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Long-term prediction of El Niño-Southern Oscillation using reservoir computing with data-driven realtime filter
Authors:
Takuya Jinno,
Takahito Mitsui,
Kengo Nakai,
Yoshitaka Saiki,
Tsuyoshi Yoneda
Abstract:
In recent years, the application of machine learning approaches to time-series forecasting of climate dynamical phenomena has become increasingly active. It is known that applying a band-pass filter to a time-series data is a key to obtaining a high-quality data-driven model. Here, to obtain longer-term predictability of machine learning models, we introduce a new type of band-pass filter. It can…
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In recent years, the application of machine learning approaches to time-series forecasting of climate dynamical phenomena has become increasingly active. It is known that applying a band-pass filter to a time-series data is a key to obtaining a high-quality data-driven model. Here, to obtain longer-term predictability of machine learning models, we introduce a new type of band-pass filter. It can be applied to realtime operational prediction workflows since it relies solely on past time series. We combine the filter with reservoir computing, which is a machine-learning technique that employs a data-driven dynamical system. As an application, we predict the multi-year dynamics of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation with the prediction horizon of 24 months using only past time series.
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Submitted 23 May, 2025; v1 submitted 29 January, 2025;
originally announced January 2025.
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Combined Pre-Supernova Alert System with Kamland and Super-Kamiokande
Authors:
KamLAND,
Super-Kamiokande Collaborations,
:,
Seisho Abe,
Minori Eizuka,
Sawako Futagi,
Azusa Gando,
Yoshihito Gando,
Shun Goto,
Takahiko Hachiya,
Kazumi Hata,
Koichi Ichimura,
Sei Ieki,
Haruo Ikeda,
Kunio Inoue,
Koji Ishidoshiro,
Yuto Kamei,
Nanami Kawada,
Yasuhiro Kishimoto,
Masayuki Koga,
Maho Kurasawa,
Tadao Mitsui,
Haruhiko Miyake,
Daisuke Morita,
Takeshi Nakahata
, et al. (290 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Preceding a core-collapse supernova, various processes produce an increasing amount of neutrinos of all flavors characterized by mounting energies from the interior of massive stars. Among them, the electron antineutrinos are potentially detectable by terrestrial neutrino experiments such as KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande via inverse beta decay interactions. Once these pre-supernova neutrinos are ob…
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Preceding a core-collapse supernova, various processes produce an increasing amount of neutrinos of all flavors characterized by mounting energies from the interior of massive stars. Among them, the electron antineutrinos are potentially detectable by terrestrial neutrino experiments such as KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande via inverse beta decay interactions. Once these pre-supernova neutrinos are observed, an early warning of the upcoming core-collapse supernova can be provided. In light of this, KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande, both located in the Kamioka mine in Japan, have been monitoring pre-supernova neutrinos since 2015 and 2021, respectively. Recently, we performed a joint study between KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande on pre-supernova neutrino detection. A pre-supernova alert system combining the KamLAND detector and the Super-Kamiokande detector was developed and put into operation, which can provide a supernova alert to the astrophysics community. Fully leveraging the complementary properties of these two detectors, the combined alert is expected to resolve a pre-supernova neutrino signal from a 15 M$_{\odot}$ star within 510 pc of the Earth, at a significance level corresponding to a false alarm rate of no more than 1 per century. For a Betelgeuse-like model with optimistic parameters, it can provide early warnings up to 12 hours in advance.
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Submitted 1 July, 2024; v1 submitted 15 April, 2024;
originally announced April 2024.
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Search for Charged Excited States of Dark Matter with KamLAND-Zen
Authors:
KamLAND-Zen collaboration,
:,
S. Abe,
M. Eizuka,
S. Futagi,
A. Gando,
Y. Gando,
S. Goto,
T. Hachiya,
K. Hata,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Ichimura,
S. Ieki,
H. Ikeda,
K. Inoue,
K. Ishidoshiro,
Y. Kamei,
N. Kawada,
Y. Kishimoto,
M. Koga,
M. Kurasawa,
T. Mitsui,
H. Miyake,
D. Morita,
T. Nakahata
, et al. (44 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Particle dark matter could belong to a multiplet that includes an electrically charged state. WIMP dark matter ($χ^{0}$) accompanied by a negatively charged excited state ($χ^{-}$) with a small mass difference (e.g. $<$ 20 MeV) can form a bound-state with a nucleus such as xenon. This bound-state formation is rare and the released energy is $\mathcal{O}(1-10$) MeV depending on the nucleus, making…
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Particle dark matter could belong to a multiplet that includes an electrically charged state. WIMP dark matter ($χ^{0}$) accompanied by a negatively charged excited state ($χ^{-}$) with a small mass difference (e.g. $<$ 20 MeV) can form a bound-state with a nucleus such as xenon. This bound-state formation is rare and the released energy is $\mathcal{O}(1-10$) MeV depending on the nucleus, making large liquid scintillator detectors suitable for detection. We searched for bound-state formation events with xenon in two experimental phases of the KamLAND-Zen experiment, a xenon-doped liquid scintillator detector. No statistically significant events were observed. For a benchmark parameter set of WIMP mass $m_{χ^{0}} = 1$ TeV and mass difference $Δm = 17$ MeV, we set the most stringent upper limits on the recombination cross section times velocity $\langleσv\rangle$ and the decay-width of $χ^{-}$ to $9.2 \times 10^{-30}$ ${\rm cm^3/s}$ and $8.7 \times 10^{-14}$ GeV, respectively at 90% confidence level.
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Submitted 3 July, 2024; v1 submitted 16 November, 2023;
originally announced November 2023.
