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Development of the Beam Monitor Detectors for the Low-E Beamline at the CERN SPS H2 Line
Authors:
Y. Hino,
M. Harada,
N. Meguro,
T. Tada,
Y. Koshio,
K. Sakashita,
M. Friend,
T. Nakadaira,
S. Nishimori,
Y. Nagai
Abstract:
A series of beam tests were conducted at the KEK AR test beamline in ordet to investigate the performance of a prototype detector for instrumentation in the low-E beamline at the CERN H2 line. For the silicon strip detector, the simultaneous readout of all strips of the X-Y detector was evaluated, in addition to the detection efficiency being assessed through coincidences with the trigger scintill…
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A series of beam tests were conducted at the KEK AR test beamline in ordet to investigate the performance of a prototype detector for instrumentation in the low-E beamline at the CERN H2 line. For the silicon strip detector, the simultaneous readout of all strips of the X-Y detector was evaluated, in addition to the detection efficiency being assessed through coincidences with the trigger scintillators. The results demonstrated the successful acquisition of data with full strip readout and the reconstruction of the two-dimensional beam profile. Furthermore, we are contemplating the incorporation of GAGG crystals, an inorganic scintillator characterized by a high light yield ($\sim$$5 \times 10^{4}$ photons/MeV) and a brief time constant ($\sim$60 ns), within the newly developed time-of-flight detector. We assessed the resolution of time-of-flight based on the data, with the objective of achieving the required performance benchmarks through future improvements to the time-of-tlight detector.
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Submitted 26 May, 2025; v1 submitted 23 April, 2025;
originally announced April 2025.
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Neutron multiplicity measurement in muon capture on oxygen nuclei in the Gd-loaded Super-Kamiokande detector
Authors:
The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration,
:,
S. Miki,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
Y. Asaoka,
C. Bronner,
M. Harada,
Y. Hayato,
K. Hiraide,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Ieki,
M. Ikeda,
J. Kameda,
Y. Kanemura,
R. Kaneshima,
Y. Kashiwagi,
Y. Kataoka,
S. Mine,
M. Miura,
S. Moriyama,
M. Nakahata,
S. Nakayama,
Y. Noguchi,
K. Okamoto
, et al. (265 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In recent neutrino detectors, neutrons produced in neutrino reactions play an important role. Muon capture on oxygen nuclei is one of the processes that produce neutrons in water Cherenkov detectors. We measured neutron multiplicity in the process using cosmic ray muons that stop in the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande detector. For this measurement, neutron detection efficiency is obtained with…
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In recent neutrino detectors, neutrons produced in neutrino reactions play an important role. Muon capture on oxygen nuclei is one of the processes that produce neutrons in water Cherenkov detectors. We measured neutron multiplicity in the process using cosmic ray muons that stop in the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande detector. For this measurement, neutron detection efficiency is obtained with the muon capture events followed by gamma rays to be $50.2^{+2.0}_{-2.1}\%$. By fitting the observed multiplicity considering the detection efficiency, we measure neutron multiplicity in muon capture as $P(0)=24\pm3\%$, $P(1)=70^{+3}_{-2}\%$, $P(2)=6.1\pm0.5\%$, $P(3)=0.38\pm0.09\%$. This is the first measurement of the multiplicity of neutrons associated with muon capture on oxygen without neutron energy threshold.
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Submitted 31 January, 2026; v1 submitted 24 February, 2025;
originally announced February 2025.
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Combined Pre-Supernova Alert System with Kamland and Super-Kamiokande
Authors:
KamLAND,
Super-Kamiokande Collaborations,
:,
Seisho Abe,
Minori Eizuka,
Sawako Futagi,
Azusa Gando,
Yoshihito Gando,
Shun Goto,
Takahiko Hachiya,
Kazumi Hata,
Koichi Ichimura,
Sei Ieki,
Haruo Ikeda,
Kunio Inoue,
Koji Ishidoshiro,
Yuto Kamei,
Nanami Kawada,
Yasuhiro Kishimoto,
Masayuki Koga,
Maho Kurasawa,
Tadao Mitsui,
Haruhiko Miyake,
Daisuke Morita,
Takeshi Nakahata
, et al. (290 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Preceding a core-collapse supernova, various processes produce an increasing amount of neutrinos of all flavors characterized by mounting energies from the interior of massive stars. Among them, the electron antineutrinos are potentially detectable by terrestrial neutrino experiments such as KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande via inverse beta decay interactions. Once these pre-supernova neutrinos are ob…
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Preceding a core-collapse supernova, various processes produce an increasing amount of neutrinos of all flavors characterized by mounting energies from the interior of massive stars. Among them, the electron antineutrinos are potentially detectable by terrestrial neutrino experiments such as KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande via inverse beta decay interactions. Once these pre-supernova neutrinos are observed, an early warning of the upcoming core-collapse supernova can be provided. In light of this, KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande, both located in the Kamioka mine in Japan, have been monitoring pre-supernova neutrinos since 2015 and 2021, respectively. Recently, we performed a joint study between KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande on pre-supernova neutrino detection. A pre-supernova alert system combining the KamLAND detector and the Super-Kamiokande detector was developed and put into operation, which can provide a supernova alert to the astrophysics community. Fully leveraging the complementary properties of these two detectors, the combined alert is expected to resolve a pre-supernova neutrino signal from a 15 M$_{\odot}$ star within 510 pc of the Earth, at a significance level corresponding to a false alarm rate of no more than 1 per century. For a Betelgeuse-like model with optimistic parameters, it can provide early warnings up to 12 hours in advance.
