted 14 October, 2012;
originally announced October 2012.
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Dynamics of digging in wet soil
Authors:
Sunghwan Jung,
Amos G. Winter,
A. E. Hosoi
Abstract:
Numerous animals live in, and locomote through, subsea soils. To move in a medium dominated by frictional interactions, many of these animals have adopted unique burrowing strategies. This paper presents a burrowing model inspired by the Atlantic razor clam ({\it Ensis directus}), which uses deformations of its body to cyclically loosen and re-pack the surrounding soil in order to locally manipula…
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Numerous animals live in, and locomote through, subsea soils. To move in a medium dominated by frictional interactions, many of these animals have adopted unique burrowing strategies. This paper presents a burrowing model inspired by the Atlantic razor clam ({\it Ensis directus}), which uses deformations of its body to cyclically loosen and re-pack the surrounding soil in order to locally manipulate burrowing drag. The model reveals how an anisotropic body -- composed of a cylinder and sphere varying sinusoidally in size and relative displacement -- achieves unidirectional motion through a medium with variable frictional properties. This net displacement is attained even though the body kinematics are reciprocal and inertia of both the model organism and the surrounding medium are negligible. Our results indicate that body aspect ratio has a strong effect on burrowing velocity and efficiency, with a well-defined maximum for given kinematics and soil material properties.
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Submitted 21 December, 2010; v1 submitted 1 July, 2010;
originally announced July 2010.
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Visualization System for Burrowing Organisms in Granular Substrates
Authors:
Amos G. Winter,
V Anette E. Hosoi
Abstract:
This fluid dynamics video demonstrates the capabilities of an experimental setup to visualize organisms burrowing in granular substrates. The setup consists of a tank filled with 1mm soda-lime glass beads, backlit by halogen lights. The walls can be moved such that the space bound by them can expand or contract to fit various organisms. A recirculation system oxygenates and cools the salt water…
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This fluid dynamics video demonstrates the capabilities of an experimental setup to visualize organisms burrowing in granular substrates. The setup consists of a tank filled with 1mm soda-lime glass beads, backlit by halogen lights. The walls can be moved such that the space bound by them can expand or contract to fit various organisms. A recirculation system oxygenates and cools the salt water that flows through the substrate. The video shows the burrowing behavior of a razor clam (Ensis directus) and a quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria). Both animals inflate their foot with blood, making the foot a terminal anchor against which they pull their shell downwards. Deformation of the granular substrate can be seen around the animals as they advance downwards.
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Submitted 9 October, 2008;
originally announced October 2008.