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Measurement of cosmic-ray muon spallation products in a xenon-loaded liquid scintillator with KamLAND
Authors:
KamLAND-Zen Collaboration,
:,
S. Abe,
S. Asami,
M. Eizuka,
S. Futagi,
A. Gando,
Y. Gando,
T. Gima,
A. Goto,
T. Hachiya,
K. Hata,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Ichimura,
S. Ieki,
H. Ikeda,
K. Inoue,
K. Ishidoshiro,
Y. Kamei,
N. Kawada,
Y. Kishimoto,
M. Koga,
M. Kurasawa,
T. Mitsui,
H. Miyake
, et al. (42 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Cosmic-ray muons produce various radioisotopes when passing through material. These spallation products can be backgrounds for rare event searches such as in solar neutrino, double-beta decay, and dark matter search experiments. The KamLAND-Zen experiment searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 745kg of xenon dissolved in liquid scintillator. The experiment includes dead-time-free electroni…
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Cosmic-ray muons produce various radioisotopes when passing through material. These spallation products can be backgrounds for rare event searches such as in solar neutrino, double-beta decay, and dark matter search experiments. The KamLAND-Zen experiment searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 745kg of xenon dissolved in liquid scintillator. The experiment includes dead-time-free electronics with a high efficiency for detecting muon-induced neutrons. The production yields of different radioisotopes are measured with a combination of delayed coincidence techniques, newly developed muon reconstruction and xenon spallation identification methods. The observed xenon spallation products are consistent with results from the FLUKA and Geant4 simulation codes.
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Submitted 23 January, 2023;
originally announced January 2023.
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Abundances of uranium and thorium elements in Earth estimated by geoneutrino spectroscopy
Authors:
S. Abe,
S. Asami,
M. Eizuka,
S. Futagi,
A. Gando,
Y. Gando,
T. Gima,
A. Goto,
T. Hachiya,
K. Hata,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Ichimura,
S. Ieki,
H. Ikeda,
K. Inoue,
K. Ishidoshiro,
Y. Kamei,
N. Kawada,
Y. Kishimoto,
M. Koga,
M. Kurasawa,
N. Maemura,
T. Mitsui,
H. Miyake,
T. Nakahata
, et al. (43 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The decay of the primordial isotopes $^{238}\mathrm{U}$, $^{235}\mathrm{U}$, $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$, and $^{40}\mathrm{K}$ have contributed to the terrestrial heat budget throughout the Earth's history. Hence the individual abundance of those isotopes are key parameters in reconstructing contemporary Earth model. The geoneutrinos produced by the radioactive decays of uranium and thorium have been obs…
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The decay of the primordial isotopes $^{238}\mathrm{U}$, $^{235}\mathrm{U}$, $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$, and $^{40}\mathrm{K}$ have contributed to the terrestrial heat budget throughout the Earth's history. Hence the individual abundance of those isotopes are key parameters in reconstructing contemporary Earth model. The geoneutrinos produced by the radioactive decays of uranium and thorium have been observed with the Kamioka Liquid-Scintillator Antineutrino Detector (KamLAND). Those measurements have been improved with more than 18-year observation time, and improvements in detector background levels mainly by an 8-year almost rector-free period now permit spectroscopy with geoneutrinos. Our results yield the first constraint on both uranium and thorium heat contributions. Herein the KamLAND result is consistent with geochemical estimations based on elemental abundances of chondritic meteorites and mantle peridotites. The High-Q model is disfavored at 99.76% C.L. and a fully radiogenic model is excluded at 5.2$σ$ assuming a homogeneous heat producing element distribution in the mantle.
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Submitted 13 August, 2022; v1 submitted 30 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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Search for the Majorana Nature of Neutrinos in the Inverted Mass Ordering Region with KamLAND-Zen
Authors:
KamLAND-Zen Collaboration,
:,
S. Abe,
S. Asami,
M. Eizuka,
S. Futagi,
A. Gando,
Y. Gando,
T. Gima,
A. Goto,
T. Hachiya,
K. Hata,
S. Hayashida,
K. Hosokawa,
K. Ichimura,
S. Ieki,
H. Ikeda,
K. Inoue,
K. Ishidoshiro,
Y. Kamei,
N. Kawada,
Y. Kishimoto,
M. Koga,
M. Kurasawa,
N. Maemura
, et al. (50 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The KamLAND-Zen experiment has provided stringent constraints on the neutrinoless double-beta ($0νββ$) decay half-life in $^{136}$Xe using a xenon-loaded liquid scintillator. We report an improved search using an upgraded detector with almost double the amount of xenon and an ultralow radioactivity container, corresponding to an exposure of 970 kg yr of $^{136}$Xe. These new data provide valuable…
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The KamLAND-Zen experiment has provided stringent constraints on the neutrinoless double-beta ($0νββ$) decay half-life in $^{136}$Xe using a xenon-loaded liquid scintillator. We report an improved search using an upgraded detector with almost double the amount of xenon and an ultralow radioactivity container, corresponding to an exposure of 970 kg yr of $^{136}$Xe. These new data provide valuable insight into backgrounds, especially from cosmic muon spallation of xenon, and have required the use of novel background rejection techniques. We obtain a lower limit for the $0νββ$ decay half-life of $T_{1/2}^{0ν} > 2.3 \times 10^{26}$ yr at 90% C.L., corresponding to upper limits on the effective Majorana neutrino mass of 36-156 meV using commonly adopted nuclear matrix element calculations.