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Submitted 1 July, 2024; v1 submitted 15 April, 2024;
originally announced April 2024.
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Second gadolinium loading to Super-Kamiokande
Authors:
K. Abe,
C. Bronner,
Y. Hayato,
K. Hiraide,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Ieki,
M. Ikeda,
J. Kameda,
Y. Kanemura,
R. Kaneshima,
Y. Kashiwagi,
Y. Kataoka,
S. Miki,
S. Mine,
M. Miura,
S. Moriyama,
Y. Nakano,
M. Nakahata,
S. Nakayama,
Y. Noguchi,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
H. Shiba,
K. Shimizu,
M. Shiozawa
, et al. (225 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The first loading of gadolinium (Gd) into Super-Kamiokande in 2020 was successful, and the neutron capture efficiency on Gd reached 50\%. To further increase the Gd neutron capture efficiency to 75\%, 26.1 tons of $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$ was additionally loaded into Super-Kamiokande (SK) from May 31 to July 4, 2022. As the amount of loaded $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$ was do…
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The first loading of gadolinium (Gd) into Super-Kamiokande in 2020 was successful, and the neutron capture efficiency on Gd reached 50\%. To further increase the Gd neutron capture efficiency to 75\%, 26.1 tons of $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$ was additionally loaded into Super-Kamiokande (SK) from May 31 to July 4, 2022. As the amount of loaded $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$ was doubled compared to the first loading, the capacity of the powder dissolving system was doubled. We also developed new batches of gadolinium sulfate with even further reduced radioactive impurities. In addition, a more efficient screening method was devised and implemented to evaluate these new batches of $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$. Following the second loading, the Gd concentration in SK was measured to be $333.5\pm2.5$ ppm via an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). From the mean neutron capture time constant of neutrons from an Am/Be calibration source, the Gd concentration was independently measured to be 332.7 $\pm$ 6.8(sys.) $\pm$ 1.1(stat.) ppm, consistent with the AAS result. Furthermore, during the loading the Gd concentration was monitored continually using the capture time constant of each spallation neutron produced by cosmic-ray muons,and the final neutron capture efficiency was shown to become 1.5 times higher than that of the first loaded phase, as expected.
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Submitted 18 June, 2024; v1 submitted 12 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
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Search for astrophysical electron antineutrinos in Super-Kamiokande with 0.01wt% gadolinium-loaded water
Authors:
M. Harada,
K. Abe,
C. Bronner,
Y. Hayato,
K. Hiraide,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Ieki,
M. Ikeda,
J. Kameda,
Y. Kanemura,
R. Kaneshima,
Y. Kashiwagi,
Y. Kataoka,
S. Miki,
S. Mine,
M. Miura,
S. Moriyama,
Y. Nakano,
M. Nakahata,
S. Nakayama,
Y. Noguchi,
K. Okamoto,
K. Sato,
H. Sekiya,
H. Shiba
, et al. (216 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the first search result for the flux of astrophysical electron antineutrinos for energies O(10) MeV in the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande (SK) detector. In June 2020, gadolinium was introduced to the ultra-pure water of the SK detector in order to detect neutrons more efficiently. In this new experimental phase, SK-Gd, we can search for electron antineutrinos via inverse beta decay w…
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We report the first search result for the flux of astrophysical electron antineutrinos for energies O(10) MeV in the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande (SK) detector. In June 2020, gadolinium was introduced to the ultra-pure water of the SK detector in order to detect neutrons more efficiently. In this new experimental phase, SK-Gd, we can search for electron antineutrinos via inverse beta decay with efficient background rejection and higher signal efficiency thanks to the high efficiency of the neutron tagging technique. In this paper, we report the result for the initial stage of SK-Gd with a $22.5\times552$ $\rm kton\cdot day$ exposure at 0.01% Gd mass concentration. No significant excess over the expected background in the observed events is found for the neutrino energies below 31.3 MeV. Thus, the flux upper limits are placed at the 90% confidence level. The limits and sensitivities are already comparable with the previous SK result with pure-water ($22.5 \times 2970 \rm kton\cdot day$) owing to the enhanced neutron tagging.
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Submitted 30 May, 2023; v1 submitted 8 May, 2023;
originally announced May 2023.
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Many-body calculations for periodic materials via quantum machine learning
Authors:
Shu Kanno,
Tomofumi Tada
Abstract:
A state-of-the-art method that combines a quantum computational algorithm and machine learning, so-called quantum machine learning, can be a powerful approach for solving quantum many-body problems. However, the research scope in the field was mainly limited to organic molecules and simple lattice models. Here, we propose a workflow of quantum machine learning applications for periodic systems on…
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A state-of-the-art method that combines a quantum computational algorithm and machine learning, so-called quantum machine learning, can be a powerful approach for solving quantum many-body problems. However, the research scope in the field was mainly limited to organic molecules and simple lattice models. Here, we propose a workflow of quantum machine learning applications for periodic systems on the basis of an effective model construction from first principles. The band structures of the Hubbard model of graphene with the mean-field approximation are calculated as a benchmark, and the calculated eigenvalues show good agreement with the exact diagonalization results within a few meV by employing the transfer learning technique in quantum machine learning. The results show that the present computational scheme has the potential to solve many-body problems quickly and correctly for periodic systems using a quantum computer.
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Submitted 23 November, 2019;
originally announced November 2019.