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Submitted 16 February, 2023; v1 submitted 4 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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The nylon balloon for xenon loaded liquid scintillator in KamLAND-Zen 800 neutrinoless double-beta decay search experiment
Authors:
KamLAND-Zen collaboration,
:,
Y. Gando,
A. Gando,
T. Hachiya,
S. Hayashida,
K. Hosokawa,
H. Ikeda,
T. Mitsui,
T. Nakada,
S. Obara,
H. Ozaki,
J. Shirai,
K. Ueshima,
H. Watanabe,
S. Abe,
K. Hata,
A. Hayashi,
Y. Honda,
S. Ieki,
K. Inoue,
K. Ishidoshiro,
S. Ishikawa,
Y. Kamei,
K. Kamizawa
, et al. (49 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The KamLAND-Zen 800 experiment is searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe by using $^{136}$Xe-loaded liquid scintillator. The liquid scintillator is enclosed inside a balloon made of thin, transparent, low-radioactivity film that we call Inner Balloon (IB). The IB, apart from guaranteeing the liquid containment, also allows to minimize the background from cosmogenic muon-spa…
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The KamLAND-Zen 800 experiment is searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe by using $^{136}$Xe-loaded liquid scintillator. The liquid scintillator is enclosed inside a balloon made of thin, transparent, low-radioactivity film that we call Inner Balloon (IB). The IB, apart from guaranteeing the liquid containment, also allows to minimize the background from cosmogenic muon-spallation products and $^{8}$B solar neutrinos. Indeed these events could contribute to the total counts in the region of interest around the Q-value of the double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe. In this paper, we present an overview of the IB and describe the various steps of its commissioning minimizing the radioactive contaminations, from the material selection, to the fabrication of the balloon and its installation inside the KamLAND detector. Finally, we show the impact of the IB on the KamLAND background as measured by the KamLAND detector itself.
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Submitted 4 June, 2021; v1 submitted 21 April, 2021;
originally announced April 2021.
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Development and operation of an electrostatic time-of-flight detector for the Rare RI storage Ring
Authors:
D. Nagae,
Y. Abe,
S. Okada,
S. Omika,
K. Wakayama,
S. Hosoi,
S. Suzuki,
T. Moriguchi,
M. Amano,
D. Kamioka,
Z. Ge,
S. Naimi,
F. Suzaki,
N. Tadano,
R. Igosawa,
K. Inomata,
H. Arakawa,
K. Nishimuro,
T. Fujii,
T. Mitsui,
Y. Yanagisawa,
H. Baba,
S. Michimasa,
S. Ota,
G. Lorusso
, et al. (6 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
An electrostatic time-of-flight detector named E-MCP has been developed for quick diagnostics of circulating beam and timing measurement in mass spectrometry at the Rare-RI Ring in RIKEN. The E-MCP detector consists of a conversion foil, potential grids, and a microchannel plate. Secondary electrons are released from the surface of the foil when a heavy ion hits it. The electrons are accelerated a…
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An electrostatic time-of-flight detector named E-MCP has been developed for quick diagnostics of circulating beam and timing measurement in mass spectrometry at the Rare-RI Ring in RIKEN. The E-MCP detector consists of a conversion foil, potential grids, and a microchannel plate. Secondary electrons are released from the surface of the foil when a heavy ion hits it. The electrons are accelerated and deflected by 90$^\circ$ toward the microchannel plate by electrostatic potentials. A thin carbon foil and a thin aluminum-coated mylar foil were used as conversion foils. We obtained time resolutions of 69(1) ps and 43(1) ps (standard deviation) for a $^{84}$Kr beam at an energy of 170 MeV/u when using the carbon and the aluminum-coated mylar foils, respectively. A detection efficiency of approximately 90% was obtained for both foils. The E-MCP detector equipped with the carbon foil was installed inside the Rare-RI Ring to confirm particle circulation within a demonstration experiment on mass measurements of nuclei around $^{78}$Ge produced by in-flight fission of uranium beam at the RI Beam Factory in RIKEN. Periodic time signals from circulating ions were clearly observed. Revolution times for $^{78}$Ge, $^{77}$Ga, and $^{76}$Zn were obtained. The results confirmed successful circulation of the short-lived nuclei inside the Rare-RI Ring.
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Submitted 3 November, 2020;
originally announced November 2020.
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Dynamically enhanced optical coherence tomography
Authors:
Takahisa Mitsui,
Kenichiro Aoki
Abstract:
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses low-coherence reflectometry to obtain cross-sectional images of inhomogeneous media, such as biological tissue. OCT is particularly useful in the biomedical ea, since the imaging can be performed non-invasively, and in a relatively short time. As such, OCT is not only used in research, but has proven to be effective in clinical practice, with the fields of i…
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Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses low-coherence reflectometry to obtain cross-sectional images of inhomogeneous media, such as biological tissue. OCT is particularly useful in the biomedical ea, since the imaging can be performed non-invasively, and in a relatively short time. As such, OCT is not only used in research, but has proven to be effective in clinical practice, with the fields of its application continuing to grow. In OCT, essentially, the reflectance of each cross-section along the depth direction is obtained with high spatial resolution ($\bm {\sim10\,μ}$m), revealing the structure of the sample. We have developed a system that combines OCT with thermal fluctuation measurements, which extracts physical properties, such as the viscoelastic characteristics, of each cross-section in the depth direction. We demonstrate the efficacy of this system using various samples. Furthermore, the noise is reduced to below shot-noise levels using averaged correlations, making it possible to extract spectral information otherwise unobtainable. The measurement system can in principle lead to tissue characterization and pathological diagnosis.
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Submitted 28 February, 2018; v1 submitted 24 December, 2017;
originally announced December 2017.
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Effects of additive noise on the stability of glacial cycles
Authors:
Takahito Mitsui,
Michel Crucifix
Abstract:
It is well acknowledged that the sequence of glacial-interglacial cycles is paced by the astronomical forcing. However, how much is the sequence robust against natural fluctuations associated, for example, with the chaotic motions of atmosphere and oceans? In this article, the stability of the glacial-interglacial cycles is investigated on the basis of simple conceptual models. Specifically, we st…
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It is well acknowledged that the sequence of glacial-interglacial cycles is paced by the astronomical forcing. However, how much is the sequence robust against natural fluctuations associated, for example, with the chaotic motions of atmosphere and oceans? In this article, the stability of the glacial-interglacial cycles is investigated on the basis of simple conceptual models. Specifically, we study the influence of additive white Gaussian noise on the sequence of the glacial cycles generated by stochastic versions of several low-order dynamical system models proposed in the literature. In the original deterministic case, the models exhibit different types of attractors: a quasiperiodic attractor, a piecewise continuous attractor, strange nonchaotic attractors, and a chaotic attractor. We show that the combination of the quasiperiodic astronomical forcing and additive fluctuations induce a form of temporarily quantised instability. More precisely, climate trajectories corresponding to different noise realizations generally cluster around a small number of stable or transiently stable trajectories present in the deterministic system. Furthermore, these stochastic trajectories may show sensitive dependence on very small amounts of perturbations at key times. Consistently with the complexity of each attractor, the number of trajectories leaking from the clusters may range from almost zero (the model with a quasiperiodic attractor) to a significant fraction of the total (the model with a chaotic attractor), the models with strange nonchaotic attractors being intermediate. Finally, we discuss the implications of this investigation for research programmes based on numerical simulators. }
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Submitted 10 November, 2016;
originally announced November 2016.
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Observing random walks of atoms in buffer gas through resonant light absorption
Authors:
Kenichiro Aoki,
Takahisa Mitsui
Abstract:
Using resonant light absorption, random walk motions of rubidium atoms in nitrogen buffer gas are observed directly. The transmitted light intensity through atomic vapor is measured and its spectrum is obtained, down to orders of magnitude below the shot noise level to detect fluctuations caused by atomic motions. To understand the measured spectra, the spectrum for atoms performing random walks i…
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Using resonant light absorption, random walk motions of rubidium atoms in nitrogen buffer gas are observed directly. The transmitted light intensity through atomic vapor is measured and its spectrum is obtained, down to orders of magnitude below the shot noise level to detect fluctuations caused by atomic motions. To understand the measured spectra, the spectrum for atoms performing random walks in a gaussian light beam is computed and its analytical form is obtained. The spectrum has $1/f^2$ ($f$: frequency) behavior at higher frequencies, crossing over to a different, but well defined behavior at lower frequencies. The properties of this theoretical spectrum agree excellently with the measured spectrum. This understanding also enables us to obtain the diffusion constant, the photon cross section of atoms in buffer gas and the atomic number density, from a single spectral measurement. We further discuss other possible applications of our experimental method and analysis.
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Submitted 30 June, 2016; v1 submitted 25 May, 2016;
originally announced May 2016.
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Challenges for ice age dynamics: a dynamical systems perspective
Authors:
Michel Crucifix,
Guillaume Lenoir,
Takahito Mitsui
Abstract:
This chapter is dedicated to the slow dynamics of the climate system, at time scales of one~thousand to one million years. We focus specifically on the phenomenon of ice ages that has characterised the slow evolution of climate over the Quaternary. Ice ages are a form of variability featuring interactions between different large-scale components and processes in the climate system, including ice s…
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This chapter is dedicated to the slow dynamics of the climate system, at time scales of one~thousand to one million years. We focus specifically on the phenomenon of ice ages that has characterised the slow evolution of climate over the Quaternary. Ice ages are a form of variability featuring interactions between different large-scale components and processes in the climate system, including ice sheet, deep-ocean and carbon cycle dynamics. This variability is also at least partly controlled by changes in the seasonal and latitudinal incoming solar radiation associated with the combined effects of changes in Earth's orbit shape, precession of equinoxes, and changes in obliquity. A number of possible mechanisms are reviewed in this chapter. We stress that the nature of the interactions between these slow dynamics and faster modes of variability, such as millennium and centennial modes of variability, are still poorly understood. For example, whether the time sequence of ice ages is robustly determined or not by the astronomical forcing is a matter of debate. These questions need to be addressed with a range of models. We propose to use stochastic parameterisations in the lower resolution models (focusing on climate time scales) to account for weather and macro-weather dynamics simulated with higher resolution models. We discuss challenges---including statistical challenges---and possible methods associated with this programme.
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Submitted 11 December, 2015;
originally announced December 2015.
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Influence of external forcings on abrupt millennial-scale climate changes: a statistical modelling study
Authors:
Takahito Mitsui,
Michel Crucifix
Abstract:
The last glacial period was punctuated by a series of abrupt climate shifts, the so-called Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events. The frequency of DO events varied in time, supposedly because of changes in background climate conditions. Here, the influence of external forcings on DO events is investigated with statistical modelling. We assume two types of simple stochastic dynamical systems models (doubl…
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The last glacial period was punctuated by a series of abrupt climate shifts, the so-called Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events. The frequency of DO events varied in time, supposedly because of changes in background climate conditions. Here, the influence of external forcings on DO events is investigated with statistical modelling. We assume two types of simple stochastic dynamical systems models (double-well potential-type and oscillator-type), forced by the northern hemisphere summer insolation change and/or the global ice volume change. The model parameters are estimated by using the maximum likelihood method with the NGRIP Ca$^{2+}$ record. The stochastic oscillator model with at least the ice volume forcing reproduces well the sample autocorrelation function of the record and the frequency changes of warming transitions in the last glacial period across MISs 2, 3, and 4. The model performance is improved with the additional insolation forcing. The BIC scores also suggest that the ice volume forcing is relatively more important than the insolation forcing, though the strength of evidence depends on the model assumption. Finally, we simulate the average number of warming transitions in the past four glacial periods, assuming the model can be extended beyond the last glacial, and compare the result with an Iberian margin sea-surface temperature (SST) record (Martrat et al., Science, vol. 317, p. 502, 2007). The simulation result supports the previous observation that abrupt millennial-scale climate changes in the penultimate glacial (MIS 6) are less frequent than in the last glacial (MISs 2-4). On the other hand, it suggests that the number of abrupt millennial-scale climate changes in older glacial periods (MISs 6, 8, and 10) might be larger than inferred from the SST record.
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Submitted 25 July, 2016; v1 submitted 21 October, 2015;
originally announced October 2015.
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Search for double-beta decay of 136Xe to excited states of 136Ba with the KamLAND-Zen experiment
Authors:
KamLAND-Zen Collaboration,
:,
K. Asakura,
A. Gando,
Y. Gando,
T. Hachiya,
S. Hayashida,
H. Ikeda,
K. Inoue,
K. Ishidoshiro,
T. Ishikawa,
S. Ishio,
M. Koga,
S. Matsuda,
T. Mitsui,
D. Motoki,
K. Nakamura,
S. Obara,
M. Otani,
T. Oura,
I. Shimizu,
Y. Shirahata,
J. Shirai,
A. Suzuki,
H. Tachibana
, et al. (21 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A search for double-beta decays of 136Xe to excited states of 136Ba has been performed with the first phase data set of the KamLAND-Zen experiment. The 0+1, 2+1 and 2+2 transitions of 0ν\{beta}\{beta} decay were evaluated in an exposure of 89.5kg-yr of 136Xe, while the same transitions of 2ν\{beta}\{beta} decay were evaluated in an exposure of 61.8kg-yr. No excess over background was found for all…
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A search for double-beta decays of 136Xe to excited states of 136Ba has been performed with the first phase data set of the KamLAND-Zen experiment. The 0+1, 2+1 and 2+2 transitions of 0ν\{beta}\{beta} decay were evaluated in an exposure of 89.5kg-yr of 136Xe, while the same transitions of 2ν\{beta}\{beta} decay were evaluated in an exposure of 61.8kg-yr. No excess over background was found for all decay modes. The lower half-life limits of the 2+1 state transitions of 0ν\{beta}\{beta} and 2ν\{beta}\{beta} decay were improved to T(0ν, 0+ \rightarrow 2+) > 2.6\times10^25 yr and T(2ν, 0+ \rightarrow 2+) > 4.6\times10^23 yr (90% C.L.), respectively. We report on the first experimental lower half-life limits for the transitions to the 0+1 state of 136Xe for 0ν\{beta}\{beta} and 2ν\{beta}\{beta} decay. They are T (0ν, 0+ \rightarrow 0+) > 2.4\times10^25 yr and T(2ν, 0+ \rightarrow 0+) > 8.3\times10^23 yr (90% C.L.). The transitions to the 2+2 states are also evaluated for the first time to be T(0ν, 0+ \rightarrow 2+) > 2.6\times10^25 yr and T(2ν, 0+ \rightarrow 2+) > 9.0\times10^23 yr (90% C.L.). These results are compared to recent theoretical predictions.
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Submitted 8 December, 2015; v1 submitted 12 September, 2015;
originally announced September 2015.
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Bifurcations and strange nonchaotic attractors in a phase oscillator model of glacial-interglacial cycles
Authors:
Takahito Mitsui,
Michel Crucifix,
Kazuyuki Aihara
Abstract:
Glacial-interglacial cycles are large variations in continental ice mass and greenhouse gases, which have dominated climate variability over the Quaternary. The dominant periodicity of the cycles is $\sim $40 kyr before the so-called middle Pleistocene transition between $\sim$1.2 and $\sim$0.7 Myr ago, and it is $\sim $100 kyr after the transition. In this paper, the dynamics of glacial-interglac…
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Glacial-interglacial cycles are large variations in continental ice mass and greenhouse gases, which have dominated climate variability over the Quaternary. The dominant periodicity of the cycles is $\sim $40 kyr before the so-called middle Pleistocene transition between $\sim$1.2 and $\sim$0.7 Myr ago, and it is $\sim $100 kyr after the transition. In this paper, the dynamics of glacial-interglacial cycles are investigated using a phase oscillator model forced by the time-varying incoming solar radiation (insolation). We analyze the bifurcations of the system and show that strange nonchaotic attractors appear through nonsmooth saddle-node bifurcations of tori. The bifurcation analysis indicates that mode-locking is likely to occur for the 41 kyr glacial cycles but not likely for the 100 kyr glacial cycles. The sequence of mode-locked 41 kyr cycles is robust to small parameter changes. However, the sequence of 100 kyr glacial cycles can be sensitive to parameter changes when the system has a strange nonchaotic attractor.
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Submitted 15 June, 2015;
originally announced June 2015.
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KamLAND Sensitivity to Neutrinos from Pre-Supernova Stars
Authors:
K. Asakura,
A. Gando,
Y. Gando,
T. Hachiya,
S. Hayashida,
H. Ikeda,
K. Inoue,
K. Ishidoshiro,
T. Ishikawa,
S. Ishio,
M. Koga,
S. Matsuda,
T. Mitsui,
D. Motoki,
K. Nakamura,
S. Obara,
T. Oura,
I. Shimizu,
Y. Shirahata,
J. Shirai,
A. Suzuki,
H. Tachibana,
K. Tamae,
K. Ueshima,
H. Watanabe
, et al. (22 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In the late stages of nuclear burning for massive stars ($M>8~M_{\sun}$), the production of neutrino-antineutrino pairs through various processes becomes the dominant stellar cooling mechanism. As the star evolves, the energy of these neutrinos increases and in the days preceding the supernova a significant fraction of emitted electron anti-neutrinos exceeds the energy threshold for inverse beta d…
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In the late stages of nuclear burning for massive stars ($M>8~M_{\sun}$), the production of neutrino-antineutrino pairs through various processes becomes the dominant stellar cooling mechanism. As the star evolves, the energy of these neutrinos increases and in the days preceding the supernova a significant fraction of emitted electron anti-neutrinos exceeds the energy threshold for inverse beta decay on free hydrogen. This is the golden channel for liquid scintillator detectors because the coincidence signature allows for significant reductions in background signals. We find that the kiloton-scale liquid scintillator detector KamLAND can detect these pre-supernova neutrinos from a star with a mass of $25~M_{\sun}$ at a distance less than 690~pc with 3$σ$ significance before the supernova. This limit is dependent on the neutrino mass ordering and background levels. KamLAND takes data continuously and can provide a supernova alert to the community.
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Submitted 22 January, 2016; v1 submitted 3 June, 2015;
originally announced June 2015.
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A compact ultra-clean system for deploying radioactive sources inside the KamLAND detector
Authors:
T. I. Banks,
S. J. Freedman,
J. Wallig,
N. Ybarrolaza,
A. Gando,
Y. Gando,
H. Ikeda,
K. Inoue,
Y. Kishimoto,
M. Koga,
T. Mitsui,
K. Nakamura,
I. Shimizu,
J. Shirai,
A. Suzuki,
Y. Takemoto,
K. Tamae,
K. Ueshima,
H. Watanabe,
B. D. Xu,
H. Yoshida,
S. Yoshida,
A. Kozlov,
C. Grant,
G. Keefer
, et al. (32 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We describe a compact, ultra-clean device used to deploy radioactive sources along the vertical axis of the KamLAND liquid-scintillator neutrino detector for purposes of calibration. The device worked by paying out and reeling in precise lengths of a hanging, small-gauge wire rope (cable); an assortment of interchangeable radioactive sources could be attached to a weight at the end of the cable. A…
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We describe a compact, ultra-clean device used to deploy radioactive sources along the vertical axis of the KamLAND liquid-scintillator neutrino detector for purposes of calibration. The device worked by paying out and reeling in precise lengths of a hanging, small-gauge wire rope (cable); an assortment of interchangeable radioactive sources could be attached to a weight at the end of the cable. All components exposed to the radiopure liquid scintillator were made of chemically compatible UHV-cleaned materials, primarily stainless steel, in order to avoid contaminating or degrading the scintillator. To prevent radon intrusion, the apparatus was enclosed in a hermetically sealed housing inside a glove box, and both volumes were regularly flushed with purified nitrogen gas. An infrared camera attached to the side of the housing permitted real-time visual monitoring of the cable's motion, and the system was controlled via a graphical user interface.
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Submitted 11 February, 2015; v1 submitted 1 July, 2014;
originally announced July 2014.
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Laboratory Studies on the Removal of Radon-Born Lead from KamLAND's Organic Liquid Scintillator
Authors:
G. Keefer,
C. Grant,
A. Piepke,
T. Ebihara,
H. Ikeda,
Y. Kishimoto,
Y. Kibe,
Y. Koseki,
M. Ogawa,
J. Shirai,
S. Takeuchi,
C. Mauger,
C. Zhang,
G. Schweitzer,
B. E. Berger,
S. Dazeley,
M. P. Decowski,
J. A. Detwiler,
Z. Djurcic,
D. A. Dwyer,
Y. Efremenko,
S. Enomoto,
S. J. Freedman,
B. K. Fujikawa,
K. Furuno
, et al. (43 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The removal of radioactivity from liquid scintillator has been studied in preparation of a low background phase of KamLAND. This paper describes the methods and techniques developed to measure and efficiently extract radon decay products from liquid scintillator. We report the radio-isotope reduction factors obtained when applying various extraction methods. During this study, distillation was ide…
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The removal of radioactivity from liquid scintillator has been studied in preparation of a low background phase of KamLAND. This paper describes the methods and techniques developed to measure and efficiently extract radon decay products from liquid scintillator. We report the radio-isotope reduction factors obtained when applying various extraction methods. During this study, distillation was identified as the most efficient method for removing radon daughters from liquid scintillator.
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Submitted 3 December, 2013;
originally announced December 2013.
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CeLAND: search for a 4th light neutrino state with a 3 PBq 144Ce-144Pr electron antineutrino generator in KamLAND
Authors:
A. Gando,
Y. Gando,
S. Hayashida,
H. Ikeda,
K. Inoue,
K. Ishidoshiro,
H. Ishikawa,
M. Koga,
R. Matsuda,
S. Matsuda,
T. Mitsui,
D. Motoki,
K. Nakamura,
Y. Oki,
M. Otani,
I. Shimizu,
J. Shirai,
F. Suekane,
A. Suzuki,
Y. Takemoto,
K. Tamae,
K. Ueshima,
H. Watanabe,
B. D. Xu,
S. Yamada
, et al. (41 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The reactor neutrino and gallium anomalies can be tested with a 3-4 PBq (75-100 kCi scale) 144Ce-144Pr antineutrino beta-source deployed at the center or next to a large low-background liquid scintillator detector. The antineutrino generator will be produced by the Russian reprocessing plant PA Mayak as early as 2014, transported to Japan, and deployed in the Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Anti-Neutr…
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The reactor neutrino and gallium anomalies can be tested with a 3-4 PBq (75-100 kCi scale) 144Ce-144Pr antineutrino beta-source deployed at the center or next to a large low-background liquid scintillator detector. The antineutrino generator will be produced by the Russian reprocessing plant PA Mayak as early as 2014, transported to Japan, and deployed in the Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Anti-Neutrino Detector (KamLAND) as early as 2015. KamLAND's 13 m diameter target volume provides a suitable environment to measure the energy and position dependence of the detected neutrino flux. A characteristic oscillation pattern would be visible for a baseline of about 10 m or less, providing a very clean signal of neutrino disappearance into a yet-unknown, sterile neutrino state. This will provide a comprehensive test of the electron dissaperance neutrino anomalies and could lead to the discovery of a 4th neutrino state for Delta_m^2 > 0.1 eV^2 and sin^2(2theta) > 0.05.
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Submitted 13 April, 2014; v1 submitted 3 December, 2013;
originally announced December 2013.
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Noise reduction and hyperfine level coherence in spontaneous noise spectroscopy of atomic vapor
Authors:
Takahisa Mitsui,
Kenichiro Aoki
Abstract:
We develop a system for measurements of power spectra of transmitted light intensity fluctuations, in which the extraneous noise, including shot noise, is reduced. In essence, we just apply light, measure the power of the transmitted light and derive its power spectrum. We use this to observe the spontaneous noise spectra of photon atom interactions. Applying light with frequency modulation, we ca…
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We develop a system for measurements of power spectra of transmitted light intensity fluctuations, in which the extraneous noise, including shot noise, is reduced. In essence, we just apply light, measure the power of the transmitted light and derive its power spectrum. We use this to observe the spontaneous noise spectra of photon atom interactions. Applying light with frequency modulation, we can also observe the spontaneous noise reflecting the coherence between the hyperfine levels in the excited state. There are two in novel components in the measurement system, the noise reduction scheme and the stabilization of the laser system. The noise reduction mechanism can be used to reduce the shot noise contribution to arbitrarily low levels through averaging, in principle. This is combined with differential detection to keep unwanted noise at low levels. The laser system is stabilized to obtain spectral width below 1\,kHz without high frequency ($\gtrsim10\,$MHz) noise. These methods are described systematically and the performance of the asurement system is examined through experimental results.
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Submitted 12 September, 2013;
originally announced September 2013.
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Dynamics between order and chaos in conceptual models of glacial cycles
Authors:
Takahito Mitsui,
Kazuyuki Aihara
Abstract:
The dynamics of glacial cycles is studied in terms of the dynamical systems theory. We explore the dependence of the climate state on the phase of astronomical forcing by examining five conceptual models of glacial cycles proposed in the literature. The models can be expressed as quasiperiodically forced dynamical systems. It is shown that four of them exhibit a strange nonchaotic attractor (SNA),…
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The dynamics of glacial cycles is studied in terms of the dynamical systems theory. We explore the dependence of the climate state on the phase of astronomical forcing by examining five conceptual models of glacial cycles proposed in the literature. The models can be expressed as quasiperiodically forced dynamical systems. It is shown that four of them exhibit a strange nonchaotic attractor (SNA), which is an intermediate regime between quasiperiodicity and chaos. Then, the dependence of the climate state on the phase of astronomical forcing is not given by smooth relations, but constitutes a geometrically strange set. Our result suggests that the dynamics of SNA is a candidate for the dynamics of glacial cycles, in addition to the well-known dynamics of quasiperiodicity and chaos.
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Submitted 2 July, 2013; v1 submitted 4 February, 2013;
originally announced February 2013.
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Observation of spontaneous quantum fluctuations in photon absorption by atoms
Authors:
Takahisa Mitsui,
Kenichiro Aoki
Abstract:
Fluctuations in light absorption by atoms are observed by applying laser light on rubidium atoms and measuring the transmitted light intensity fluctuations. These fluctuations are spontaneous noise, which are generic to photon atom interactions. By making use of the sub-shot noise random signal detection technology, we have measured the spectra at sub-shot noise levels to reveal their rich nature,…
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Fluctuations in light absorption by atoms are observed by applying laser light on rubidium atoms and measuring the transmitted light intensity fluctuations. These fluctuations are spontaneous noise, which are generic to photon atom interactions. By making use of the sub-shot noise random signal detection technology, we have measured the spectra at sub-shot noise levels to reveal their rich nature, which had previously been unobserved. The effects of atoms transiting the laser beam, Rabi flopping in the optical transitions and Larmor precession of the magnetic moment are observed in the spectra. The properties of the fluctuations reflect not only the quantum behavior of atoms, but also that of light.
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Submitted 23 January, 2013;
originally announced January 2013.
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Michelson interferometry with quantum noise reduction
Authors:
Takahisa Mitsui,
Kenichiro Aoki
Abstract:
A Michelson interferometer with noise reduction to sub-shot noise levels is proposed and realized. Multiple measurements of a single signal beam are taken and the quantum property of light plays an essential role in the principle underlying this interferometry. The method makes use of the coherent state of light and requires only a simple modification to the standard Michelson interferometer. The…
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A Michelson interferometer with noise reduction to sub-shot noise levels is proposed and realized. Multiple measurements of a single signal beam are taken and the quantum property of light plays an essential role in the principle underlying this interferometry. The method makes use of the coherent state of light and requires only a simple modification to the standard Michelson interferometer. The surface fluctuation spectra of liquids are measured using this method down to a few orders of magnitude below the shot noise level. The spectrum derived from hydrodynamical considerations agrees well with the observed results for water. However, for oil, slight deviations are seen at high frequencies ($\gtrsim1\,$MHz), perhaps indicating its more complex underlying physics. The measurement requires a relatively low light power and a short time, so that it has a wide range of applicability.
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Submitted 18 June, 2012;
originally announced June 2012.
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Direct quantitative measurements of Doppler effects for sound sources with gravitational acceleration
Authors:
Kenichiro Aoki,
Takahisa Mitsui,
Yuki Yamamoto
Abstract:
We explain simple laboratory experiments for making quantitative measurements of the Doppler effect from sources with acceleration. We analyze the spectra and clarify the conditions for the Doppler effect to be experimentally measurable, which turn out to be non-trivial when acceleration is involved. The experiments use sources with gravitational acceleration, in free fall and in motion as a pen…
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We explain simple laboratory experiments for making quantitative measurements of the Doppler effect from sources with acceleration. We analyze the spectra and clarify the conditions for the Doppler effect to be experimentally measurable, which turn out to be non-trivial when acceleration is involved. The experiments use sources with gravitational acceleration, in free fall and in motion as a pendulum, so that the results can be checked against fundamental physics principles. The experiments can be easily set up from ``off the shelf'' components only. The experiments are suitable for a wide range of students, including undergraduates not majoring in science or engineering.
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Submitted 19 November, 2009;
originally announced November 2009.
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Direct optical observations of surface thermal motions at sub-shot noise levels
Authors:
Takahisa Mitsui,
Kenichiro Aoki
Abstract:
We measure spectral properties of surface thermal fluctuations of liquids, solids, complex fluids and biological matter using light scattering methods. The random thermal fluctuations are delineated from random noise at sub-shot noise levels. The principle behind this extraction, which is quite general and is not limited to surface measurements, is explained. An optical lever is used to measure…
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We measure spectral properties of surface thermal fluctuations of liquids, solids, complex fluids and biological matter using light scattering methods. The random thermal fluctuations are delineated from random noise at sub-shot noise levels. The principle behind this extraction, which is quite general and is not limited to surface measurements, is explained. An optical lever is used to measure the spectrum of fluctuations in the inclinations of surfaces down to $\sim 10^{-17}\rm rad^2/Hz$ at $1\sim10 μ$W optical intensity, corresponding to $\sim 10^{-29} \rm m^2/\rm Hz$ in the vertical displacement, in the frequency range $1{\rm}\rm kHz\sim10 MHz$. The dynamical evolution of the surface properties is also investigated. The measurement requires only a short amount of time and is essentially passive, so that it can be applied to a wide variety of surfaces.
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Submitted 12 January, 2009;
originally announced January 2009.
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A small tabletop experiment for a direct measurement of the speed of light
Authors:
Kenichiro Aoki,
Takahisa Mitsui
Abstract:
A small tabletop experiment for a direct measurement of the speed of light to an accuracy of few percent is described. The experiment is accessible to a wide spectrum of undergraduate students, in particular to students not majoring in science or engineering. The experiment may further include a measurement of the index of refraction of a sample. Details of the setup and equipment are given. Res…
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A small tabletop experiment for a direct measurement of the speed of light to an accuracy of few percent is described. The experiment is accessible to a wide spectrum of undergraduate students, in particular to students not majoring in science or engineering. The experiment may further include a measurement of the index of refraction of a sample. Details of the setup and equipment are given. Results and limitations of the experiment are analyzed, partly based on our experience in employing the experiment in our student laboratories. Safety considerations are also discussed.
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Submitted 27 May, 2007;
originally announced May 2007.
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Wang-Landau molecular dynamics technique to search for low-energy conformational space of proteins
Authors:
Takehiro Nagasima,
Akira R. Kinjo,
Takashi Mitsui,
Ken Nishikawa
Abstract:
Multicanonical molecular dynamics (MD) is a powerful technique for sampling conformations on rugged potential surfaces such as protein. However, it is notoriously difficult to estimate the multicanonical temperature effectively. Wang and Landau developed a convenient method for estimating the density of states based on a multicanonical Monte Carlo method. In their method, the density of states i…
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Multicanonical molecular dynamics (MD) is a powerful technique for sampling conformations on rugged potential surfaces such as protein. However, it is notoriously difficult to estimate the multicanonical temperature effectively. Wang and Landau developed a convenient method for estimating the density of states based on a multicanonical Monte Carlo method. In their method, the density of states is calculated autonomously during a simulation. In this paper we develop a set of techniques to effectively apply the Wang-Landau method to MD simulations. In the multicanonical MD, the estimation of the derivative of the density of states is critical. In order to estimate it accurately, we devise two original improvements. First, the correction for the density of states is made smooth by using the Gaussian distribution obtained by a short canonical simulation. Second, an approximation is applied to the derivative, which is based on the Gaussian distribution and the multiple weighted histogram technique. A test of this method was performed with small polypeptides, Met-enkephalin and Trp-cage, and it is demonstrated that Wang-Landau MD is consistent with replica exchange MD but can sample much larger conformational space.
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Submitted 17 May, 2007; v1 submitted 25 April, 2007;
originally announced April 2007.